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Previously it was established that phlorotannins of Arctic brown algae have bactericidal and bacteriostatic effects on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in aerobic conditions of cultivating in vitro. These effects are due to the presence of active centers in macromolecule (hydroxyl groups) and the degree of polymerization. In this article, the effect of stimulation of the phagocytic activity of human blood neutrophilic leukocytes by studied fractions of Fucus vesiculosus polyphenols was revealed. In vitro, it was found that functional and polymolecular features of polyphenols affect the formation of the complex mechanism of influence on human blood cells. Polyphenols stimulate sorption effects on cells’ surface and cause their agglomeration. Effect of erythrocytes, lymphocytes, epitheliocytes, and neutrophils surface modification without disturbing membrane integrity was revealed. Polyphenols of brown algae increase the intensity of the phagocytic reaction of neutrophilic granulocytes. Additionally, intraperitoneal injection of 5 pg mL−1 in outbred white mice (in 1 mL of saline) increased the migration activity of myeloid and lymphoid elements into the peritoneal space. Studied fractions of polyphenols can provide cell cooperation by increasing cluster formation.

Currently, cellulose is one of the most requested natural polymers and the material has a wide range of industrial applications. The most studied and extensively used source of cellulose are coniferous and deciduous wood. At the same time, taking into account the structural and chemical properties of the biopolymer, the influence on the formation of nano-, micro- and macro-characteristics, and the conditions of its biosynthesis, the industry increasingly pay attention to its alternative sources, including algae. In this work, a protein-polysaccharide complex, where cellulose is the principal component, was isolated from samples of brown algae samples collected from the White and Yellow Seas. The structural features of the brown algae cellulose complexes were studied using classical physicochemical methods, as well as FTIR spectroscopy, X-ray spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy Analyses revealed stable phase Iβ forms of cellulose predominated in arctic brown algal samples, and the degree of crystallinity of the cellulose product was 54–59%. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the compound has a fibrous structure, which is most pronounced in samples derived from arctic kelp. These results expand our understanding of use of algal cellulose and macrophytes as a valuable raw material for the production of sorption and composite cellulose-based materials.

Brown algae of the Fucaceae family, collected in the western segment of the Arctic, contain a large number of polyphenolic compounds—phlorotannins—with a unique chemical nature, macromolecular structure, and physicochemical properties, exhibiting bioactive properties. The peculiarity of the biopolymers’ properties and structure, which are an element of fundamental scientific research of the cycle, structure—functional nature—properties, determines the priority of the directions of use of polyphenols as effective biologically active pharmaceutical preparations. This work aims to develop methods for selective extraction of phlorotannins from the Arctic brown alga Fucus vesiculosus, characterization of physicochemical properties, and biological activity of these compounds. The efficiency of solid-phase extraction (SPE) on a hydrophobic sorbent with grafted hexadecyl groups was shown for fractionation of the polyphenolic extract: active fractions were obtained, characterized by a high content of polyphenols (yield of polyphenols up to 98% relative to the content of these components in algae) with mass-average molecular weights of 21.4–35.8 kDa and oligomeric components in the mass range 374–994 Da. The IR spectra of the fractions were characterized, and the tendency of phlorotannins to form aggregates at high concentrations of the extract was shown. During hydrodynamic studies, a strong polyelectrolyte swelling of polyphenols (PP) was noted. The obtained polyphenolic fractions differ in physicochemical characteristics (acid-base and redox properties) and antioxidant activity.

The extraction of polyphenol component of arctic brown algae of the Fucus vesiculosus type and the subsequent fractionation of the extract by column chromatography on a Sephadex LH-20 adsorbent are carried out. The obtained fractions are characterized by size-exclusion chromatography, HPLC with UV and mass spectrometric detection (HPLC–UV-MS), and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI–MS). Using the MALDI–MS method, the presence of oligomeric compounds containing up to 13 phloroglucin structural units is detected. Using HPLC–UV-MS, oligomeric compounds in the mass range 374–870 Da (trimers–octamers) are detected, and their ratio is estimated.

This study presents results for the isolation, fractionation and characterization of Arctic brown algae polyphenols. New analytical data on the structure, functional nature and polymolecular properties of brown algal phlorotannins were obtained using modern analytical methods (size exclusion chromatography, liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry and fluorescence spectroscopy). The interrelation of radical scavenging activity and molecular weight of the algal polyphenolic components has also been established. Relatively high radical scavenging activity (776 ± 36 mg of ascorbic acid per g of extract) is observed for phlorotannin subfractions with average molecular weights from 8 to 18 kDa, enriched with phlorotannin oligomers with three to eight phloroglucinol units. Radical scavenging activity decreases with increasing molecular mass.

