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Abstract In recent years, researchers have taken the many-objective optimization algorithm, which can optimize 5, 8, 10, 15, 20 objective functions simultaneously, as a new research topic. However, the current research on many-objective optimization technology also encounters some challenges. For example: Pareto resistance phenomenon, difficult diversity maintenance. Based on the above problems, this paper proposes a many-objective evolutionary algorithm based on three states (MOEA/TS). Firstly, a feature extraction operator is proposed. It can extract the features of the high-quality solution set, and then assist the evolution of the current individual. Secondly, based on Pareto front layer, the concept of “individual importance degree” is proposed. The importance degree of an individual can reflect the importance of the individual in the same Pareto front layer, so as to further distinguish the advantages and disadvantages of different individuals in the same front layer. Then, a repulsion field method is proposed. The diversity of the population in the objective space is maintained by the repulsion field, so that the population can be evenly distributed on the real Pareto front. Finally, a new concurrent algorithm framework is designed. In the algorithm framework, the algorithm is divided into three states, and each state focuses on a specific task. The population can switch freely among these three states according to its own evolution. The MOEA/TS algorithm is compared with 7 advanced many-objective optimization algorithms. The experimental results show that the MOEA/TS algorithm is more competitive in many-objective optimization problems.

Abstract A set of nine unique tobacco extract samples was analyzed using a self-developed electronic nose (E-nose) system, a commercial E-nose, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The evaluation employed principal component analysis, statistical quality control, and soft independent modeling of class analogies (SIMCA). These multifaceted statistical methods scrutinized the collected data. Subsequently, a quality control model was devised to assess the stability of the sample quality. The results showed that the custom E-nose system could successfully distinguish between tobacco extracts with similar odors. After further training and the development of a quality control model for accepted tobacco extracts, it was possible to identify samples with normal and abnormal quality. To further validate our E-nose and extend its use within the tobacco industry, we collected and accurately classified the flavors of different tobacco leaf positions, with a remarkable accuracy rate of 0.9744. This finding facilitates the practical application of our E-nose system for the efficient identification of tobacco leaf positions.

Abstract Objective This study aims to delineate the clinical presentations, imaging features, pathological characteristics, therapeutic strategies, and outcomes of pulmonary mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, thereby deducing the most efficacious treatment paradigm. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of 14 patients diagnosed with pulmonary MALT lymphoma at the Second Xiangya Hospital, affiliated with Central South University, between September 2007 and September 2022, focusing on their clinical profiles, diagnostic pathways, treatment modalities, and prognostic outcomes. Results The cohort’s median age was 60 years (ranging from 44 to 81 years), with 64.29% being female and only 14.29% having a history of smoking. The incidence of immunodeficiency diseases among the patients was notably low. Imaging typically revealed pulmonary nodules and masses, with air bronchogram signs evident in 9 patients and pleural effusion in 2. CD20 expression was markedly positive across the board in all patients with pulmonary MALT lymphoma. Among the 12 patients who received intervention, 6 were treated with chemotherapy alone, 2 underwent surgical resection, and 4 benefitted from a combined approach of chemotherapy and surgery. Over the monitoring period, 2 patients succumbed to their disease. The estimated 5- and 10-year overall survival (OS) rates were 91.67% and 76.39%, respectively, with the median progression-free survival (PFS) reaching 7 years. Comparative analysis revealed no significant disparity in PFS between patients treated exclusively with chemotherapy and those receiving both chemotherapy and surgical intervention (P = 0.22). Conclusion Pulmonary MALT lymphoma typically exhibits a slow course, with gradual progression and a predominantly positive prognosis. Chemotherapy emerges as the preferred therapeutic option for managing this malignancy.

Abstract Due to the high reactivity and versatility of benzenesulfonothioates, significant advancements have been made in constructing C-S bonds. However, there are certain limitations in the synthesis of S-thiosulfonates and SS-thiosulfonates, especially when dealing with substantial steric hindrance, which poses a significant challenge. Herein, we present an innovative approach for assembling unsymmetric S-thiosulfonates and unsymmetric SS-thiosulfonates through the integration of dual copper/photoredox catalysis. Moreover, we also realized the one-pot strategy by directly using carboxylic acids as raw materials by in-situ activation of them to access S-thiosulfonates and SS-thiosulfonates without further purification and presynthesis of NHPI esters. The envisaged synthesis and utilization of these reagents are poised to pioneer an innovative pathway for fabricating a versatile spectrum of mono-, di-, and polysulfide compounds. Furthermore, they introduce a class of potent sulfenylating reagents, empowering the synthesis of intricate unsymmetrical disulfides that were previously challenging to access.

