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Abstract Background Anadara granosa, commonly known as the blood clam, exhibits the unusual characteristic of having red blood among invertebrates. There is significant individual variation in blood color intensity among blood clams; individuals with vibrant red blood are deemed healthier and exhibit stronger stress resistance. However, the molecular basis underlying these red blood traits (RBTs) remains poorly understood. Results In this study, we performed genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in a population of 300 A. granosa individuals, focusing on RBTs as measured by hemoglobin concentration (HC), total hemocyte count (THC), and heme concentration (HEME). Our analysis identified 18 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) correlated with RBTs, subsequently selected 117 candidate genes within a 100 kb flanking region of these SNPs, potentially involved in the RBTs of A. granosa. Moreover, we discovered two haplotype blocks specifically associated with THC and HEME. Further analysis revealed eight genes (Septin7, Hox5, Cbfa2t3, Avpr1b, Hhex, Eif2ak3, Glrk, and Rpl35a) that significantly influence RBTs. Notably, a heterozygous A/T mutation in the 3’UTR of Cbfa2t3 was found to promote blood cell proliferation. These genes suggest that the hematopoietic function plays a significant role in the variability of RBTs in A. granosa. Conclusions Our findings reveal a conservation of the regulatory mechanisms of RBTs between blood clams and vertebrates. The results not only provide a scientific basis for selective breeding in blood clams, but also offer deeper insights into the evolutionary mechanisms of RBTs in invertebrates.

Background: Anadara granosa, commonly known as the blood clam, exhibits the unusual characteristic of having red blood among invertebrates. There is significant individual variation in blood color intensity among blood clams; individuals with vibrant red blood are deemed healthier and exhibit stronger stress resistance. However, the molecular basis underlying these red blood traits (RBTs) remains poorly understood. Results: In this study, we performed genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in a population of 300 A. granosa individuals, focusing on RBTs as measured by hemoglobin concentration (HC), total hemocyte count (THC), and heme concentration (HEME). Our analysis identified 18 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) correlated with RBTs, subsequently selected 117 candidate genes within a 100 kb flanking region of these SNPs, potentially involved in the RBTs of A. granosa. Moreover, we discovered two haplotype blocks specifically associated with THC and HEME. Further analysis revealed eight genes (Septin7, Hox5, Cbfa2t3, Avpr1b, Hhex, Eif2ak3, Glrk, and Rpl35a) that significantly influence RBTs. Notably, a heterozygous A/T mutation in the 3'UTR of Cbfa2t3 was found to promote blood cell proliferation. These genes suggest that the hematopoietic function plays a significant role in the variability of RBTs in A. granosa. Conclusions: Our findings reveal a conservation of the regulatory mechanisms of RBTs between blood clams and vertebrates. The results not only provide a scientific basis for selective breeding in blood clams, but also offer deeper insights into the evolutionary mechanisms of RBTs in invertebrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The blood clam (Anadara granosa) is an economic bivalve that is relatively tolerant to hypoxia, but its molecular mechanism of hypoxia tolerance is unclear. We found that a significant decrease in extracellular Ca2+ concentration and a marked increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration was observed in the blood clam through the fluorescence probe method, under hypoxic conditions at 0.5 mg/L. Concomitantly, there was a downward trend in the expression level of CaV2 mRNA, whereas NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T cells) expression increased by qRT-PCR. These findings suggest that the elevated intracellular Ca2+ concentration may activate negative transcription factors of NFAT, which subsequently suppresses the transcription of CaV2, leading to its decreased expression. Then, the NFAT RNA interference experiments supported this hypothesis. Sequence analysis and 3D structure prediction revealed conserved and mutated residue sites in blood clam compared to other bivalves. Hypoxia-induced changes in intracellular and extracellular Ca2+ concentrations, activating transcription factor NFAT and suppressing CaV2 expression. This study highlights the key roles of CaV2 and NFAT in hypoxia adaptation, paving the way for further exploration of hypoxia tolerance mechanisms in mollusca. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastic waste in marine waters will undergo a degradation process that breaks down large plastic pieces into smaller particles called microplastics. The abundance of microplastics, caused by their small size (<5mm) can be easily indirectly consumed by aquatic animals. Anadara granosa is one of the bivalves that is quite vulnerable to microplastic contamination because it has the nature of a filter feeder which means it can sift particles and organic matter around it. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics, abundance, and types of microplastic polymers in blood clams (A. granosa). The results of microplastic observations made on 60 blood clams were 153 microplastic particles identified from 47 individuals (78%) of contaminated blood clams with an average microplastic abundance of 0.591 ± 0.083 item/gr. Fiber-type microplastics are the most dominant form found and blue is the most dominant color found in the sample. Based on the average abundance of microplastics in Anadara granosa in the coastal area of Palopo City, it is lower than several studies that have been conducted previously. Fourier Transform-Infra Red was conducted to determine the type of polymer in microplastics. Three types of polymers were found in the Anadara granosa samples polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polystyrene, and polyester. The three types of polymers have effects on human health such as respiratory problems, skin irritation, and genotoxicity. Action is needed to prevent microplastic pollution in Palopo City's rivers before microplastic pollution becomes more severe in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Anadara Granosa (AG) clam shells hydrothermally treated for 18 hours and sintering for 3 hours will produce β-TCP which contains calcium, used to help the process of reparative dentin formation. Nano encapsulation prosess is carried out to prevent excessive calcium absorption. Objective: To investigate cytotoxicity of nano encapsulation of β-TCP from synthesized Anadara granosa shell. Materials and methods: This research was conducted using post-test-only control group design. BHK-21 fibroblast cell culture in 96 wells was divided into two groups, namely the encapsulation group with a stirring time of 7(P1) and 8(P2)hours. The particles resulting from the encapsulation process were measured using particle size analyzer (PSA), MTT assay with color absorbance response converted into percent cell death with a formula. The cell viability data was analyzed using the T-test and see if there is a change in particle size in each group. Results: Two nano encapsulation P1(370 nm) and P2 (385 nm) were determined to be examined for citotoxicity. The cytotoxicity test showed significant difference between groups P(1) (0.31±0.28) and P(2)(0.41±0.38), where both showed no toxic ingredients. The highest viability occurred in the 8 hours encapsulation treatment group. Conclusion: Encapsulation of β-TCP for 8 hour (385 nm) was not cytotoxic to BHK-21 cell fibroblast cell line culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioplastic material is derived from natural materials that microorganisms can break down producing water and carbon dioxide. With the expansion of chitosan, CaCO3 from Anadara granosa and glycerol, the structure of the materials utilized to create bioplastics from custard squander. The technique utilized was a trial, which started with producing chitosan and CaCO3 from Andara granosa. The production of bioplastics was completed with custard squander composites blended in with Anadara granosa with an organization of 80% : 20% with the expansion of CaCO3 and glycerol. The ratio of CaCO3 and glycerol differed into four creation proportions 0.3 g : 10 mL; 0.3 g : 15 mL; 0.4 g : 10mL; 0.4 g : 15 mL. Tensile strength upsides of tests 1 10.98 MPa. The elongation test values are sample 1 23.79%, sample 2 22.00%, sample 3 19.16%, and sample 4 23.80%. In the after effects of biodegradation tests with soil media, the worth is near sample 2 which can be evaluated by 51.5% with an ideal structure of the proportion of CaCO3 and glycerol 0.3 g : 15 mL.