One of the most significant groups of compounds that determine the pharmacological significance of Arctic brown algae is the polyphenols, namely phlorotannins. Brown algae of the family Fucaceae, growing in the waters of the Arctic seas, accumulate a large number of polyphenolic compounds. The pharmacological significance of plant polyphenols is related to their structure; however, it is worth noting that the relationship between the molecular weight and the biological activity of brown algae phlorotannins is still not well understood. Thus, the aim of this work was the isolation and characterization of the polyphenol fraction of the Arctic brown algae Fucus vesiculosus with the following evaluation of the radical scavenging, bacteriostatic, fungistatic, and phagocytic activities. The highest radical scavenging activity (700–900 mg of ascorbic acid g−1 of extract) has fractions whose composition is characterized by the predominance of oligomeric phlorotannins containing from 3 to 8 structural units of phloroglucinol in the range of 374–994 Da. The polyphenol fractions obtained exhibit bacteriostatic effects in 45–85% of the studied pathogenic bacterial cultures. The fungistatic effect reaches a maximum of 35%. The test samples do not possess immunosuppressive properties and do not inhibit the phagocytic activity of neutrophilic granulocytes of human blood.

The influence of geophysical parameters of the coefficient of temperature stratification of the atmosphere and terrain, as well as climatic characteristics on the maximum values of surface concentrations of emissions into the atmosphere is analysed. The results of the presented material make it possible to predict atmospheric pollution by emissions coming from asphalt concrete plants. The paper presents a comparative analysis of the inventory data of the ACP of six cities of the Russian Federation (Perm, Temryuk, Kursk, St. Petersburg, Kaliningrad, and Novgorod); calculations of gross emissions made by specific indicators for all ingredients: dust, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, petroleum hydrocarbons, and sulfur dioxide. The dependence of the maximum surface concentration of a harmful substance on the coefficient of temperature stratification of the atmosphere and the dependence of the maximum surface concentration of a harmful substance on the terrain coefficient are established. There is a significant difference in annual emissions into the atmosphere in different regions with the same productivity and efficiency of treatment systems. The difference in the technogenic load on the environment from the geophysical characteristics of the region is revealed. The significant influence of the geographical location of Russian cities on the norms of maximum permissible emissions and the parameters of their dispersion, in particular, on the maximum surface concentration, is presented.

The fatty acid composition of arctic brown algae was studied using supercritical (SC) fluid extraction. A method for fractionating the SC extract based on the differences in the solubility of its components (fatty acids, polyphenols) was proposed. The composition and biological activity of the fractions were studied.

Enterosorption properties of algae fiber were studied. Determination of the thermodynamic characteristics of heavy metal sorption showed that the process is endothermic with the prevalence of chemisorption interactions. Algae fiber exhibits high sorption capacity for heavy metals and pathogenic microorganisms.

A scheme for producing cellulose from the artic brown algae Fucus vesiculosus and Laminaria digitata was proposed. The physicochemical and structural features of the cellulose samples were studied and compared with those of celluloses from higher plants. Cellulose from Fucus vesiculosus was found primarily in the Iα-form; from Laminaria digitata, the Iα- and Iβ-forms. The studied samples were assumed to contain slightly crystalline cellulose with a structure similar to that of cellulose II. Its content was typically greatest in F. vesiculosus (58%).

The object of the article is hexagonal profile tubes with a round inner hole. Tubes of such configuration have wide enough application, however the way of their obtaining by drawing in profile tool is insufficiently investigated. The paper is devoted to description of creation of finite element model of plastic deformation process of pipes, the basic computational capabilities of the model are given, a number of conclusions made on the basis of modelling results are given.

Recently the expressions containing a connotative component more and more actively penetrate oral business speech, the base of which is formed by neutral lexicon, and alter greatly not only the shape and the style features of the official speech but also the organization laws of a business communication act. In this regard the need to find a new description for the ways of representing lexemes connotation determined by the importance and dynamism of the considered social area of interaction – business communication – becomes obvious. The use of the lexicon possessing connotative meaning in oral business communication is not only relevant, but in some cases may also be very appropriate in order to ensure effective impact on the interlocutor and achievement of the desirable goal. The theoretical data gain special relevance in the lingvodidactic aspect as teaching Russian as a foreign language for business communication to foreign speakers with consideration of the lexicon possessing connotative meaning and therefore national and cultural specifics will contribute to building sociocultural competence in the conditions of general development of professional and communicative skills. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n6s5p96