At present， most smart wearable devices are smart watches， wristbands， etc.， which have the problems of high rigidity， poor comfort and frequent charging， making it difficult to meet the requirements of ergonomics and clothing comfort. They cannot be worn for a long time to achieve all-weather monitoring. Textile triboelectric nanogenerator （T-TENG） can be integrated into shoes and clothing as flexible power sources and self-powered sensors， making it an ideal wearable device for active human health monitoring and enforcement. However， most of the reported T-TENG need to be packaged and then integrated into clothing before use， resulting in a reduced air permeability of clothing. In addition， most of the current studies are in the laboratory stage， and the properties of T-TENG such as durability， sensitivity and stability in actual use are not fully considered. In this paper， the basic working mode， material selection， manufacturing method， integrated footwear and clothing mode， and application scenarios of T-TENG were reviewed. The preparation methods of T-TENG for nanofiber membrane and textile composite materials， fiber/yarn-based T-TENG， and fabric-based T-TENG were mainly discussed. New strategies for the development and integration of comfortable T-TENG in the future were proposed， including the large-scale preparation of T-TENG， the integration of T-TENG and traditional clothing， the compatibility of T-TENG monitoring accuracy and comfort， and the durability and stability of T-TENG.

Abstract Background Esophageal cancer is a significant global health concern, ranking seventh in incidence and sixth in mortality. It encompasses two pathological types: esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and esophageal adenocarcinoma, with ESCC being more prevalent globally and associated with higher mortality rates. The POU (Pit-Oct-Unc) domain family transcription factors, comprising 15 members, play important roles in embryonic development and organ formation. Aberrant expression of POUs has been observed in several human cancers, influencing cell proliferation, tumor invasion, and drug resistance. However, their specific role in ESCC remains unknown. Methods We analyzed TCGA and GEO databases to assess POUs expression in ESCC tissues. Kaplan-Meier and ROC analyses were used to evaluate the prognostic value of POUs. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis and Protein-Protein interaction network were used to explore the potential pathway. Functional assays (Cell Counting Kit-8, EdU Staining assay, and cloning formation assay) and mechanism analyses (RNA-seq, flow cytometry, and Western blot) were conducted to determine the effects of POU4F1 knockdown on ESCC cell phenotypes and signaling pathways. Results POU4F1 and POU6F2 were upregulated in various cancer tissues, including ESCC, compared to normal tissues. POU4F1 expression was significantly correlated with patient survival and superior to previous models (AUC = 0.776). Knockdown of POU4F1 inhibited ESCC cell proliferation and affected cell cycle, autophagy, and DNA damage pathways in ESCC cells. Conclusion POU4F1 is a novel and promising prognostic and therapeutic target for ESCC patients, providing insights into potential treatment strategies.

Abstract C–H bond activation under mild conditions remains a great challenge in the chemical industry, while catalytic cyclohexane oxidation is inefficient and often requires organic solvents and strong oxidants. This study constructed a C3N4/WO3 Z-type heterojunction catalyst to efficiently convert cyclohexane into cyclohexanone and cyclohexanol (KA oil) through aqueous phase oxidation by O2 under visible light irradiation. With strong redox performance and high photogenerated carrier separation ability, the proposed composite catalyst can produce the key active species for cyclohexane oxidation in the H2O–O2 system. The reaction mechanism was clarified through experiment and DFT theory calculation. Cyclohexane was converted into cyclohexyl radical under the action of ·OH, and ·O2 − converted most products into cyclohexanone. The catalyst can be recycled under optimized process conditions while reaching a KA oil yield of 139.73 μmol g−1 h−1 and a selectivity of 93.1%.

Abstract Background Aging is associated with significant structural and functional changes in the spleen, leading to immunosenescence, yet the detailed effects on splenic vascular endothelial cells (ECs) and their immunomodulatory roles are not fully understood. In this study, a single-cell RNA (scRNA) atlas of EC transcriptomes from young and aged mouse spleens was constructed to reveal age-related molecular changes, including increased inflammation and reduced vascular development and also the potential interaction between splenic endothelial cells and immune cells. Results Ten clusters of splenic endothelial cells were identified. DEGs analysis across different EC clusters revealed the molecular changes with aging, showing the increase in the overall inflammatory microenvironment and the loss in vascular development function of aged ECs. Notably, four EC clusters with immunological functions were identified, suggesting an Endothelial-to-Immune-like Cell Transition (EndICLT) potentially driven by aging. Pseudotime analysis of the Immunology4 cluster further indicated a possible aging-induced transitional state, potentially initiated by Ctss gene activation. Finally, the effects of aging on cell signaling communication between different EC clusters and immune cells were analyzed. Conclusions This comprehensive atlas elucidates the complex interplay between ECs and immune cells in the aging spleen, offering new insights into endothelial heterogeneity, reprogramming, and the mechanisms of immunosenescence.

