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To develop a joint proposal for screening criteria of interstitial lung disease (ILD) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and vice versa, which serves as a guidelines in patient referral between the Rheumatology and Pneumology departments to early detection of these patients.A systematic literature review was carried out on the risk factors for the development of ILD in RA patients, and for the referral criteria to Rheumatology for suspected early RA. Based on the available evidence, screening criteria were agreed using the Delphi method by a panel of pneumologists and rheumatologists with expertise in these pathologies.Screening criteria for ILD in patients with RA and for the early detection of RA in cases with ILD of unknown etiology have been developed. In both cases, a detection strategy was based on clinical risk factors. Recommendations also included the complementary tests to be carried out in the different clinical scenarios and on the periodicity that screening should be repeated.A selective screening strategy is recommended for the first time in the early diagnosis of patients with ILD-RA. This multidisciplinary proposal aims to solve some common clinical questions and help decision-making, although its usefulness to identify these patients with good sensitivity must be confirmed in a validation study.

El presente artículo se enfocó en analizar la incidencia de un proyecto pedagógico ambiental como estrategia didáctica para el fomento de una cultura favorable y el manejo sostenible del entorno. El estudio estuvo enmarcado en el enfoque cuantitativo, con un alcance explicativo y diseño experimental; la recolección de datos se hizo a través de cuestionarios tipos Likert y dicotómicos aplicados a estudiantes de 4° grado de la Institución Educativa Distrital Técnica El Santuario en Barranquilla (Colombia). La investigación se distribuyó en tres etapas: la primera se enfocó en hacer un diagnóstico a través de un pretest; en la segunda, se diseñó una propuesta de intervención y, en la última etapa, se evaluó la incidencia de las estrategias implementadas. La investigación concluyó que las estrategias que potencian actitudes positivas desde las dimensiones: afectiva, cognitiva y comportamental, son efectivas para propiciar cambios de actitudes hacia el desarrollo de una cultura ambiental favorable.

To develop multidisciplinary recommendations to improve the management of rheumatoid arthritis-related interstitial lung disease (RA-ILD).Clinical research questions relevant to the objective of the document were identified by a panel of rheumatologists and pneumologists selected based on their experience in the field. Systematic reviews of the available evidence were conducted, and evidence was graded according to the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) criteria. Specific recommendations were made.Six PICO questions were selected, three of which analysed the safety and effectiveness of glucocorticoids, classical synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) and other immunosuppressants, biological agents, targeted synthetic DMARDs, and antifibrotic therapies in the treatment of this complication. A total of 12 recommendations were formulated based on the evidence found and/or expert consensus.We present the first official SER-SEPAR document with specific recommendations for RA-ILD management developed to resolve some common clinical questions, reduce clinical healthcare variability, and facilitate decision-making for patients.

To develop multidisciplinary recommendations to improve the management of rheumatoid arthritis-related interstitial lung disease (RA-ILD).Clinical research questions relevant to the objective of the document were identified by a panel of rheumatologists and pneumologists selected based on their experience in the field. Systematic reviews of the available evidence were conducted, and evidence was graded according to the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) criteria. Specific recommendations were made.Six PICO questions were selected, three of which analysed the incidence and prevalence of RA-ILD, associated risk factors, and predictors of progression and mortality. A total of 6 specific recommendations on these topics, structured by question, were formulated based on the evidence found and/or expert consensus.We present the first official SER-SEPAR document with specific recommendations for RA-ILD management developed to resolve some common clinical questions and facilitate decision-making for patients.

La motivación es un aspecto importante en el desempeño laboral de los trabajadores y ya sea en mayor o menor grado, repercute en los resultados en cuanto a productividad, calidad, buen clima laboral e intereses, entre otros. En el presente estudio, se indaga en la relación que existe entre la motivación laboral y desempeño docente, para tal fin la misma posee como objetivo proponer un programa de motivación laboral para mejorar el desempeño docente en el Centro de Educación Técnico Productivo N°002 “Tumbes”, 2020. Para ello se cuenta con una metodología centrada en el paradigma positivista, bajo un enfoque cuantitativo, siendo su diseño no experimental, del tipo proyecto factible, contando con un nivel de investigación descriptiva. Para ello se contó con una población de estudio conformada por 36 docentes del centro de educación técnico productivo N° 002 Tumbes, siendo la misma de tipo finito. La muestra quedó constituida por la población. Para la recolección de los datos, se empleó la técnica de la encuesta, siendo su instrumento el cuestionario. Como técnica de análisis de datos, se utilizó el análisis estadístico-hermenéutico. En conclusión, los resultados conllevaron a proponer la aplicación de un programa de motivación laboral que permita mejorar el desempeño de los docentes de esta comunidad.

