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This investigation aims to examine the resolution of the generalized nonlinear time fractional Harry Dym (ℕ ℍ) equation through a combined application of analytical and numerical methodologies. The primary objective is to scrutinize the equation's behavior and present proficient methodologies for its resolution. The Khater II analytical technique and numerical frameworks, specifically the Cubic-B-spline, Quantic-B-spline, and Septic-B-spline schemes, are proposed for this purpose. The outcomes of this inquiry yield substantial revelations regarding the characteristics of ℕ ℍ equation. Both the analytical approach and numerical schemes demonstrate their efficacy in yielding precise solutions. These findings carry noteworthy implications across various disciplines, encompassing physics, mathematics, and engineering. The investigated model appears in plasma physics research on soliton theory and nonlinear waves. Soliton waves, which keep their shape and velocity while propagating, are found in plasma physics and other domains. In plasma environments, the Harry Dym equation describes these solitons and their behavior. Solitons are essential for understanding plasma dynamics, including nonlinear waves and structures. They help comprehend plasma dynamics, wave interactions, and other nonlinear processes. The principal deductions drawn from this study underscore the effectiveness and viability of the proposed techniques in resolving the ℕ ℍ equation. This research introduces innovative contributions in terms of insights and methodologies pertinent to analogous nonlinear fractional equations. Its scope encompasses nonlinear dynamics, fractional calculus, and numerical analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The paper provides a detailed review of different methodologies for analyzing Mg corrosion, including electrochemical, non-electrochemical, and analytical techniques. • A diverse set of analytical tools is used in Mg corrosion research to explore the interplay between corrosion, microstructure, and material dissolution mechanisms. • Tools like SEM/EDS, SKPFM, and TEM offer site-specific analysis, while XPS, FTIR, and BIB provide a more general view of the specimen surfaces. • Instruments such as TKD, AES, and ToF-SIMS/NanoSIMS are specialized for surface layer analysis, contrasting with CT tomography and SEM that reveal details from within the specimen. • Increasing significance of in-situ analysis in Mg corrosion research is highlighted, enabling the real-time observation of corrosion processes and the identification of initial corrosion products as they emerge. Corrosion is a pervasive phenomenon affecting materials across a multitude of scales, from the atomic to the macroscopic. This review paper presents a comprehensive examination of the methodologies employed in the analysis of magnesium corrosion, including electrochemical, non-electrochemical and analytical approaches, emphasizing the need for a diverse array of analytical tools to understand the complex interplay between corrosion, microstructure, and the dissolution mechanisms of magnesium alloys. The research showcases the utility of specific tools like SEM/EDS and SKPFM for targeted site analysis, while XPS and FTIR provide a broader perspective on specimen surfaces. The paper also discusses the value of in-situ analysis techniques, which allow for the real-time observation of corrosion processes, offering a dynamic view of the emergence and evolution of corrosion products. These in-situ methods stand in contrast to ex-situ analyses, which only permit post-experimental evaluation. By highlighting the capabilities of various analytical tools, from those that reveal surface layer details to those that probe deeper structures, and from those that detect primary elements to those that trace minute quantities of impurities, this study underscores the intricate nature of corrosion and the critical role of advanced analytical techniques in fostering a deeper understanding of material degradation. The findings advocate for the increased application of in-situ analysis in magnesium corrosion research, as it provides a more immediate and accurate depiction of corrosion dynamics, potentially leading to more effective corrosion prevention and control strategies. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corrosion is a pervasive phenomenon affecting materials across a multitude of scales, from the atomic to the macroscopic. This review paper presents a comprehensive examination of the methodologies employed in the analysis of magnesium corrosion, including electrochemical, non-electrochemical and analytical approaches, emphasizing the need for a diverse array of analytical tools to understand the complex interplay between corrosion, microstructure, and the dissolution mechanisms of magnesium alloys. The research showcases the utility of specific tools like SEM/EDS and SKPFM for targeted site analysis, while XPS and FTIR provide a broader perspective on specimen surfaces. The paper also discusses the value of in-situ analysis techniques, which allow for the real-time observation of corrosion processes, offering a dynamic view of the emergence and evolution of corrosion products. These in-situ methods stand in contrast to ex-situ analyses, which only permit post-experimental evaluation. By highlighting the capabilities of various analytical tools, from those that reveal surface layer details to those that probe deeper structures, and from those that detect primary elements to those that trace minute quantities of impurities, this study underscores the intricate nature of corrosion and the critical role of advanced analytical techniques in fostering a deeper understanding of material degradation. The findings advocate for the increased application of in-situ analysis in magnesium corrosion research, as it provides a more immediate and accurate depiction of corrosion dynamics, potentially leading to more effective corrosion prevention and control strategies.

