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Polymer grafted magnetic graphene oxide (GO–PVP–Fe3O4) as an efficient nanocarrier for the delivery of anticancer drug quercetin.

Ainsliaea aptera DC, a medicinally important aromatic plant of the family Asteraceae grows wild in high altitude regions of Uttarakhand state (India). The essential oil samples obtained by steam di...

Waste plastic management and converting it into value added products is one of the greatest challenges before the scientific community. The present work reports a cost effective, environment friendly and mass production capable method for upcycling of solid plastic waste into value added product (graphene). A two step pyrolysis processes i.e. firstly at 400 °C in presence of nanoclay followed by at 750 °C under nitrogen atmosphere was performed to obtain a black charged residue. Raman spectroscopy was performed on the obtained residue, where the observed D and G bands at 1342 cm−1 and 1594 cm−1, respectively, confirm the synthesis of graphene nano sheets. In addition, a broad 2D band at 2790 cm−1 confirm the presence of few layer graphene nano sheets. The obtained graphene nanosheets were also confirmed through the computational data by Gaussian09, where the peaks at 1379 cm−1 and 1596 cm−1 for D and G band, respectively, make a good agreement with experimental data. TEM, FT-IR and EDX spectroscopy were also performed to confirm the synthesis of graphene nanosheets including the functional group identification and quantitative analysis for elements, respectively.

Metal (mono-, bi-, and tri-) doped BiOBr nanostructures were developed as sunlight driven reusable catalysts for the selective photocatalytic oxidation of alcohols. We describe a room temperature synthesis procedure for a series of different metal-doped BiOBr nanostructures, followed by the characterization of their compositions, crystallinity, and morphology by XPS, XRD, and SEM-EDAX. The materials were then applied as a photocatalyst for the selective oxidation of alcohols into corresponding aldehydes or ketones under sunlight. Initially, the activities of the materials were optimized by the photocatalytic oxidation of benzyl alcohols into benzaldehyde. The Ag–Fe–Cu tri-metal loaded BiOBr demonstrated an exceptional activity, which was much higher than those of mono- and bi-metal doped BiOBr. The reaction was carried out in the absence of any external oxygen source and completed within 1.5 h with a very high conversion efficiency (>99%) and selectivity (>99%). For generalization, the activity of the Ag–Fe–Cu tri-metal loaded BiOBr was extended to other alcohols (viz., substituted benzyl alcohols, phenyl ethyl alcohol, and 2-propanol), and found to maintain the activity with a similar selectivity and yield. However, the time for completion of the reaction differed slightly depending on the precursor alcohol. Next, scavenging experiments were carried out to establish a plausible mechanism for the reaction. Photogenerated holes and superoxide radicals were found to be mainly responsible for maintaining such a high selectivity. In addition, the as-synthesized metal-doped catalysts remained stable during the photocatalytic conversion process and could be repeatedly utilized, suggesting its potential in practical applications.

The steam volatile constituents from the aerial parts and roots of Selinum vaginatum C. B. Clarke (Apiaceae) growing wild in the central Himalayan region of Uttarakhand, India were isolated by steam distillation and analyzed by capillary gas chromatography (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of thirty-one and forty-six constituents, representing 97.7 % and 96.7 % of the total oil composition were identified from the aerial parts and roots of S. vaginatum, respectively. The aerial parts oil consisted mainly of monoterpene hydrocarbons (48.7 %), with 2E,6E-farnesol (36.0 %), γ-terpinene (24.3 %) and β-pinene (16.3 %) as a major constituents while the roots oil mainly contains oxygenated sesquiterpenes (72.8 %), with maximum content of 2E,6Z-farnesol (60.0 %) and elemol (5.0 %). The oil samples showed significant antibacterial activity against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus subtilis and Gram-negative Klebsiella pneumoniae. Minimum i...