This study investigated the efficacy of radial yield support as an active measure to mitigate stress and deformation in deep soft rock tunnels experiencing large deformation. Traditional support methods have shown limited success in addressing this challenge. Leveraging a three-dimensional geomechanical model, this study proposes an active support system centered around radial yield pressure. This system releases stress in the surrounding rock before resisting deformation, thereby improving the mechanical properties of the tunnel and effectively controlling displacement and deformation during excavation. Through analysis using the three-dimensional geomechanical model, this study evaluated the control effect of radial yield support on surrounding rock deformation and support bearing capacity, focusing on a typical large deformation section of a highway tunnel. The results demonstrate a significant reduction in relative deformation of the surrounding rock compared to conventional support methods, with a reduction of 75.8% in tensile strain and 67.6% in compressive strain as evidenced by bolt deformation. Additionally, the contact pressure between the surrounding rock and primary support is reduced by 80%, indicating the effective control of radial yield support on plastic zone development and stress release in the surrounding rock. These findings offer valuable insights for the application of similar technologies in controlling surrounding rock in deep soft rock tunnels.

Abstract Background Potentially modifiable risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have been investigated in observational epidemiology studies in East Asian and European populations, whereas the causal associations of most of these risk factors remain unclear. Methods We collected genome-wide association summary statistics of 22 modifiable risk factors in East Asians and 33 risk factors in Europeans. Genetic summary statistics of HCC were sourced from the Biobank Japan study (1,866 cases and 195,745 controls) for East Asians, and the deCODE genetics study (406 cases and 49,302 controls) and the UK Biobank (168 cases and 372 016 controls) for Europeans. Two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses were performed independently for East Asian and European populations. Results In East Asians, genetically predicted alcohol frequency, ever drinkers, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), hypothyroidism, chronic hepatitis B, and chronic hepatitis C, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), and autoimmune hepatitis were significantly associated with an increased HCC risk (P

Abstract Background New daily persistent headache (NDPH) is a rare primary headache with unclear pathogenesis. Neuroimaging studies of NDPH are limited, and controversy still exists. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is commonly used to study the white matter. However, lacking specificity, the potential pathological mechanisms of white matter microstructural changes remain poorly understood. In addition, the intricacy of gray matter structures impedes the application of the DTI model. Here, we applied an advanced diffusion model of neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI) to study the white matter and cortical gray matter microstructure in patients with NDPH. Methods This study assessed brain microstructure, including 27 patients with NDPH, and matched 28 healthy controls (HCs) by NODDI. The differences between the two groups were assessed by tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) and surface-based analysis (SBA), focusing on the NODDI metrics (neurite density index (NDI), orientation dispersion index (ODI), and isotropic volume fraction (ISOVF)). Furthermore, we performed Pearson’s correlation analysis between the NODDI indicators and clinical characteristics. Results Compared to HCs, patients with NDPH had a reduction of density and complexity in several fiber tracts. For robust results, the fiber tracts were defined as comprising more than 100 voxels, including bilateral inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus (IFOF), left superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) and inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF), as well as right corticospinal tract (CST). Moreover, the reduction of neurite density was uncovered in the left superior and middle frontal cortex, left precentral cortex, and right lateral orbitofrontal cortex and insula. There was no correlation between the NODDI metrics of these brain regions and clinical variables or scales of relevance after the Bonferroni correction. Conclusions Our research indicated that neurite loss was detected in both white matter and cortical gray matter of patients with NDPH.

Abstract Background Robotic‐assisted thoracoscopic surgery (RATS) can achieve traditional clinical outcomes comparable to those of video‐assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). However, patient‐reported outcomes (PROs) during the early period after RATS and VATS remain unclear. This study aimed to utilize longitudinal electronic PRO (ePRO) assessments to evaluate symptom burden and functional status between these approaches from patients' perspective. Methods This study comprised patients who underwent lobectomy via RATS or VATS for non‐small cell lung cancer. We collected multiple‐time‐point PROs data from the prospective longitudinal study via an ePRO system. Symptom severity and function status were assessed using the perioperative symptom assessment for patients undergoing lung surgery and were analyzed between groups using linear mixed‐effects models. Results Of the 164 patients, 42 underwent RATS and 122 underwent VATS. After propensity score matching (PSM), 42 RATS and 84 VATS exhibited similar baseline characteristics. During the 7‐day postoperative period, participants underwent RATS reported milder pain (p = 0.014), coughing (p

