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Simple Summary: The external variations between animals of the same species but of different sex are called sexual dimorphism. Variations in size are called sexual size dimorphism. In the creole bovine, the phenomenon of sexual dimorphism has been little studied. The aim of this study was to establish whether sexual dimorphism appears in the Sanmartinero creole bovine, in the department of Meta, Colombia. A total of 21 linear variables were obtained using standard morphometric methods and live weight, from a sample of 94 animals (16 uncastrated males and 78 females) with an average age of 4.3 ± 1.4 and 4.2 ± 2.3 years were measured. Statistically significant differences were found between sexes (p = 0.033) and not by age and farms. The variables that most differentiated males from females were thoracic circumference, body length, height at the withers, height at the rump, dorso-sternal diameter, and horn length. The only variables that presented statistically significant differences were the height at the withers and the rump, with values biased toward males. More studies are needed to understand sexual size dimorphism in the Sanmartinero creole bovine. Variations in the size of animals of the same species but of different sex are called sexual size dimorphism. The aim of this study was to compare the biometrics between males and females of the Sanmartinero creole bovine, of Colombia, to establish if sexual dimorphism appears in the breed. A total of 94 animals (16 uncastrated males and 78 females, average age of 4.3 ± 1.4 and 4.2 ± 2.3 years, respectively) from three different farms were measured. A total of 21 linear variables were obtained using standard morphometric methods and live weight. A one-way NPMANOVA was used to evaluate between sexes, ages, and farms, a Principal Component Analysis was used to detect the most discriminating variables, and a multivariate regression used age as an independent value. Statistically significant differences were reflected between sexes (p = 0.033) and not by age and farms. The variables that differentiated the most between males and females were those related to size (thoracic circumference, body length, dorso-sternal diameter, height at the withers, height at the rump, and horn length), variables that were biased toward males, although only the height at the withers and the rump were the ones that presented statistically significant differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract Corms of Gladiolus grandiflorus cv. “White Prosperity” was irradiated via red laser at wavelength 635 nm. Various morphological, flowering, elemental and chemical characterizations were studied. Irradiation with different power (5, 20, and 50 mW) and various irradiation time (0.0, 0.5, 1, 3, 5 and 10 min) was studied. Several characters), totaletermined include vegetative growth parameter (spouting days, plant height (cm), leaves number, leaves fresh and dry weights (g/plant), diameter of plant middle part (mm) and leaf area (cm2), floral parameters (flowering days, vase life (day), fresh and dry weights of inflorescence (g/plant), number of flowers per inflorescence, inflorescence length(cm), flowers diameter(cm), number of corms per plant, corms fresh weight(g/plant), circumference/ corms), pigments [total chlorophylls in leaves (SPAD), anthocyanin content (mg/100 g F.W.) in petals], NPK (%) in new corms and chemical composition in corms; total carbohydrates (%),total phenol (μg CE/g (%),total flavonoid (μg CE/g) (%), antioxidant (DPPH IC50 (μg /ml (%), and proline content (μ moles/g). The results showed that the medium level (20 mW) of He–Ne laser at 5 min caused favorable changes in the leaf anatomical structures and other studied characters followed by the low level (5 mW) of He–Ne laser at 5min. 112 bands emerged from 22 SSR primers, ranging between 130 and 540 bp, with 32 bands having polymorphism ranging from 17–100%. Out of the 22 SSR primers, 3 primers exhibited a high polymorphism percentage, i.e., SSR6, SSR16 and SSR22 which exhibited 7 positive markers. These findings revealed the efficiency of SSR primers for differentiating gladiolus plants and revealed that some alleles were affected by laser in their corms and the expression resulted in color or abnormalities in leaves and/or flowers. Mutation in some alleles could result in abnormalities like mutation in the allele with 410 bp revealed by SSR16.

