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WOS: 000444749200003, Lately, IR thermography is frequently applied for important purposes in monitoring buildings such as energy leaking, ventilating and air-conditioning installations, electrical and mechanical installations, moisture detection etc. Nondestructive monitoring methods are essential in case of monitoring historical buildings. It is curtail not to destruct any part of the buildings, which are historically important. Therefore, nondestructive methods need to be used while monitoring this kind of buildings. In this study, IR-Thermography was used in order to distinguish different construction materials that were used to build the walls of a historical building. The thermal monitoring was made with Optris PI-450 long wave infrared camera. The results showed that IR monitoring can be useful to distinguish the building materials without destroying the investigated buildings' plaster or facing. It is observed that the best results can be achieved on higher temperatures at IR-Thermography.

WOS: 000434647100009, Gold-induced (Au-) crystallization of amorphous germanium (-Ge) thin films was investigated by depositing Ge on aluminum-doped zinc oxide and glass substrates through electron beam evaporation at room temperature. The influence of the postannealing temperatures on the structural properties of the Ge thin films was investigated by employing Raman spectra, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. The Raman and X-ray diffraction results indicated that the Au-induced crystallization of the Ge films yielded crystallization at temperature as low as 300 degrees C for 1hour. The amount of crystallization fraction and the film quality were improved with increasing the postannealing temperatures. The scanning electron microscopy images show that Au clusters are found on the front surface of the Ge films after the films were annealed at 500 degrees C for 1hour. This suggests that Au atoms move toward the surface of Ge film during annealing. The effects of annealing temperatures on the electrical conductivity of Ge films were investigated through current-voltage measurements. The room temperature conductivity was estimated as 0.54 and 0.73Scm(-1) for annealed samples grown on aluminum-doped zinc oxide and glass substrates, respectively. These findings could be very useful to realize inexpensive Ge-based electronic and photovoltaic applications., Center for Solar Energy Research and Applications (GuNAM) at Middle East Technical University, The authors acknowledge the Center for Solar Energy Research and Applications (GuNAM) at Middle East Technical University.

4th International GeoAdvances Workshop - GeoAdvances 2017: ISPRS Workshop on Multi-Dimensional and Multi-Scale Spatial Data Modeling -- 14 October 2017 through 15 October 2017 -- -- 131995, Mapping and monitoring of wetlands as one of the world's most valuable natural resource has gained importance with the developed of the remote sensing techniques. This paper presents the capabilities of Sentinel-2 successfully launched in June 2015 for mapping and monitoring wetlands. For this purpose, three different approaches were used, pixel-based, object-based and index-based classification. Additional, for more successful extraction of wetlands, a combination of object-based and index-based method was proposed. It was proposed the use of object-based classification for extraction of the wetlands boundaries and the use of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) for classifying the contents within the wetlands boundaries. As a study area in this paper Sakarbasi spring in Eskisehir, Turkey was chosen. The results showed successful mapping and monitoring of wetlands with kappa coefficient of 0.95, Firat University Scientific Research Projects Management Unit: 1705F121, This study was supported by Anadolu University Scientific Research Projects Commission under the grant no: 1705F121.

WOS: 000422648600015, The majority of existing buildings are not safe against earthquakes in most of the developing countries. Existing building stocks should be assessed with a seismic safety assessment method before a devastating earthquake. Cheaper and quicker rapid seismic safety assessment methods can be used instead of code-based assessment methods to determine the seismic performance of existing buildings. In this study, an approach was introduced to determine the seismic performance of existing mid-rise reinforced concrete buildings with fewer parameters and process steps than code-based detailed assessment procedures. Calibration and regulation of the introduced method were conducted on the 39 collapsed buildings' projects in 1999 Kocaeli, Turkey, earthquake. Finally, 55 existing buildings located in Eskisehir, Turkey, assessed with this calibrated method and the results were compared with the results of a code-based detailed assessment method; the results showed a very good agreement of about 83%. This study shows that the proposed method can be applied for the determination of the seismic performance of existing mid-rise reinforced concrete buildings quickly and without compromising reliability., Anadolu University Scientific Research Projects Commission [0802040], This paper was supported by Anadolu University Scientific Research Projects Commission under Grant No. 0802040. The authors would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions to improve the quality of the paper.

WOS: 000388085800053, We have investigated the relationship between structural and electrical properties of Ge thin films deposited on single crystal silicon (100) substrates by electron beam evaporation at room temperature. Post-thermal annealing was applied to obtain poly-crystalline Ge thin films. The structural effects of the annealing temperature and annealing time on the crystallization of Ge films were analyzed using Raman and X-ray diffraction measurements. Raman and X-ray diffraction spectra revealed a structural evolution from amorphous to crystalline phase with increasing annealing temperature and annealing time. It was found that high quality poly-crystalline Ge films were obtained with crystallization ratio of 90% at an annealing temperarure of 500 degrees C following the crystallization threshold of 450 degrees C. Effects of structural ordering on the electrical properties were investigated through current-voltage characteristics of fabricated heterostructure devices (Ge/p-Si). Smooth cathode-anode interchange in the diode behavior has been clearly observed following the structural ordering as a function of annealing temperature in a systematic way. These outcomes could be exploited for engineering of low-cost Ge based novel electronic and opto-electronic devices.

2018 ISPRS TC III Mid-Term Symposium on Developments, Technologies and Applications in Remote Sensing -- 7 May 2018 through 10 May 2018 -- -- 136130, Wetlands provide a number of environmental and socio-economic benefits such as their ability to store floodwaters and improve water quality, providing habitats for wildlife and supporting biodiversity, as well as aesthetic values. Remote sensing technology has proven to be a useful and frequent application in monitoring and mapping wetlands. Combining optical and microwave satellite data can help with mapping and monitoring the biophysical characteristics of wetlands and wetlands' vegetation. Also, fusing radar and optical remote sensing data can increase the wetland classification accuracy. In this paper, data from the fine spatial resolution optical satellite, Sentinel-2 and the Synthetic Aperture Radar Satellite, Sentinel-1, were fused for mapping wetlands. Both Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 images were pre-processed. After the pre-processing, vegetation indices were calculated using the Sentinel-2 bands and the results were included in the fusion data set. For the classification of the fused data, three different classification approaches were used and compared. The results showed significant improvement in the wetland classification using both multispectral and microwave data. Also, the presence of the red edge bands and the vegetation indices used in the data set showed significant improvement in the discrimination between wetlands and other vegetated areas. The statistical results of the fusion of the optical and radar data showed high wetland mapping accuracy, showing an overall classification accuracy of approximately 90% in the object-based classification method. For future research, we recommend multi-temporal image use, terrain data collection, as well as a comparison of the used method with the traditional image fusion techniques, Firat University Scientific Research Projects Management Unit: 1705F121, This study was supported by Anadolu University Scientific Research Projects Commission under the grant no: 1705F121.

2018 ISPRS TC III Mid-Term Symposium on Developments, Technologies and Applications in Remote Sensing -- 7 May 2018 through 10 May 2018 -- -- 136042, The aim of this study is to examine whether it is possible to estimate the building periods with respect to the building heights in the urban scale seismic performance assessment studies by using the building height retrieved from the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) data. For this purpose, a small area, which includes eight residential reinforced concrete buildings, was selected in Eskisehir (Turkey) city center. In this paper, the possibilities of obtaining the building heights that are used in the estimation of building periods from UAV based data, have been investigated. The investigations were carried out in 3 stages; (i) Building boundary extraction with Object Based Image Analysis (OBIA), (ii) height calculation for buildings of interest from nDSM and accuracy assessment with the terrestrial survey. (iii) Estimation of building period using height information. The average difference between the periods estimated according to the heights obtained from field measurements and from the UAV data is 2.86 % and the maximum difference is 13.2 %. Results of this study have shown that the building heights retrieved from the UAV data can be used in the building period estimation in the urban scale vulnerability assessments