The essential oil samples from the aerial parts of Ligularia amplexicaulis (wall.) DC. growing wild in the Himalayan region of Uttarakhand, India were isolated by steam distillation and ana...

The essential oil from the aerial parts of Leucas mollissima Wall. ex Benth growing wild in the Himalayan region of Uttarakhand, India was isolated by steam distillation method and analyzed by capillary GC and GC-MS. The oil was found to be rich in sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (64.1 %) followed by monoterpene hydrocarbons (13.7 %). Total thirty-five compounds were identified accounting for 87.1 % of the total oil composition. Germacrene D (16.0 %), valencene (15.6 %), β-caryophyllene (14.9 %), bicyclogermacrene (8.5 %), β-phellandrene (6.0 %) and ρ-cymene (4.6 %) were identified as the major constituents. The in vitro antibacterial activity of the oil was assessed using disc-diffusion method against ten bacterial strains. The oil showed significant activity against Gram-negative bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis. Minimum inhibitory concentration value was observed at 31.25 μL/mL against A. tumefaciens and B. subtilis.

2D carbon nanomaterials such as graphene and its oxide counterpart have sought good research attention for their application as well as fundamental interest. Especially the versatility of graphene oxide establishes its elite candidature in every field because of diverse application potential. Here we are reporting a greener, eco-friendly and cost effective one step hydrothermal route for the synthesis of potassium doped graphene oxide (K-doped GO) from agricultural waste i.e. Quercus ilex Fruit. The elemental analysis and XPS study showed the high percentage (6.81%) of natural doping of potassium. The K-doped GO is specific and demonstrates bright blue photoluminescence (PL) under UV-light (λex = 365 nm). Low toxicity, intracellular localization, good biocompatibility and strong PL properties of the synthesized K-doped GOs portray it as an excellent bio-imaging agent holding great promise in analytical and biological fields.

The terpenoid composition of steam volatile oil obtained from the aerial parts of Scutellaria repens Buch-Ham. ex D. Don (Lamiaceae) was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and GC–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The oil was found to be rich in sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (77.5%); aromadendrene (30.7%) and β-funebrene (15.0%) were the principal constituents. Forty-four components were identified representing 90.8% of the oil. Antibacterial activity of the oil against ten bacterial strains was determined by measuring the inhibitory zone. The oil showed significant activity against Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis and Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Essential oil samples obtained by steam distillation of the whole aerial parts and roots of Selinum wallichianum Raizada & Saxena (syn Selinum tenuifolium) growing wild in the Himalayan region of Uttarakhand, India, were analysed by capillary gas chromatography (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 24 and 43 constituents representing 97.0 and 95.4% of the oil composition, respectively, were identified. Both the oil samples were constituted mainly of monoterpene hydrocarbons 68.1 and 77.4%, with sabinene 31.0 and 11.5%, β-phellandrene 18.2 and 34.5%, α-bisabolol 16.0 and 1.8% and α-phellandrene 3.5 and 11.2%, respectively, as a major constituents. Presence of sabinene, β-phellandrene, α-phellandrene and complete absence of previously reported 3,5-nonadiyne (53.8–90.0%) justifies it to be a new chemotype of S. wallichianum.

Introduction: Antimicrobial activity of fruit juice and ethanolic extracts of root, leaf, bark, peel and pulp of citron (Citrus medica Linn., Rutaceae) was examined against seven bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus vulgaris), two fungi (Aspergillus flavus and A. niger) and a yeast Candida albicans of clinical origin. Methods: The level of antimicrobial effects was established using an in vitro disc diffusion method; minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) were determined by standard agar dilution method. Results: All extracts and fruit juice showed varied level of antibacterial activity against one or more test bacteria. Antifungal activity was shown by only root extract and fruit juice while C. albicans was resistant to all tested plant samples. Broad spectrum antimicrobial activity was shown by fruit juice (MIC

Salvia hians Royle ex. Benth (Lamiaceae) growing wild in the central Himalayan region, was analyzed by capillary GC and GC-MS. The oil was found to be rich in sesquiterpine hydrocarbons (52.5 %). Total 64 compounds were identified representing 94.9 % of the oil; γ-cadinene (10.9 %), δ-cadinene (9.2 %), caryophyllene acetate (9.7 %) and cubenol (6.1 %) were found to be the principal constituents. The oil was tested against ten bacterial strains and showed significant activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis and Agrobacterium tumefaciens.