As an important non-volatile component in fruit juice, pectin can not only affect the stability of fruit juice but also bind aroma compounds, thereby affecting the release and retention of fruit juice flavor. Improving food flavor by using the interaction between biological macromolecules such as pectin and aroma compounds has become one of the most dynamic new directions for controlling food flavor. Based on this point, the composition and structure of pectin, the research methods and the mechanism and impact factors of the interaction between pectin and aroma compounds were reviewed. In addition, by analyzing the limitations of the current pectin-aroma interaction research, future trends according to the interaction between pectin and aroma substances were expected to provide references for regulating flavor in juice processing and the interaction research between other matrix components of food and aroma substances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reflectance spectroscopy has emerged as a powerful analytical technique in the field of dermatology, offering a non-invasive strategy to assess several cutaneous properties and skin response to topical products. By analyzing reflected light across different wavelengths, reflectance spectroscopy allows the quantification of cutaneous parameters, such as erythema index and melanin content. Moreover, this analytical technique enables the monitoring of any changes in skin physiology facilitating the assessment of long-term effects of topical products as well as predicting cutaneous diseases. This review provides an overview of the application of reflectance spectroscopy in investigating skin properties and reaction to topical applied products, including both pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulations, thereby aiding in the development of personalized solutions tailored to individual needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spices are food flavouring agents that are highly used in Iraq. However, they may be contaminated by toxicogenic fungi and subsequent production of mycotoxins. The aim of this study was to investigate the contamination of commonly used spices with fungi using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay and to detect fungal mycotoxin using high‐performance liquid chromatography. Thirty‐five spices (seven samples from each black pepper, red pepper, turmeric, cumin and ginger) were cultured on an appropriate medium to identify various fungi species. Later on, the toxigenicity of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger was determined using a PCR assay. The fungal mycotoxins, including aflatoxins and ochratoxins, were then determined through a high‐performance liquid chromatography using the validated Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe (QuECHERS) method. Aspergillus species were the predominantly isolated fungi, followed by Penicillium and Fusarium. The PCR results indicate the high toxigenicity of A. flavus as 85.7% of the strains had aflQ/aflR genes and 79% had PKS15KS/PKS15C‐MeT genes. Regarding mycotoxin contamination in spices, the highest rates of aflatoxins and ochratoxins were found in black pepper (5.913 μg/kg) and red chilli (6.9055 μg/kg), respectively. Spices are susceptible substrates for the growth of mycotoxigenic fungi. Thus, regular effective surveillance and quality control procedures are highly recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Fructoborates are essential nutritional compounds which have garnered significant attention, due to their impact on human health. Recent studies have also identified fructoborates in other sources, such as certain leafy greens, tubers and medicinal plants, such as ginseng roots. This review delves into the intricacies of their natural occurrence, chemical properties and the myriad of health benefits associated with their consumption. Particular emphasis is placed on calcium fructoborate, given its high content of boron, calcium and fructose, and its profound effects on bone health, cardiovascular function, metabolic syndrome and inflammation. Advanced analytical methods, including spectroscopy and chromatography, are also discussed for their role in detecting and quantifying fructoborates in dietary supplements and other matrices. The review concludes with a look at future research directions, emphasizing the need for further studies on their bioavailability, absorption mechanisms long-term safety and efficacy. However, it is important to mention that there is a predominant focus on recent studies regarding boron and boric acid, with fewer studies concentrating on the specific effects of fructoborates. Additionally, the significant variability at the individual level in response to fructoborates may pose a challenge, considering that individual reactions can vary based on genetic factors, lifestyle and overall health status. Certainly, the evolving research landscape surrounding fructoborates suggests a promising avenue for exploring their potential applications in the development of novel therapeutics and dietary interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the outstanding thermal properties of nanoparticles, scientists have introduced a range of multidisciplinary applications in fields such as heat transfer systems, thermal management, solar energy, chemical processes, manufacturing, and cooling technologies. The aim of the current paper is to inspect the heat and mass transfer pattern during Maxwell nanofluid flow considering the diffusion phenomenon. The suspension of microorganisms has been considered for bioconvective flow. The inspection of heat transfer is analyzed by adopting the nonlinear radiated effects. The motivations for considering the Maxwell fluid are associated to novel relaxation time features occurring in polymer industry and manufacturing systems. The endorsed flow is caused by periodically oscillating surface with porous medium. The whole mathematical model is developed in terms of partial differential equations (PDE’s). A successful analytical solution is presented via homotopy analysis method (HAM). It is observed that solutal concentration reduces due to modified Duffer Lewis number and Deborah number. The surface heating parameter and magneto-porosity constant enhances the temperature profile. The predicted results convey significant impact in enhancing the energy reservoirs, diffusion applications, nuclear systems, oil industry, storage energy, space exploration etc.