International Conference on Geographies of Health and Living in Cities - Making Cities Healthy for All (H-Cities) -- JUN 21-24, 2016 -- Univ Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PEOPLES R CHINA, WOS: 000387507400032, Background and Objective: Ambulances should always reach patients in the shortest time possible whenever they are called upon so as to increase patient survival chances especially in cardiac related medical cases. The placement of ambulances directly affects the time ambulances reach patients. The objective of the study was to find optimal stations to deploy ambulances so as to reduce ambulance response times and increase patient survival chances as a result. Data and Methods: To reduce ambulance response times for Odunpazari district, the study employed system status management technique and maximal coverage location problem optimization model, to deploy ambulances according to ambulance demand and ensure maximum ambulance demand coverage is realized with a small ambulance fleet size, respectively. ArcGIS network analyst location allocation tool was used to find optimal ambulance stations from where ambulance demand areas can be reached within 5 minutes of drive time. Four different ambulance deployment plans were modeled for periods ranging from 00:00 to 06:00 hrs, 06:00 to 12:00 hrs, 12:00 to 18:00 hrs and 18:00 to 24:00 hrs. The study used a total of 20,260 ambulance demand calls' data for Odunpazari district collected from January 1st to December 31st 2014. Results:The Odunpazari district fleet of 17 ambulances was deployed differently for every six hours; between 00:00 to 06:00 hrs, 06:00 to 12:00 hrs, 12:00 to 18:00 hrs and 18:00 to 24:00 hrs to match ambulance demand and as a result, 77.6% of ambulance demand areas were located within 5 minutes of drive time from the nearest ambulance station. Conclusion:The study found out that moving ambulances closer to ambulance demand areas reduces ambulance response times and dynamic ambulance deployment is by far a more effective ambulance deployment strategy than static ambulance deployment., Univ Hong Kong, Dept Geography, HKU Geograph Informat Syst Res Ctr, Hong Kong Geograph Informat Syst Assoc, Australian Res Council Ctr Excellence Climate Syst Sci, Int Geospatial Health Res Network

WOS: 000373997000001, Land surface temperature is an important factor in many areas, such as global climate change, hydrological, geo-/biophysical, and urban land use/land cover. As the latest launched satellite from the LANDSAT family, LANDSAT 8 has opened new possibilities for understanding the events on the Earth with remote sensing. This study presents an algorithm for the automatic mapping of land surface temperature from LANDSAT 8 data. The tool was developed using the LANDSAT 8 thermal infrared sensor Band 10 data. Different methods and formulas were used in the algorithm that successfully retrieves the land surface temperature to help us study the thermal environment of the ground surface. To verify the algorithm, the land surface temperature and the near-air temperature were compared. The results showed that, for the first case, the standard deviation was 2.4 degrees C, and for the second case, it was 2.7 degrees C. For future studies, the tool should be refined with in situ measurements of land surface temperature.

WOS: 000357127100003, A large part of the residential areas in Turkey are at risk from earthquakes. The main factors that threaten residential areas during an earthquake are poor quality building stock and soil problems. Liquefaction, loss of bearing capacity, amplification, slope failure, and landslide hazards must be taken into account for residential areas that are close to fault zones and covered with younger sediments. Analyzing these hazards separately and then combining the analyses would ensure a more realistic risk evaluation according to population density than analyzing several risks based on a single parameter. In this study, an integrated seismic risk analysis of central EskiAYehir was performed based on two earthquake related parameters, liquefaction and amplification. The analysis used a simple weighting method. Other earthquake-related problems such as loss of bearing capacity, landslides, and slope failures are not significant for EskiAYehir because of the geological and the topographical conditions of the region. According to the integrated seismic risk analysis of the EskiAYehir residential area, the populated area is found to be generally at medium to high risk during a potential earthquake., Anadolu University Research Fund [0802000040, 1105F095], This research was supported by the Anadolu University Research Fund under Project Numbers 0802000040 and 1105F095. The editorial handling by Rosa Lasaponara and valuable comments by an anonymous reviewer have greatly improved an earlier version of this manuscript, for which we are grateful.

WOS: 000355321800043, The North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ) starts to branch off in the western Bolu plain. The branches of the NAFZ in this location create the AlmacA +/- k block which is surrounded by the latest surface ruptures of significant earthquakes that occurred between 1944 and 1999, but its northeastern part remains unruptured. The most recently formed rupture, that was a result of the 1999 November 12 Duzce earthquake, ended to the northwest of the Bakacak Fault. The connection between the Bakacak Fault and the main branch of the NAFZ via the Bolu plain has until now remained unknown. This paper establishes that the route of the missing link runs through the Dagkent, Kasaplar and Burnuk faults, a finding achieved with the help of seismic reflection studies. The paper also argues that the cross cutting nature of these newly determined faults and a stress analysis based on focal mechanism solutions of recent earthquakes demonstrate the termination of the suggested pull-apart nature of the Bolu plain., Bolu Provincial Administration, EU [MARKA 11-02-DFD-174]; External Relations Coordinatorship, the Turkish Republic East Marmara Development Agency; TUBITAK [111Y227], This paper is part of a project MARKA 11-02-DFD-174 supported by Bolu Provincial Administration, EU Projects and External Relations Coordinatorship, the Turkish Republic East Marmara Development Agency. Additional field studies were supported by TUBITAK project no. 111Y227. We also thank Yuksel Karabulut for his great help and organisation skills during the seismic studies. For the seismological earthquake data we are grateful to the KOERI - Bogazici University, Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute. The editorial handling by Egill Hauksson and valuable comments of two anonymous reviewers have improved an earlier version of this manuscript, for which we are grateful.

WOS: 000419608400089, PubMed ID: 29076023, Satellite images are commonly used for defining thermal urban environment and heat islands in urban areas. The objective of this study was to analyze and evaluate thermal environment of Uzundere-Erzurum using satellite images provided by the Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) sensor on board Landsat 5 satellite. In respect to land use and urban surface features, spatial characterization of thermal urban environment was defined. In order to define the link between surface emissivity, land surface temperatures (LST), and urban surface characteristics more effectively, the CORINE Land Cover (CLC) database for Uzundere was also used. Based on the Landsat satellite images, different land cover categories are defined, and the alterations of heat islands are identified according to these categories. The minimum and maximum surface temperatures were obtained from open spaces, non-vegetated bare rocky areas (- 1.8 and 29.1 degrees C, respectively). The surface temperature in the water areas was much better (7.5 and 21.9 degrees C) and followed by green areas surface temperature (- 0.9 and 28 degrees C). Surface temperatures should be considered energy-focused planning.

2018 Geoinformation for Disaster Management Conference, Gi4DM 2018 -- 18 March 2018 through 21 March 2018 -- -- 135177, The Black Sea Region is one of the most landslide prone area due to the high slope gradients, heavy rainfall and highly weathered hillslope material conditions in Turkey. The landslide occurrences in this region are mainly controlled by the hydro-climatic conditions and anthropogenic activities. Rapid regional landslide inventory mapping after a major event is main difficulties encountered in this densely vegetated region. However, landslide inventories are first step and necessary for susceptibility assessment since considering the principle that the past is the key to the future thus, future landslides will be more likely to occur under similar conditions, which have led to past and present instability. In this respect, it is important to apply rapid mapping techniques to create regional landslide inventory maps of the area. This study presents the preliminary results of the semi-automated mapping of landslides from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) with object-based image analysis (OBIA) approach. Within the scope of the study, ultra-high resolution aerial photographs were taken with fixed wing UAV system on Aug 17, 2017 in the landslide zones which are triggered by the prolonged heavy rainfall event on August 12-13, 2016 at Bartin Kurucaşile province. 10 cm resolution orthomosaic and Digital Surface Model (DSM) data of the area were produced by processing the obtained photographs. A test area was selected from the overall research area and semi-automatic landslide detection was performed by applying object-based image analysis. OBIA has been implemented in three steps: image segmentation, image object metric calculation and classification. The accuracy of the resulting maps is assessed by comparisons with expert based landslide inventory map of the area. As a result of the comparison, 80% of the 240 landslides in the area were detected correctly, Firat University Scientific Research Projects Management Unit: 1608F607, This study was supported by Anadolu University Scientific Research Projects Commission under the grant number 1608F607. The authors would like to thank İsmail Bulut from General Directorate of Combating Desertification and Erosion for his valuable suggestions on the site-selection.

WOS: 000436887900001, Geocoding is a tool that can be used in many areas such as the development of disaster prevention systems, crime mapping and the monitoring of communicable diseases, and which has gradually gained importance. However, the use of geocoding is not yet possible in some areas where it could serve as an effective tool, for various reasons such as inconsistencies in address formats, including inaccurate numbering systems, misspellings, the use of abbreviations and a lack of data that refers to the geocoding process. This study seeks to address these problems by way of a standardization process. To that end, it employs a method that decomposes addresses used as input data in geocoding, identifies spelling mistakes and abbreviations, and reorganizes the addresses through the Natural Language Process (NLP). As test data, the addresses of primary schools in the district of Eskisehir are taken. First the geocoding process is performed on the data set, using both Google geocoding API and ArcGIS geocoding API. Then, the addresses are reformatted into three address formats by applying standardization processes. Geocoding is performed on the re-formatted addresses and the results compared to the non-standardized results. The standardization used is shown to make a significant improvement in the accuracy of the geocoding results. The method used in this study is significant not only in increasing the accuracy of the geocoding process, but also in sustaining its wider use.