Abstarct The essential oil from the aerial parts of Anaphalis royleana DC var. cana Hook f. growing wild in central Himalayan region of India was analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Total forty one constituents were identified representing 93.8 % of the oil. The oil was found rich in mono- and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, α-pinene (30.7 %), β-pinene (5.1 %), δ-cadinene (8.5 %). Among oxygenated terpenes, valerianol made up the significant percentage (5.4 %). This is the first report on the composition of essential oil from A. royleana.

The composition of the essential oil from a new chemotype of Elsholtzia strobilifera Benth. collected from sub-alpine region of central Himalaya, India, has been investigated by Gas Chromatography and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry. The GC of the oil revealed the presence of more than 50 constituents, of which neral (18.3%) and geranial (29.9%) were found to be the major compounds and an absence of monoterpene hydrocarbons. Acylfuran derivatives, the specific chemical markers of the essential oils from the genus Elsholtzia were not detected.

The chemical composition of the steam volatile oil of the whole aerial part of Scutellaria grossa Wall ex Benth. (Lamiaceae), obtained by steam distillation, has been analysed by capillary GC and GC-MS. The oil was found to be rich in oxygenated monoterpenes (88.6%). A total of 50 constituents were identified, representing 94.4% of the total oil composition. Linalool (37.0%) and 1-octen-3-ol (32.0%) were found to be the principal constituents. The antibacterial activity of the oil was determined against 10 bacterial strains by measuring the growth inhibitory zones. The oil showed significant antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, Bacillus subtilis and Enterococcus faecalis, and the Gram-negative, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Salmonella enterica enterica. A minimum inhibitory concentration of 31.25 µL mL(-1) was observed against E. faecalis.

The composition of the essential oil from whole aerial parts, flowers, leaves and stems of Senecio royleanus collected from sub-alpine region of central Himalaya, India, has been analyzed by GC, GC/MS, NMR spectroscopy and X-Ray diffraction. A total of fifty components were identified representing 95.0–97.3% of the oil. 1,10 b-Epoxy-6-oxofuranoeremophelane constituted the major component (39.4–69.2%) of the oil.

The oil of Tanacetum nubigenum Wallich ex DC. was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. In addition to 10.7% of sabinene, nearly 44% of the oil of T. nubigenum collected above 3600 m in the Kumaun region of the Indian Himalaya consisted of (-)-cis-chrysanthenol and its esters. The oil also contained ∼3% of esters of exo-6-hydroxycamphor, ∼1.6% 3,6;6,9-bisepoxyfarnesa-l,7(14),10-trienes as well as ∼3.5% of 6,9-epoxyfarnesa-l,7(14),10-trien-3-ols.

The essential oil of Salvia nubicola Wall ex Sweet. (Lamiaceae) was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Sixty-four compounds were identified, constituting 94.0% of the oil. The oil was found rich in sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (73.3%). Germacrene D (46.2%) was the principal constituent. Oxygenated sesquiterpenes constituted 12.3% of the oil. The oil showed activity against tested bacterial and fungal strains used, and which was found comparable with the standard antibiotics (Ampicillin, Erythromycin and Clotrimazole) used for comparison.

The essential oil from the aerial parts of Salvia leucantha Cav. (Lamiaceae) was analyzed by GC, GC/MS and NMR spectroscopy. The oil was found rich in sesquiterpene hydrocarbons; β-caryophyllene (13.9%), α-guaiene (12.6%), cis-muurola-3,5-diene (10.8%), germacrene D (13.8%) and bicyclogermacrene (8.7%). Bornyl acetate constituted 23.9% of the oil. This is the first detailed report on the essential oil composition based on capillary GC and GC/MS analyses.

