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Introduction: To ascertain the adverse health outcomes experienced by those using prescribed testosterone and non-prescribed anabolic-androgenic steroids presenting to general practitioner (GP) clinics., Methods: Retrospective clinical audit from nine GP clinics in major metropolitan areas across three Australian states. Data included demographic and individual characteristics (age, sexuality, body mass index, smoking status and HIV status); performance and image-enhancing drug use (type, reasons for use, patient-reported adverse effects); and blood biochemistry measurements (lipid profiles, liver function tests and red blood cell tests). Adverse health outcomes included evidence of polycythaemia, hypertension, liver abnormalities and hypercholesterolemia., Results: Three hundred men were identified as either using prescribed testosterone (66%; n = 197) or non-prescribed anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) (34%; n = 103). Individuals in the prescribed group were more likely to be older (p < 0.001), gay or bisexual (p < 0.001) and living with diagnosed HIV (p < 0.001) compared to individuals in the non-prescribed group. Abnormal liver function, polycythemia and gynecomastia were the top three adverse events experienced. When adjusting for age, sexuality, HIV status and smoking status, those who used non-prescribed AAS were more likely to experience any adverse event (aPR = 1.28; 95% CI 1.01-1.60; p = 0.038), hypertension (aPR = 1.86; 95% CI 1.19-2.91; p = 0.006) and liver abnormalities (aPR = 1.51; 95% CI 1.04-2.20; p = 0.030) compared to those using prescribed testosterone., Discussion and Conclusion: For GPs who have clients who may be using, or who they suspect of using, AAS, these findings highlight the importance of not only exploring a patient's history of the adverse effects they have experienced, but that measuring for these other conditions may provide a more accurate clinical picture., (© 2024 The Author(s). Drug and Alcohol Review published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Australasian Professional Society on Alcohol and other Drugs.)

Competing Interests: Conflict of interest: Vibeke M. Almas has received financial support from Novartis. Kristina H. Haugaa has received financial support from Bristol Meyer Squibb, Boehringer Ingelheim Norway, Agiana Pharmaceuticals, Novartis and Solid Bioscience.

Aims: In the current paper, we aim to explore the effect of both current and former long-term anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) use on regulation of systemic inflammatory markers and mediators of extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling and their association with hormones and echocardiographic myocardial pathology in weightlifters., Methods and Results: In a cross-sectional study, 93 weightlifting AAS users, of whom 62 were current and 31 were past users, with at least 1-year cumulative AAS use (mean 11 ± 7 accumulated years of AAS use), were compared with 54 non-using weightlifting controls (WLCs) using clinical interview, blood pressure measurements, and echocardiography. Serum levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, tumour necrosis factor (TNF), interferon (IFN)-γ, growth differentiation factor (GDF)-15, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, sex hormones, and lipids were analysed. It was found that serum levels of IL-8, GDF-15, and MMP-9 were significantly increased in current AAS users compared with former users and WLCs. Matrix metalloproteinase 9, but not IL-8, correlated consistently with sex hormone levels, and sex hormone levels correlated consistently with mean wall thickness, in current users. Moreover, HDL cholesterol was significantly lower in current vs. former AAS users and significantly inversely correlated with MMP-9 in current users. Further, in current users, MMP-9 and IL-8 correlated with markers of myocardial strain, and MMP-9 also correlated with indices of cardiac mass, which was not seen in former users. Mediation analyses suggested that MMP-9 could partly explain hormone-induced alterations in markers of myocardial damage in current users., Conclusion: Long-term AAS is associated with increased levels of markers of inflammation and ECM remodelling, which seems to have a hormone-dependent (MMP-9) and a hormone-independent (IL-8) association with markers of myocardial dysfunction., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest: R.A. and L.E.H. have received speaker’s honoraria from Eisai; L.E.H. has received travel grants from ERN EpiCARE; P.M.T. has received consulting fees from Anti-doping Norge; K.H.H. has received a research grant from the Norwegian Research Council; B.H., A.K.B., and I.G. have received a research grant from the South-Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority. The rest of the authors report no conflict of interest., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology.)

Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are used widely, but in illegal ways mostly by young men as performance-enhancing and image-enhancing drugs (IPED). long-term usage of AAS, usually in conjunction with other illegal substances, can have extremely detrimental impacts on the reproductive system. The primary goal of this study was to examine any possible detrimental effects of AAS on sex hormone levels, a liver and kidney function in individuals who frequent fitness centers in Iraq-Baghdad. In this research, there are 60 participants (20-37 years old); 30 athletes who visited the different gyms in Baghdad/ Iraq and used AAS such as testosterone, Boldenone, Cybontae, Deca Durabellin; and 30 athletes who did not take any synthetics hormones and serve as control. All participants answered the questionnaire form which included their age, the type of used AAS, when they started to take it, and the total usage number per week. The blood (5 ml) was drawn from every participant to separate the serum. The serum was used to measure some hormones (Testosterone, FSH, LH, prolactin and Estrodiol) and liver and kidney function parameters. The results showed a significantly lower level of testosterone and FSH in the AAS-users' bodybuilding group compared to the control group. In comparison with the control group, there was a notable rise in the PRL level in the serum of AA users. However, when comparing the serum levels of LH and Estrodiol in the AAS-user group to those in the control group, no discernible variations were seen. AAS users had a significantly higher level of ALT and lower ALP than controls, although there is no difference in AST levels between the two groups. The creatine level was significantly higher in the AAS-user compared to the control group, but not urea. In conclusion, the effects of AAS and other supplements on sex hormones and kidney, liver function, and vary depending on how long they are used, with the effects of AAS being more pronounced. Therefore, there is a need for culturally sensitive measures to prevent steroid abuse among youth., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Anticholinergic toxicity is a common occurrence in the emergency room, making it crucial for emergency clinicians to have a good understanding of this toxidrome. The neuropsychiatric effects of anticholinergic agents and anabolic steroids (ASs) can manifest as symptoms like anxiety, agitation, dysarthria, confusion, seizures, visual hallucinations, bizarre behavior, delirium, psychosis, and coma. When dealing with a conscious patient who has ingested an anticholinergic substance, a detailed history of ingestion can aid clinicians in making an accurate diagnosis. However, the lack of information about the substances consumed can complicate diagnosis. In cases where the exposure is unknown, clinicians should consider anticholinergic poisoning in patients showing signs of altered mental status and physical examination findings consistent with anticholinergic toxicity. We report four cases presenting a range of symptoms, including neuropsychiatric manifestations, following the ingestion of the same bodybuilding powders with anticholinergic properties. All four patients consumed yellow and white powders at the same time and in the same place. Laboratory analysis revealed that yellow powder and white powder contained ASs and cyproheptadine, respectively., (© 2024 The Author(s). Neuropsychopharmacology Reports published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of The Japanese Society of Neuropsychopharmacology.)