WOS: 000443478500003, We have explored 1D S-wave velocity profiles of shallow and deep soil layers over a basement at strong motion stations in Eskisehir Province, Turkey. Microtremor array explorations were conducted at eight strong motion stations in the area to know shallow 1D S-wave velocity models. Rayleigh wave phase velocity at a frequency range from 3 to 30 Hz was estimated with the spatial autocorrelation analysis of array records of vertical microtremors at each station. Individual phase velocity was inverted to a shallow S-wave velocity profile. Low-velocity layers were identified at the stations in the basin. Site amplification factors from S-wave parts of earthquake records that had been estimated at the strong motion stations by Yamanaka et al. (2017) were inverted to the S-wave velocities and Q-values of the sedimentary layers. The depths to the basement with an S-wave velocity of 2.2 km/s are about 1 km in the central part of the basin, while the basement becomes shallow as 0.3 km in the marginal part of the basin. We finally discussed the effects of the shallow and deep sedimentary layers on the 1D S-wave amplification characteristics using the revealed profiles. It is found that the shallow soil layers have no significant effects in the amplification at a frequency range lower than 3 Hz in the area., Japan Society of the Promotion of Science (JSPS); JSPS [TUBITAK 116Y524]; Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu [TUBITAK 116Y524], This study is partly supported by the Ronpaku (Dissertation PhD) Program of the Japan Society of the Promotion of Science (JSPS) and by the Joint Research Project under the Bilateral Program of the JSPS and the Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK 116Y524).

WOS: 000346849900001, The Eskisehir Fault Zone is one of the major neotectonic structures of Turkey, extending from Inegol (Bursa) to Cihanbeyli (Konya). The fault zone presents a considerable seismic risk for the city of Eskisehir but the exact locations of active segments and the source of the major seismic event, the 1956 earthquake (M = 6.5) that occurred in the instrumental period (from 1900 to 2013), have been debated in recent literature. The structural data obtained from field studies indicate an approximately N60W-trending main strand of the right lateral strike-slip Eskisehir Fault Zone. This trend corresponds to the en echelon bends on the course of the Sarisu River. Using this concurrence, the positions of Bahcehisar and the Cukurhisar-Sultandere segments are proposed and checked by seismic reflection studies. The seismic sections disclosing positive flower structures confirm the hypothesized position of the Cukurhisar-Sultandere segment. The relocation of epicenters and focal mechanism solutions of seismic events in 1956, 1990, 2010, and 2013 indicate that the Cukurhisar-Sultandere segment might be the rupture source of the 1956 event and is a possible potential seismic source for an earthquake that could seriously affect the Eskisehir settlement., Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) [108Y211]; Anadolu University Scientific Research [080240], The structural data were obtained as a part of a research project (108Y211) supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK). The seismic reflection studies were conducted under Anadolu University Scientific Research Project No. 080240. The link (https://dosyam.ankara.edu.tr/bl06) will expire on 12 October 2015 for the uninterpreted seismic reflection sections, which will be available upon request from the corresponding author after that date. We would like to thank Faruk Ocakoglu and Erhan Altunel (Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir), who generously shared their experience in the region, and Dogan Kalafat (Bogazici University, Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute), who provided details of the 2003 and 2013 events. We are indebted to HE Mehmet Kiliclar, the governor of Eskisehir Province; Prof Dr Yilmaz Buyukersen, the mayor of Eskisehir; Recep Bayar, the manager of the City Disaster and Emergency Department; and Prof Dr Davut Aydin and Prof Dr Naci Gundogan, the former and present rectors of Anadolu University, for their valuable support for this study. The editorial handling of Aral Okay together with valuable and detailed critiques of 2 anonymous referees improved an earlier version of the manuscript, for which we are grateful.

9th Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Conference (NANOTR) -- JUN 24-28, 2013 -- Erzurum, TURKEY, WOS: 000344380500023, Metal induced crystallization is a widely used method to form crystalline/polycrystalline structures at low temperatures. In this work, Au was applied to enhance the crystallization of amorphous Ge films. Ge films with thicknesses of similar to 1.5 mu m were fabricated by electron beam evaporation on c-Si substrate with and without very thin Au layer. Crystallization properties of Ge films were analyzed for different growth and post annealing temperatures varied between 270 degrees C and 730 degrees C. The structures of polycrystalline Ge films were investigated by employing X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectra and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The existence of thin Au layer showed significant impact on the crystallization of amorphous Ge films in terms of reducing the crystallization temperature. In post annealing processes, it was noticed that the impact of Au thin layer on crystallization slightly reduces above the temperature of similar to 400 degrees C, and almost no remarkable differences were observed between the films with and without Au layer in this temperature region. It is observed that the growth temperature has a stronger effect on the crystallization than post annealing temperatures in the presence of Au thin film. It is also shown that Au layer catalyzes the axial growth in the presence of planar Ge layer on the substrate surface

WOS: 000412783200001, Water monitoring is an important part of water resource management and has become an essential aspect of remote sensing. A number of indices have been developed for water extraction using satellite images. Even though all indices can extract the extent of a water body, none can do so without including a noise component, such as topographic shadows, cloud shadows, snow, ice, and buildup areas, all of which have spectrally similar characteristics under certain circumstances. In order to select the best index for water body extraction, several water indices have been compared. This paper proposes a method for extracting water bodies called the water extraction surface temperature index (WESTI). This method uses normalized difference water index (NDWI) and land surface temperature to eliminate the noise components, especially in mountainous and cold areas where other indices have very low accuracy. The results have shown that WESTI improves the NDWI results by removing more than 80% of topographic shadows, with an overall accuracy of 99% in all cases

WOS: 000433342000028, Hypogene karst development in central Anatolia, Turkey is represented by unique collapse dolines (obruks) developed mainly in Neogene lacustrine limestone formations. Many of these obruks are located in two separate rectilinear zones, one of which appears to mark the suture zone between Tauride-Anatolian and Sakarya Zone tectonic blocks of the Anatolian plate. The other zone coincides with the alignment of three dormant volcanoes. Formation of obruks seems to be associated with upwelling of carbon dioxide released from deep-rooted igneous activity sources along these zones since Late Miocene. Formation of obruks still continues today, whereas the size of recent collapses is much smaller than ancient examples probably due to weakening volcanism. Recent obruk formations are observed in an area where the youngest volcanic activity seems to have occurred. Frequency of obruk formation increased in recent years because of the groundwater's accelerating piezometric head decline. The stable carbon and noble gas isotope data previously obtained from regional groundwater samples suggested both crustal and mantle sources for the carbon dioxide required for obruk formation. It seems likely that many of the large-scale karst cavity-collapse structures in the world are linked with excessive carbon dioxide release from mantle in orogenic plateaus like central Anatolia.

WOS: 000424358600001, This paper presents the results of a geomorphological investigation of Mount Akdag landslide complex, located on the Western Taurus range, SW Turkey. The landslide, resulting in the collapse of a 5 km segment of Mount Akdag, covers an area of 9.8 km(2) and has a volume of about 3 x 108 m(3). The 1: 15,000 scale geomorphological map (Main Map) of the Akdag landslide presented here was produced from a combination of field studies and unmanned aerial vehicle-based DSM, including aerial-photo interpretation and geomorphometric analysis of landforms. The map shows contemporary and past geomorphological hillslope processes and landforms associated with the landslide complex. Our new map suggests that the Akdag landslide was a complex rockslide consisting of multiple landslide types that developed through various movements. We found that 43 highly developed and active mass movements on the main body and side slopes of the landslide made a major contribution to the sediment input. The sediment produced in the upstream severely threatens the touristic site of Saklikent Canyon in the lower catchment via an increasing magnitude of torrents. This map will provide important data for local and national administrators regarding monitoring up-to-date mass-wasting processes, understanding the landslide and its related sedimentary dynamics, and implementing risk assessment and necessary precautions., Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Istanbul University [ONAP 33594 [ID734]]; Anadolu University Scientific Research Projects Commission [1210E156], The authors would like to thank the Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Istanbul University (Project number: ONAP 33594 [ID734]) and Anadolu University Scientific Research Projects Commission for their financial support through grant no. 1210E156.