The current analysis deals with the physiological flow of hybrid nanofluid within an expanding and contracting vertical annulus embedding with a permeable medium. Additionally, in the free convective viscous flow, the impact of thermal radiation on the heat transport phenomenon is vital. The significance of this research lies in the utilization of Hamilton–Crosser thermal conductivity to investigate the behavior of nanoparticles with different shapes. In this study, both oxide nanoparticles like Al2O3 and metal nanoparticles like Ag are incorporated into the blood, which serves as the base fluid. This incorporation aims to enhance the performance of hybrid nanofluids in influencing flow phenomena. The proposed mathematical model designed for the above-mentioned constraints is solved analytically following the transformation into their corresponding non-dimensional form. The statistical behavior of the diversified parameters is presented graphically and the numerical results for the rate coefficients are deployed via table. Further, the important characteristics of the results are depicted as follows: the combined effect of the particle concentration used in hybrid nanofluid favors in reducing the fluid velocity greatly than that of nanofluid and pure fluid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the outstanding thermal properties of nanoparticles, scientists have introduced a range of multidisciplinary applications in fields such as heat transfer systems, thermal management, solar energy, chemical processes, manufacturing, and cooling technologies. The aim of the current paper is to inspect the heat and mass transfer pattern during Maxwell nanofluid flow considering the diffusion phenomenon. The suspension of microorganisms has been considered for bioconvective flow. The inspection of heat transfer is analyzed by adopting the nonlinear radiated effects. The motivations for considering the Maxwell fluid are associated to novel relaxation time features occurring in polymer industry and manufacturing systems. The endorsed flow is caused by periodically oscillating surface with porous medium. The whole mathematical model is developed in terms of partial differential equations (PDE's). A successful analytical solution is presented via homotopy analysis method (HAM). It is observed that solutal concentration reduces due to modified Duffer Lewis number and Deborah number. The surface heating parameter and magneto-porosity constant enhances the temperature profile. The predicted results convey significant impact in enhancing the energy reservoirs, diffusion applications, nuclear systems, oil industry, storage energy, space exploration etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the modified nonlinear time fractional Harry Dym equation, incorporating the conformable fractional derivative. Functioning as a mathematical framework for examining nonlinear phenomena in shallow water waves, particularly solitons, this model elucidates the intricate effects of dispersion and nonlinear steepening on wave dynamics. Employing a blend of analytical and numerical methodologies, the research aims to decipher the physical implications of the equation and its interconnectedness with other nonlinear evolution equations. The model delineates the evolution of a nonlinear wave in 1 + 1 dimensions (one spatial dimension x and time t ). The proposed methodology encompasses the G ′ G , 1 G expansion method, an analytical technique, alongside three numerical schemes utilizing B-spline methods. These methodologies facilitate the exploration of the equation’s behavior and enable precise computations of its solutions. The principal findings underscore the effective application of the proposed methodologies in resolving the modified nonlinear time fractional Harry Dym equation, furnishing valuable insights into its dynamics and significantly contributing to its physical interpretation. The significance of these discoveries lies in their contribution to the broader comprehension of nonlinear evolution equations and their pertinence across various scientific and engineering domains. This study provides novel insights into the modified nonlinear time fractional Harry Dym equation through a combined analytical and numerical approach. It advances the field of nonlinear dynamics and carries implications for analyzing analogous nonlinear evolution equations. These findings deepen our understanding of the equation’s physical interpretation and lay the groundwork for future explorations in related domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reflectance spectroscopy has emerged as a powerful analytical technique in the field of dermatology, offering a non-invasive strategy to assess several cutaneous properties and skin response to topical products. By analyzing reflected light across different wavelengths, reflectance spectroscopy allows the quantification of cutaneous parameters, such as erythema index and melanin content. Moreover, this analytical technique enables the monitoring of any changes in skin physiology facilitating the assessment of long-term effects of topical products as well as predicting cutaneous diseases. This review provides an overview of the application of reflectance spectroscopy in investigating skin properties and reaction to topical applied products, including both pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulations, thereby aiding in the development of personalized solutions tailored to individual needs.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of rock powder in the phytoremediation of Inceptisol (sandy loam) and Oxisol (clay) contaminated with diuron. Canavalia ensiformis plants were grown in pots containing 7.5 kg of both soils, with doses of 0, 4, and 8 t ha−1 of rock powder. Diuron was applied in doses ranging from 875 to 3500 g of a.i. ha−1. The injury level was assessed at 42 days after emergence (DAE), and the morphological characteristics were assessed at 120 DAE. After phytoremediation, the soil was analyzed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and by bioassay with cucumber (Cucumis sativus) to detect diuron. In Oxisol, no injury was observed, and the rock powder (4 t ha−1) benefited the growth of C. ensiformis regardless of the dose of diuron. In Inceptisol, the greatest reduction in growth occurred with 3500 g a.i. ha−1 of diuron and 8 t ha−1 of rock powder. Diuron was detected after 120 days in Inceptisol with 2625 g a.i. ha−1 without rock powder and 3500 g a.i. ha−1 with and without rock powder. The cucumber bioindicator in Inceptisol showed an increase in the level of injury as the dose of diuron increased. The rock powder favored the growth of C. ensiformis and was able to phytoremediate high concentrations of diuron, which supports the safe use of this herbicide for weed control, minimizing environmental impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an analytical investigation of the nonlinear vibration characteristics of a single-phase functionally graded cylindrical shell panel with various porous metal cores. Porous constructions with varying degrees of porosity throughout their volume are known as functionally graded materials (FGMs). These materials have a wide range of applications across several industries, including shipbuilding, automotive, biomedical, marine, and aerospace. The sandwich cylindrical panel has a porous metal core, while the top and bottom faces are composed of homogeneous materials. The model is improved using a power-law function. The governing equations of motion are discretized according to the classical thin shell theory with von Karman nonlinear strain-displacement relations by applying Galerkin's method to a collection of ordinary nonlinear equations. The nonlinear equations are determined using the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method, which is implemented in MATLAB software. The influences of core materials, porosity distribution, FG core thickness, face sheet layers, and changing gradient index on the natural frequency and dynamic response of the FG cylindrical shell are discussed. The existing literature is used to compare the current findings, and a favorable level of consistency is observed. The results obtained indicate that the porosity coefficients have a notable impact on the vibration behavior and overall reliability of functionally graded structures. The results demonstrate that when the porous parameter is increased, the natural frequencies of the FG sandwich cylindrical also increase. Nevertheless, this paper also presents several new and valuable results that may be of great reference to the readers.