The blood cockle, Anadara granosa, is a favoured bivalve mollusc species of Vietnamese people. Since the cockle is a filter feeder, heavy metals (HM) in the mudflat and natural food tend to accumulate in its tissues. This study was conducted to evaluate the concentrations of HMs (As, Cd, Hg, and Pb) in soft tissues of cockles from the southern coast provinces of Vietnam. Levels of HMs in the cockle were then used to estimate biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) and human health risk. The results showed that the concentrations of HMs generally did not differ significantly among provinces. The highest BSAF value was found for Cd in the cockle. The estimated target hazard quotients and hazard indices for HMs via consuming cockle were <1, implying that consumers would not experience the non-carcinogenic risk. It is essential that routine monitoring programs of HM levels in cockles are established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The blood clam (Anadara granosa) is an economic bivalve that is relatively tolerant to hypoxia, but its molecular mechanism of hypoxia tolerance is unclear. We found that a significant decrease in extracellular Ca2+ concentration and a marked increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration was observed in the blood clam through the fluorescence probe method, under hypoxic conditions at 0.5 mg/L. Concomitantly, there was a downward trend in the expression level of CaV2 mRNA, whereas NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T cells) expression increased by qRT-PCR. These findings suggest that the elevated intracellular Ca2+ concentration may activate negative transcription factors of NFAT, which subsequently suppresses the transcription of CaV2, leading to its decreased expression. Then, the NFAT RNA interference experiments supported this hypothesis. Sequence analysis and 3D structure prediction revealed conserved and mutated residue sites in blood clam compared to other bivalves. Hypoxia-induced changes in intracellular and extracellular Ca2+ concentrations, activating transcription factor NFAT and suppressing CaV2 expression. This study highlights the key roles of CaV2 and NFAT in hypoxia adaptation, paving the way for further exploration of hypoxia tolerance mechanisms in mollusca.

This study investigated the efficacy of a granule combination comprising blood cockle shell powder (Anadara granosa) and Lemuru fish oil (Sardinella longiceps) in accelerating postextraction tooth-socket healing, with osteoblasts and collagen as the key parameters. Forty Wistar rats were divided into five groups: a control group receiving no treatment, a group administered A. granosa powder (treatment 1), and the remaining groups receiving combinations of A. granosa and Lemuru fish oil granules at concentrations of 10%, 20%, and 30% (treatments 2, 3, and 4), respectively. All rats underwent intentional extraction of their lower right first molar in the mandible. After 14 days, the rats were sacrificed, and their mandibles were transversally sectioned. Masson trichrome staining was used for collagen analysis, whereas hematoxylin and eosin staining was used for osteoblast evaluation. Light microscopy was used for observations. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA for osteoblasts and descriptive statistics and Mann-Whitney tests for collagen, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. The average osteoblast count significantly increased in the experimental groups compared with the control group (p < 0.05). These counts were 6.901 in the control, 8.760 in treatment 1, 9.758 in treatment 2, 11.568 in treatment 3, and 19.950 in treatment 4. Collagen density scores for each group were as follows: control = 1; treatment 1 = 1; treatment 2 = 2; treatment 3 = 3; and treatment 4 = 2 Mann-Whitney tests revealed significant differences in collagen density between the groups treated with the A. granosa and Lemuru fish oil combination at 20% (p = 0.025) and 30% (p = 0.041) concentrations. The combination of A. granosa and Lemuru fish oil in granules significantly enhances toothsocket healing when used as a postextraction treatment in rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial wastewater treatment holds a very vital role in filtering toxic materials and improving the quality of industrial wastewater before being released into public waterways, so that the water ecosystem balance can be maintained. This study aims to identify Pb concentration on polluted water and sediment from an offshore oil drilling area near Camplong Beach, Madura, and also make efforts to find out the potential Anadara granosa shells and Monostroma nitidum seaweed biofilters that exist in that place so as to suppress the adverse effects of toxic materials that arise. The method used was an experimental research design that aims to systematically obtain information to describe a lead concentration in polluted water and sediment, and also evaluate the presence of A. granosa shells and M. nitidum as a potential biological filter. The results of the analysis of lead in A. granosa shells, M. nitidum biofilter, water, and sediment indicated that there was a significant correlation, where the shells of A. granosa and M. nitidum can absorb lead until 36.59% and 8.79%, respectively, from which the initial concentrations of lead in sediment and water were 5.57±1.58 and 0.004±0.001 mg/kg respectively. The existence of algicidal substances of HDTA, ALA, and ODTA from M. nitidum can suppress the growth of the dinoflagellate Chattonella marina. The quantification analysis of fatty acid composition showed that M. nitidum is dominated by PUFA as much as 66% of total fatty acid, and has algicidal substances of HDTA, ALA, and ODTA of 61.53 mg/100 g. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Anadara granosa (blood clam) shell contained 98.7% of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). This material has bio-properties that able to induced the dentin regeneration. This study is expected to reveal the nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-kB), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β1), and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) expression in dental pulp after application of CaCO3 from Anadara granosa shell Material and methods: The thirty Rattus norvegicus strain Wistar used as model. The maxillary first molar was preparation using 0.84 mm low-speed diamond bur to made cavity. The cavity then applied glass ionomer cement (as control group) and other group applied CaCO3 from Anadara granosa shell. The teeth in each group were extracted after 1st, 3rd and 7th days of application for immunohistochemistry analysis for NF-kB, TGF-β1, and VEGF-A expression. Result: The NF-kB expression in the group with CaCO3 from Anadara granosa shell lower than control after 1st, 3rd and 7th days (p

Blood cockle (Anadara granosa) is one of the marine resources in Indonesia that contains protein. Processing of blood cockles that are not perfect or raw will be contaminated with pathogenic bacteria that live in the waters. Pathogenic bacteria cause foodborne disease, which is a disease in humans caused by food. Several bacterial pathogens that cause foodborne disease are Escherichia sp. Pseudomonas sp., and Vibrio sp. Pathogenic bacteria in blood cockle should be identified using 16S rRNA as molecular identification. Samples were isolated using BAP, HIA, and BHI media. Bacteria from BHI media were isolated. Isolation DNA was isolated using the phenol-CIAA method. The DNA isolates were amplified by the PCR method based on the 16S rRNA target gene, then visualized the DNA with 2% agarose gel electrophoresis and sequencing. Bacterial colonies produced from BAP media for isolates BVA1, BVA9, and BVA10 were ß-hemolysis. Visualization of hemolytic bacterial DNA in blood cockle culture amplified about 1500 bp. Whereas the results of the sequencing analyzed by BLAST on the NCBI database and the Mega X program for BVA1 and BVA10 isolates showed similarity to Vibrio sp. bacteria, whereas BVA9 isolates showed similarity to Bacterium whose species still unknown. The conclusion showed that blood cockle had close simililarity with with Vibrio sp. and Bacterium.