The essential oil from the aerial parts of Agrimonia aitchisonii (Rosaceae), obtained by steam distillation was investigated by GC, GC/MS and NMR spectroscopy. The oil was found to be rich in methyl myrtenate (62.4%). Other components with significant percentage were limonene (7.2%), linalool (4.8%), myrtenyl acetate (4.6%), linalyl acetate (5.9%) and zingiberene (2.4%).

The essential oils from the roots and aerial parts of Pimpinella acuminata (Edgew.) CB Clarke were analyzed by GC, GC/MS and NMR spectroscopy. The oil from the aerial parts contained β-caryophyllene (12.5%), dill apiole (20.4%) and parsley apiole (39.9%), while the root oil contained myristicin (16.2%), dill apiole (11.3%) and parsley apiole (61.8%) as the major components. This is the frst report of the composition of the oils from the aerial parts and roots of P. acuminata.

The leaf oil of Cymbopogon distans (Steud.) Wats, chemotype Loharhket and the root oil of Cymbopogon jwarancusa (Jones) Schult. were examined by GC and GC/MS and found to qualitatively exhibit a very similar sesquiterpenoid composition. The sesquiterpenoid content of the C. Distans and C. Jwarancusa oils was 79.6% and 38.0%, respectively. Most of the sesquiterpenoids were isolated by liquid chromatography and their structures assigned on the basis of their IR, MS, 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra. The main components in C. distans leaf oil were eudesmanediol (34.4%) and 5-epi-7-epi-α-eudesmol (11.2%), while the largest sequiterpenoid component in the root oil of C. jwarancusa was agarospirol (9.5%).

Essential oil from steam distilled whole plants of Nepeta govaniana Benth. gathered in the flowering stage from the Garhwal region of India was examined. The three main components were isolated and identified as pregeijerene (38.4%), (+)-isoiridomyrmecin (16.5%) and 4aα,7α,7aα-nepetalacetone (13.9%). The structure of (+)-isoiridomyrmecin was established by X-ray crystallography. Another 13 compounds (24.5%) were identified by GC/MS.

The composition of steam volatile oil from aerial parts of Salvia mukerjeei Bennet & Raizada (Lamiaceae) was analyzed by capillary GC and GCMS. The oil was rich in sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (67.3%). Among 71 identified constituents representing 91.7% of the oil, β-caryophyllene (28.7%), γ-muurolene (15.5%) and dehydro-aromadendrane (9.5%), were the principal constituents. The oil was tested against ten bacterial strains and was active against Enterococcus faecalis, Erwinia chrysanthemi and Agrobacterium tumefaciens.

An essential oil of Elsholtzia densa Benth. collected in the Chamoli district of Indian Himalaya was found to be rich in a single component (86%). Using 13C-NMR and 1H-NMR the isolated compound was shown to be rosefuran epoxide.

Teucrium royleanum Wall ex. Benth. and T. quadrifarium Buch.-Ham., growing wild in the Central Himalayan region of Uttarakhand (India), yielded, on steam distillation, 0.07% and 0.09%, respectively of essential oil. The oil samples were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. By GC, both oil samples showed remarkable similarity with respect to the major peaks. Fifty-seven constituents were identified in both the oils representing 96.0% and 96.6% of the total, respectively. The oils were rich in sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (approximately 76.0%). beta-Caryophyllene (23.6% and 38.3%), germacrene D (28.9% and 9.4%), alpha-humulene (5.7% and 5.9%), linalool (4.8% and 1.5%), and 1-octen-3-ol (8.5% and 0.7%) were common to both oils and were the principal constituents. The genus can be classified into two groups on the basis of the present and previous reports on the essential oil composition and chemical markers.