In the last decades, novel therapeutics with anabolic bone properties have been developed and are currently used in the management of osteoporosis particularly in patients with high-risk of fragility fractures. These drugs include PTH-Related Analogues, teriparatide and abaloparatide, and the anti-sclerostin agent romosozumab, this latter drug currently approved only in female patients. Their efficacies in preventing fragility fractures are widely demonstrated and their potential serious side effects were progressively downgraded, including risk of malignancies in teriparatide- and cardiovascular events in romosozumab-users, respectively. Further data are warranted about their efficacy in glucocorticoids-induces osteoporosis and fracture healings., Competing Interests: Disclosures The authors have nothing to disclose., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: The prevalence of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) use is on the rise among athletes and bodybuilders worldwide. In addition to the well-documented adverse effects on hepatic, renal, and reproductive functions, there is an increasing recognition of psychiatric complications associated with AAS use. This study aimed to investigate psychiatric morbidity among male bodybuilders who are AAS users., Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 25 male bodybuilders using AAS (mean age 31.2 ± 8.9 years) were compared with a control group of 25 healthy male bodybuilders matched in age (31.3 ± 5.5 years). The demographic, hormonal, and biochemical parameters of the participants were recorded. The impact of AAS use on psychiatric morbidity was assessed using the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) in both groups., Results: The BDI and BAI scores were significantly higher in male bodybuilders using anabolic-androgenic steroids ( p  < 0.0001). While the control group showed no instances of anxiety, seven individuals in the AAS user group reported mild anxiety. No participants in the control group exhibited depression, whereas seven AAS users displayed depressive symptoms (4 mild, 3 moderate). Correlations were observed between lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels and BAI scores, creatinine levels and both BAI and BDI scores, as well as between estradiol levels and BDI., Conclusion: The study concluded that AAS use among male bodybuilders is associated with elevated levels of depression and anxiety. Our findings suggest a potential correlation between anxiety and depression levels and the levels of creatinine, LDH, and estradiol in AAS users.

Supraphysiological doses of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) is popular among recreational weightlifters and bodybuilders due to the performance-enhancing properties but is also associated with adverse cardiovascular effects. The knowledge about how AAS affect the vasculature is limited, although results from previous studies suggest alterations in vasoreactivity and morphology. In the present study we investigate the association between long-term use of AAS and vascular function. Hundred and twenty-three males were included in the study, 56 of them current AAS users and 67 weightlifting controls. Vascular function was evaluated by carotid artery reactivity and flow-mediated dilation. AAS users had significantly reduced carotid artery reactivity (p < 0.001) and flow-mediated dilation (p < 0.001) compared to weightlifting controls. Results from the present study indicate that long-term use of AAS affect the cardiovascular system negatively, measured as reduced carotid artery reactivity and flow-mediated dilation. These findings could partly explain sudden cardiovascular events among young long-term users of AAS., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

The prevalence of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) is rising, especially in recreational sports and the general population. While body image significantly influences AAS use, gender differences remain unclear. We examined gender-related connections between AAS use, body image, eating behavior, and physical activity. Following PRISMA guidelines, we analyzed 22 studies: 14 with male-only samples, 5 mixed-gender, 2 with sexual and gender minorities, and 1 with a female-only sample. FINDINGS: confirm body image as a key predictor of AAS use. Though AAS use correlates with eating disorders, outcomes vary by context; for instance, no discernible difference in eating behavior was observed between AAS users and non-users in bodybuilding. Physical activity findings varied, with some studies showing no significant differences between AAS users and non-users. Due to limited gender-comparison studies, conclusive gender-related differences cannot be drawn. This systematic review underscores the complex interplay between AAS use, body image, eating behavior, and physical activity, emphasizing the necessity for further research to develop targeted interventions for diverse populations, addressing AAS-related concerns and promoting overall well-being., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: To assess the prevalence of anabolic steroid use and the level of knowledge on anabolic steroids among the male athletes in Al Madina Al Munawara, Saudi Arabia., Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on male athletes randomly selected from the private athletic centers in Al Madina Al Munawara over 5 months. Data were collected from all participants using a self-administered anonymous questionnaire with 33 questions. The questionnaire covered the socio-demographic characteristics of the participants, and their knowledge, attitudes, and use of anabolic steroids., Results: Of the 150 male athletes surveyed, 121 completed the questionnaire (response rate: 80.6%). Over half were aged between 18 and 23 years (56.2%) and were single (79.3%). Thirty-two percent reported using anabolic steroids, mainly to increase muscle mass, following coaches' advice (46.1%). Key sources included the internet (30.7%), coaches (30%), and friends (27.9%), and non-healthcare professionals. The top motivations were price, coach's/physician's advice, and availability. The perceived benefits included increased muscle mass, strength, and endurance, while the perceived adverse effects included kidney/liver damage and sexual problems., Conclusion: One-third of the male athletes surveyed used anabolic steroids, influenced by accessibility and social contact, rather than healthcare guidance. This highlights the need for greater awareness of the long-term health risks, ideally through education provided by sports medicine specialists., (Copyright: © Saudi Medical Journal.)