Plastic waste is starting to threaten marine waters, especially microplastics. This micro-sized plastic can be consumed by marine biota. The accumulation of microplastics in the bodies of marine biota can threaten humans who consume them. The purpose of this study was to analyze the risk level of microplastic (polystyrene) exposure through the consumption of blood clams in the coastal area of Pao Village, Tarowang District, Jeneponto Regency. This type of research is a descriptive analysis with the Environmental Health Risk Analysis (EHRA) approach. The samples in this study were 30 respondents and 125 blood clams (anadara granosa). Data were obtained by interview using a questionnaire, identifying MPs in shells in the laboratory, and identifying polymer types using FTIR-spectroscopy. The results showed that 68 MPs of microplastics were found in blood clams (anadara granosa) samples. The dominant shapes were lines and blue. The types of polymers from the FTIR results are Polystyrene (PS), Low-density polyethylene (LDPE), Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and Polyethylene (PE). The average non-carcinogenic daily intake (Intake) is 0.00012 mg/kg/day, the average risk level (RQ) is 0.0006, and the daily intake value is ≤0.2 (RfD Styrene), so it is said to be safe and the risk level value (RQ) ≤ 1, then categorized as the risk of exposure to MPs in humans through consumption of blood clams is still categorized as safe. The route of exposure to MPs in humans is not only through blood clams, so efforts to control the risk of exposure to MPs in humans are still needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Food poisoning is one of Malaysia's top five infectious illnesses, with Salmonella serovars as the most known infectious agent. Pathogenic microorganisms, particularly Salmonella and E.coli, have been detected in various seafood, mostly fish and clamps. Thus, this study aims to assess the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella and E. coli isolated from wild-caught raw fishes and blood clam (Anadara granosa) from wet markets and hypermarkets in Kuala Pilah Negeri Sembilan. A total of 15 fish were sampled from three hypermarkets. Meanwhile, 18 blood clams were sampled from three wet markets in Kuala Pilah, Negeri Sembilan. The surface of fish (skin, gills, and guts) and blood clam (inner, outer, and meat) were swabbed to isolate Salmonella and E.coli. The isolates were then identified based on their morphological characteristics, and further confirmation was done using a biochemical test. The assessment of bacterial resistance was conducted using an antibiotic susceptibility test involving seven antibiotics: tetracycline (30 µg), streptomycin (10 µg), nalidixic acid (30 µg), ciprofloxacin (5 µg), ampicillin (10 and 2 µg), chloramphenicol (30 µg), sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim (25 µg) and Multiple antibiotic resistants (MAR). Findings showed that 6.7% (1/15) of isolates from fish samples tested positive for both bacteria. However, only 5.6% (1/18) of blood clam samples contained Salmonella. Most isolates were susceptible to antibiotics except for ampicillin, while MAR index results showed a value within 0.2 for both samples, indicating the samples had minimal exposure to antibiotics usage. In conclusion, the presence of Salmonella and E. coli in collected samples and their resistance to antibiotics may derive from contamination occurring in the natural aquatic environment, during processing, or due to unhygienic and improper handling. Therefore, effective control strategies should be implemented to prevent potential contamination, especially when handling and processing the fish and blood clam.