Hoy en día los docentes deben estar permanentemente actualizados para aplicar estrategias que permitan atender la diversidad, características individuales y grupales, al igual que las necesidades de aprendizaje de sus estudiantes. Entre ellas, estrategias para afianzar sus habilidades de fluidez y comprensión lectora. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo determinar los efectos del programa estrategias de aprendizaje en la comprensión lectora en estudiantes de segundo grado de educación secundaria de la Institución Educativa “Túpac Amaru” de Tumbes -2020.El estudio se enmarca bajo el enfoque cuantitativo, empleando para ello el método de investigación analítico-deductivo, presentando un diseño no experimental, siendo del tipo de estudio de campo, con un nivel descriptivo. La población objeto de estudio, estuvo integrada por 141 estudiantes del segundo grado del nivel de Educación Secundaria de la I.E. “Túpac Amaru”, Tumbes - Perú. La muestra quedó conformada por 56 estudiantes, distribuidos en dos secciones de 28 participantes, los cuales integraron el Grupo Control y el Grupo Experimental. La técnica de recolección de datos empleada fue la encuesta y como instrumento se aplicó el test. Los resultados descriptivos mostraron en el postest del grupo control un predominio del nivel medio con un 67.86% y una prevalencia del nivel alto con el 75% en el grupo experimental; mientras que los resultados inferenciales revelaron una t de Student de 4,987 y una diferencia de medias de 2,679 con una Sig.= 0.000 < 0.05 comprobándose diferencias significativas entre los promedios de ambos grupos. Se concluye que la aplicación del programa estrategias de aprendizaje tiene efectos significativos en la comprensión lectora.

Purpose Workplace bullying (harassment, abuse, or discrimination), practiced persistently against an individual, can generate a hostile workplace environment, consequently leading to exhaustion, with poor psychological outcomes, and the onset of symptoms such as loss of confidence, fatigue, depressive thoughts, desertion, and suicidal thoughts. There are no publications regarding this issue in Colombia.Our objective is to describe the residents' perception of gender and workplace discrimination and verbal/sexual harassment during their urological training. Methods Observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study with anonymous surveys. We evaluated the demographic characteristics and the residents' perception of harassment, the type of harassment, how it affected their performance during residency, and from whom it was perceived. Results We were able to obtain answers from 82/115 residents (71.3%), most of them men (45 [56%]). In total, 66% (54) reported workplace harassment; and 35.4% (29) felt gender discrimination, most of them women (17; 58.6%). Verbal abuse was reported by 64.6% (53), and it affected the work of 92.5%. The parception of workplace harassment was similar among both men and women (32 [69.5%] men and 21 [61.1%] women). A total of 7(19%) women reported sexual abuse. Regarding the source of the abuse, 39 (65.8%) was by professors, 26 (45%), by other residents, and 17 (35.4%), by patients. Conclusion The perception of harassment during urology residency in Colombia is real, and it affects the work of residents. This abuse is greater on the part of men, and is mainly perpetrated by professors. We consider our work the starting point to continue researching a topic of national and international importance.

The following article is the result of an investigation about mechanisms and strategies applied in high school education to generate what's known as “peace culture in Colombia”, a society that seeks to transform a generalized context of armed conflict into one were negotiated solutions are the first choice. The intention of transforming this context was manifested in the peace treaty of 2016 between the Colombian Government (2010-2018) and FARC guerrilla. During the second half of the twentieth century, society has experienced the consequences of this conflict, which are evidenced in the prioritization of violence as a mechanism to mediate differences. Because of this, it is necessary to display the different ways in which society is being prepared to live in a peaceful environment. One of the most important areas to accomplish this is the education system (pre-school, middle school, high school, College, university etc.). In the following research two schools and their experiences are studied (IED Antonio Jose Uribe and Colegio Santa Francisca Romana located in Bogota) using mixed methods such as, surveys, interviews and workshops. The results showed how peace and violence are two aspects present in the daily life and not necessarily narrowed down to politics.