Introduction: The use of androgenic anabolic steroids (AASs) among recreational athletes is steadily increasing. However, knowledge regarding the potentially harmful effects of AAS primarily originates from case reports and small observational studies. This large-scale study aims to investigate the impact of AAS use on vascular plaque formation, preclinical coronary disease, cardiac function, circulating cardiovascular risk markers, quality of life (QoL) and mental health in a broad population of illicit AAS users., Methods and Analyses: A nationwide cross-sectional cohort study including a diverse population of men and women aged ≥18 years, with current or previous illicit AAS use for at least 3 months. Conducted at Odense University Hospital, Denmark, the study comprises two parts. In part A (the pilot study), 120 recreational athletes with an AAS history will be compared with a sex-matched and age-matched control population of 60 recreational athletes with no previous AAS use. Cardiovascular outcomes include examination of non-calcified coronary plaque volume and calcium score using coronary CT angiography, myocardial structure and function via echocardiography, and assessing carotid and femoral artery plaques using ultrasonography. Retinal microvascular status is evaluated through fundus photography. Cardiovascular risk markers are measured in blood. Mental health outcomes include health-related QoL, interpersonal difficulties, body image concerns, aggression dimensions, anxiety symptoms, depressive severity and cognitive function assessed through validated questionnaires. The findings of our comprehensive study will be used to compose a less intensive investigatory cohort study of cardiovascular and mental health (part B) involving a larger group of recreational athletes with a history of illicit AAS use., Ethics and Dissemination: The study received approval from the Regional Committee on Health Research Ethics for Southern Denmark (S-20210078) and the Danish Data Protection Agency (21/28259). All participants will provide signed informed consent. Research outcomes will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journals and scientific conferences., Trial Registration Number: NCT05178537., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2024. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Long-term use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) in supratherapeutic doses is associated with severe adverse effects, including physical, mental, and behavioral alterations. When used for recreational purposes several AAS are often combined, and in scientific studies of the physiological impact of AAS either a single compound or a cocktail of several steroids is often used. Because of this, steroid-specific effects have been difficult to define and are not fully elucidated. The present study used male Wistar rats to evaluate potential somatic and behavioral effects of three different AAS; the decanoate esters of nandrolone, testosterone, and trenbolone. The rats were exposed to 15 mg/kg of nandrolone decanoate, testosterone decanoate, or trenbolone decanoate every third day for 24 days. Body weight gain and organ weights (thymus, liver, kidney, testis, and heart) were measured together with the corticosterone plasma levels. Behavioral effects were studied in the novel object recognition-test (NOR-test) and the multivariate concentric square field-test (MCSF-test). The results conclude that nandrolone decanoate, but neither testosterone decanoate nor trenbolone decanoate, caused impaired recognition memory in the NOR-test, indicating an altered cognitive function. The behavioral profile and stress hormone level of the rats were not affected by the AAS treatments. Furthermore, the study revealed diverse AAS-induced somatic effects i.e., reduced body weight development and changes in organ weights. Of the three AAS included in the study, nandrolone decanoate was identified to cause the most prominent impact on the male rat, as it affected body weight development, the weights of multiple organs, and caused an impaired memory function., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors display no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest Dr Dalhoff was a member of the Board of Anti-Doping Denmark from 2015 to 2020. Drs Heerfordt, Windfeld-Mathiasen, Mogensen, Andersen, and Horwitz have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Background: The control of the cardiovascular system depends on the autonomic nerve system. Chronic anabolic andorogenic steroids (AAS) use causes sympathovagal imbalance and increases sympathetic nerve activity., Objective: The reduction in heart rate from the peak exercise rate following the end of the exercise stress test is known as the heart rate recovery index (HRRI). Several methods have been utilized to assess myocardial repolarization, such as QT interval (QT), corrected QT interval (QTc), and T-wave peak-to-end interval (Tp-e interval). Based on a growing number of data a higher Tp-e/QT ratio is linked to malignant ventricular arrhythmias, and an increased Tp-e interval may correlate with the transmural dispersion of repolarization. Our hypothesis is that the use of chronic AAS was decrease HRRI during maximal exercise and increased risk of cardiac arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death., Methods: This study included 44 male bodybuilders, with an average age of 29.7 ± 8.14 years, divided into AAS abuse [AAS users (n = 21) and AAS nonuser (n = 23)]., Results: The first (p = 0.001) and second minute (p = 0.001) HRRI of the subjects with AAS users were significantly lower than those of the control group. Additionally, HRRI after the third (p = 0.004) and fifth minutes (p = 0.007) of the recovery period were significantly lower in AAS group compared with the control group. Who used AAS had significantly higher QT, QTc, Tp-e, Tp-e/QT, and Tp-e/QTc values than non-users (all p = 0.001)., Conclusions: Chronic AAS use has been shown to cause sympathetic dominance, which may be a pro arrhythmic state., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest None., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Importance: Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are disproportionately used by sexual minority men, with the physical and mental health implications of AAS use incompletely understood., Objective: To understand the reasons for use and health care needs of gay, bisexual, and queer cisgender men using AAS., Design, Setting, and Participants: This qualitative study was conducted from November 2021 to May 2023 using self-administered questionnaires and semistructured interviews that were transcribed and coded using reflexive thematic analysis. Participants were recruited through convenience and snowball sampling from lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer clinical centers in New York, New York, as well as through online platforms. All patients self-identified as cisgender and gay, bisexual, or queer., Exposures: History of nonprescribed AAS use for a minimum of 8 consecutive weeks was required., Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcomes were reasons for and health implications of AAS use and interactions with health care practitioners, as determined through interviews. Interview transcripts were collected and analyzed., Results: Thematic saturation was reached after interviews with 12 male participants (mean [SD] age, 44 [11] years), with the majority of participants identifying as gay (10 participants [83%]), White non-Hispanic (9 participants [75%]), being in their 30s and 40s (9 participants [75%]), holding a bachelor's degree or higher (11 participants [92%]), and having used steroids for a mean (SD) of 7.5 (7.1) years. One participant (8%) self-identified as Black, and 2 (17%) identified as Hispanic. Seven men (58%) met the criteria for muscle dysmorphia on screening. Nine overarching themes were found, including internal and external motivators for initial use, continued use because of effectiveness or fear of losses, intensive personal research, physical and emotional harms experienced from use, using community-based harm reduction techniques, frustration with interactions with the medical community focused on AAS cessation, and concerns around the illegality of AAS., Conclusions and Relevance: In this qualitative study, AAS use among cisgender gay, bisexual, and queer men was found to be associated with multifactorial motivators, including a likely AAS use disorder and muscle dysmorphia. Despite all participants experiencing harms from use, men seeking medical help found insufficient support with practitioners insistent on AAS cessation and, thus, developed their own harm reduction techniques. Further research is needed to assess the utility of practitioner education efforts, the safety and efficacy of community-developed harm reduction methods, and the impact of AAS decriminalization on health care outcomes for this patient population.