This study aimed to determine the performance of modified slow sand filter (SSF) media with blood clam shells (Anadara granosa) and activated carbon to remove turbidity, TSS, TDS, and FOG on the food court wastewater. The concentration of water pollutant parameters processed by SSF was determined based on Indonesia water quality standards, as well as knowing the optimum operational parameters of intermittent slow sand filter with Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The research data was processed using the Optimal type (custom) design which consisted of independent factors including the type of filter media, the addition of bacteria to the grease trap pre-treatment unit, and running time, as well as the research response in the form of the effectiveness of removing turbidity, TSS, TDS, and FOG. The reactor was operated intermittently (48 hours) for a maximum of 22 days and the concentration of pollutant parameters was calculated using the Standard Methods. The results of the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA, p<0.05) in the 2FI model of the study showed that there was a significant effect of all independent factors on the effectiveness of removing all water pollutant parameters. The most optimal operational parameters were achieved with the type of activated carbon media, the addition of Bacillus sp. in the grease trap pre-treatment unit in the amount of as much as 1%, and the detention time of 4 days, with the effectiveness of removing turbidity reaching 39.53%; TSS 45.25%; TDS 19.30%; FOG 61.35%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anadara granosa (blood clam) shell contained 98.7% of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3). This material has bio-properties that able to induced the dentin regeneration. This study is expected to reveal the nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-kB), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β1), and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) expression in dental pulp after application of CaCO 3 from Anadara granosa shell The thirty Rattus norvegicus strain Wistar used as model. The maxillary first molar was preparation using 0.84 mm low-speed diamond bur to made cavity. The cavity then applied glass ionomer cement (as control group) and other group applied CaCO 3 from Anadara granosa shell. The teeth in each group were extracted after 1st, 3rd and 7th days of application for immunohistochemistry analysis for NF-kB, TGF-β1, and VEGF-A expression. The NF-kB expression in the group with CaCO 3 from Anadara granosa shell lower than control after 1st, 3rd and 7th days (p < 0.05). In other hand, the TGF-β1 and VEGF-A expression in the group with CaCO 3 from Anadara granosa shell higher than control after 1st, 3rd and 7th days (p < 0.05). CaCO 3 from Anadara granosa shell able to stimulate the TGF-β1 and VEGF-A and suppress the NF-kB expression in the dental pulp. This material able to develop as dentin-pulp material restoration. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ETS1 transcription factor is crucial in the process of biological development. In vertebrate, ETS1 plays a pivotal role in promoting endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis. However, the identity and function of ETS1 remains unclear in mollusks. In this study, an ETS1 homolog (named as Ag ETS1) was identified in blood clam Anadara granosa (synonym: Tegillarca granosa). The full length of the Ag ETS1 transcription factor is 1569 bp, consisting of 539 amino acids, including the Sterile Alpha Motif (SAM) domain, which can recognize and bind to sequence of GGAA. Tissue expression analysis of A. granosa showed that Ag ETS1 exhibits the highest expression level in the gill tissues (51.5-fold of that in hemocyte, p < 0.05). Ag ETS1 mRNA transcripts were predominantly expressed during larval development, from zygote to trochophore stage. Moreover, the expression levels of Ag ETS1 in blood clams with high hemoglobin concentration (hemocyte count >1.75 × 108 cells/mL) were significantly higher than that in blood clams with low hemoglobin concentration (hemocyte count <8.5 × 107 cells/mL) (p < 0.05). RNA interfering (RNAi) of Ag ETS1 induced a corresponding decrease in the number of hemocytes in the hemolymph and a reduction in EdU-marked proliferating cells in the gill tissue. These results indicated that the ETS1 actively regulated the proliferation of hemocytes in A. granosa. • The ETS1 homologous gene was characterized in blood clams Anadara granosa. • Ag ETS1 gene was involved in blood color traits of A. granosa. • Ag ETS1 knockdown led to decreases of the number of hemocytes and proliferating cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temperature fluctuations resulting from climate change and global warming pose significant threats to various species. The blood clam, Anadara granosa , a commercially important marine bivalve, predominantly inhabits intertidal mudflats that are especially susceptible to elevated temperatures. This vulnerability has led to noticeable declines in the survival rates of A. granosa larvae, accompanied by an increase in malformations. Despite these observable trends, there is a lack of comprehensive research on the regulatory mechanisms underlying A. granosa 's responses to heat stress. In this study, we examined the survival rates of A. granosa under varying high temperature conditions, selecting 34 °C as heat stress temperature. Enzyme activity assays have shed light on A. granosa 's adaptive response to heat stress, revealing its ability to maintain redox balance and transition from aerobic to anaerobic metabolic pathways. Subsequently, mRNA and miRNA transcriptome analyses were conducted, elucidating several key responses of A. granosa to heat stress. These responses include the upregulation of transcription and protein synthesis, downregulation of proteasome activity, and metabolic pattern adjustments. Furthermore, we identified miRNA-mRNA networks implicated in heat stress responses, potentially serving as valuable candidate markers for A. granosa 's heat stress response. Notably, we validated the involvement of agr-miR-3199 in A. granosa 's heat stress response through its regulation of the target gene Foxj1. These findings not only deepen our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the blood clam's response to heat stress but also offer valuable insights for enhancing heat stress resilience in the blood clam aquaculture industry. Moreover, they contribute to improved cultivation strategies for molluscs in the face of global warming and have significant implications for the conservation of marine resources and the preservation of ecological balance. [Display omitted] • Enzyme assays revealed physiological and metabolic regulation under heat stress. • Performed mRNA and miRNA transcriptome to unveil A. granosa 's heat stress response • Transcription, protein synthesis, and metabolism were altered under heat stress. • miRNA-mRNA networks serve as potential valuable markers for the heat stress response. • Agr-miR-3199 verified to regulate Foxj1 in heat stress response [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the ability to modify slow sand filter (SSF) media with silica sand or Anadara granosa shells on the efficiency of removal of turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), and iron in the water of Kali Jagir Surabaya as an effort to achieve clean water in disaster areas, to obtain the influence of variables, and to optimize the obtained results. The research data was processed using Design Expert 11 Software which fac)tors consisted of media type, filtering speed, and running time, for the responses of removal efficiencies for each parameter. The reactor was operated continuously for 6 days, and samples were analyzed for turbidity parameters based on Indonesian standard (SNI 06-6989.25-2005); TSS and Iron Standard Method 23rd 3500A. In addition, the results of the parameters were processed using the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to show the significant effect of the variables on the efficiency of the elimination of all parameters. Optimal research was achieved in the SSF reactor unit with silica sand media type and filtering speed of 0.1 m/hour turbidity removal efficiency of 82.07%; TSS 89.5%; and 50.14% iron. However, the reactor that was chosen was the filtering speed of 0.1 m/hour with a flow rate of 22.8 L/day, while the SSF was suitable to be applied in disaster areas, which had a large discharge. Hence, the reactor is suitable for use in water sanitation in disaster areas, namely with a filtering speed of 0.3 m/hour which produces a discharge of 68.4 L/day with variations of sand, geotextile, and silica sand media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mussels play a significant role in marine benthic ecological construction because they accumulate into beds, changing the nature and intricacy of the bottom. Population structure and length-weight relationships of two mussels (Anadara granosa and Meretrix lamarckii) in the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh were investigated based on occasional data from January to December 2020. Samples were collected from the sampling sites (Sathkhira and Cox'sBazar) with the help of laborer in the presence of Principal investigator and research assistant. This study also revealed the maximum recorded length of A. granosa and first report of M. lamarckii from the worldwide water bodies. We observed maximum length of A. granosa was 7.50 cm (maximum recorded length) and 6.83 cm for M. lamarckii. Allometric coefficient (b) value was 2.61 and 2.83 for A. granosa and M. lamarckii, respectively that indicating the growth was negative allometric for both species. This study would be helpful for the fisheries researcher and biologist to conserve and sustainable management of these species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to a bibliometric analysis, studies on microplastic pollution in Malaysia are still incomprehensive. This study found microplastic contamination in sediment (97 particles/kg) and water (10,963 particles/m3) samples from Malaysian mangroves. Sediment from Matang and water from Kuala Selangor recorded the highest microplastic concentrations at 140 ± 5.13 particles/kg and 13,350 ± 37.95 particles/m3, respectively. Fragmented, blue, rayon and particles of <0.1 mm microplastic were the most abundant in sediment and water. In an experiment of polypropylene microplastic uptakes, Anadara granosa was found to uptake more 0.1 mm fiber particles. The uptake is strongly correlated to the presence of microplastics in sediment and water. The estimated dietary intake (EDI) indicates that a consumer could ingest 507 microplastic particles/year by consuming contaminated A. granosa. Therefore, mitigating measures are crucial to safeguard aquatic systems and humans from microplastic pollution. [Display omitted] • Bibliometric analysis indicates the infancy stages of microplastic research in Malaysian mangrove environments and bivalves. • Microplastics in the sediment and water samples were primarily fragmented, blue, and rayon particles <0.1 mm in size. • The uptake of microplastics by Anadara granosa correlates significantly with their presence in sediment rather than water. • Consumers may ingest an estimated 507 microplastics annually from contaminated Anadara granosa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlight • Heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd) in the seawater, sediment, and soft part of marine mussels were analyzed • Bioaccumulation Factor (BAF), Estimated Daily Intake and Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) were calculated • Heavy metals in the seawater, sediment and marine mussels were found in varying concentrations • Health risk assessment indexes showed low values which means insignificant health hazard Abstract Marine mussels are known as one of the biological indicators of heavy metals pollution in the aquatic environment and the sources of protein for human consumption. This study aimed to investigate the concentration of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd) in the seawater, sediment, and soft parts of the marine mussels (Perna viridis, Meretrix sp., and Anadara granosa), as well as to evaluate its health risk of consumption from Madura Strait, Indonesia. The seawater, sediment, and marine mussels were obtained from four sites and heavy metal concentrations were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. In the seawater, heavy metals were in the order of Cu, Pb, Cd, and Zn from the highest to the lowest concentration respectively, while they went down in the order of Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd in the sediment respectively. Excluding the Pb, higher Cu and Zn concentrations were observed in marine mussels than in seawater and sediments (BAF> 1). Furthermore, it was proven that Cu and Zn were considered as essential metals and required for metabolism, while Pb and Cd were non-essential metals which their biological functions were unknown. The Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) of the marine mussels was lower than the oral reference dose (ORD) and low values of target hazard quotient (THQ < 1) had shown that the consumption of mussels containing heavy metals would not cause significant health risks to humans. The health risk assessment indexes showed low values, which meant insignificant health hazard. However, long-term exposure and the impact of consuming mussels containing heavy metals may require additional investigation