WOS: 000418899200055, Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) have been used in a variety of fields in the last decade. In forestry, they have been used to estimate tree heights and crowns with different sensors. This approach, with a consumer-grade onboard system camera, is becoming popular because it is cheaper and faster than traditional photogrammetric methods and UAV-light detecting and ranging systems (UAV-LiDAR). In this study, UAV-based imagery reconstruction, processing, and local maximum filter methods are used to obtain individual tree heights from a coniferous urban forest. A low-cost onboard camera and a UAV with a 96-cm wingspan made it possible to acquire high resolution aerial images (6.41 cm average ground sampling distance), ortho-images, digital elevation models, and point clouds in one flight. Canopy height model, obtained by extracting the digital surface model from the digital terrain model, was filtered locally based on the pixel-based window size using the provided algorithm. For accuracy assessment, ground-based tree height measurements were made. There was a high 94% correlation and a root-mean-square error of 28 cm. This study highlights the accuracy of the method and compares favourably to more expensive methods., Anadolu University of Turkey, Scientific Research Projects department [1407F356], The authors would like to thank Anadolu University of Turkey, Scientific Research Projects department for funding 1407F356 numbered project called ''Determination of Tree Heights Using Unmanned Air Vehicles (Eskisehir Urban Forest Example)''. Also, we acknowledge Anadolu University of Turkey, Research Institute of Earth and Space Sciences for allowing us the usage of UAV platform and other tools required in the process.

WOS: 000405204300011, Water body extraction is an important part of water resource management and has been the topic of a number of research works related to remote sensing for over two decades. Extracting water bodies from satellite images with a pixel-based method or indexes cannot eliminate other objects that have a low albedo, such as shadows and built-up areas. Since their spectral differences cannot be separated, in this paper a method that combines a pixel-based index and object-based method has been used on a Sentinel-2 satellite image with a resolution of 10 m. The method uses image segmentation on a multispectral image containing 13 bands. It also uses indexes used for extracting water bodies, such as the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI). Two study areas with different characteristics have been chosen, one mountainous and one urban region, both of them located in Macedonia. Using object-based techniques and pixel-based indexes, such as NDWI, the results from the NDWI have been improved by a kappa value of more than 0.5.

KB Orta Anadolu'da yer alan Ankara'nın batısındaki Neojen öncesi temel birimler, kabuktaki daralmanın etkisiyle yükselerek Neojen ve daha genç sedimanter birimleri deforme eder ve kesit görüntüsünde bir tektonik kama yapısı oluşturur. Eş yaşlı olarak doğu kenarı bindirme/ters, batı kenarı ise normal faylarla sınırlı bu yapı Abdüsselam Kıstırılmış Tektonik Kaması (AKTK) olarak isimlendirilmiştir. AKTK'nin çevresinde ve kuzey ve güney devamında yer alan Neojen ve daha genç birimlerdeki daralmayla ilişkili deformasyon yapıları, bölgede Orta Pliyosen'den günümüze KB-GD yönlü bir daralma rejiminin etkin olduğunu gösterir. Ankara şehir merkezinin batısında yer alan ve olasılıkla aktif olan bu kama yapısıyla ilişkili faylar, bölgedeki yoğun yapılaşma ve diğer önemli tesisler düşünüldüğünde deprem riski açısından dikkate alınmalıdır., The Neogene and younger sedimentary units, which are located in the W of Ankara, NW central Anatolia, have been uplifted and deformed by the pre-Neogene basement rocks due to the crustal contraction. Thus, a tectonic wedge structure has been formed in cross-section view. This structure having coeval thrust and normal faults at its eastern and western boundaries, respectively, is called as AbdÜsselam Pinched Crustal Wedge (APCW). The contraction related deformation structures in the Neogene and younger sedimentary units around the APCW and along its northern and southern continuation show that the NW-SE-directed contractional regime has been active in the region since Middle Pliocene. Therefore, the faults related to the APCW located in the west of Ankara city center should be taken into consideration for the earthquake risk when considering the dense settlement and the other important facilities in the region.

Snow cover is an important part of the Earth`s climate system so its continuous monitoring is necessary to map snow cover in high resolution. Satellite remote sensing is a science that successfully can monitor land cover and land cover changes. Although indexes such as Normalized Difference Snow Index (NDSI) has quite good accuracy, sometimes topography shadow, water bodies and clouds can be easily misplaced as snow. Using Landsat TM, Landsat +ETM and Landsat TIRS/OLI satellite images, the NDSI was modified for more accurate snow mapping. In this paper, elimination of the misplaced water bodies was made using the high reflectance of the snow in the 0.45 - 0.52 µm wavelength. Afterward, the algorithm was used for estimating snow cover through the years on the one of the highest mountains in Republic of Macedonia. The results from this study shows that the algorithms provide good accuracy than the NDSI alone, totally eliminating the misplaced water bodies, and partly the one caused from topography and clouds. Also, it was noticed that the snow cover in the study area has not been changed drastically through the years. For future studies, the algorithm should be validated on different study areas with different characteristics.

2nd International Scientific Conference of Geobalcanica (GEOBALCANICA) -- JUN 10-12, 2016 -- Geobalcanica Soc, Skopje, MACEDONIA, WOS: 000406841400002, Remotely sensed images are a resource for researches in wide study area. Based on thermal remote sensing technique, Land Surface Temperature (LST) changes analyses were made after construction the Dam of Kozjak near the capital of Republic of Macedonia. Two Landsat 5 remotely sensed images from 1984 and 2011, were used before and after construction of the dam, respectively. The LST of the images was automatically calculated by using LST retrieving tool in Erdas IMAGINE software. The analyses were made using zonal statistics within the boundaries of the previous created buffers of 100 meters, up to 1 km around the dam. The results showed that, the surroundings Land Surface Temperature values has decreased maximum 8.5 degrees C and has also lowered the boundaries of the minimum, maximum and mean values of the region after the dam construction.

WOS: 000280342400015, Fly ashes produced by power plants in the United States occasionally contain significant amounts of unburned carbon due to common use of low nitrogen-oxide and sulphur-oxide burners in recent years. This ash cannot be reused in concrete production due to its reactivity with air entrainment admixtures and is being landfilled at large percentages. A study was conducted to stabilize low stiffness road surface material with high carbon fly ash. The non-cementitious fly ash was activated with another recycled material, lime kiln dust (LKD). California bearing ratio (CBR) and resilient modulus tests were conducted to determine the strength and stiffness, respectively, of the stabilized materials. Addition of LKD and curing of specimens generally increased CBR and summary resilient modulus (SMR), and lowered plastic strains, CBR increased with increasing CaO content as well as with CaO/SiO2 and CaO/(SiO2 Al2O3) ratio of the mixtures: however, these parameters could not be correlated with the SMR. The unpaved road materials stabilized with LKD and fly ash are expected to lose 31-67% of their initial moduli after 12 cycles of freezing and thawing. Lower base thicknesses and reduction in construction costs can be expected by stabilizing road surface materials with high carbon fly ash, U.S. Federal Highway Administration Recycled Materials Resource Center (RMRC); Maryland Department of Natural Resources Power Plant Research Program (PPRP); Maryland State Highway Administration (SHA); Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK), This study was funded by U.S. Federal Highway Administration Recycled Materials Resource Center (RMRC), Maryland Department of Natural Resources Power Plant Research Program (PPRP) and Maryland State Highway Administration (SHA). Fly ashes used in the study were provided by several Maryland power plants. The findings and opinions in this report are solely those of the authors. Endorsement by RMRC, PPRP, SHA or the fly ash suppliers is not implied and should not be assumed. The third author was supported by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) during his post-doctoral research studies at the University of Maryland. This support is gratefully acknowledged.