Excessive use of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) in sport occurs among professional athletes but increasingly also in amateurs. Prevalence of steroid use has been on the rise for a number of years. While the practice involves mostly men, it also occurs in women with an estimated prevalence of 1.6%. Since 2014, a 'steroid passport' has operated for sports people in competition that is based on longitudinal urinary and blood steroid levels, measured by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Androgen excess stimulates muscle growth and improves muscle performance. However, their consumption carries numerous side effects, including myocardial hypertrophy; altered lipid metabolism and pro-thrombotic effects. The excess of AAS is associated with increased risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events. Data for their effects in women is lacking. Perturbations of the menstrual cycle are common in female athletes, with spaniomenorrhea and even amenorrhea. This can be a consequence of gonadotropin insufficiency due to negative caloric balance, but may also be due to endogenous or exogenous hyperandrogenism. The use of AAS is probably underestimated as a public health issue, particularly in women, and thus presents a prevention challenge for healthcare professionals., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.)

Introduction: Meningiomas frequently occur within the field of neuro-oncology, but it is unclear whether exogenous or imbalanced endogenous hormones are involved in the pathophysiology. A previous case-control study found an almost 20-fold increase in the risk of developing meningioma among users of androgenic anabolic steroids. We, therefore, investigated this hypothesis., Methods: We compared the incidence rate of meningioma in a cohort of males sanctioned for the use of androgenic anabolic steroids with age- and sex-matched controls with an identical enrollment date., Results: We followed 1189 males sanctioned for using androgenic anabolic steroids for a total of 13,305 person-years and found 0 cases of meningioma. The control cohort of 59,450 males was followed for a total of 654,938 person-years, and 16 were diagnosed with meningioma. Thus, the incidence rate ratio was 0 (95% CI: 0-12.8)., Conclusion: We did not find any evidence supporting the hypothesis of an increased risk of meningioma development with the use of androgenic anabolic steroids. Due to the limited sample size, we cannot exclude androgenic anabolic steroids as a potential risk factor for meningioma development, despite the lack of apparent evidence in this study., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Aims: This study aims to explore the cardiovascular effects of long-term anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) use in both current and former weightlifting AAS users and estimate the occurrence of severe reduced myocardial function and the impact of duration and amount of AAS., Methods and Results: In this cross-sectional study, 101 weightlifting AAS users with at least 1 year cumulative AAS use (mean 11 ± 7 accumulated years of AAS use) were compared with 71 non-using weightlifting controls (WLC) using clinical data and echocardiography. Sixty-nine were current, 30 former (>1 year since quitted), and 2 AAS users were not available for this classification. Anabolic-androgenic users had higher left ventricular mass index (LVMI) (106 ± 26 vs. 80 ± 15 g/m2, P < 0.001), worse left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (49 ±7 vs. 59 ± 5%, P < 0.001) and right ventricular global longitudinal strain (-17.3 ± 3.5 vs. -22.8 ± 2.0%, P < 0.001), and higher systolic blood pressure (141 ± 17 vs. 133 ± 11 mmHg, P < 0.001) compared with WLC. In current users, accumulated duration of AAS use was 12 ± 7 years and in former 9 ± 6 years (quitted 6 ± 6 years earlier). Compared with WLC, LVMI and LVEF were pathological in current and former users (P < 0.05) with equal distribution of severely reduced myocardial function (LVEF ≤40%) (11 vs. 10%, not significant (NS)). In current users, estimated lifetime AAS dose correlated with reduced LVEF and LVGLS, P < 0.05, but not with LVMI, P = 0.12. Regression analyses of the total population showed that the strongest determinant of reduced LVEF was not coexisting strength training or hypertension but history of AAS use (β -0.53, P < 0.001)., Conclusion: Long-term AAS users showed severely biventricular cardiomyopathy. The reduced systolic function was also found upon discontinued use., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest: None declared., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology.)

This article aims to review available literature evidence about the harmful effects of long-term anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) abuse on the heart. A review of 11 existing literature articles regarding this association has been used in the development of this review article. There is increasing medical literature documentation of the eventual harmful effect of AAS misuse or abuse on the heart. Individuals who misuse these steroids are susceptible to significant debilitation and loss of productive person-hours, and in severe cases, it can lead to death. Raising awareness about this potentially deleterious effect of anabolic steroids is crucial to prevent its misuse or abuse., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Objective: This systematic review aims to evaluate the optimal treatment for male infertility resulting from Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS) abuse., Methods: A systematic review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. Studies that compared different protocols for the recovery of spermatogenesis in patients after AAS use were included., Results: 13 studies investigating different protocols to restore spermatogenesis in patients with AAS abuse met the inclusion criteria. The available agents that showed restoration of spermatogenesis include injectable gonadotropins, selective estrogen receptor modulators, and aromatase inhibitors, but their use is still poorly described in the literature., Conclusions: Clinicians need to be aware of the detrimental effects of AAS on spermatogenesis. AAS-associated infertility may be reversible, but sperm production may take over a year to normalize. Both conservative and aggressive treatment can boost spermatogenesis with positive results. Further understanding of male reproductive endocrinology and high-quality data on the field of restoration of spermatogenesis after AAS abuse are warranted., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U.)