Introduction: Mild or moderate-intensity injury will respond with a brief inflammatory response followed by reactionary dentinogenesis. Calcium hydroxide has been considered the gold standard for pulp capping materials for decades to stimulate the formation of tertiary dentin. Blood clamshells (Anadara granosa) contained a high content of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in the blood clamshells. It is a source of calcium and it has good biocompatibility to be used as a bone repair material. This study is aimed to reveal the expression VEGF-A in odontoblast pulp cells on days 1, 3, and 7 after administration of blood clam shells derived calcium carbonate in dentin pulp complex. Methods: Thirty Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) were divided into 6 groups consist of 5 random samples each. The experimental group’s cavity was prepared on the occlusal side of the right upper molar, and they were treated with blood clamshell calcium carbonate suspension and sealed with RMGIC. For decalcification, the solution was replaced with ethylene-diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) after 24 hours and was refreshed every day. Anti-VEGF-A monoclonal antibodies were used for HE and immunohistochemical staining. Result: In this study, the results were obtained consecutively on the 1st, 3rd, and 7th day with p> 0.05 for VEGF-A in all groups. Conclusion: The application of calcium carbonate is expected to be an innovative treatment in opening up new pathways for the regenerative dentin process through upregulation of VEGF-A. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metal is one of the water pollutants that are harmful to the environment and humans. Cockle (Anadara granosa) is only used for meat so that the shells become waste that pollutes the environment. This study examines the ability of cockle shell powder as an adsorbent in the process of adsorption of heavy metals cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and lead (Pb). The ability of the adsorbent was tested through the batch method, using a glass beaker (100 ml) at a speed of 90 rpm; initial metal concentration 20 ppm; adsorbent weighing 0.1 - 0.5 grams; contact time of 20 minutes and 30 minutes. The results showed that the adsorbent weighing 0.5 grams can reduce > 75% concentration of cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and lead (Pb). Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms of cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and lead (Pb) had R2 > 0.9. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metal Cu is an essential heavy metal that is a heavy metal needed to stimulate the activity of enzymes during metabolism. Cu metal has a tendency to be toxic as long as its presence has exceeded the threshold value. The metal-contaminated water environment has the potential to affect the surrounding environment. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of Cu heavy metal reduction by using a combination of seaweed biofilter (Gracillaria sp.), Blood shells (Anadara granosa), and zeolites. This study uses a combination of biofilter between seaweed (Gracillaria sp.) And blood shells (Anadara granosa) with different concentrations in each treatment. The results showed the use of the right biofilter combination can reduce levels of heavy metals Cu. The initial content of heavy metal Cu is 1 mg / L to 0.119 mg / L, the best combination composition on P4.

Background: Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) is the gold standard in pulp capping treatment because the biocompatibility and capability to stimulate hard tissue formation and also antibacterial effect. However, this compound has the disadvantage of being easily soluble in saliva which will increase the risk of leakage in the cavity. Another alternative pulp capping material is calcium carbonate from blood clam shells. Blood clam shells contain 98% CaCO3, CaCO3 has low solubility and is difficult to dissolve in water due to the large ions on Ca2+ and CO32- so that the attractive force between these ions is very strong and finally H2O is not able to break down the CaCO3 compound to be dissolved. Purpose: Explained the differences in the solubility of calcium carbonate from blood clam shells and calcium hydroxide as candidates pulp capping materials. Methods: This research is a laboratory experimental study with a pretest-posttest control group design method. The samples consisted of 12 pieces of Ca(OH)2 and CaCO3 then divided into 2 groups and given treatment. Group 1 CaCO3 immersed in 1 day, group 2 Ca(OH)2 immersed in 1 day, group 3 CaCO3 immersed in 7 days, and group 4 Ca(OH)2 immersed in 7 days. Solubility is calculated according to the solubility formula. Data testing with Anova-Welch. Results: There was a significantly difference in the solubility rate between the CaCO3 dan Ca(OH)2 groups immersed for 1 day and 7 days on the Anova-Welch results (p<0.05). Conclusion: The solubility of CaCO3 in blood clam shells is lower than the solubility in Ca(OH)2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we developed an efficient and easily separable Na/CaO catalyst derived from cockle shell (Anadara granosa) for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil. Impregnation with 3 wt % of NaOH could enhance the specific surface area and catalytic performance (>89% biodiesel yield). The effects of calcination temperature, reaction time, and stirring speed were also carefully studied. The quality of biodiesel obtained using this method mainly fulfills the requirements for biodiesel standard (ASTM D 6751). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anadara granosa or blood cockles have been reported to be a candidate for biomonitoring agents due to their sedimentary nature and their nutrient uptake mechanisms. Yet, this bivalve is still regarded as a delicacy in Asian cuisine. Malaysia is the largest exporter of this sea product that contaminated cockles may also be experienced by the importing countries. However, the bioaccumulation of microplastics in A. granosa cultivated in Malaysia has not been extensively studied. It is crucial to comprehend the risk posed to humans by consuming A. granosa in their diet. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the levels of microplastic accumulation in A. granosa from major exporters in Peninsular Malaysia, to evaluate the associated risk of microplastics on the species, and to estimate daily human consumption of microplastics through the consumption of A. granosa. The abundance of microplastics was quantified through the use of a stereo microscope, and the polymer type was determined using FTIR and micro-FTIR. Findings from this investigation revealed that all samples of A. granosa were contaminated with microplastics, with the highest levels of accumulation found in bivalves collected from the west coast (0.26 ± 0.15 particles/g) of Peninsular Malaysia. Fragment and fiber microplastics, measuring between 0.05 and 0.1 mm in size, were found to be the most prevalent in A. granosa, with blue being the dominant identified colour and rayon being the most common polymer type. Microplastic risk assessment due to the presence of polyacrylate, polycarbonate (PC), and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) resulted in a high risk of contamination for A. granosa. It was further determined that the current estimated dietary intake (EDI) suggests that consumers of A. granosa uptake approximately 21.8–93.5 particles/person/year of microplastics. This study highlights that A. granosa accumulates microplastics, which could potentially result in bioaccumulation and biomagnification in humans through consumption. [Display omitted] • All Anadara granosa from main aquafarms in Peninsular Malaysia were contaminated with microplastics, primarily fragments, fibers, blue, and rayon particles, sized 0.05–0.1 mm. • The increase in length and weight of A. granosa leads to higher accumulation of microplastics. • Polymer hazard risk (PHI) assessment indicates risk level IV for Kuala Selangor and Cherating, and level III for Matang and Sedili Besar. • The Estimated Dietary Intake (EDI) index suggests the uptake of 21.8–93.5 particles/person/year of microplastics through the consumption of contaminated A. granosa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Post-extraction complications can cause alveolar bone resorption. Hydroxyapatite-tricalcium phosphate (HA-TCP) is one potential bone graft material that can be synthesized from Anadara granosa shell. Another biomarine, Stichopus hermanni, contains hyaluronic acid which can accelerate bone formation on the fourteenth day. Purpose: This study aims to prove the effectiveness of Anadara granosa shell-Stichopus hermanni granules in weaving bone formation fourteen days after tooth extraction. Methods: Twenty-five male Wistar rats were divided into five groups. Their lower left incisor was extracted with gelatin being administered to the control group (C) and granule scaffold derived from Anadara granosa (AG) shell and Anadara granosa shell-Stichopus hermanni at concentrations of 0.4%-0.8%-1.6% (AGSH1-AGSH2-AGSH3) to the treatment group. This study developed a HA-TCP synthesized from Anadara granosa combined with whole Stichopus hermanni to create granule scaffolds by means of a freeze-dried method. The jaw was removed on the fourteenth day post-tooth extraction. Observation of HPA involved the use of an Image Raster®. The resulting data was subjected to analysis by ANOVA and tukey-HSD tests (p