The process of growth, development, and reproduction cannot take place in a live body without the presence of amino acids (AAs) since they are necessary for appropriate functioning. Detection of AAs in pharmaceutical and food samples is required to ensure quality, quantity, and efficacy. The AAs generally do not contain chromophores; hence their chromatographic analysis requires derivatization. The research papers published in the last few years were used to compile this manuscript. This manuscript covers various analytical, bioanalytical, and electrochemical approaches used in the identification of AAs. The analytical techniques like high‐performance liquid chromatography, ultra‐performance liquid chromatography, etc., and the hyphenated analytical techniques like liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry, ultra‐performance liquid chromatography‐electrospray tandem mass spectrometry, and hydrophilic interaction ultra‐performance liquid chromatography are also discussed. This manuscript also briefly outlines the electrochemical analytical techniques including sensors and biosensors. This review article will be useful to the researcher working in the area of the development of analytical techniques for the detection of AAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food authentication and origin traceability are popular research topics, especially as concerns about food quality continue to increase. Mass spectrometry (MS) plays an indispensable role in food authentication and origin traceability. In this review, the applications of MS in food authentication and origin traceability by analyzing the main components and chemical fingerprints or profiles are summarized. In addition, the characteristic markers for food authentication are also reviewed, and the advantages and disadvantages of MS‐based techniques for food authentication, as well as the current trends and challenges, are discussed. The fingerprinting and profiling methods, in combination with multivariate statistical analysis, are more suitable for the authentication of high‐value foods, while characteristic marker‐based methods are more suitable for adulteration detection. Several new techniques have been introduced to the field, such as proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry, ambient ionization mass spectrometry (AIMS), and ion mobility mass spectrometry, for the determination of food adulteration due to their fast and convenient analysis. As an important trend, the miniaturization of MS offers advantages, such as small and portable instrumentation and fast and nondestructive analysis. Moreover, many applications in food authentication are using AIMS, which can help food authentication in food inspection/field analysis. This review provides a reference and guide for food authentication and traceability based on MS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy sources, widely considered as distribution generation units, will be essential parts of the future electrical network. They will be integrated into the network at all voltage levels and act as the main controlling elements in the microgrid to stabilize the network. However, the objective of determining the suitable busbar to integrate the renewable generation source and its maximum capacity is still an indecisive problem. This article presents a methodology to select suitable busbars to integrate the renewable generation unit. A bus selection index is proposed based on three criteria, i.e. voltage deviation, active power loss, and grid energy infeed. The developed algorithm considers network busbar voltage limit and branch loading as constraints and the solution is determined using analytical technique. Algorithm is implemented in MATLAB, and MATPOWER is used for the power flow analysis. Furthermore, the proposed methodology is analysed on CIGRE and IEEE medium voltage benchmark network.

Microplastics are high molecular-weight polymers with micro- or nano-meter size, which have become a major global environmental issue in recent decades due to their ubiquity in the environment, bioavailability and potential toxicity. New analytical methods for the characterization of microplastics and nanoplastics are quickly emerging, such as particle size measurement, component identification and quantification. Many techniques have been developed and applied for the characterization of microplastics, such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and mass spectrometry (MS), etc. In recent years, the continuous development of MS technology has drawn more and more attention to the characterization and the environmental impact of microplastics. This paper mainly reviewed the state-of-the-art development and application of MS in microplastics analysis during the past decade. The principles and characteristics of various MS techniques used in the qualitative and quantitative analysis of microplastics were described, including thermal analysis coupled with MS-based techniques, elemental analytical MS, MALDI-ToF MS, LC-MS and ToF-SIMS. MS can provide chemical structure, molecular weight, degree of polymerization, additives, main functional groups and other information about the polymers, so it can be widely applied for chemical characterization, particle size determination and semi-quantitative/quantitative analysis of microplastics of small size. It has the advantages of replicable, fast real-time in situ analysis and high throughput detection, which can not only detect microplastics in the environment but also in biological tissues or cells in situ, showing great application potential in the research on the source, migration, transformation and interaction with biological organisms. The microplastics have been detected in the ocean, atmosphere, soil, consumer products, organisms and even human tissue, including polyethylene, polyamide, polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, polystyrene, polycarbonate, polymethyl methacrylate, polyethylene terephthalate, etc. The health risks of ingestion of microplastics deserve further exploration, especially nano plastics. The continuous development of MS technique and its combination with other separation/characterization methods will greatly promote the analysis of microplastics, and MS will become a more and more powerful tool in this research field and provide important scientific basis for the control of microplastic pollution.