WOS: 000279659200016, In the paper, a previously introduced method (Sari, 2009) is applied to the problem of estimating the rock mass properties of Ankara andesites. For this purpose, appropriate closed form (parametric) distributions are described for intact rock and discontinuity parameters of the Ankara andesites at three distinct weathering grades. Then, these distributions are included as inputs in the Rock Mass Rating (RMR) classification system prepared in a spreadsheet model. A stochastic analysis is carried out to evaluate the influence of correlations between relevant distributions on the simulated RMR values. The model is also used in Monte Carlo simulations to estimate the possible ranges of the Hoek-Brown strength parameters of the rock under investigation. The proposed approach provides a straightforward and effective assessment of the variability of the rock mass properties. Hence, a wide array of mechanical characteristics can be adequately represented in any preliminary design consideration for a given rock mass. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

WOS: 000376443800003, The management of urban channel systems constitutes an important problem in most developing cities of the world. In this study, a deterministic approach was followed to obtain water-diversion function through development of a numerical model that includes main hydrological elements such as stream flow, groundwater flow with stream-aquifer interaction, and evapotranspiration. An application to the city of Eskisehir (Turkey) is presented. The city has an extending channel network lying on an alluvium plain. In developing the new diversion function, three main criteria were taken into consideration: (1) the conservation of ecosystem; (2) flood prevention; and (3) aquifer replenishment. As the aquifer is the main water resource in the basin, a total of 96 boreholes were drilled in the framework of two projects. From these borehole data, stratigraphy and the piezometric head distribution were obtained. The basin was modeled using MODFLOW under Ground-water Modeling System (GMS) software. For calibration of hydraulic conductivities, the parameter estimation model was used. Through steady-state analysis, flood-prone areas were determined. Transient simulations were performed over a period of 650 days covering both low and high flows. A computer code following an iterative procedure was written in order to integrate the diversion function into MODFLOW. Simulation results demonstrated that the proposed function was successful in satisfying all three criteria

2nd International Scientific Conference of Geobalcanica (GEOBALCANICA) -- JUN 10-12, 2016 -- Geobalcanica Soc, Skopje, MACEDONIA, WOS: 000406841400011, The rapid urban growth of the cities is a result of the population growth and the negative effects on human health and quality life are obvious which makes the monitoring of the urban growth very important. In this study monitoring over the city Tetovo in the northwestern part of Republic of Macedonia was made using remote sensed satellite images from Landsat archive that is widely used for monitoring the Earth's surface. An attempt of mapping the urban area on an annual basis from the period of 1984 to 2015 was made. Change detection in rapidly growing areas was made using the NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) values that were classified for distinguishing the differences between urban and vegetated areas. The study area covers nine cadaster municipalities with 14.6 km(2). The results showed significant urban growth of 21.3% and 17.7% vegetation loss in the study area from 1984 to 2015.

The Eskisehir Fault Zone is one of the prominent neotectonic structures of Turkey. It separates the West Anatolian extensional province and the strike-slip induced northwest central Anatolian contractional area in the Anatolian Block. Its southeastern part is generally divided into three branches, namely the Ilica, Yeniceoba, and Cihanbeyli from north to south, respectively. The right lateral strike-slip Ilica branch (IB) is an approximately 100-km-long fault and it is composed of several segments in a northwest-southeast direction. The slickensides, subsidiary fractures, cataclastic zone, fracture-controlled drainage pattern, right lateral stream deflections, deformation in the Quaternary unit observing in the seismic reflection sections, and seismicity of the region all indicate that the IB is an active right lateral strike-slip fault. The IB has also a regional tectonic importance as a boundary fault between the contractional and the extensional regions in central Anatolia considering that it is the southern limit of the contraction-related structures in the west-southwest of Ankara.

37th Asian Conference on Remote Sensing, ACRS 2016 -- 17 October 2016 through 21 October 2016 -- -- 127201, Sun, which has the largest energy in the renewable energy sources. Solar energy which was not popular in the past, gained importance nowadays due to population growth, increasing importance of energy requirements and development of technology. Solar energy resources are also addressed in the most harmless effect when environmental impacts are taking into account. The most advantages of using solar energy compared to other types of energy are having inexhaustible source of energy, having clean energy, the lack of sophisticated technology, the lack of external dependency, to the low operating costs and can be considered to be suitable for local applications. In addition to these benefits, it has some disadvantages. It is known that sunlight is not continuous, so it requires storage facility. Solar power plant needs large spaces for installation and high initial installation costs. Electric production amount changes in winter-summer, even day and night. Considering all these cases, it's seen that site selection of Solar Power Plant is an important phase. The sun is an inexhaustible source of energy, but it does not come to a constant value everywhere. In this case, certain conditions must be provided for the installation of solar power plant. Solar Energy Potential Atlas gives a certain idea for places according to solar plant installation in Turkey. This atlas use the values based on the solar radiation and sunshine duration. The more realistic and detailed studies for the site determination slope of the land, land properties, geology and soil conditions, adjacency to the electricity distribution network is required. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) should be used for this type of spatial analysis. In this study, the Open Source GIS software QGIS is used for potential power plant installation site for the districts in the Eskisehir province. The most suitable district for solar power plant site has been determined. The most suitable location in this district were selected by considering the land properties and electricity network distribution of the region.

WOS: 000392489400022, Land Surface Temperature (LST) is an important measurement in studies related to the Earth surface's processes. The Advanced Space-borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) instrument onboard the Terra spacecraft is the currently available Thermal Infrared (TIR) imaging sensor with the highest spatial resolution. This study involves the comparison of LSTs inverted from the sensor using the Split Window Algorithm (SWA), the Single Channel Algorithm (SCA) and the Planck function. This study has used the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) data to model and compare the results from the three algorithms. The data from the sensor have been processed by the Python programming language in a free and open source software package (QGIS) to enable users to make use of the algorithms. The study revealed that the three algorithms are suitable for LST inversion, whereby the Planck function showed the highest level of accuracy, the SWA had moderate level of accuracy and the SCA had the least accuracy. The algorithms produced results with Root Mean Square Errors (RMSE) of 2.29 K, 3.77 K and 2.88 K for the Planck function, the SCA and SWA respectively., Anadolu University Scientific Research Projects Commission [1601F031]; Anadolu University, This study was supported by Anadolu University Scientific Research Projects Commission under the grant number 1601F031. We sincerely appreciate the research funding which was provided by Anadolu University for this article. The authors would like to express their high gratitude to the ASTER science team and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) for providing SURFRAD ground data free of charge. Special thanks go to the United States Geological Survey (USGS) for providing the image archives. Finally, the authors would like to thank the QGIS development team for creating an API which allows users to make use of the QGIS software for Python Geoprocessing.

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Eskişehir Fay Zonu Türkiye'nin önemli neotektonik yapılarından biridir. Anadolu bloğunda yer alan Batı Anadolu genişleme bölgesi ile doğrultu atımlı fay etkisi altındaki kuzeybatı Orta Anadolu daralma bölgesini birbirinden ayırır. Eskişehir Fay Zonu'nun güneydoğu bölümü genel olarak kuzeyden güneye sırasıyla Ilıca, Yeniceoba ve Cihanbeyli ismini taşıyan üç bölüme ayrılır. Sağ yanal doğrultu atımlı Ilıca kolu yaklaşık 100 km uzunluğundadır ve kuzeybatı-güneydoğu doğrultusunda birçok parçadan oluşur. Fay yüzeyleri, ikincil kırıklar, kataklastik zon, kırık kontrollü drenaj yapısı, sağ yanal dere ötelenmeleri, Kuvaterner birim içinde sismik yansıma kesitlerinde gözlenen deformasyon ve bölgenin depremselliği Ilıca kolunun sağ yanal doğrultu atımlı aktif bir fay olduğunu göstermektedir. Ilıca kolunun Ankara'nın batı-güneybatısındaki daralmayla ilişkili yapıları güneyden sınırlandırdığı düşünüldüğünde, Orta Anadolu'daki daralmalı ve genişlemeli bölgeler arasında bir sınır fayı olarak ayrıca bölgesel tektonik anlamda bir önemi vardır, The Eskişehir Fault Zone is one of the prominent neotectonic structures of Turkey. It separates the west Anatolian extensional province and the strike-slip induced northwest central Anatolian contractional area in the Anatolian Block. Its southeastern part is generally divided into three branches, namely the Ilıca, Yeniceoba, and Cihanbeyli from north to south, respectively. The right lateral strike-slip Ilıca branch (IB) is an approximately 100-km-long fault and it is composed of several segments in a northwest-southeast direction. The slickensides, subsidiary fractures, cataclastic zone, fracture-controlled drainage pattern, right lateral stream deflections, deformation in the Quaternary unit observing in the seismic reflection sections, and seismicity of the region all indicate that the IB is an active right lateral strike-slip fault. The IB has also a regional tectonic importance as a boundary fault between the contractional and the extensional regions in central Anatolia considering that it is the southern limit of the contraction-related structures in the west-southwest of Ankara