In the wake of the Novel Coronavirus arrival, the world witnessed the fragility of healthcare systems and the resilience of healthcare workers who stood on the front lines. SARS-CoV-2, also known as COVID-19 or severe acute respiratory syndrome, first appeared in China in December 2019. The infection quickly spread across the nation and the world. All countries severely restricted social interaction to stop the virus's transmission, impacting all sporting, social, and recreational activities. Anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs) are frequently used illegally to enhance strength and physical attractiveness. However, they could hurt immune system health. Much research hasn't been done yet on the connection between Covid-19 and AASs. Synthetic testosterone analogs known as anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs) can have an immune-system-altering effect. Sportspeople and bodybuilders are vulnerable to AAS abuse. Governmental reactions to the coronavirus infection issue over the last year have drawn much attention and discussion regarding public services, the experience and lessons learned from different limitations, and strategies for dealing with potential future pandemics. Using AAS has the potential to cause a variety of adverse reactions, including cardiovascular issues (including high blood pressure, heart disease, and blood clots), liver damage, renal failure, mood swings, aggressiveness, and psychiatric disorders. Individuals already suffering from severe respiratory conditions like COVID-19 may have these risks increased. This review mainly highlights the anabolic androgen steroids use and its unseen effects on coronavirus patients and gymnastics., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The use of androgenic-anabolic steroids (AASs) has increased in recent years, especially among athletes, due to their effect on body shape and performance. These agents could have serious side effects on this highly susceptible population, which tends to use these substances frequently to promote muscle growth and physical performance. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the knowledge and attitudes toward the use of anabolic androgenic steroids among physical education university students in Palestine. A cross-sectional study of physical education students from November 2020 to January 2021 was conducted using an electronic questionnaire. The main outcome was to measure the level of knowledge and use of the AAS. A total of 380 students were included. The mean age of the students was 21 years (SD = 4.2), and the study participants were distributed almost equally according to sex. Approximately a quarter of the students were smokers. Eighty percent (80%) of the study participants were from the West Bank, while the remaining 20% were from Jerusalem and 48 territories. Furthermore, most of the students lived with their families; half lived in cities, approximately 152 (40%) lived in villages, and only 29 (8%) lived in camps. The average level of knowledge of the AAS was 2.95 out of 8 (37/100), with a median of three. Furthermore, only 36 (10%) of the participants had satisfactory knowledge, scoring 80% or more. Regarding the use of AAS, 11 (2.9%) participants, all males, confirmed that they were currently using AAS. Additionally, approximately 28 (7%) had previously used them, while 30 (8%) planned to try them in the future. Overall, 221 (58%) patients were confirmed to use vitamins and minerals. Our study showed that most of the participants had a substantial lack of information on the potential side effects of AAS, while the level of use was comparable with that of other populations., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are traditionally used for the treatment/control of various diseases; however, they are being used for non-therapeutic and indiscriminate purposes to enhance sports performance and physical appearance. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of AAS use among professional CrossFit® competitors., Methods: We conducted an observational cross-sectional survey in which an anonymous questionnaire was applied to professional CrossFit ® athletes., Results: The prevalence of AAS usage was 33.3%. Most users were male (74.2%), aged between 30 and 39 years (51.6%), with completed higher education (83.9%), and had been training for more than 5 years (77.4%); the primary motivation for AAS use was performance enhancement (77.4%). Individuals who were older ( p  < 0.05) and more experienced in competitions ( p  < 0.01) are more likely to use AAS. Testosterone was the most employed AAS (71.0%); CrossFit ® athletes typically used an average of 2 different AAS. The majority of users had notably sought advice from a physician (74.2%), and AAS were acquired from either drugstores (80.6%) or through illicit channels (29.0%). Moreover, 61.3% of AAS users reported experiencing adverse effects., Conclusions: Our results demonstrated a higher prevalence of AAS users among professional competitors in CrossFit ® compared to the general population; older age and greater experience in official competitions were decisive factors for a greater inclination toward AAS use. A significant percentage of athletes seek drugs through illegal channels. Despite the majority of users experiencing adverse effects, athletes report satisfaction with use, believing that the benefits still outweigh the drawbacks.

Trenbolone is a synthetic analogue of testosterone, belonging to the nandrolone group. It has both a strong anabolic effect and a limited androgenic effect (i.e. an androgen and anabolic steroid - AAS). It is used illegally by professional or amateur athletes, who want to improve their athletic performance and appearance by increasing their muscle mass. Trenbolone, like other AASs, are harmful, with 90% of users experiencing injurious side effects. It acts systemically on the body, and as such, its side effects can manifest as symptoms from different systems. Nevertheless, its popularity is increasing. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge regarding the adverse effects of trenbolone on the nervous, reproductive, immune systems and breast, muscular and adipose tissues. However, various other adverse consequences of trenbolone utilization are observed, with severe acne and gynaecomastia affecting approximately one-third of all users, as well as excessive body hair, stretch marks, hypertension and cardiac arrhythmia. The drugs are also subject to contamination, with use frequently resulting in local inflammation at the injection site, muscle adhesions and fibrosis, nerve damage or, in extreme cases, necrosis of the injection site. Additionally, due to the lack of available knowledge on the subject, many of the effects of trenbolone use remain unknown. Moreover, the fact that multiple AASs may be used simultaneously presents a significant problem in their study. Therefore, further research is necessary to better understand the effects of AAS on the body, and to expand our currently incomplete knowledge of their functional pathways.

Background : With the online proliferation of illegal substances, the Internet offers a wide variety of information on the acquisition and intake of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) and other performance and image enhancing drugs. This study focuses on investigating the characteristics of the online AAS market in Central Asia., Objectives: The primary objectives of this study were to investigate the accessibility and features of the online market for AAS in Central Asia. To achieve this, we employed a netnographic approach for a systematic exploration of websites advertising and selling AAS. The study aimed to conduct a comprehensive analysis of several key aspects, including the variety of AAS products offered, the quality of health advice provided the level of product availability, the procedures involved in making purchases, and the pricing structures within this market., Results: Twenty-one websites supplying AAS in Central Asia met our inclusion criteria. Using content analysis, data were gathered on AAS offerings, quality of health advice provided, availability, purchase process, and prices. Data were synthesized using descriptive statistics. Results indicate that AAS are easily accessible for purchase without valid medical prescription in the Central Asia online market. Most websites advertised the aesthetic and ergogenic benefits of AAS use without indicating the potential complications and adverse effects., Conclusions: Public health efforts to mitigate AAS use in Central Asia should consider both the online accessibility of AAS and the lack of accompanying information on potential complications as well as adverse effects associated with their use. Efforts must be intensified to curtail the proliferation of AAS and related misleading information on the Central Asian online market.