An ultra-high performance convergence chromatography (UPC2) method was developed to rapidly determine the residues and migration of seven isocyanate compounds in food composite packaging bags. The separation was performed on an ACQUITY UPC2 HSS C18 SB column using gradient elution with a mobile phase consisting of CO2 and methanol. The column temperature was 40 ℃, and the system back pressure was 13.10 MPa. The analytes were detected by a photo diode array (PDA) detector and quantified by an external standard method. The results showed that under the optimal conditions, baseline separation of the seven isocyanate compounds could be achieved within 2 min. The detection limits were in the range of 1.0–3.0 μg/kg, and the quantitation limits were in the ranged from 5.0 to 10.0 μg/kg. At spiked levels of 10, 125 and 625 μg/kg, the recoveries of the isocyanate compounds ranged from 85.1% to 108.4%, and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) ranged from 0.7% to 6.5%. The developed method was used to determine 40 batches of food composite packaging bag samples. Isocyanate compounds residues were found in 7 batches, among which the contents of TDI and DPI residues were relatively high, but no isocyanates were found to migrate from these positive samples. The establishment of this method can provide technical support for the determination of the residues and migration of isocyanate compounds in food composite packaging bags.

Abstract 1,2-Difunctionalization of alkynes offers a straightforward approach to access polysubstituted alkenes. However, simultaneous multi-component cascade transformations including difunctionalization of two alkynes with both syn- and anti-selectivity in one catalyst system is undeveloped and proves to be a significant challenge. Herein, we report a Nickel-catalyzed four-component reaction to access polysubstituted 1,3-dienes using two terminal alkynes, aryl boroxines, and perfluoroalkyl iodides, wherein the reaction forms three new C-C bonds in a single vessel and serve as a modular strategy to access polysubstituted 1,3-dienes with excellent chemoselectivity, good regioselectivity and exclusive stereoselectivity. Control experiments reveal the plausible reaction mechanism and DFT calculations explain the cause for the formation of this unusual four-component reaction. Furthermore, we successfully incorporate two biologically active units into 1,2,3,4-tetrasubstituted 1,3-dienes, which greatly increases the diversity of molecular scaffolds and brings more potential values to medicinal chemistry, the synthetic utility of our protocol is further demonstrated by the late-stage transformations.

Abstract Purpose Symptom assessment based on patient-reported outcome (PRO) can correlate with disease severity, making it a potential tool for threshold alerts of postoperative complications. This study aimed to determine whether shortness of breath (SOB) scores on the day of discharge could predict the development of post-discharge complications in patients who underwent lung cancer surgery. Methods Patients were from a study of a dynamic perioperative rehabilitation cohort of lung cancer patients focusing on patient-reported outcomes. Patients were assessed using the Perioperative Symptom Assessment Scale for Lung surgery (PSA-Lung). Logistic regression model was used to examine the potential association between SOB on the day of discharge and complications within 3 months after discharge. The post-discharge complications were taken as the anchor variable to determine the optimal cutpoint for SOB on the day of discharge. Results Complications within 3 months post-discharge occurred in 71 (10.84%) of 655 patients. Logistic regression analysis revealed that being female (OR 1.764, 95% CI 1.006–3.092, P

Abstract Purpose Symptom assessment is central to appropriate adenomyosis management. Using a WeChat mini-program-based portal, we aimed to establish a valid symptom assessment scale of adenomyosis (AM-SAS) to precisely and timely identify needs of symptom management and ultimately, to alert disease recurrence. Methods A combination of intensive interviews of patients with adenomyosis and natural language processing on WeChat clinician-patient group communication was used to generate a pool of symptom items-related to adenomyosis. An expert panel shortened the list to form the provisional AM-SAS. The AM-SAS was built in a Wechat mini-programmer and sent to patients to exam the psychotically validity and clinical applicability through classic test theory and item response theory. Results Total 338 patients with adenomyosis (29 for interview, 179 for development, and 130 for external validation) and 86 gynecologists were included. The over 90% compliance to the WeChat-based symptom evaluate. The AM-SAS demonstrated the uni-dimensionality through Rasch analysis, good internal consistency (all Cronbach’s alphas above 0.8), and test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficients ranging from 0.65 to 0.84). Differences symptom severity score between patients in the anemic and normal hemoglobin groups (3.04 ± 3.17 vs. 5.68 ± 3.41, P