Various cases of bone defects needed bone graft as a substitute for damaged bone. Bone graft also acts as a scaffold or framework so that bone cell reparation occurs. The combination of Anadara granosa and gelatine can be used as an alternative of bone graft replacement for bone regeneration. To evaluate the mechanical strength of Anadara granosa scaffold with variation of gelatine’s concentrations. The experiment was held completely randomized design divided into 3 groups. P1 group was scaffold Anadara granosa combination gelatine 5%, P2 group was 10%, and P3 group was 20%. There was a significant difference (p=0,002) on diametral tensile strength between group. While the compressive strength of P3 group was significantly higher than other group (p=0,002). There was a significant difference of mechanical strength of Anadara granosa scaffold with various gelatine concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The blood cockle (Anadara granosa), a bivalve mollusc, is a unique seafood item in Southeast Asia. Bivalve molluscs are filter feeders upon plankton, and so they may bioaccumulate microbes and heavy metals in their tissues. Bacteria survival can be enhanced by living inside the shell and they can subsequently infect humans and higher vertebrates after ingestion of the bivalve. This study presented a metagenomics analysis of the bacteria associated with A. granosa from six farms around the Gulf of Thailand. Three farms were located on the coast and the other three were from earthen ponds. Genomic DNA was extracted from the samples and analysed via sequencing of the V3–V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene, and then using a 97% DNA sequence similarity cut-off for designation of the operational taxonomic units. The environmental parameters, including temperature, pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and the concentration of three heavy metals (Cu, Cr, and Hg) and one metalloid (As) were investigated. The raw sequence data is available at the NCBI Sequence Read Archive accession number PRJNA592226. The Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Cyanobacteria were common components of the microbiota in all six habitats and together comprised more than 77% of the relative abundance in all the samples. This is the first report on the microbiome in blood cockles in Thailand by a culture independent method. The data can be applied for efficiently controlling and improving seafood safety management.

A problem of food safety may rise in benthic estuary organisms such as the bivalve mollusc of Anadara granosa, as dangerous metals in environment may accumulate in their soft tissue. Fluctuation of accumulation may also happen, as there are factors that influence the amount of pollutants in water environment. This research aimed to analyze the seasonal pattern (Indonesian east, intermediate, and west monsoon season) of heavy metals (Cr, Co, As, Cd, Hg and Pb) accumulation factor in the soft tissue A. granosa and evaluate the use of mollusc as bio-indicator in metals pollution. The study had been done on the estuary of Tanjung Balai, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Heavy metal from water, sediment, and soft tissue of A. granosa were extracted by microwave digestion and analyzed by ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometer). Result of the study showed that the heavy metals accumulation in the soft tissue of A. granosa was as follow Cd > As > Hg > Pb > Cr > Co and between 0.01–0.31 mg/kg. The concentration may consider as safe, which is below the maximum allowable limits for marine products. Meanwhile, a significant (P < 0.05) heavy metals contamination was detected higher in the beginning east monsoon season. Thus, temporal variation should be considered in food safety monitoring program on fisheries products, which usually only collected once per year. Moreover, BWAF (bio-water accumulation factor) was detected significantly (P < 0.05) higher than BSAF (bio-sediment accumulation factor). The results also showed only Cr and Pb had a significant relation (P < 0.05) between their accumulation in environment and in the mollusc. Therefore, environmental parameters need to take into account when using bivalves as indicator of heavy metal pollution since seasonality could affect the absorption of heavy metals.