Context: No information exists on the long-lasting effects of supraphysiological anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs) usage on the myocellular properties of human skeletal muscle in previous AAS users., Objective: We hypothesized that former AAS users would demonstrate smaller myonuclei domains (ie, higher myonuclei density) than matched controls., Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study in men aged 18-50 years engaged in recreational strength training. Muscle biopsies were obtained from the m. vastus lateralis. Immunofluorescence analyses were performed to quantify myonuclei density and myofiber size., Results: Twenty-five males were included: 8 current and 7 previous AAS users and 10 controls. Median (25th-75th percentiles) accumulated duration of AAS use was 174 (101-206) and 140 (24-260) weeks in current and former AAS users, respectively (P = .482). Geometric mean (95% CI) elapsed duration since AAS cessation was 4.0 (1.2; 12.7) years among former AAS users. Type II muscle fibers in former AAS users displayed higher myonuclei density and DNA to cytoplasm ratio than controls, corresponding to smaller myonuclei domains (P = .013). Longer accumulated AAS use (weeks, log2) was associated with smaller myonuclei domains in previous AAS users: beta-coefficient (95% CI) -94 (-169; -18), P = .024. Type I fibers in current AAS users exhibited a higher amount of satellite cells per myofiber (P = .031) than controls., Conclusion: Muscle fibers in former AAS users demonstrated persistently higher myonuclei density and DNA to cytoplasm ratio 4 years after AAS cessation suggestive of enhanced retraining capacity., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Endocrine Society. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Objective: Symptomatic hypogonadism discourages men from stopping anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS). Some men illicitly take drugs temporarily stimulating endogenous testosterone following AAS cessation (post-cycle therapy; PCT) to lessen hypogonadal symptoms. We investigated whether prior PCT use was associated with the normalization of reproductive hormones following AAS cessation., Methods: Retrospective analysis of 641 men attending a clinic between 2015-2022 for a single, nonfasting, random blood test <36 months following AAS cessation, with or without PCT. Normalized reproductive hormones (ie, a combination of reference range serum luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and total testosterone levels) were the surrogate marker of biochemical recovery., Results: Normalization of reproductive hormones was achieved in 48.2% of men. PCT use was associated with faster biochemical recovery (13.0 (IQR8.0-19.0) weeks, PCT; 26.0 (IQR10.5-52) weeks, no-PCT; P < .001). Odds of biochemical recovery during multivariable analysis were: (1) higher with PCT (OR3.80) vs no-PCT (P = .001), in men stopping AAS ≤3 months previously; (2) reduced when 2 (OR0.55), 3 (OR0.46), or 4 (OR0.25) AAS were administered vs 1 drug (P = .009); (3) lower with AAS >6 vs ≤3 months previously (OR0.34, P = .01); (4) higher with last reported AAS >3 months (OR 5.68) vs ≤3 months (P = .001). PCT use was not associated with biochemical recovery in men stopping AAS >3 months previously., Conclusion: Without evidence-based withdrawal protocols, men commonly try avoiding post-AAS hypogonadism with PCT, which is illicit, ill-defined, and not recommended. Only half of men had complete biochemical testicular recovery after stopping AAS. The surprising association of self-reported PCT use with short-term biochemical recovery from AAS-induced hypogonadism warrants further investigation., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of European Society of Endocrinology.)

Purpose of Review: Androgens (also known as anabolic-androgenic steroids; AAS) are increasingly being abused worldwide to enhance body physique or athletic performance. Qualitative studies including interviews provide a wider understanding of androgen abuse and focus specific support needs to this group. This narrative review summarizes recent studies (2021-2023) using interviews with individuals abusing androgens., Recent Findings: Motivations for androgen abuse in men include desires to achieve certain physicality, enhance self-confidence and improve libido. The risks of androgen abuse are justified to achieve these outcomes and men may use other illicit substances as postcycle-therapy to lessen the risks. Some adverse effects may be more pronounced with certain substances. The therapeutic relationship with healthcare professionals is often described negatively by androgen abusers due to stigma and a perceived lack of knowledge. Both healthcare professionals and androgen abusers agree that development of guidelines are needed. Androgen abuse in women is rare however body dissatisfaction and desires for improve appearance and strength are motivators., Summary: Recent qualitative studies have helped further our understanding of men and women who abuse androgens, however the small number of recently published studies confirms there is still a paucity of evidence in the literature. Further research is needed to develop specific harm minimization strategies in those abusing androgens., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