Until now, most commonly used state space averaging and PWM techniques have been applied to different converter topologies and their advantages and disadvantages were stated. However, the superiority of an analytical technique was not justified based on a parametric comparison of these techniques for the same converter topology. Hence, in this paper, first time a comparative evaluation of two commonly used modelling techniques for fourth order converter is presented. The first approach makes use of a state-space averaging of the converter and is based on analytical manipulations using different state representations of the converter. The second approach is based on PWM switch modelling with an extra element theorem and consists of topological manipulations. The two modelling techniques are applied to the same complex cascaded DC-DC Buck converter and a transfer function is obtained. These techniques are compared for different features and the study concludes that state space modelling technique is systematic and less complicated than PWM switch modelling with an extra element theorem for a higher order converter.

In this study, the analytical solution of the Hirota equation by using the rational sine–Gordon expansion method (RSGEM) has been investigated. For this purpose, the mentioned model is converted into an ordinary differential equation by using a wave transformation. After the balancing procedure, a set of equation system is found. The solutions of the equation system give coefficients both in the considered solution form and in the model. The proposed technique gives new analytical solutions including the dark soliton solutions, bright soliton solutions and periodic wave solutions corresponding to the appropriate coefficient values. We also give geometric interpretations of the obtained solutions to understand the physical meaning better. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc phosphide has been recently approved in Europe as a vole control product. Currently, only one formulation (lentils/pellets) is marketed with 0.8% Zn3P2. It is applied with a delivery device for burrow baiting. In many instances, zinc phosphide poisoning has been confirmed in non-target species (primary poisoning). In order to be prepared for potential non-target poisoning incidents in wildlife, the SAGIR network, FREDON Franche-Comté, and University of Franche-Comté conducted a field study on common voles to test the sampling method and storage impact under realistic field conditions on the detection of zinc phosphide. The toxicology laboratory of Vetagro Sup, member of SAGIR, worked on the improvement of the World Health Organization WHO technique in order to lower the Limit of Quantification (LOQ) and to validate the technique for the correct identification of field cases. The specificity was tested on 20 gastric content samples (100%), and the LOQ was established at 0.01 g/l (i.e., a 100-fold decrease as compared with the 1995 WHO technique). Zinc content was measured by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy and non-poisoned animals were tested to check baseline values and to estimate recovery of spiked samples (94-102%). Quantification of zinc in the liver of poisoned versus control animals was also performed. A total of 30 voles were collected in treated and control fields and submitted for analysis. Technicians were not aware of the poisoning status of the animals when performing analytical investigations. Twenty-one individuals were trapped in the control area and nine in the treated fields. Phosphine and high levels of Zn could be detected in eight of the nine intoxicated individuals. Phosphine was not detected in the control voles. Zinc concentrations in the gastric content were significantly different between negative control and exposed animals, but liver concentrations of zinc were similar.

The aim of this article is to implement the Generalized Modified Adomian Decomposition Method to compute the semi-numerical solution of the linear system of intuitionistic fuzzy initial value problems. Here, we consider the initial values as generalized trapezoidal intuitionistic fuzzy numbers. The technique is applied to brine tanks problem and coupled mass spring systems.Theoretically, different approaches to solving a system of generalized trapezoidal intuitionistic fuzzy differential equations are discussed in this study under the presumption that the coefficients of the system of the differential equations are associated to generalized trapezoidal intuitionistic fuzzy numbers. The approximate results are compared with exact solutions which shows good efficiency. The corresponding graphs at different levels of uncertainty show the example’s numerical outcomes. The graphical representations further demonstrate the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed method in comparison to existing semi-numerical methods in the literature.

This article investigates the optical soliton solutions of the Kundu–Mukherjee–Naskar (KMN) equation with the help of the enhanced modified extended tanh method (eMETEM). The equation is crucial for simulating the bending of light beam, rogue waves in the seas, and fiber pulses in optics. Some different kinds of solitons such as singular-periodic, dark and singular for the KMN equation have been successfully obtained by the used method. Utilizing Maple, we confirm that all acquired solutions satisfy the considered equation. We have also analyzed the impact of the parameters graphically in the considered equation. The results shown in the figures reveal that the parameters of the considered equation have an important effect upon soliton dynamics. It is anticipated that the gained solutions and used approach would create remarkable chances for future work in a variety of science areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fractional calculus is at this time an area where many models are still being developed, explored, and used in real-world applications in many branches of science and engineering where non-locality plays a key role. Although many wonderful discoveries have already been reported by researchers in important monographs and review articles, there is still a great deal of non-local phenomena that have not been studied and are only waiting to be explored. As a result, we can continually learn about new applications and aspects of fractional modelling. In this study, a precise and analytical method with non-singular kernel derivatives is used to solve the Caudrey–Dodd–Gibbon (CDG) model, a modification of the fifth-order KdV equation (fKdV). The fractional derivative is taken into account by the Caputo–Fabrizio (CF) derivative and the Atangana–Baleanu derivative in the Caputo sense (ABC). This model illustrates the propagation of magneto-acoustic, shallow-water, and gravity–capillary waves in a plasma medium. The dynamic behaviour of the acquired solutions has been represented in a number of two- and three-dimensional figures. A number of simulations are also performed to demonstrate how the resulting solutions physically behave with respect to fractional order. The significance of the current research is that new solutions are obtained by using a strong analytical approach. Utilizing a fractional derivative operator to solve equivalent models is another benefit of this approach. The results of the present work have similar aspects to the symmetry of partial differential