WOS: 000384651200037, Amplification can occur in a graben as a result of strong earthquake-induced ground motion. Thus, in seismic hazard and seismic site response studies, it is of the utmost importance to determine the geometry of the bedrock depth. The main objectives of this study were to determine the bedrock depth and map the depth-to-bedrock ratio for use in land use planning in regard to the mitigation of earthquake hazards in the Eskis, ehir Basin. The fundamental resonance frequencies (fr) of 318 investigation sites in the Eskis, ehir Basin were determined through case studies, and the 2-D S-wave velocity structure down to the bedrock depth was explored. Single-station microtremor data were collected from the 318 sites, as well as microtremor array data from nine sites, seismic reflection data from six sites, deep-drilling log data from three sites and shallow drilling log data from ten sites in the Eskis, ehir Graben. The fundamental resonance frequencies of the Eskis, ehir Basin sites were obtained from the microtremor data using the horizontal-to vertical (H/V) spectral ratio (HVSR) method. The phase velocities of the Rayleigh waves were estimated from the microtremor data using the spatial autocorrelation (SPAC) method. The fundamental resonance frequency range at the deepest point of the Eskis, ehir Basin was found to be 0.23-0.35 Hz. Based on the microtremor array measurements and the 2-D S-wave velocity profiles obtained using the SPAC method, a bedrock level with an average velocity of 1300 m s(-1) was accepted as the bedrock depth limit in the region. The log data from a deep borehole and a seismic reflection cross-section of the basement rocks of the Eskis, ehir Basin were obtained and permitted a comparison of bedrock levels. Tests carried out using a multichannel walk-away technique permitted a seismic reflection cross-section to be obtained up to a depth of 1500-2000 m using an explosive energy source. The relationship between the fundamental resonance frequency in the Eskis, ehir Basin and the results of deep drilling, shallow drilling, shear wave velocity measurement and sedimentary cover depth measurement obtained from the seismic reflection section was expressed in the form of a nonlinear regression equation. An empirical relationship between f(r), the thickness of sediments and the bedrock depth is suggested for use in future microzonation studies of sites in the region. The results revealed a maximum basin depth of 1000 m, located in the northeast of the Eskis, ehir Basin, and the SPAC and HVSR results indicated that within the study area the basin is characterized by a thin local sedimentary cover with low shear wave velocity overlying stiff materials, resulting in a sharp velocity contrast. The thicknesses of the old Quaternary and Tertiary fluvial sediments within the basin serve as the primary data sources in seismic hazard and seismic site response studies, and these results add to the body of available seismic hazard data contributing to a seismic microzonation of the Eskis, ehir Graben in advance of the severe earthquakes expected in the Anatolian Region., Anadolu University Research Fund [080240, 1401F026], This research was supported by the Anadolu University Research Fund under Project Numbers 080240 and 1401F026. We would like to thank Prof Berkan Ecevitoglu (Anadolu University Eskisehir) for sharing with us his experience related to seismic interpretation; Prof Gurol Seyitoglu (Ankara University) for sharing his knowledge of the region; Assist. Prof Savas, Karabulut (Istanbul University) for his experience in microtremor recordings; and Dogan Kalafat (Bogazici University, Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute), who provided details of the 2003 and 2013 events. We are also deeply indebted to Prof Naci Gundogan, and the former and current presidents of Anadolu University for their invaluable support in this study.

Sağladığı birçok imkân ve kolaylık sayesinde, Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri (CBS) teknolojileri günümüzde yerel yönetimler için vazgeçilmez bir araç haline gelmiştir. Arazi ve karayolu yönetiminden, acil durum ve alan kullanım planlamasına kadar birçok yerel yönetim faaliyeti CBS desteği ile etkili biçimde yürütülebilmektedir. Yerel yönetimlerden biri de belediyelerdir. Belediyeler tarafından gerçekleştirilen faaliyetler de çoğu mekânsal olan verinin toplanmasını, yönetimini ve sunumunu gerekli kılmaktadır. Kent Bilgi Sistemi (KBS), bir kente ait grafik ve grafik olmayan verinin temin edilmesi ve uygun bir mekânsal bilgi sistemi ortamında güncellenerek yönetilmesi suretiyle kent yönetimi ve kentli hizmetlerinin sunumunda etkili çözümler sunan, CBS destekli bir sistemdir. Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri Genel Müdürlüğü, kullanımı kolay, etkili ve mekânsal veri temini, paylaşımı ve değişiminde gerekli olan ulusal standartları belirlemeye yönelik geliştirilen Türkiye Ulusal Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri Projesi (TUCBS) ile uyumlu ulusal KBS çerçevesi oluşturmak konusunda bir proje yürütmektedir. Bu çalışmada, bahsi geçen proje irdelenerek KBS'nin kentsel hizmetlerin etkili ve kolay biçimde yerine getirilmesinde üstlendiği rol tartışılacaktır., Thanks to the opportunities and conveniences it presents, today, Geographical Information System (GIS) technologies have become an inevitable tool for local authorities. From property and highway management to emergency and land-use planning, a good number of the local government activities can be executed effectively with GIS support. Municipalities are amongst the local governments. Their main field of activity mostly requires capturing, management and presentation of spatial data. Urban Information System (UIS) is a GIS aided system, which provides efficient solutions for city management and performance of urban services, through gathering, updating and managing graphical and nongraphical urban data. General Directorate of Geographical Information Systems of Ministry of Environment and Urbanism has performed a project for the development of national UIS framework, which is supposed to be practicable, efficient and compatible with Turkish National Geographical Information Systems Project (TUCBS) that is aimed at the determination of national standards for obtaining, sharing and exchanging spatial data. This paper discusses UIS's role for providing efficient and practicable urban services through evaluating mentioned project.

Yaşam alanlarımızı etkileyen büyük depremler, yerleşime uygun olmayan zeminlerde depreme dayanıksız yapılaşma stokumuzdan dolayı, can ve mal kayıplarına yol açabilmektedir. Sismik ağlar yerleri daha önceden belirlenen zayıf ve kuvvetli yer hareketi istasyonlarını yönetir. Bu sismik ağ (AnaNet), istasyonun durumu, veri iletişim durumu ve diğer parametreler hakkında bilgi sağlar. AnaNet Eskişehir'deki depremlerin konumlarını ve büyüklüklerini hızlı ve doğru bir şekilde belirlemek amacıyla 7gün/24saat işletilir. Sismik ağın işletilmesinde, istasyon alt yapısı, ağ protokolü, sunucu hizmetleri, iletişim alt yapıları oldukça önemli hizmetlerdir. Bu çalışma kapsamında, Yerel Deprem İzleme Ağı (AnaNet) iletişim altyapısı ve deprem verilerinin Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemi (CBS) ortamında yorumlanmasına yönelik değişkenler tartışılmıştır. Deprem hasar senaryoları için yöntem, iki aşamalı olarak düşünülebilir. İlk aşamada, deprem kararı verilir. İkinci aşamada, bölgeye özgü yer hareketi parametrelerine bağlı yapıların hasar görebilirliği tahmin edilir. Sismik Ağın bir bileşeni olarak hazırlanan Network Triger yazılımı, çoklu istasyon dizilimleri ile sismik olayların belirlenmesi ve tanımlanmasına olanak sağlar. İstasyonlardan gelen verilerin %30'undan fazlasının aynı zaman diliminde tetiklenmesi sonucu elde edilen tetikleme sinyalinin deprem olduğuna karar verilir. Ardından depreme ait ivme, hız ve yer değiştirme değerleri gerçek zamanlı olarak hesaplanmaktadır. Hesaplanan ivme, hız ve yer değiştirme verileri, konumları ile dosyalanır ve SMS ve e-posta yoluyla kullanıcılar ile paylaşılır. Pilot uygulama, Eskişehir ilindeki belirli bir sınırda deprem kaynaklı kuvvetli yer hareketi değerinin hesaplanması için uygulanmıştır. Sonuçlar yer yüzeyindeki deprem karakteristiklerinin hesaplanmasında gerçek zamanlı kuvvetli yer hareketi analizlerinin ve CBS'nin önemini göstermiştir. Afet Müdahale Programı, Eskişehir yerleşim yerindeki depremle ilişkili interaktif haritaları oluşturur. Mobil uygulamalar kullanılarak izlenebilen haritalar raporlama fonksiyonu ile beraber depremden etkilenen nüfus ve yapıların profilini gösterir., Due to the unstable alluvial soil and vulnerable building stock, major earthquakes that affect a residential area may damage buildings and cause loss of life. A seismic network manages the weak and strong ground motion recording stations that have been previously established at several locations. This seismic network, Local Weak and Strong Motion Network (AnaNet) provides information about the stations' data communication status and other parameters. AnaNet operates a 24-hour-a-day service to determine the location and magnitude of earthquakes that hit Eskisehir, as rapidly and accurately as possible. As a consequence, the infrastructure of the seismic station, network protocol, server services, and communication infrastructure are vital services for the operation of the seismic network. In this study, the variables of the communication infrastructure of AnaNet, and the interpretation of the earthquake data by using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are discussed. The methodology of earthquake damage scenarios may be considered in two stages: In the first stage, the system determines that there was an earthquake. In the second stage, the vulnerability of buildings is estimated, based on site-specific ground motion parameters. The Network Trigger software that was prepared as a component of the seismic network, allows the detection and definition of events across the arrays of multiple instruments. It is determined that the trigger signal was an earthquake when more than 30 percent of data is received from the seismic stations at the same time. Subsequently, the values of acceleration, velocity and displacement belonging to the earthquake are calculated in real-time. The calculated acceleration, velocity and displacement data is then stored and shared between users via SMS and e-mail. A pilot study has been carried out to evaluate strong ground motion data of an earthquake in Eskisehir, Turkey. The results demonstrate the importance of GIS and strong ground motion analysis real-time in the calculation of the earthquake characteristics of the ground surface. Accordingly, the Disaster Response Program creates the interactive maps related to the earthquake in Eskisehir residential area. The maps, which can be viewed by mobile applications and by the reporting functions of the programs together, the population affected, and the structures impacted by the earthquake, can be seen by Geographic Information Systems (GIS), also providing analytical capabilities and essential disaster management decision support.