Background: Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) mimic the effects of testosterone and may include testosterone itself; they are used for body enhancement within the general population. AAS use has been linked with increased mortality, cardiovascular disease, mental health disorders, and infertility. AAS-induced hypogonadism can persist for an uncertain time period despite cessation, during which men may report physical and neuropsychiatric symptoms. In an attempt to mitigate these symptoms and expedite testicular recovery, many men self-administer post-cycle-therapy (PCT), typically involving human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) and selective oestrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), which are known to potently stimulate testicular function. However, this practice has no objective evidence of effectiveness to lessen the severity or duration of hypogonadal symptoms., Methods: An anonymous survey of four-hundred-and-seventy men using AAS explored the symptoms they experienced when ceasing AAS use; the effect of PCT on relieving their symptoms, and their perceived role for health service support., Results: The majority of respondents were white, aged 18-30 years old, and working in skilled manual work. 51.7% (n = 243) reported no issues with AAS use, but 35.3% reported increased aggression. 65.1% (n = 306) of respondents had attempted AAS cessation and 95.1% of these experienced at least one symptom upon AAS cessation. Low mood, tiredness and reduced libido were reported in 72.9%, 58.5% and 57.0% of men stopping AAS use, respectively, with only 4.9% reporting no symptoms. PCT had been used by 56.5% of respondents with AAS cessation and mitigated cravings to restart AAS use, withdrawal symptoms and suicidal thoughts by 60%, 60% and 50%, respectively. The effect of stopping AAS on body composition and recovery of testosterone or fertility was a concern in 60.5% and 52.4%, respectively. Most respondents felt PCT should be prescribed under medical supervision in the community., Conclusions: Our survey suggests that the majority of men stopping AAS use are using some form of PCT. Some self-reported symptoms of AAS-induced hypogonadism such as cravings to restart AAS use reduce by 60% and suicidal thoughts reduce by 50%. These individuals are concerned about the negative effect of AAS use and cessation. This study provides crucial information for planning future research to evaluate the effects of PCT on symptoms when men stop AAS use., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Background and Objectives: Nandrolone decanoate (ND) is the most widely used among the anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS), synthetic substances derived from testosterone, to improve muscular and health gains associated with exercises. The AAS leads to physical performance enhancement and presents anti-aging properties, but its abuse is associated with several adverse effects. Supraphysiological doses of AAS with or without physical exercise can cause morphological and functional alterations in neuromuscular interactions. This study aims to investigate the effects of ND supraphysiological doses in neuromuscular interactions, focusing on the soleus muscle and its neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) in rats, associated or not with physical exercise. Materials and Methods: Forty male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into four groups: sedentary and exercised groups, with or without ND at the dose of 10 mg/kg/week. The animals were treated for eight weeks, with intramuscular injections, and the soleus muscle was collected for morphological analyses. Results: The supraphysiological doses of ND in the sedentary group caused muscle degeneration, evidenced by splitting fibers, clusters of small fibers, irregular myofibrils, altered sarcomeres, an increase in collagen deposition and in the number of type I muscle fibers (slow-twitch) and central nuclei, as well as a decrease in fibers with peripheral nuclei. On the other hand, in the ND exercise group, there was an increase in the NMJs diameter with scattering of its acetylcholine receptors, although no major morphological changes were found in the skeletal muscle. Thus, the alterations caused by ND in sedentary rats were partially reversed by physical exercise. Conclusions: The supraphysiological ND exposure in the sedentary rats promoted an increase in muscle oxidative pattern and adverse morphological alterations in skeletal muscle, resulting from damage or post-injury regeneration. In the ND-exercised rats, no major morphological changes were found. Thus, the physical exercise partially reversed the alterations caused by ND in sedentary rats.

Objectives: This study aims to evaluate healthcare providers' awareness and experience with anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) use among gym users in Jordan and their role in mitigating AAS misuse., Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between November 2022 and Feb 2023. During the study period, 158 physicians involved in prescribing AAS or treating adverse effects associated with these agents were invited to participate. A questionnaire was created and uploaded on Google Forms and distributed through social media platforms to reach physicians from different medical subspecialties., Results: Of the 158 physicians surveyed, 30.4% were general practitioners, and 63.3% reported having formal education about the risks of bodybuilding with AAS. Among the participants, 48.7% had encountered gym users who were using AAS, with the main reason for referral being the management of side effects associated with AAS use. The median knowledge score regarding AAS and their complications was 10.0 out of 14 (IQR = 7.0), indicating adequate knowledge about most AAS side effects. Around 46% of the physicians (n = 73, 46.2%) believed that gym users might struggle to disclose AAS because they lack trust in them. Finally, the most common advice to gym users was informing them about the health-associated consequences of AAS use, with 92.2% of physicians providing this advice., Conclusion: Although healthcare professionals in Jordan had adequate knowledge about AAS, they needed more to make them confident in dealing with AAS use. This highlights the necessity for specialized teaching and training programs to enhance their knowledge and skills in providing accurate information to AAS users., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Objective: To explore the relationship between body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), anabolic-androgenic steroid use (AAS) use, and mental health outcomes and to identify potential interventions and treatments that may help mitigate these detrimental effects., Data Sources: PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, Embase, and PsycINFO were searched from 1992 to 2022 with no language limits. Search terms included "AAS" AND "mental health outcomes" AND "body dysmorphia" and were expanded in PubMed to include "anabolic steroids induced depression," "anabolic steroids induced depression in athletes," "steroids," "mental health," and "performance-enhancing drugs.", Study Selection: Forty-one articles were identified, and 37 remained after duplicates were removed. After full-text appraisal, 33 articles were included in the final review., Data Extraction: Two reviewers independently screened studies for inclusion criteria, extracted pertinent data, and assessed the quality of evidence., Results: Bodybuilders and fitness athletes may be more susceptible to developing muscle dysmorphia, having disordered eating habits, and using performance-enhancing drugs like AAS. The COVID-19 pandemic increased reliance on social media and online interactions, which was previously associated with disordered eating patterns and negative body image. Being a member of a sexual minority may increase one's risk of developing muscle dysmorphia and other types of BDD, as these individuals may experience additional stressors and difficulties due to stigma and discrimination, which may worsen one's sense of self and body image., Conclusion: The development and evaluation of interventions such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, mindfulness-based interventions, and peer support programs, should be prioritized to deter AAS use in people at risk., P rim Care Companion CNS Disord 2023;25(5):23r03532 ., Author affiliations are listed at the end of this article., (© Copyright 2023 Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc.)