Abstract Purpose This study was aimed to systematically evaluate the efficacy of artificial cycle-prepared frozen–thawed embryo transfer (FET) with or without gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRH-a) pretreatment for women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Methods The analysis was carried out by searching the PubMed, EMBASE, and CNKI databases with a combination of keywords before October 2021. The available studies of the effects of GnRH-a pretreatment or no pretreatment on FET in PCOS patients were considered. The risk ratios (RRs) or standardized mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated with using subgroups and sensitivity analysis. The quality evaluation for this analysis was followed. Results Seventeen studies including 3646 women were analyzed. GnRH-a pretreatment was significantly associated with a higher implantation rate (RR = 1.12, 95%CI: 1.00–1.24) and clinical pregnancy rate (RR = 1.19, 95%CI: 1.08–1.32) than the placebo. Moreover, in the GnRH-a pretreatment group, significant differences were detected for increasing the endometrium thickness among PCOS patients (SMD = 0.56, 95%CI: 0.20–0.92). However, for RCTs subgroup, no differences were observed, even after sensitivity analyses. In addition, the miscarriage rates, ectopic pregnancy rates, multiple pregnancy rates, and live birth rates were similar in both two groups. Conclusions Endometrial preparation using GnRH agonist pretreatment prior to FET seems to be the better choice for PCOS patients. However, well-designed RCTs are required for confirmation.

Abstract The [1,2]- and [2,3]-Stevens rearrangements are one of the most fascinating chemical bond reorganization strategies in organic chemistry, and they have been demonstrated in a wide range of applications, representing a fundamental reaction tactic for the synthesis of nitrogen compounds in chemical community. However, their applicabilities are limited by the scarcity of efficient, general, and straightforward methods for generating ammonium ylides. Herein, we report a general difluorocarbene-induced tertiary amine-involved [1,2]- and [2,3]-Stevens rearrangements stemmed from in situ generated difluoromethyl ammonium ylides, which allows for the rearrangements of versatile tertiary amines bearing either allyl, benzyl, or propargyl groups, resulting in the corresponding products in one reaction under the same reaction conditions with a general way. Broad substrate scope, simple operation, mild reaction conditions and late-stage modification of natural products highlight the advantages of this strategy, meanwhile, this general rearrangement reaction is believed to bring opportunities for the transformations of nitrogen ylides and the assembly of valuable tertiary amines and amino acids. This will further enrich the reaction repertoire of difluorocarbene species, facilitate the development of reactions involving difluoromethyl ammonium salts, and provide an avenue for the development of this type of rearrangement reactions.

Background Maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients have a high incidence of silent brain infarction (SBI) and are in the preclinical stage of symptomatic stroke and vascular dementia. Therefore, there is a great need to explore the risk of SBI in patients with MHD for early detection and reduction of poor prognosis. Objective To explore the risk factors for the occurrence of SBI in MHD patients, a predictive model was constructed and its performance was evaluated. Methods 486 MHD patients from 4 centers (Nanchong Central Hospital Affiliated to North Sichuan Medical College, Guangyuan Central Hospital, Suining Central Hospital, and Pengan County People's Hospital) from January 2017 to October 2022 were included. Patients with MHD were divided into an SBI group (n=102) and a non-SBI group (n=384) using the presence or absence of SBI as the outcome event, and the baseline characteristics of the two study groups were compared. Patients were randomized in a 7∶3 ratio to the modeling set (n=340) and the validation set (n=146). The predictor variables were identified through LASSO regression and multifactorial Logistic regression analyses, and a risk prediction model for the occurrence of SBI in patients with MHD was constructed and presented as a nomographic chart. The predictive performance, accuracy, and clinical utility of the model were evaluated using area under the ROC curve, calibration curve, and decision curve analysis. Results In the modeling set, 70 cases (20.6%) of MHD patients experienced SBI, while in the validation set, 32 cases (21.9%) of patients experienced SBI. The results of LASSO regression combined with multifactor logistic regression analysis showed that age (OR=1.027, 95%CI=1.005-1.050), history of alcohol consumption (OR=4.487, 95%CI=2.075-9.706), BMI (OR=1.082, 95%CI=1.011-1.156), insufficient sleep or excessive sleep (OR=6.286, 95%CI=3.560-11.282), history of chronic disease (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes, chronic hepatitis B) (OR=1.873, 95%CI=1.067-3.347), serum lactate level (OR=1.452, 95%CI=1.152-1.897), urea reduction ratio (URR) (OR=0.922, 95%CI=0.875-0.970), and history of antiplatelet medication (OR=0.149, 95%CI=0.030-0.490) were independent influences on the occurrence of SBI in MHD patients (P