Research has proven that TPACK model can significantly contribute to teachers’ training in their educational work, along with the training context, as well as to contribute to their initial training. The objective of this research is to analyze the level of teaching competence that teachers have according to TPACK model, as well as the variables that influence the technological implementation in the classroom. For the data analysis, we used a validated questionnaire composed by 47 items divided into the seven dimensions of TPACK model. We performed a stratified sampling by conglomerates in various stages, using public schools as a sampling unit. The sample is formed by 825 teachers. This is a descriptive and non-experimental investigation, where we performed a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) test between the dimensions of the diagnosis scale and the socio-demographic variables. The most significant results have been the differences found regarding the educational stage and the age of the participants. It should be noted that the organization of the two stages, although based in the same principles and with common elements for the transition from one to another, is different. The study presents some adapted and focused training proposals in order to alleviate the training weaknesses of in-service teachers from TPACK model.

Galectin 1 (Gal1) exerts immunomodulatory effects leading to therapeutic effects in autoimmune animal models. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis have been reported to show higher Gal1 serum levels than the healthy population. Our study aimed to find genetic variants on the Gal1 gene (

La fractura de pene es una emergencia urológica rara, se desconoce la incidencia real dado el subregistro causado por la reducida consulta de los pacientes, resultado del embarazoso contexto. En Estados Unidos alcanza un 38% donde la etiología de índole sexual predomina. En Colombia hay escasos reportes publicados. El diagnóstico de esta entidad es netamente clínico. El objetivo de este trabajo es reportar una evolución satisfactoria en términos de función miccional y eréctil en un paciente sometido a reconstrucción cavernosa y uretral temprana en rotura bilateral de origen traumático mediante una técnica quirúrgica poco convencional, de acuerdo con lo hallado en la literatura. Presentación del caso. Paciente masculino de 30 años, previamente sano, quien consultó al servicio de urgencias por uretrorragia, edema y dolor peneano secundario a trauma contuso del mismo durante relación sexual. El reporte ecográfico mostró disrupción en túnica albugínea del cuerpo esponjoso, hematoma y aparente transección uretral; se realizó exploración quirúrgica 6 horas después, con evidencia de fractura de cuerpos cavernosos, laceración del 40% de la circunferencia, transección completa de la uretra y cuerpo esponjoso. Se realizó rafia de cuerpos cavernosos y uretroplastia término terminal de uretra bulbar, con evolución clínica satisfactoria. Discusión. La reconstrucción quirúrgica en menos de 24 horas en fractura de pene disminuye significativamente la estancia hospitalaria y complicaciones precoces; asimismo, desciende el riesgo de disfunción eréctil, erecciones dolorosas y problemas miccionales. No hay publicaciones que comparen resultados a largo plazo entre los dos abordajes quirúrgicos. Conclusiones. La fractura de pene es una patología poco frecuente con diagnóstico clínico, la cual debe manejarse de manera temprana por cualquier urólogo y, en caso de ser posible, con experiencia reconstructiva y excelentes resultados en la función sexual y miccional. Penile fracture is a rare urological emergency, the real incidence is unknown given the underreporting caused by the reduced consultation of patients, resulting from the embarrassing context. In the United States it reaches 38%, where sexual etiology predominates. In Colombia there are few published reports. The diagnosis of this entity is purely clinical. The aim of this work is to report a satisfactory evolution in terms of voiding and erectile function in a patient who underwent early cavernous and urethral reconstruction in bilateral rupture of traumatic origin by means of an unconventional surgical technique, in accordance with what has been found in the literature. Case Presentation. A 30-year-old male patient, previously healthy, consulted the emergency department for urethrorrhagia, edema and penile pain secondary to blunt trauma to the penis during sexual intercourse. The ultrasound report showed disruption in the tunica albuginea of the corpus spongiosum, hematoma and apparent urethral transection; surgical exploration was performed 6 hours later, with evidence of fracture of the corpora cavernosa, laceration of 40% of the circumference, complete transection of the urethra and corpus spongiosum. Sutures to the corpora cavernosa and end-to-end urethroplasty of the bulbar urethra were performed, with satisfactory clinical evolution. Discussion. Surgical reconstruction in less than 24 hours in penile fractures significantly reduces hospital stay and early complications; it also reduces the risk of erectile dysfunction, painful erections and voiding problems. There are no publications comparing long-term results between the two surgical approaches. Conclusions. Penile fracture is a rare pathology with clinical diagnosis, which should be managed early by any urologist and, if possible, with reconstructive experience and excellent results in sexual and voiding function.