Objectives: Athletes are increasingly using supra-physiological doses of anabolic androgenic steroids without weighing health side effects. This study aims to conjointly evaluate the effect of supraphysiological doses of anabolic androgenic steroids on global cardiovascular structure and functional capacity., Design: Cross-sectional study., Methods: 92 males enrolled in the study, including 18 sedentary subjects, 26 anabolic androgenic steroid non-user athletes, and 48 anabolic androgenic steroid-user athletes. Two-dimensional echocardiography was done to evaluate the cardiovascular structure and function., Results: Anabolic androgenic steroid-users presented increased cardiac remodeling of the left ventricle and left atrium compared to control groups (p < 0.001). Anabolic androgenic steroid-users showed increased left ventricular mass/body surface area versus control groups (p < 0.001), with 28 steroid-users (58.3 %) having cardiac remodeling, which is more than control groups (p < 0.001). Anabolic androgenic steroid-users presented lower diastolic function (E and E/A) compared to non-users (p = 0.003 and <0.001, respectively). Ejection fraction was decreased among anabolic androgenic steroid-users versus the sedentary group only (p = 0.020), while anabolic androgenic steroid-users presented reduced global longitudinal strain of 15.43 % compared to both control groups (p < 0.001). Moreover, anabolic androgenic steroid-users experienced more tricuspid valve regurgitation (p = 0.001)., Conclusions: Anabolic androgenic steroid consumption is associated with global cardiac remodeling with increased dimensions of the left ventricle, and atrium. Anabolic androgenic steroid-users present left ventricular hypertrophy with reduced subclinical systolic function. Moreover, anabolic androgenic steroid consumption is correlated with valve regurgitation and dilation of the sino-tubular junction., Competing Interests: Declaration of interest statement The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Sports Medicine Australia. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objective: It remains unknown whether myonuclei remain elevated post anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) usage in humans. Limited data exist on AAS-induced changes in gene expression., Design: Cross-sectional/longitudinal., Setting: University., Participants: Fifty-six men aged 20 to 42 years., Independent Variables: Non-resistance-trained (C) or resistance-trained (RT), RT currently using AAS (RT-AS), of which if AAS usage ceased for ≥18 weeks resampled as Returning Participants (RP) or RT previously using AAS (PREV)., Main Outcome Measures: Myonuclei per fiber and cross-sectional area (CSA) of trapezius muscle fibers., Results: There were no significant differences between C (n = 5), RT (n = 15), RT-AS (n = 17), and PREV (n = 6) for myonuclei per fiber. Three of 5 returning participants (RP1-3) were biopsied twice. Before visit 1, RP1 ceased AAS usage 34 weeks before, RP2 and RP3 ceased AAS usage ≤2 weeks before, and all had 28 weeks between visits. Fiber CSA decreased for RP1 and RP2 between visits (7566 vs 6629 μm 2 ; 7854 vs 5677 μm 2 ) while myonuclei per fiber remained similar (3.5 vs 3.4; 2.5 vs 2.6). Respectively, these values increased for RP3 between visits (7167 vs 7889 μm 2 ; 2.6 vs 3.3)., Conclusions: This cohort of past AAS users did not have elevated myonuclei per fiber values, unlike previous research, but reported AAS usage was much lower. Training and AAS usage history also varied widely among participants. Comparable myonuclei per fiber numbers despite decrements in fiber CSA postexposure adheres with the muscle memory mechanism, but there is variation in usage relative to sampling date and low numbers of returning participants., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Over the years, the use of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) has become widespread among athletes and bodybuilders. The prevalence of their use has been estimated at around 20 to 50% globally. Unfortunately, many athletes do not have the proper knowledge about the effects of these banned substances Thus, this study aims to qualitatively assess Jordanian gym users' AAS intentions, perceptions, and safety., Methods: Twenty male Jordanian anabolic steroid users were interviewed using in-depth interviews as part of a qualitative study evaluating the motivations, perceptions, and safety of AAS among gym users., Results: The findings of this study indicate that the desire to compete in bodybuilding contests was the primary motivation for participants to use AAS. The study participants mentioned using a combination of oral and injectable medications. Gym coaches and trainers were also identified as an essential source of information for AAS use. A very limited number of AAS users were getting their information from healthcare providers, and most of them have experienced some of these medications side effects but are still willing to continue the use of AAS to get what they need in terms of their physical appearance or for winning competitions., Conclusion: There is an urgent need for structured awareness campaigns targeting gyms and fitness clubs' members to increase their knowledge about the side effects and health risks associated with the use of AAS. In addition, sports governing bodies should have stricter measures to tackle this problem and discourage athletes from using such products., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Objective: The dispensing of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) in Jordan is still unregulated, and AAS are available without a prescription. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of AAS abuse among gym users and their knowledge, perception, and practices towards using these AAS., Subjects and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted online in November-December 2022. Participants were recruited if they were adults attending any gym facility in Jordan., Results: A total of 365 adult participants agreed to participate in this study. Concerning participants' knowledge about AAS side effects, the median knowledge score of the participants was 7.0 scores (Interquartile range=7.0) out of 15. Indeed, 14.2% of the participants (n=52) reported using AAS during their gym participation. Participants reported that the most common source for obtaining AAS was the gym trainers (n=38, 70.4%), and the most common reason for using AAS was to increase lean body weight (n=52, 96.3%). Also, among the AAS users, two-thirds reported having never experienced side effects after using AAS. Finally, regression analysis revealed that males had 3.35 times higher usage of AAS than females (OR=3.351, p-value=0.008)., Conclusions: The findings of this study show a comparatively high prevalence of AAS use among gymgoers. Therefore, it is critical to have policies prohibiting their usage without a prescription. There should be more awareness about the negative effects of AAS in criminal activities, and it should be included in public awareness programs.

Introduction: There are a variety of harms associated with anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS), with some AAS associated with an increased risk profile for users. Despite potentially different risk profiles, these harms are seldom discussed with respect to specific compounds although recent ethnographic research has identified a need to do so. Specifically, myth has developed among users with trenbolone reportedly having more dramatic effects on individuals, with reports of aggression, violent behaviour and extreme mood disturbances, and this is reflected in extant literature. This paper aims to report on the narrative surrounding the use of trenbolone among AAS users., Method: As part of a larger qualitative study, a number of AAS users were interviewed regarding their usage practices. A narrative emerged regarding the physical and psychological harms which accompanied their AAS use of which trenbolone played a central role (N = 16)., Results: Of all the AAS, trenbolone was viewed as having the most deleterious consequences for those who used it. Users reported an extreme shift in risk profile for psychosocial harms, particularly increased aggression and violent behaviour, as well as impulsivity regulation issues. AAS-using peers and family members of users reported the readily observable effect of trenbolone., Discussion and Conclusions: Users should be cognisant of the potential for significant harms and health-care providers working with this group may consider more focused screening strategies. Future policy decisions regarding AAS may wish to consider the pivotal role trenbolone plays in adverse outcomes for this unique group of substance users., (© 2023 The Authors. Drug and Alcohol Review published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Australasian Professional Society on Alcohol and other Drugs.)