One objective of neuroscience is to understand a wide range of specific cognitive processes in terms of neuron activity. The huge amount of observational data about the brain makes achieving this objective challenging. Different models on different levels of detail provide some insight, but the relationship between models on different levels is not clear. Complex computing systems with trillions of components like transistors are fully understood in the sense that system features can be precisely related to transistor activity. Such understanding could not involve a designer simultaneously thinking about the ongoing activity of all the components active in the course of carrying out some system feature. Brain modeling approaches like dynamical systems are inadequate to support understanding of computing systems, because their use relies on approximations like treating all components as more or less identical. Understanding computing systems needs a much more sophisticated use of approximation, involving creation of hierarchies of description in which the higher levels are more approximate, with effective translation between different levels in the hierarchy made possible by using the same general types of information processes on every level. These types are instruction and data read/write. There are no direct resemblances between computers and brains, but natural selection pressures have resulted in brain resources being organized into modular hierarchies and in the existence of two general types of information processes called condition definition/detection and behavioral recommendation. As a result, it is possible to create hierarchies of description linking cognitive phenomena to neuron activity, analogous with but qualitatively different from the hierarchies of description used to understand computing systems. An intuitively satisfying understanding of cognitive processes in terms of more detailed brain activity is then possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Polimery is the property of Industrial Chemistry Research Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Corms of Gladiolus grandiflorus cv. "White Prosperity" was irradiated via red laser at wavelength 635 nm. Various morphological, flowering, elemental and chemical characterizations were studied. Irradiation with different power (5, 20, and 50 mW) and various irradiation time (0.0, 0.5, 1, 3, 5 and 10 min) was studied. Several characters), totaletermined include vegetative growth parameter (spouting days, plant height (cm), leaves number, leaves fresh and dry weights (g/plant), diameter of plant middle part (mm) and leaf area (cm2), floral parameters (flowering days, vase life (day), fresh and dry weights of inflorescence (g/plant), number of flowers per inflorescence, inflorescence length(cm), flowers diameter(cm), number of corms per plant, corms fresh weight(g/plant), circumference/ corms), pigments [total chlorophylls in leaves (SPAD), anthocyanin content (mg/100 g F.W.) in petals], NPK (%) in new corms and chemical composition in corms; total carbohydrates (%),total phenol (μg CE/g (%),total flavonoid (μg CE/g) (%), antioxidant (DPPH IC50 (μg /ml (%), and proline content (μ moles/g). The results showed that the medium level (20 mW) of He–Ne laser at 5 min caused favorable changes in the leaf anatomical structures and other studied characters followed by the low level (5 mW) of He–Ne laser at 5min. 112 bands emerged from 22 SSR primers, ranging between 130 and 540 bp, with 32 bands having polymorphism ranging from 17–100%. Out of the 22 SSR primers, 3 primers exhibited a high polymorphism percentage, i.e., SSR6, SSR16 and SSR22 which exhibited 7 positive markers. These findings revealed the efficiency of SSR primers for differentiating gladiolus plants and revealed that some alleles were affected by laser in their corms and the expression resulted in color or abnormalities in leaves and/or flowers. Mutation in some alleles could result in abnormalities like mutation in the allele with 410 bp revealed by SSR16. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Scientific Journal of Agricultural Sciences (SJAS) is the property of Beni Suef University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Die Radiologie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Prataculturae Sinica is the property of Acta Prataculturae Sinica Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Simple Summary: In radiation therapy, accurately contouring the volume containing cancerous cells is crucial for effective tumor control. Experts defined this volume by its borders with respect to anatomical structures. This study assesses the feasibility and precision of a deep-learning method in extracting 71 necessary anatomical structures from provided computed tomography scans. For most of these structures, automatically generated outlines are presented for the first time. For other structures, our model improves upon previously reported results. We analyzed the constraints posed by errors in the automatically generated outlines and found none that are relevant to our goal of identifying the entire volume containing cancerous cells. Our research contributes additional and enhanced outlines of anatomical structures, advancing the scientific objective of facilitating the contouring of a human's complete anatomy. Moreover, confirming the effectiveness of automatic contouring techniques signifies a step closer to achieving precise automated contouring of the cancerous volume. The delineation of the clinical target volumes (CTVs) for radiation therapy is time-consuming, requires intensive training and shows high inter-observer variability. Supervised deep-learning methods depend heavily on consistent training data; thus, State-of-the-Art research focuses on making CTV labels more homogeneous and strictly bounding them to current standards. International consensus expert guidelines standardize CTV delineation by conditioning the extension of the clinical target volume on the surrounding anatomical structures. Training strategies that directly follow the construction rules given in the expert guidelines or the possibility of quantifying the conformance of manually drawn contours to the guidelines are still missing. Seventy-one anatomical structures that are relevant to CTV delineation in head- and neck-cancer patients, according to the expert guidelines, were segmented on 104 computed tomography scans, to assess the possibility of automating their segmentation by State-of-the-Art deep learning methods. All 71 anatomical structures were subdivided into three subsets of non-overlapping structures, and a 3D nnU-Net model with five-fold cross-validation was trained for each subset, to automatically segment the structures on planning computed tomography scans. We report the DICE, Hausdorff distance and surface DICE for 71 + 5 anatomical structures, for most of which no previous segmentation accuracies have been reported. For those structures for which prediction values have been reported, our segmentation accuracy matched or exceeded the reported values. The predictions from our models were always better than those predicted by the TotalSegmentator. The sDICE with 2 mm margin was larger than 80% for almost all the structures. Individual structures with decreased segmentation accuracy are analyzed and discussed with respect to their impact on the CTV delineation following the expert guidelines. No deviation is expected to affect the rule-based automation of the CTV delineation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Variations in the size of animals of the same species but of different sex are called sexual size dimorphism. The aim of this study was to compare the biometrics between males and females of the Sanmartinero creole bovine, of Colombia, to establish if sexual dimorphism appears in the breed. A total of 94 animals (16 uncastrated males and 78 females, average age of 4.3 ± 1.4 and 4.2 ± 2.3 years, respectively) from three different farms were measured. A total of 21 linear variables were obtained using standard morphometric methods and live weight. A one-way NPMANOVA was used to evaluate between sexes, ages, and farms, a Principal Component Analysis was used to detect the most discriminating variables, and a multivariate regression used age as an independent value. Statistically significant differences were reflected between sexes (p = 0.033) and not by age and farms. The variables that differentiated the most between males and females were those related to size (thoracic circumference, body length, dorso-sternal diameter, height at the withers, height at the rump, and horn length), variables that were biased toward males, although only the height at the withers and the rump were the ones that presented statistically significant differences.