Introduction: Anadara-granosa synthesization through hydrothermal-method produces beta-tricalcium(beta-TCP), a biomaterial that is able to provide a pathway for calcium-ions in dentin reparative formation thus qualifies TCP as pulp-capping material. Nanoencapsulation is needed as calcium-ions have shown its rapid solubility which is the main cause of high probability risk of tunnel defect. The present study aimed to understand the correlation between stirring time, particle size and level of calcium of beta-TCP nanoencapsulation synthesized from Anadara-granosa-shells. Methods: Anadara-granosa-shells powder was hydrothermically-processed for 18hours and sintered for 3hours. After homogenous beta-TCP powder mixed with aquadest in magnetic stirrer acquired, Na-alginate was added during the stirring process following CaCl2 drop by drop into the mixture. Sample divided into 6-test groups according to the stirring time; P1-one hours;P2-two hours;P3-three hours;P4-four hours;P5-five hours;P6-six hours. All samples centrifuged at 2500rpm for 6minutes and freeze-dried for 12hours.PSA-test and Calcium level-test were performed on the sample test groups, followed by ANOVA-test and post hoc with significance level of P-value=0,05. Results: Data showed average of particle-sizes P1=±336.44; P2=±325.7; P3=±340.94; P4=±452.6; P5=±556.6; P6=± 593.93.ANOVA-test result indicated a significant difference and backed up by Gomes howell test result. Significant differences were found between group first-second-third and group four-five-six also between group five and group six. Calcium level test result was P1=±10.41; P2=±9.53; P3=±9.87; P4=±5.52; P5=±5.33; P6=±5.25.ANOVA-test showed a significant difference and supported by post-hoc LSD-test. Significant differences noted between group one and other groups also between group-two-three and group-four-five-six. Conclusion: In the process of Nanoencapsulation of Anadara-granosa-shells, particle size gradually increased and calcium level gradually decreased along with the longer stirring time was performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bone grafts derived from Anadara granosa shells contain calcium carbonate that possesses bone-healing properties. The combination of Sardinella Longiceps fish oil, containing EPA and DHA, and Anadara granosa shells was assumed to regulate the number of osteoblasts-osteoclasts during the bone-healing process. Purpose: This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of Anadara granosa shell grafts, combined with Sardinella Longiceps fish oil, in the bone-healing process by observing the ratio of osteoblasts-osteoclasts in Rattus novergicus rats. Methods: The Wistar rat subjects (n = 25) were divided into five groups, namely: one untreated group (control), one group treated with bone grafts derived from Anadara granosa shells (P1), and the other three groups treated with a combination of Anadara granosa shells and Sardinella longiceps fish oil at concentrations of 10%, 20%, and 30% (P2, P3, and P4). Then, a wound equivalent in size to half the diameter of a round bur (±1.5mm) was intentionally inflicted on the right femur of all the subjects. The rats were subsequently sacrificed on day 14, their femur in the transversal side being cut before HE staining was completed. Thereafter, the ratio of osteoblasts to osteoclasts was measured by means of a light microscopy. The data was subsequently analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Results: The average number of osteoblasts in all research groups increased, viz: 9.420±0.8044 for control group (K), 12.080±0.79811 for group P1, 20.020±0.7190 for group P2, 25.940±0.7197 for group P3, and 36.280±0.9985 for group P4. Similarly, the number of osteoclasts in all groups subject to analysis also increased, namely: 1.73±0.098 for group K, 2.19±0.305 for group P1, 1.60±0.088 for group P2, 1.60±0.724 for group P3, and 1.80±1.302 for group P4. Moreover, the results of the One-way Anova test confirmed that there were no significant differences in osteoclasts between all research groups (p>0.05). The results of the one-way ANOVA and LSD tests confirmed there to be significant differences (p

In this study biodiesel was produced from crude palm oil through two-step processes, namely esterification reactions using homogeneous H2SO4 catalyst and transesterification using the heterogeneous base CaO catalyst derived from Anadara granosa shell. Several parameters affecting to the yields of biodiesel were investigated including the amount of the catalysts, the molar ratios of oil to methanol, reaction times and reaction temperatures. The CaO catalyst was prepared by calcining the A. granosa shells at the temperatures of 800 and 900 °C for 10 h. The as-synthesized biodiesel was analyzed using GC and its characteristics were determined and the results were compared to Standard National for Biodiesel (SNI 04-7183-2006). The optimum condition for the esterification process (step 1) was as follows: reaction temperature of 65 °C, reaction time of 3 h and mol ratio of oil to methanol 1:24. For the transesterification (step 2) the optimum conditions were attained using the catalyst weight 3%, reaction temperature of 60 °C, reaction time of 3 h, mole ratio of oil/methanol 1:6 and the catalyst calcination time of 10 h with the conversion of 87.17%. This biodiesel yield by the two-step processes was higher (2.7%) than that using only one-step process (transesterification).

The diversity, distribution and species richness of benthic macroinvertebrate fauna as well as benthic environments were examined in the blood cockle Anadara granosa cultivations at Ban Don Bay, Suratthani Province, Southern Thailand during the summer season of April and rainy season of October in 2017. The cockle cultivations of three repeated operating ages (<5 years: S1; 5–10 years: S2; more than 10 years: S3) were selected for the study, and the sampling sites were allocated at the centre of the farm. Results indicated that there were significant differences in species number, individual number and evenness index of benthic macroinvertebrate fauna found in the two sampling seasons (p < .05) and significant differences in individual number and evenness index were found among the sampling sites (p < .05). Significant differences in pH, total phosphorus levels, sulphide levels and organic matter of sediment were found between the sampling seasons (p < .05) and differences in total nitrogen level, organic matter and clay content were found among the sampling sites (p < .05). Among the independent variables analysed, correlation analysis showed no relationship between diversity index, species richness index and evenness index and the abiotic variables (p < .05). The results of the present study suggest that the distribution and diversity variations of the benthic macroinvertebrates community fauna are not affected by all sediment parameters in various repeated cultivation of the blood cockle Anadara granosa in Bandon Bay, Suratthani Province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A problem of food safety may rise in benthic estuary organisms such as the bivalve mollusc of Anadara granosa, as dangerous metals in environment may accumulate in their soft tissue. Fluctuation of accumulation may also happen, as there are factors that influence the amount of pollutants in water environment. This research aimed to analyze the seasonal pattern (Indonesian east, intermediate, and west monsoon season) of heavy metals (Cr, Co, As, Cd, Hg and Pb) accumulation factor in the soft tissue A. granosa and evaluate the use of mollusc as bio-indicator in metals pollution. The study had been done on the estuary of Tanjung Balai, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Heavy metal from water, sediment, and soft tissue of A. granosa were extracted by microwave digestion and analyzed by ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometer). Result of the study showed that the heavy metals accumulation in the soft tissue of A. granosa was as follow Cd > As > Hg > Pb > Cr > Co and between 0.01–0.31 mg/kg. The concentration may consider as safe, which is below the maximum allowable limits for marine products. Meanwhile, a significant (P < 0.05) heavy metals contamination was detected higher in the beginning east monsoon season. Thus, temporal variation should be considered in food safety monitoring program on fisheries products, which usually only collected once per year. Moreover, BWAF (bio-water accumulation factor) was detected significantly (P < 0.05) higher than BSAF (bio-sediment accumulation factor). The results also showed only Cr and Pb had a significant relation (P < 0.05) between their accumulation in environment and in the mollusc. Therefore, environmental parameters need to take into account when using bivalves as indicator of heavy metal pollution since seasonality could affect the absorption of heavy metals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Alveolar bone damage is the most common case in dentistry. One way to fix the bone damage is by using bone graft. Anadara granosa shell is a potential bone substitute since it is rich in calcium which can be processed into hydroxyapatite. The addition of Sardinella longiceps oil rich in omega-3 can modulate inflammation, thus accelerating the healing process. Purpose: This study aimed to determine effects of application of Anadara granosa shell combined with Sardinella longiceps oil on osteoblast proliferation in the healing process of bone defects. Method: The subjects were 32 male rats type Wistar divided into 4 groups (n = 8). Making defect was performed on the right bone of the femurs with a half of the diameter of round Mcisinger® Germany bur sized 18. The first group (K) is a negative control group that was not given anything. The second group (AG) was given Anadara granosa pasta. The third group (AM10) was given Anadara granosa pasta combined with 10% Sardinella longiceps oil. And, the fourth group (AM30) was given Anadara granosa pasta combined with 30% Sardinella longiceps oil. Next, preparations and animal euthanasia were performed on the 7th day after the treatment. The number of osteoblasts then was measured after making preparations for HPA with Hematoxylin eosin staining (HE). Afterward, tabulation of data followed by statistical analysis of Anova and HSD Tukey was carried out. Result: The average number of osteoblasts in Groups K, AG, AM10, and AM30 was 19.00, 34.63, 33.50, and 38.50. The results of Anova test showed a significant difference (p