Resumen La cifra de personas que presentan o han presentado alguna conducta suicida ha aumentado significativamente en Colombia desde el año 2014 al 2019, convirtiendo la conducta suicida en una problemática de salud pública; sin embargo, es un concepto amplio, que abarca diferentes tipos de conductas, por esto es necesario establecer un protocolo de atención para estandarizar las acciones del terapeuta o personas que se desempeñan en los servicios prestadores de salud. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo describir cómo se realizó el diseño y la validación de un protocolo de atención psicológica para atención en ideación suicida de los consultantes que asisten a un centro de atención psicológica de una institución universitaria de la ciudad de Bogotá. Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo, de tipo instrumental, el cual implicó: a) el diseño de la ruta de atención, situaciones que activan el protocolo y el módulo de atención en crisis; b) la participación de 10 jueces expertos con el fin de realizar la validación por contenido de todos los componentes del protocolo de atención psicológica. Los resultados arrojaron que el diseño es pertinente, suficiente y relevante para la problemática que se buscó abordar. Abstract Currently, the number of people who present or have presented some suicidal behavior has increased significantly in Colombia from 2014 to 2019, making suicidal behavior a public health problem. However, it is abroad concept that covers different types of behavior, so it is necessary to establish a protocol of care to standardize the actions of the therapist and/or people who work in health care services. The present article aims to describe how a psychological care protocol was designed and validated for the care of suicidal ideation of consultants who attend a psychological care center at a university institution in the city of Bogotá. A quantitative, instrumental study was carried out, which involved: a) designing the care route, situations that activate the protocol and the crisis care module; b) the participation of 10 expert judges to carry out the validation of the content of all the components of the psychological care protocol. The results showed that the design of the care protocol is pertinent, sufficient, and relevant to the problem to be addressed.

ResumenIntroducción Las mujeres han incursionado y aumentado en todas las áreas médico quirúrgicas y específicamente en la Urología, representando aproximadamente un 10% de esta fuerza laboral.Objetivo Describir el estado actual de las mujeres en la fuerza laboral en Urología a nivel mundial.Métodos Análisis bibliométrico basado en búsqueda retrospectiva de la literatura del año 1969 a 2019, mediante base de datos: MEDLINE, FABUMED y PubReminder®, utilizando términos de búsqueda: (workforce) AND (urology), incluyendo: artículos de revista, artículos originales de investigación, reseñas, ensayos y otros informes científicos. Se obtuvo el factor de impacto (FI) mediante Journal Citation Reports 2017/2018. A través de Scopus se obtuvo el h-index (HI). Las variables analizadas fueron: número total de publicaciones, revistas, autores, instituciones, porcentaje de publicaciones por revista y país, patrón de producción científica a lo largo del período estudiado. Se realizó análisis de mapeo bibliométrico con software VOSviewer®.Resultados Se encontraron un total de 352 revisiones desde el año 1969 hasta 2019. El mayor porcentaje de publicaciones fueron en la última década. Se encontraron en total 131 revistas, de ellas, 28 específicas de urología. La revista con mayor número de publicaciones fue el Journal of Urology. El 90% de los autores provienen de Estados Unidos y del total de artículos solo dos autores principales eran mujeres.Conclusiones El interés por determinar el papel de la mujer en la fuerza laboral urológica es reciente y se correlaciona con el aumento de la representación femenina en esta área.