equations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy sources, widely considered as distribution generation units, will be essential parts of the future electrical network. They will be integrated into the network at all voltage levels and act as the main controlling elements in the microgrid to stabilize the network. However, the objective of determining the suitable busbar to integrate the renewable generation source and its maximum capacity is still an indecisive problem. This article presents a methodology to select suitable busbars to integrate the renewable generation unit. A bus selection index is proposed based on three criteria, i.e. voltage deviation, active power loss, and grid energy infeed. The developed algorithm considers network busbar voltage limit and branch loading as constraints and the solution is determined using analytical technique. Algorithm is implemented in MATLAB, and MATPOWER is used for the power flow analysis. Furthermore, the proposed methodology is analysed on CIGRE and IEEE medium voltage benchmark network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastics are high molecular-weight polymers with micro- or nano-meter size, which have become a major global environmental issue in recent decades due to their ubiquity in the environment, bioavailability and potential toxicity. New analytical methods for the characterization of microplastics and nanoplastics are quickly emerging, such as particle size measurement, component identification and quantification. Many techniques have been developed and applied for the characterization of microplastics, such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and mass spectrometry (MS), etc. In recent years, the continuous development of MS technology has drawn more and more attention to the characterization and the environmental impact of microplastics. This paper mainly reviewed the state-of-the-art development and application of MS in microplastics analysis during the past decade. The principles and characteristics of various MS techniques used in the qualitative and quantitative analysis of microplastics were described, including thermal analysis coupled with MS-based techniques, elemental analytical MS, MALDI-ToF MS, LC-MS and ToF-SIMS. MS can provide chemical structure, molecular weight, degree of polymerization, additives, main functional groups and other information about the polymers, so it can be widely applied for chemical characterization, particle size determination and semi-quantitative/quantitative analysis of microplastics of small size. It has the advantages of replicable, fast real-time in situ analysis and high throughput detection, which can not only detect microplastics in the environment but also in biological tissues or cells in situ, showing great application potential in the research on the source, migration, transformation and interaction with biological organisms. The microplastics have been detected in the ocean, atmosphere, soil, consumer products, organisms and even human tissue, including polyethylene, polyamide, polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, polystyrene, polycarbonate, polymethyl methacrylate, polyethylene terephthalate, etc. The health risks of ingestion of microplastics deserve further exploration, especially nano plastics. The continuous development of MS technique and its combination with other separation/characterization methods will greatly promote the analysis of microplastics, and MS will become a more and more powerful tool in this research field and provide important scientific basis for the control of microplastic pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the solutions of higher nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs) with the Caputo operator are presented. The fractional PDEs are modern tools to model various phenomena more accurately. The residual power series method (RPSM) is used for the solution analysis of fractional partial differential equations (FPDEs), which has direct implementation for the solutions of fractional partial differential equations. In this work, the solutions to a few nonlinear FPDEs are handled by the proposed technique. The general and particular schemes of RPSM are constructed and implemented successfully. The fractional solutions of PDEs have provided many useful dynamics of the targeted problems. The RPSM results for both integer and fractional-order FPDEs are further explained and elaborated by using graphs and tables. It is observed that the higher accuracy of RPSM is achieved with fewer calculations. Graphs and tables for fractional-order solutions are presented, which confirm the convergence phenomena of fractional solutions toward integer order solutions of each problem. The suggested method can be extended to the solutions of other nonlinear fractional partial differential equations.

Three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures, including organ-on-a-chip (OOC) devices, offer the possibility to mimic human physiology conditions better than 2D models. The organ-on-a-chip devices have a wide range of applications, including mechanical studies, functional validation, and toxicology investigations. Despite many advances in this field, the major challenge with the use of organ-on-a-chips relies on the lack of online analysis methods preventing the real-time observation of cultured cells. Mass spectrometry is a promising analytical technique for real-time analysis of cell excretes from organ-on-a-chip models. This is due to its high sensitivity, selectivity, and ability to tentatively identify a large variety of unknown compounds, ranging from metabolites, lipids, and peptides to proteins. However, the hyphenation of organ-on-a-chip with MS is largely hampered by the nature of the media used, and the presence of nonvolatile buffers. This in turn stalls the straightforward and online connection of organ-on-a-chip outlet to MS. To overcome this challenge, multiple advances have been made to pre-treat samples right after organ-on-a-chip and just before MS. In this review, we summarised these technological advances and exhaustively evaluated their benefits and shortcomings for successful hyphenation of organ-on-a-chip with MS.

Abstract Sulfide‐based all‐solid‐state lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) are promising replacements for conventional liquid electrolyte LIBs. However, their degradation mechanisms and analysis methods are poorly understood. Herein, the degradation mechanism of an argyrodite‐type sulfide‐based all‐solid‐state prototype LIB cell is reported. Furthermore, an analysis method for all‐solid‐state batteries using charge/discharge cycle tests at 100°C followed by the disassembly analysis of cells before and after accelerated degradation tests is reported. Based on the findings of this study, the degradation of the prototype cell is classified as follows: (i) solid electrolyte (SE) oxidation in the positive electrode, which recovers battery capacity and increases resistance; (ii) SE reduction in the negative electrode, which decreases capacity; (iii) lithium deposition on/in the negative electrode, which decreases capacity; and (iv) capacity loss of the positive electrode, which decreases capacity. These degradation reactions appear to occur simultaneously. These findings are expected to aid the development of sulfide‐based solid‐electrolyte LIBs with improved safety and energy densities.