Life cycle assessment (LCA) was applied to evaluate the environmental performance of the cockle farming activity in Malaysia. The study was conducted by a mid-point approach following the ISO 14040 series of standard and CML-IA Baseline V3.01 method using SimaPro 8 software. A total of ten impact categories were selected namely abiotic depletion (ABD), global warming potential (GWP), ozone layer depletion (OLD), human toxicity (HT), freshwater ecotoxicity (FET), marine aquatic ecotoxicity (MET), terrestrial ecotoxicity (TET), photochemical oxidation (PO), acidification (ACD), and eutrophication (EUT). Capital goods dominate the impact of HT (82.20%), ABD (81.72%), EUT (81.36%), FET (79.3%), PO (79.02%), MET (75.06%), TET (59.8%), and GWP (53.15%). Operational goods dominate OLD at 80.24% and ACD at 53%. Fiberglass material dominated almost the entire environmental impact except for the eutrophication which was dominated by polypropylene. Harvesting process was identified as the main process contributed to the potential environmental impact in cockle farming. LCA is potentially expanded not only to the entire chain of cockle production, but also to put into practice other aquaculture systems in Malaysia.

Nowadays, the use of homogenous catalyst has been gradually reduced for its operational reason. The homogenous catalyst leads in difficulty of separation after the process completed and the life cycle is shorter. Therefore, most of researches are introducing heterogenous catalyst for its substitution. This research was aimed to evaluate the use of shell of Anadara granosa and CaCO3 as source of CaO based catalyst through impregnation method. The preparation of the catalyst was started by decomposition of shells and CaCO3 at temperature of 800 oC for 3 hours, followed by impregnation at 70 oC for 4 hours and then calcined at 800 oC for 2 hours. The CaCO3 based catalyst gained high yield of biodiesel (94%) as compared to Anadara granoasa based catalyst (92%). The reusability study showed that these catalysts could be used until three times recycle with 40-60% yield of biodiesel. The CaO contents of catalyst decreased up to 90% after three times recycles.

Hệ thống ương là một trong những yếu tố kỹ thuật quan trọng trong thực tế sản xuất giống sò huyết (Anadara granosa). Nghiên cứu này đánh giá ảnh hưởng của các hệ thống ương bao gồm kiểu sục khí và nền đáy đến sinh trưởng và tỷ lệ sống của sò huyết giai đoạn giống. Thí nghiệm gồm có 4 nghiệm thức, mỗi nghiệm thức có 3 lần lặp lại: 1) Nền đáy bùn kết hợp sục khí bình thường (B-BT), 2) Không có nền đáy kết hợp sục khí bình thường (KB-BT), 3) Nền đáy bùn kết hợp sục khí nước trồi (B-T), 4) Không có nền đáy kết hợp sục khí nước trồi (KB-T). Sò huyết được cho ăn hằng ngày bằng tảo thu từ hệ thống cá rô phi-nước xanh kết hợp với thức ăn tổng hợp Lansy (ZM). Kết quả sau 60 ngày ương cho thấy, tốc độ tăng trưởng của sò huyết ở nghiệm thức có nền đáy bùn cao hơn và khác biệt có ý nghĩa so với nghiệm thức nền đáy không bùn. Khối lượng của sò huyết trong nghiệm thức B-BT (77,8±0,60 mg) khác biệt không có ý nghĩa (p>0,05) so với nghiệm thức B-T (76,0±1,25 mg). Tỷ lệ sống của sò huyết đạt cao nhất ở nghiệm thức B-T (82,9±4,44 %) và khác biệt so với nghiệm thức KB-BT (67,0±3,84 %). Nghiên cứu này cho thấy sò huyết giống với chiều dài 4,88 mm và khối lượng 30 mg ương trong hệ nước trồi đạt tỷ lệ sống cao, tuy nhiên cần có nền đáy bùn để đạt tăng trưởng tốt hơn.

Activities of Po-210 in cockles Anadara granosa around Peninsular Malaysia have been determined by Alpha Spectrometry using a radiochemical separation technique. The results showed that Po-210 activity distribution varies according to sampling sites. The range of activity was 2.61 ± 1.50 to 309 ± 26 Bq/kg. The lowest mean was recorded from Kuala Selangor and the highest mean was from Mersing. The activity pattern shown by this radionuclide was a decrease with an increase in cockles mass. The activity was higher in cockles of smaller sizes than the larger sized cockles, a pattern attributed to their digestion and metabolism system. The activity intake and effective dose was found to be less than international guidelines and seafood intake was considered safe for human consumption. These findings suggest that regular monitoring should be carried out to help reduce morbidity and mortality among humans as a result of occasional seafood consumption.

The nano-architectured Ca(OCH 3 ) 2 /AC catalyst was prepared through hydrothermal process. In this work, the controlled structural growth and morphology of nano-architectured Ca(OCH 3 ) 2 /AC catalyst were reported and their conversion activity from non-edible oil source (crude jatropha oil) to biodiesel production was also evaluated in this study. Remarkable difference in catalytic activity for biodiesel production among these samples was observed. It shows that the catalytic properties of the hydrothermal synthesized catalyst was improved by exposing the catalytic active OCH 3 predominantly on the surface of catalyst. The 0.4-OMe/AC catalyst with methanol/oil molar ratio of 12:1, agitation speed of 600 rpm and 3 wt% of catalyst provided maximum biodiesel yield of 98.65% at 60 °C for 1 h reaction time. The catalyst exhibited outstanding stability where negligible Ca 2+ leaching was detected and the recovered catalyst was reused in 8 successive cycles without significant loss in activity. Therefore, this kind of bimodal porosity catalyst is said to exhibit very high activity, stability, and recyclability, which entailed potential saving and affordable biodiesel production possibilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]