El estudio analiza los resultados más relevantes de la investigación realizada con docentes de educación primaria, en referencia al modelo TPACK. El objetivo de esta investigación es conocer la autopercepción de los docentes de primaria en servicio, con respecto a su capacitación tecnológica, tomando como referencia la escala de diagnóstico TPACK. Para la recopilación de información, se adaptó un cuestionario tipo Likert ya validado, siguiendo el modelo TPACK. El cuestionario está compuesto por 47 ítems que recopilan información de las siete dimensiones del modelo. La muestra está formada por 607 docentes. La investigación es de naturaleza descriptiva no experimental, y realiza un análisis de varianza multivariante (MANOVA). Los resultados más significativos han sido el hallazgo de diferencias con respecto al género de los participantes. En general, son los hombres los que tienen una mayor percepción de sí mismos con respecto al uso y la integración de las TIC en su práctica docente, especialmente en asuntos científicos. Las mujeres parecen ser más efectivas cuando seleccionan enfoques para guiar el aprendizaje y el pensamiento del estudiante en términos de lectura y escritura. The study aims to analyze the most relevant results of the research carried out with primary education teachers, with reference to the TPACK model. The objective of this research is to know the self-­‐perception of primary school teachers in service, regarding their technological training, taking as a reference the TPACK diagnostic scale. For the collection of information, a Likert type questionnaire already validated was adapted, following the TPACK model. The questionnaire consists of 47 items that collect information on the seven dimensions of the model. The sample consists of 607 teachers. The research is of a non-­‐experimental descriptive nature, and performs a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). The most significant results have been the finding of differences regarding the gender of the participants. In general, it is men who have a greater perception of themselves regarding the use and integration of ICTs in their teaching practice, especially in scientific matters. Women seem to be more effective when they select approaches to guide student learning and thinking in terms of reading and writing.

Introduction The Prune Belly Syndrome (PBS) is the deficiency or congenital hypoplasia of the abdominal muscles accompanied with disorders of the urinary tract. The surgical treatment for the uropathy of the PBS seeks to correct the anatomical defects that induce damage to the urinary tract, including the improvement of the bladder emptying. The correction of the abdominal wall defect must be considered as an important part of the treatment. Objective To describe of the most relevant clinic characteristics and outcomes of a group of eight patients with PBS managed with abdominoplasty and reconstructive urologic surgery. Methods Retrospective review of the medical charts of patients with PBS at Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Hospital Militar Central of Bogotá, Clinica Infantil Colsubsidio and Fundación Oftalmológica Ardila Lulle of Bucaramanga, (Colombia) that were managed with reconstructive surgery of the urinary tract and Monfort technique abdominoplasty (between 2006 and 2016) by one of the authors (JPN). The evaluated variables included: phenotypic appearance, renal function, bowel movements, and urinary tract infection (UTI) episodes. These variables as well as the abdominal wall aspect, were evaluated postoperatively. Results There were 11 patients identified with PBS between 2006 and 2016. Eight (8) of them underwent reconstructive urologic surgery, orchidopexy and Monfort technique abdominoplasty. After the procedures, none of the patients presented deterioration of the renal function, and they reported a better quality of the stools according to the Bristol scale; there were also less episodes of UTI. The phenotypic aspect of the abdominal wall was qualified as satisfactory in all cases. Conclusions Reconstructive urologic surgery and abdominoplasty in patients with PBS is an excellent choice of management that reduces the number of UTIs, improves bowel movements according to the Bristol scale, and preserves the renal function. This management approach also improves the phenotypic aspect of the abdominal wall. All of this leads to higher survival rate and better quality of life.

El lipogranuloma esclerosante es una condición extraña y benigna que puede afectar cualquier órgano, especialmente los genitales externos masculinos. Se suele presentar como masas subcutáneas en escroto, periné y pene. Aunque la mayoría de los casos son secundarios a aplicación de cuerpos extraños como parafina, vaselina o silicona con propósitos estéticos para aumentar el tamaño del pene, también puede deberse a degeneración lipídica endógena, secundaria a trauma, infecciones o reacciones alérgicas. No existe consenso en cuanto a su manejo ni datos sobre su prevalencia al ser una entidad poco reportada; se ha descrito el manejo con ciclos cortos de corticoides sistémicos, y cirugía en los casos recidivantes. El objetivo de este trabajo es reportar el caso de un paciente que acudió con induración y eritema en pene y escroto, quien negaba la aplicación de sustancias exógenas y que fue llevado a biopsia de la lesión, con diagnóstico de lipogranuloma esclerosante.