This article aims to investigate the analytical nature and approximate solution of the radiated flow of electrically conductive viscous fluid into a porous medium with slip effects (RFECVF). In order to build acceptable accurate solutions for RFECVF, this study presented an efficient Levenberg-Marquardt technique of artificial neural networks (LMT-ANNs) approach. One of its fastest back-propagation algorithms for nonlinear lowest latency is the LMT. To turn a quasi-network of PDEs expressing RFECVF into a set of standards, the appropriate adjustments are required. During the flow, the boundary is assumed to be convective. The flow and heat transfer are governed by partial differential equations, and similarity transform is the main tool to convert it into a coupled nonlinear system of ODEs. The usefulness of the constructed LMT-ANNs for such a modelled issue is demonstrated by the best promising algebraic outputs in the E−03 to E−08 range, as well as error histogram and regression analysis measures. Mu is a controller that oversees the entire training procedure. The LMT-ANNs mainly focuses on the higher accuracy of nonlinear systems. Analytical results for the improved boundary layer ODEs are produced using the Variational Iteration Method, a tried-and-true method (VIM). The Lagrange Multiplier is a powerful tool in the suggested method for reducing the amount of computing required. Further, a tabular comparison is provided to demonstrate the usefulness of this study. The final results of the Variational Iteration Method (VIM) in MATLAB have accurately depicted the physical characteristics of a number of parameters, including Eckert, Prandtl, Magnetic, and Thermal radiation parameters.

Fault location on overhead power lines achieved with the highest possible accuracy can reduce the time to locate faults. This contributes to ensuring the stability of power systems, as well as the reliability of power supply to consumers. There are a number of known mathematical techniques based on different physical principles that are used in fault location on overhead power lines and whose errors vary. Fault location on overhead power lines uses techniques based on the estimation of emergency state parameters, which are referred to as distance-to-fault techniques and are widely used. They are employed in digital protection relay terminals and power-line fault locators. Factors that have a significant impact on the error of fault location on overhead power lines by emergency state parameters are design, manufacturing, and operation. The aim of this article is to analyze the existing techniques and to present a new analytical technique for estimating errors of fault location on overhead power lines by using emergency state parameters. The technique developed by the authors makes it possible to properly take into account a set of random factors, including various measurement errors of currents and voltages in the emergency state, which have a significant impact on the fault location on overhead power lines error. The technique allows one to determine more accurately the fault location and the size of the inspection area, which is necessary to reduce the time it takes to carry out emergency recovery operations. The proposed technique can be applied in fault locators and digital protection relay terminals that use both single-end, double- and multi-end sensing of currents and voltages in the emergency state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we examine the Perturbed Gerdjikov-Ivanov equation by using the Jacobi elliptic function expansion method. This results in obtaining distinct solutions including dark, bright, singular solitons, periodic waves, singular periodic waves, and Jacobi elliptic function solutions. The 2- and 3-dimensional graphs of the reported solutions are presented. The reported results may be useful in explaining the physical features of the studied equation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colorants, especially synthetic colorants, play a crucial role in enhancing the aesthetic qualities of food owing to their cost-effectiveness and stability against environmental factors. Ensuring the safe and regulated use of colorants is essential for maintaining consumer trust in food safety. Various preparation and analytical technologies, which are continuously undergoing improvement, are currently used to quantify of synthetic colorants in food products. This paper reviews recent developments in analytical techniques for synthetic food colorants, detection and compares the operational principles, advantages, and disadvantages of each technology. Additionally, it also explores advancements in these technologies, discussing several invaluable tools of analysis, such as high-performance liquid chromatography, liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry, electrochemical sensors, digital image analysis, near-infrared spectroscopy, and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. This comprehensive overview aims to provide valuable insights into current progress and research in the field of food colorant analysis. [Display omitted] • Eco-friendly methods for extracting synthetic food colorants are gaining attention. • As analytics advance, smartphone-based image analysis is another focus area. • Electrochemical sensors analyze fewer colorants but are simple and easy to use. • Portable analytical devices are suitable for on-site monitoring. • HPLC and LC–MS/MS remain popular for simultaneous colorant analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of rock powder in the phytoremediation of Inceptisol (sandy loam) and Oxisol (clay) contaminated with diuron. Canavalia ensiformis plants were grown in pots containing 7.5 kg of both soils, with doses of 0, 4, and 8 t ha−1 of rock powder. Diuron was applied in doses ranging from 875 to 3500 g of a.i. ha−1. The injury level was assessed at 42 days after emergence (DAE), and the morphological characteristics were assessed at 120 DAE. After phytoremediation, the soil was analyzed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and by bioassay with cucumber (Cucumis sativus) to detect diuron. In Oxisol, no injury was observed, and the rock powder (4 t ha−1) benefited the growth of C. ensiformis regardless of the dose of diuron. In Inceptisol, the greatest reduction in growth occurred with 3500 g a.i. ha−1 of diuron and 8 t ha−1 of rock powder. Diuron was detected after 120 days in Inceptisol with 2625 g a.i. ha−1 without rock powder and 3500 g a.i. ha−1 with and without rock powder. The cucumber bioindicator in Inceptisol showed an increase in the level of injury as the dose of diuron increased. The rock powder favored the growth of C. ensiformis and was able to phytoremediate high concentrations of diuron, which supports the safe use of this herbicide for weed control, minimizing environmental impacts.