Three new iridodial derivatives, [1 R -[1α, 2β( E ),5β]]-2-[2-(acetyloxy)-1-methylethenyl]-5-methylcyclopentanecarboxaldehyde (iridodial β-monoenol acetate), [1- R -[1α,2β( E ),5β]]-2-[2-(acetyloxy)-1-methylethenyl]-5-methylcyclopentyl] methyl acetate (dihydroiridodial diacetate), or their enantiomers, and [1( E )]-2-[2[(acetyloxy)methylene]-3-methylcyclopentyl]-1-propenyl acetate (iridodial dienol diacetate) of unknown configuration have been isolated from the essential oil of Nepeta leucophylla gathered in the Kumaun Region of India.

Teucrium royleanum Wall ex. Benth. and T. quadrifarium Buch.-Ham., growing wild in the Central Himalayan region of Uttarakhand (India), yielded, on steam distillation, 0.07% and 0.09%, respectively of essential oil. The oil samples were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. By GC, both oil samples showed remarkable similarity with respect to the major peaks. Fifty-seven constituents were identified in both the oils representing 96.0% and 96.6% of the total, respectively. The oils were rich in sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (~76.0%). β-Caryophyllene (23.6% and 38.3%), germacrene D (28.9% and 9.4%), α-humulene (5.7% and 5.9%), linalool (4.8% and 1.5%), and 1-octen-3-ol (8.5% and 0.7%) were common to both oils and were the principal constituents. The genus can be classified into two groups on the basis of the present and previous reports on the essential oil composition and chemical markers.

The major components of the essential oil from roots of Pimpinella diversifolia, gathered in the Kumaun Region of India, have been identified as the (+)-Z-2-methyl-2-butenoate (angelate) and (+)-isobutyrate esters of 4-methoxy-2-(E-3-methyloxiranyl)phenol. Aromatic 13C NMR resonances of these compounds and their synthetic acetate analog, as well as those of 2-methoxy-4-(E-3-methyloxiranyl)phenyl acetate prepared from isoeugenol, were found to be in excellent agreement with calculated values. Comparison of the EIMS of the natural and synthetic products with those reported for compounds previously identified as 2-methoxy-4-(E-3-methyloxiranyl)phenyl esters indicates that they also have the 4-methoxy-2-(E-3-methyloxiranyl)phenyl structure.

Cymbopogon distans collections from different parts of N. W. Himalayan region of India show four distinct chemotypes. The terpenoid composition, morphological data and chemosystematic significance are discussed.

[2R-(2α,4aβ,8α,8aα)]-Decahydro-8a-hydroxy-α,α4a,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenemethanol, isolated from the essential oil of Cymbopogon distans, was studied spectroscopically and identified by means of X-ray diffraction. The absolute configuration was determined based on anomalous scattering from oxygen.

By means of GC and GCMS 31 constituents of the essential oil of Elsholtzia pilosa have been identified, 1.8-cineol representing the main component (50%). The oil composition with respect to its major constituents has been compared with other Elsholtzia species.

Bothriochloa bladhi (Retz.) S. T. Blake, an aromatic fodder grass in the Himalayan region yielded 0.2% essential oil. Thirteen monoterpenoids and 14 sesquiterpenoids were identified in the oil, with sesquiterpenoids being the major constituents of the oil. The composition of this oil differs from reports on the essential oils from other Bothriochloa species with respect to major constituents, especially in the absence of acorenone-B.

Department of Chemistry, Kumaun University, Nainital-263002 Manuscript received 5 September 1988, revised 5 December 1988, accepted 14 December 1988 The Perilla ocimoides L., possesses perilla ketone, isoegomaketone, egomaketone and perillene besides other compounds in its aerial parts. The presence of furanyl ketones, perilla ketone in particular, a pulmonary edemagenic agent, suggests possible hazard to grazing cattle and human health.