Prediabetes is an altered metabolic state of glucose; it does not present symptoms, it is considered an intermediate stage in the progression to diabetes; it is possible to detect it early to avoid or delay the disease. NutrIMSS strategy was implemented so that these patients achieve a healthy lifestyle.To evaluate the impact of an educational intervention based on the NutrIMSS strategy on somatometric and biochemical parameters in patients with prediabetes.Quasi-experimental study in the Family Medicine Unit No. 80 of Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico, in patients 20 to 59 years of age, with diagnosis of prediabetes (impaired fasting glucose 100-125 mg/dL). The educational intervention included three educational sessions, six consultations with nutrition and inclusion to the social security center, from March to August 2017. Initial anthropometric and biochemical measurements were taken and in the sixth month. The data were presented as median and interquartile range or mean ± standard deviation, and Student's t and Wilcoxon tests, with a significance value of p0.05.45 patients, 66.7% women. Previous and after the intervention parameters were, respectively: weight (kg), 79.9 (56.5-114) and 77.5 (54.6-110) (p = 0.001); body mass index (kg/m2), 30.89 (23.2-39.9) and 29.0 (21.5-39.1) (p0.001); glucose (mg/dL), 111 ± 6.3 and 95.8 ± 9.2 (p0.001); and total cholesterol (mg/dL): 171 (120-223) and 170 (90-205) (p = 0.01).The educational intervention based on the NutrIMSS strategy has a positive impact on the metabolic control of patients with prediabetes.La prediabetes es un estado metabólico alterado de la glucosa, no presenta síntomas, se considera un estadio intermedio en la progresión a diabetes y es posible detectarla tempranamente para evitar o retrasar la enfermedad. La estrategia NutrIMSS se implementó para que estos pacientes alcancen un estilo de vida saludable.Evaluar el impacto de una intervención educativa basada en la estrategia NutrIMSS sobre parámetros somatométricos y bioquímicos en pacientes con prediabetes.Estudio cuasiexperimental en la Unidad de Medicina Familiar No. 80 de Morelia, Michoacán, en el que participaron pacientes de 20-59 años, con diagnóstico de prediabetes (glucosa alterada de ayuno 100-125 mg/dl). La intervención educativa incluyó tres sesiones educativas, seis consultas con nutrición e inclusión al centro de seguridad social de marzo a agosto de 2017. Se realizaron mediciones antropométricas y bioquímicas iniciales y al sexto mes. Los datos se presentaron como mediana (con rangos intercuartílicos) o media ± desviación estándar, pruebas de Wilcoxon y t de Student, con una significación de p0.05.Fueron 45 pacientes, con un 66.7% de mujeres. Los parámetros previos y posteriores a la intervención fueron los siguientes, respectivamente: peso (kg), 79.9 (56.5-114) y 77.5 (54.6-110) (p = 0.001); índice de masa corporal (kg/m2), 30.89 (23.2-39.9) y 29.0 (21.5-39.1) (p0.001); glucosa (mg/dl), 111 ± 6.3 y 95.8 ± 9.2 (p0.001); y colesterol total (mg/dl), 171 (120-223) y 170 (90-205) (p = 0.01).La intervención educativa basada en la estrategia NutrIMSS impacta de manera positiva en el control metabólico de los pacientes con prediabetes.