According to the reports of the World Health Organization and the International Agency for Research on Cancer, cancer is the second leading cause of human death worldwide. However, early-stage detection of cancers can efficiently enhance the chance of therapy and saving lives. Metabolomics strategies apply a variety of approaches to discover new potential diagnoses, prognoses, and/or therapeutic biomarkers of various diseases. Metabolomics aims to identify and measure different low-molecular-weight biomolecules in physiological environments. In these studies, special metabolites are extracted from biological samples and identified using analytical techniques. Afterward, using data processing programs discovering significantly associated biomarkers is pursued. In the present review, we aimed to discuss recently reported analytical approaches on the metabolomics studies of gastrointestinal cancers including gastric, colorectal, and esophageal cancers. The gas- and liquid-chromatography with different detectors have been shown that are the main analytical techniques and for metabolites quantification, nuclear magnetic resonance has been utilized as a master method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthetic antioxidants play a critical role in the storage and process of edible oils due to that they can retard lipid oxidation, maintain the quality of oils, and prolong the shelf life. However, a series of studies have proved the potential risks of synthetic antioxidants for human health when consumed in excess, and many countries have established the permitted amounts of synthetic antioxidants in oils. Thus, the accurate quantification of synthetic antioxidants in edible oils is necessary, and there have developed various analytical methods involved in chromatographical, electrochemical, and spectroscopic methods. Owing to the complex matrix and the incompatibility between the oil sample and the detection instrument, sample preparation is usually adopted prior to the instrument detection to improve the detection effectiveness. The current review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the recently developed sample preparation methods and analytical techniques applied to determine synthetic antioxidants in edible oils from 2010 to present, with emphasis on the sample preparation methods combined with separation‐based analytical techniques such as capillary electrophoresis and liquid chromatography with various detectors. The advantages and limitations of some typical analytical methods are discussed and some insights in the future perspectives are also provided in this review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atmospheric Micro- and nano-plastics (MNPs) can be easily inhaled and ingested by humans and have become a global health concern. With the development of instruments and techniques, an increasing number of sampling and analytical methods have been applied to study airborne MNPs. Active samplers and passive collectors are used to collect suspended aerosols and atmospheric depositions. Microscopes and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) have been used to physically identify the MNPs, while Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, and Pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) are used to identify the polymer compositions of the MNPs. However, the diversity of methods and strategies has greatly limited our ability to compare results and assess exposure risks. In this review, we extracted data from PubMed, Embase, and Scopus from 2018 to 2024 that reported sampling methods, analytical techniques, and abundance/deposition of airborne MNPs. Through a systematic review of the included 140 articles, we emphasized the advantages and limitations of different methods for collecting and analyzing airborne MNPs. In addition, we provided an in-depth analysis of the performance of specific methods across different airborne environments. Furthermore, the current knowledge regarding the abundance, deposition, exposure risks of airborne MNPs, and exposure risk assessment models has been discussed. Finally, we provide concrete recommendations for standardization of methods. This review identified knowledge gaps and recommended future research directions for exposure assessment of airborne MNPs., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: Spontaneous sympathetic transduction reflects the vascular and/or pressor responses to bursts of muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA). Separately, signal-averaging and regression-based approaches have been implemented to quantify resting sympathetic transduction. It is unknown whether the outcomes of these analytical approaches provide (dis)similar information, which is imperative for between-study comparisons and the amalgamation of results for synthesis of multiple studies (i.e., meta-analyses). We explored the diastolic blood pressure (DBP) responses to spontaneous bursts of MSNA between these two methods of analysis. Methods: Resting beat-by-beat DBP (via finger photoplethysmography) and common peroneal nerve MSNA (via microneurography) were recorded in 52 healthy, normotensive adults (age 38 ± 20 years; 19 females). For the signal-averaged method, transduction was quantified as the mean peak increase in DBP (ΔDBP) during the 12 cardiac cycles following each MSNA burst. In addition, DBP was regressed to a moving two-cardiac-cycle window of normalized relative burst height (mmHg/relative %) to provide the regression-based transduction outcome. Results: The signal-averaged (1.2 ± 0.7 mmHg) and regression-based approaches (0.009 ± 0.016 mmHg/%) were unrelated (ρ = 0.03, p = 0.86). Adding to the discrepancy, only the signal-averaging approach demonstrated a lower transduction in middle-aged-older males versus younger males. Conclusions: The decision of which method to use when calculating sympathetic transduction influences study outcomes, with the two most common methods of determining transduction being unrelated. There are challenges of making sweeping conclusions across studies if different analysis strategies are implemented. An understanding of when to use each method is needed to adopt a harmonized approach to quantifying sympathetic transduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]