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WOS: 000384553400018, In this study, drilled core values from the Magnesite Incorporated Company-its original Turkish name being Manyezit Anonim Sirketi (MAS)-Beylikova Magnesite Open-Pit Mine in Eskisehir-Turkey provided multivariate ore grade and reserve estimates that were used to integrate geostatistical estimation methods with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology. GIS technology is known for with its visual and spatial query capabilities in three-dimensional (3D) environments. Using the company's topographical maps, a digital terrain model of the mine area of interest was generated in a GIS environment. Bore hole locations, drilled core values and cutting depths were also input to the sophisticated spatial geodatabase. Ore impurity grade values were analyzed according to their lognormal distributions, then evaluated by applying their corresponding variogram and cross-variogram models - models used in ordinary cokriging. To estimate ore reserve and grade, ordinary cokriging techniques were used: a two-variable model with two different variable combinations and a three-variable model. Spatial queries were applied to estimation results in a 3D GIS platform in order to determine the location, shape, and quantity of the ore body. Subsequently, the Mean Standardized Square Error (MSSE) statistical procedure was applied to the estimation results to assess and compare their accuracy. Based on these assessments, it was determined that ordinary cokriging with three variables was the most appropriate and accurate approach for estimating ore grade distribution and reserve in Beylikova Open-Pit Mine.

WOS: 000360068200081, Along its track between Samsun and Adana, an oil pipeline was planned to cross two active faults among others: Gok double dagger e Fault located at 7 km south of Tokat and Karayaka Fault located at 45 km northeast of Tokat. Geological investigations suggest that both faults reveal reverse fault properties. Determination of the dip angles of the fault planes is crucial in pipeline construction. Fault plane dip angles can be best determined by seismic reflection methods. Although first few metres from the Earth's surface are important in pipeline construction, few hundred metres of penetration depth are required for reliable fault identifications and fault-parameter computations. Two seismic profiles were accomplished on Gok double dagger e and Karayaka faults. Computations based on seismic depth sections obtained in this study reveal that the apparent dip angle of Gok double dagger e Fault is 84.6A degrees, and the apparent dip angle of Karayaka Fault is 72.4A degrees., ENVY Inc., This work has been performed within the cooperative work of the Ankara University Geophysics and Energy and Environmental Investments Inc. (ENVY). We acknowledge with gratitude the technical and financial support of ENVY Inc. The authors also give thanks to the stuff of General Directorate of Disaster Affairs Earthquake Research Department for providing seismic recording instruments and their technical support in the field.

WOS: 000333550200005, An intense seismic activity has been observed after the Bala (Ankara, NW central Turkey) earthquakes (30 July 2005: Mw=5.3, 20 December 2007: Mw=5.4, and 26 December 2007: Mw=5.3), continuing up to the present. The epicenters and the focal mechanism solutions of the earthquakes indicate that the right lateral strike-slip Afar fault, trending N55-60 degrees W, is responsible for the main shocks. The Afar fault is thought to be the NW continuation of the Tuzgolu fault zone, which is one of the main neotectonic elements in central Anatolia. On the other hand, the aftershock distributions of the 2005 event have a NNE trend, and those of the 2007 event show a NW trending. Some focal mechanism solutions of the 2005 Bala earthquake aftershocks indicate normal and oblique normal faulting that corresponds to the NNE-trending Karakecili fault. It seems that seismic activation of the NNE-trending Karakecili fault was triggered by the 2005 main shock (Mw=5.3) that occurred on the NW-trending right lateral strike-slip Afar fault. The overall neotectonic framework is that the northwestern edge of the Tuzgolu fault zone, represented by the Afar fault in B ala, terminates in an extensional system represented by the oblique-slip Karakecili fault., Ankara University [06B4343011]; National Union of Geodesy and Geophysics of Turkey (TUJJB), National Earthquake Programme (UDP) [TUJJB-UDP-01-10], This paper is a result of "The geological and seismological investigation on the internal deformation of Anatolian Plate around Ankara (06B4343011)" project which is supported by Ankara University and "The geological and geophysical investigation of the active faults around Ankara (TUJJB-UDP-01-10)" project supported by National Union of Geodesy and Geophysics of Turkey (TUJJB), National Earthquake Programme (UDP).

The most important renewable energy source in Turkey is the hydropower. Turkey's geographical location provides important advantages for extensive use of hydropower energy sources. There are many available streams in the country for energy generation, which are mostly unexploited at the moment. Besides, electricity demand has recently increased significantly due to extensive energy use in the country. However, the required energy is mostly imported from foreign countries since it cannot be met by Turkey's own resources. In this paper, the hydropower potential of Şemdinli River, which is a subbasin of Zab Basin, is investigated. During the study, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) methods were utilized. According to preliminary research, one dam was planned in the Şemdinli River Basin. The possible costs of this dam and the estimated amount of annual electric energy were also calculated. For the calculations of the total costs and the total installed power capacity of the dam, Simahpp software was used. Accordingly, the total cost, installed power capacity and total annual electricity of the dam were respectively found as 61,716×106 US$, 42,813 MW and 78,76 GWh

7th IGRSM International Remote Sensing and GIS Conference and Exhibition -- APR 21-23, 2014 -- Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA, WOS: 000346761600053, This study extends upon the results of [1] to include the modeling of Land use/Land cover (LULC). This study looks at the changes that occurred from 2010 to 2030 in Tikrit district, Iraq by predicting LULC for the year target 2030 by using the classified images for two points of time (2000 - 2010) as a foundation for the modeling process. The projected map, in comparison with 2010 LULC map, shows a significant decrease in vegetation area (45.11 km2) which must be regulated in order to maintain a green environment, and increase in the urban area (58.42 km2) which should be monitored to have sustainable development and control the eco-environment degradation. Also, in this study, it is shown clearly that the use of Geographic Information System (GIS) and remote sensing (specially IDRISI software) in modeling LULC is a suitable approach to understand the future pattern., Institut Geospatial & Remote Sensing Malaysia, Univ Putra Malaysia, Sci & Technol Res Inst Defence, ANGKASA, Univ Malaya, UTAR, MARIM, Univ Teknologe Mara, NAHRIM, Univ Teknologe Petronas

The NW-SE trending tectonic contact between the metamorphic basement and the Neogene sedimentary rocks, located at the western side of the Afyon-Akşehir Graben, is interpreted as a reverse fault and is named as the Sultandagi{dotless} fault by some researchers. On the contrary, other workers claim that the Sultandagi{dotless} fault is a normal fault. Some researchers define the Yakasenek reverse fault which is cut by the Sultandagi{dotless} normal fault. In this study, the geological and geophysical studies have been performed on this tectonic contact. The tectonic contact that corresponds to the Yakasenek reverse fault was determined as a NE-dipping plane using with the 'Seismic Beam Steering' method. The identification of the NE-dipping plane instead of SW-dipping shows that the Yakasenek reverse fault, which is interpreted as a product of the Miocene-Pliocene contraction supporting two-stage graben model, does not exist. There is also no field evidence of reverse faulting in the area.