Resumen Objetivos El maltrato laboral (acoso, abuso o discriminación) ejercido de manera persistente contra un individuo genera un ambiente de trabajo hostil y lleva a agotamiento, con un impacto psicológico importante y la posibilidad de aparición de síntomas depresivos. En Colombia, no contamos con publicaciones al respecto.El objetivo de nuestro trabajo es conocer la percepción de los residentes de urología en cuanto a discriminación de género y acoso laboral, verbal y sexual durante su formación. Metodos Estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal, por medio de encuestas anónimas. Evaluamos las características demográficas, la percepción de acoso, el tipo de acoso, si éste afectó el rendimiento laboral del residente, y por parte de quién lo percibió. Resultados Obtuvimos respuestas de 82/115 (71,3%) residentes, en su mayoría hombres (45 [56%]). En total, 66% (54) reportaron haber experimentado acoso laboral; y 35,4% (29) reportaron haber experimentado discriminación de género, siendo más frecuente en las mujeres (17; 58,6%). El acoso verbal fue reportado por un 64,6% (53), y afectó el trabajo de un 92,5%. La percepción de acoso laboral fue similar entre hombres y mujeres (32 [69.5%] hombres y 21 [61.1%] de mujeres). En total, 7 (19%) mujeres reportaron acoso sexual. Con respecto a la fuente de acoso, 39 (65,8%) fue por profesores, 26 (45%), por otros residentes, y 17 (35.4%), por pacientes. Conclusión La percepción de acoso durante la residencia de urología en Colombia es real, y afecta el trabajo de los residentes. Este acoso es mayor por parte de los hombres, y es principalmente generado por profesores. Consideramos nuestro trabajo el punto de partida para continuar investigando un tema de importancia a nivel nacional y internacional.

Introduction and Objectives Urethral stricture is a complex pathology of multiple etiologies, and of unknown incidence in our country. There are multiple options for the management of urethral stricture, from minimally invasive procedures, like urethral dilation or direct vision internal urethrotomy, to open surgical reconstruction using excision and primary anastomosis (EPA), or augmented urethroplasty with tissue graft.The aim of the present study is to describe the characteristics of the patients managed with urethral reconstructive surgery in a reference center in eastern Colombia. Methods Observational retrospective cohort study. Data was obtained from patients undergoing urethral reconstructive surgery at the institution from August 2013 to December 2017. All of the surgeries were performed by the same surgical team. The clinical and demographic variables were collected, and the validated urethral stricture surgery patient-reported outcome measure (USS-PROM) questionnaire was applied. Results A total of 56 patients were included in the study, 26 patients (46.4%) underwent excision and primary anastomosis (EPA), and 30 (53.6%) underwent graft urethroplasty. The average age at the time of the intervention was 53.3 years old. The most frequent etiology was trauma, and the mean length of the stenosis was 1.7 cm for the EPA group, and 3 cm for the graft urethroplasty group (p = 0.009). A history of previous surgery was found in 66% of the patients, and radiotherapy in 2 patients.The mean follow-up was of 14 months (range: 0–52 months), observing similar success rates for both techniques. Despite of the small sample size, when analyzing the Kaplan-Meier curves, we observed a tendency of a better response in the group without previous treatments and with stenosis with a length The rate of postoperative complications was of 23%, with no statistical difference between the 2 groups. The USS-PROM questionnaire was applied to 29 patients, finding that 27 out of 29 respondents were satisfied with the results of the procedure, and all of them would recommend it to another person. Conclusions The results of our study show that urethral reconstruction surgery performed in an experienced center is associated with a good success rate, and that patients are satisfied with the result of the procedure.

Introduction Ureteral stents are widely used tools in the daily practice of the urologist due to the fact that they solve the endo- and extraluminal ureteral obstructions, enabling an adequate urine flow. They are the preferred tool because they are easy to insert and versatile, and are used to treat various urologic pathologies; nonetheless, they are not exempt from complications. Objectives To present an update in the use of JJ stents, describing their main associated symptoms and complications, indications and newest developments. Materials and Methods We performed a literature review in the Embase, Pubmed and Google Scholar databases, with the following terms and cross-references: ureteral stent; diagnosis; treatment; and urology, restricting the search to the past 7 years. A total of 428 articles were found, and 49 were used in the revision. Results We described the symptoms and complications associated with the use of JJ stents and their prevention, their use in the treatment of lithiasis and oncologic diseases, the utility of metallic stents, and new designs and improvements in their development. Conclusions JJ stents remain a very useful tool in the daily practice of the urologist, but are not exempt from having adverse effects and complications. There have been advances that decrease the adverse effects associated with their use, mainly infection, symptoms associated to the insertion, and risk of incrustation.