Afyon-Akşehir Grabeni’nin batı kenarını oluşturan, başkalaşım temel kayaçları ile Neojen çökel kayaçları arasındaki KB-GD doğrultulu tektonik dokanak bir grup araştırmacı tarafından Sultandağı Fayı olarak isimlendirilmiş ve ters fay olarak yorumlanmış, diğer bir grup tarafından ise sınırın normal fay olduğu ileri sürülmüştür. Bazı araştırmacılar da Sultandağı Fayı’nı normal fay olarak kabul etmekle birlikte, bu fay tarafından kesilen daha eski Yakasenek Ters Fayı’nı tanımlamışlardır. Bu çalışmada söz konusu Yakasenek Ters Fayı üzerinde jeolojik ve jeofizik çalışmalar gerçekleştirilmiştir. Temel birimler ile Neojen birimler arasındaki dokanak üzerinde uygulanan ‘Sismik Işın Yönlendirme’ yöntemi ile Yakasenek Ters Fayı’na karşılık gelen tektonik hat kuzeydoğuya eğimli olarak belirlenmiştir. Buradaki fayın güneybatının aksine kuzeydoğuya eğimli olarak saptanması, bölgede Miyosen-Pliyosen’de sıkışmanın varlığını ortaya koyan ve iki evreli graben modelini destekleyen Yakasenek Ters Fayı’nın bulunmadığını göstermiştir. Bölgede yapılan arazi gözlemlerinde de ters faya yönelik herhangi bir veriye rastlanmamıştır., The NW-SE trending tectonic contact between the metamorphic basement and the Neogene sedimentary rocks, located at the western side of the Afyon-Akşehir Graben, is interpreted as a reverse fault and is named as the Sultandağı fault by some researchers. On the contrary, other workers claim that the Sultandağı fault is a normal fault. Some researchers define the Yakasenek reverse fault which is cut by the Sultandağı normal fault. In this study, the geological and geophysical studies have been performed on this tectonic contact. The tectonic contact that corresponds to the Yakasenek reverse fault was determined as a NE-dipping plane using with the 'Seismic Beam Steering' method. The identification of the NE-dipping plane instead of SW-dipping shows that the Yakasenek reverse fault, which is interpreted as a product of the Miocene-Pliocene contraction supporting two-stage graben model, does not exist. There is also no field evidence of reverse faulting in the area.

Sismik araştırmalarda kullanılan ağırlık düşürme tipi kaynaklar, operasyonel açıdan ağırlık miktarı ve ağırlığa bağlı titreşimden kaynaklanan gürültüyle kısıtlıdır. Bu kaynaklar dışında, kullanımı söz konusu olan patlatmalı sistemler ise maliyet, yerleşim alanlarında yarattıkları tehlike ve verdikleri yapısal zararlar nedeniyle tercih edilmemektedir. Bu çalışmada, söz konusu kısıtların ve tercihlerin gerektirdiği şekilde, ağırlık miktarı artırılmış, dolayısıyla nüfuz derinliği yüksek, buna rağmen yarattığı gürültüyü minimuma indiren, yerleşim alanlarında da kullanılabilen özgün bir mobil sismik kaynak geliştirmeye çalışılmıştır., Weight drop type equipments used in seismic surveys are limited by weight quantity and weight depended resonances noise in terms of operational manner. Except for these sources, explosive systems can be used but not preferred due to their costs, danger and destructive effects in urban places. In this work, due to the limitations and decisions, an original mobile seismic source with an enhanced weight, higher penetration depth, eliminated noise which can as well be used in urban places is developed.

10th International Symposium Geoinformatics for City Transformations, GIS Ostrava 2013 -- JAN 21-23, 2013 -- Ostrava, CZECH REPUBLIC, WOS: 000393928700003, The development of 3 dimensional (3D) display technologies led to the widespread 3D designs and applications in construction industry. The major developments that offer visual presentation for the construction projects are 4D CAD, BIM and nD modeling. In addition, 3D GIS applications that use visualization features of GIS are also available. Unlike CAD tools, GIS software provide spatial data about construction for project participants. According to the previous studies, converting 2D CAD drawings into 3D data layers that refer to each construction activity is an efficient method. It is possible to transfer and edit them in GIS through data interoperability. Besides, 3D modeling and editing tools such as 3D Studio Max and SketchUp enables the realistic design with their material library and texture features. These modeling software can transfer data directly into GIS. In this study, two available 3D building visualization methods to provide visual support in GIS environment for the construction projects were compared. AutoCAD, SketchUp and ArcGIS were utilized for modeling, data transfer, editing and 3D visualization. 3D data transfer processes between these software were also discussed and multipatch geometry type that is supported by ArcGIS was emphasized. A reinforced concrete construction in Eskisehir, Turkey was determined as the study area for the case study. In consequence of the study, it was discovered that while the feature class objects that were transferred from CAD to GIS have 2D geometry, multipatch objects are in 3D geometrically thereby more realistic. Irregular 3D objects cannot be defined in feature class but they can be created in SketchUp and transferred into GIS as multipatch. On the other hand, each layers corresponding to the construction activities should be drawn individually in SketchUp., Int Soc Photogrammetry & Remote Sens, European Spatial Data Res Org, Czech Assoc Geoinformat, Assoc Geograph Informat Lab Europe, Slovak Assoc Geoinformat, Anadolu University Scientific Research Projects (SRP) Council [1103F044], This study was supported by Anadolu University Scientific Research Projects (SRP) Council as SRP with the number of 1103F044.

WOS: 000329176100031, Turkey's energy need is increasing day by day. The required energy is mostly imported from foreign countries since it cannot be met by the country's own resources. However, Turkey has rich renewable water resources to produce energy. To fulfill the aim of closing this energy gap and using the country's water resources more efficiently, the hydropower potential of the Zab River Basin is investigated in this paper. The overall objective of the study is to evaluate the hydropower potential of the Zab River Basin using Geographic Information Systems and Remote Sensing methods, and utilize this potential for the economical development of the region and the country. Within the study, appropriate locations were determined for 12 dams in the basin; estimated costs and annual electric energy generation were calculated with the Simahpp Software. According to these calculations, the total cost, installed power capacity and the annual electric energy generation of the dams were found, respectively, as 838.753 x 10(6) US$, 580.928 MW and 1112.327 GWh, Scientific Research Commission of Anadolu University [090234/2012], This study was supported by Scientific Research Commission of Anadolu University (Project No. 090234/2012, Project Coordinator: R. Bakis,). State Meteorological Organisation (DMI) shared their data free of charge. GIS and Erdas software used for the study were provided by Earth and Space Sciences Institute of Anadolu University.

Bu çalışmada, Kütahya kent merkezi imar planında altlık olarak kullanılabilecek, öneri rekreasyon alanlarını saptamak üzere değerlendirme ölçütü ortaya konulmuştur. Ekolojik alan kullanımı kapsamında kent merkezinde rekreasyon alanı tespitine olanak sağlayacak 8 faktör değerlendirmeye alınmıştır. Tespit edilen faktörlerin uygunluk değeri ağırlıklarının saptanması sırasında, tutarlılık oranı kapsamında matematiksel değerlendirme yapma özelliğinden dolayı, Analitik Hiyerarşi Süreci (AHP) metodu kullanılmıştır. Tutarlılık oranı dikkate alınarak çalışma alanı ve rekreasyon alanı düzenleme konularında bilgi sahibi 5 uzman görüşü ile faktör ağırlıkları saptanmıştır. Bu faktör ağırlıklarının birbirleri ile karşılaştırmaları yapılarak öncelik değerleri saptanmıştır. Çalışma alanına ait faktör haritaları bu öncelik değerleri kullanılarak coğrafi bilgi sistemleri (CBS) ortamında ağırlıklı olarak çakıştırılmış ve sonuçta öneri rekreasyon alanları tespit edilmiştir., In this study, a criterion has been suggested for the determination of recommended recreation areas, which can be used as underlay, in the development plan of the KÜtahya city center. 8 factors, which will enable the determination of recreation area in the city center within the scope of ecological area use, have been evaluated. During the determination of the compliance value weights of the factors, the method of Analytic Hierarchy Process has been used owing to its quality as making mathematical evaluations under the rate of consistency. By taking the rate of consistency into consideration, weights of the factors have been determined with the opinion of 5 experts specialized on the study area and recreation area arrangement. Priority values of these factor weights have been determined by their comparison with each other. Factor maps of the study area have been overlaid in the geographic information systems software by using these priority values and as a result recommended recreation areas have been determined.