Dear Editor, I am writing to share an extraordinary event that unfolded at Dr. D.Y. Patil Medical College and Hospital, Pune, on August 28, 2023-A series of groundbreaking competitive dissections.

Medical image analysis plays a pivotal role in modern healthcare, aiding clinicians in accurate diagnosis and treatment planning. However, the complexity and diversity of medical images pose significant challenges for traditional image processing methods. Existing methods often struggle to precisely delineate structures in medical images, leading to suboptimal diagnostic accuracy. The demand for automated and accurate segmentation tools in medical imaging has grown, highlighting the necessity for robust and efficient algorithms capable of handling diverse anatomical variations and pathologies. While CNNs have shown promise in image analysis, their application to medical images requires customization to accommodate unique challenges. The literature lacks comprehensive studies that bridge the gap between general-purpose CNNs and the specific demands of medical image segmentation, especially concerning the diverse and intricate structures present in medical imagery. This study addresses the need for advanced techniques by leveraging Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) for semantic segmentation in medical image analysis. Our approach involves the design and implementation of a specialized CNN architecture tailored to the nuances of medical image data. We employ state-of-the-art techniques for data preprocessing, model training, and validation. The model is trained on a diverse dataset encompassing various medical imaging modalities, ensuring its adaptability and generalizability. The proposed CNN-based semantic segmentation model demonstrates superior performance in accurately delineating anatomical structures compared to traditional methods. Evaluation metrics, including Dice coefficient and sensitivity, indicate the model efficacy in achieving precise segmentation. The results underscore the potential of CNNs in advancing medical image analysis for improved clinical outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Clavicle fractures are common injuries, especially in young, active individuals. Operative treatment is recommended for completely displaced clavicle shaft fractures, and plate fixation is stronger than the use of intramedullary nails. Few studies have reported on iatrogenic injuries to the muscle attached to the clavicle during fracture surgery. The aim of this study was to clarify the area of the insertion sites of muscles attached to the clavicle in Japanese cadavers using gross anatomy and three-dimensional (3D) analysis. We also aimed to compare the effects of anterior plate templating and superior plate templating on clavicle shaft fractures using 3D images. Methods Thirty-eight clavicles from Japanese cadavers were analyzed. We removed all clavicles to identify the insertion sites and measured the size of the insertion area of each muscle. Three-dimensional templating was performed on both the superior and anterior plates of the clavicle using data obtained from computed tomography. The areas covered by these plates on the muscles attached to the clavicle were compared. Histological examination was performed on four randomly selected specimens. Results The sternocleidomastoid muscle was attached proximally and superiorly; the trapezius muscle was attached posteriorly and partly superiorly; and the pectoralis major muscle and deltoid muscles were attached anteriorly and partially superiorly. The non-attachment area was located mainly in the posterosuperior part of the clavicle. It was difficult to distinguish the borders of the periosteum and pectoralis major muscles. The anterior plate covered a significantly broader area (mean 6.94 ± 1.36 cm2) of the muscles attached to the clavicle than did the superior plate (mean 4.11 ± 1.52 cm2) (p

Copyright of Polimery is the property of Industrial Chemistry Research Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

According to the standard nomenclature, skeletal land marks are all identified by their given names in the world of human skeletal anatomy. But it is also clear that the discovery of new anatomical features continues because human beings have so many anatomical variations caused by genetics, functions, geographical adaptations, and diseases; they are all described and given names. Therefore, an anatomical feature that is rare and undescribed is certainly a discovery and it deserves to be recorded. The discovery of anatomical features on the epiphyseial ends of the femur reported here adds two new names, namely the intercondylar fossa foramen and the trochanteric fossa foramen in that long list of human skeletal anatomical structures. The intercondylar fossa foramen is an outlet found in the intercondylar fossa of the distal femur. It passes through the diaphysis of the femur and emerges in the trochanteric fossa of the femoral neck; and vice versa is the trochanteric fossa foramen. This feature was first observed on one skeletonized archaeological individual and later on five cadaveric remains. There seems to be a presence of this anatomical variation within the Tanzanian population. Only a small percentage of people have this unusual anatomical feature of the intercondylar fossa foramen, which might be a developmental ossification failure or a particular genetic-based trait. These features were assessed in the laboratory of the Anatomy Department at the Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS) using a Dino-lite digital microscope and X-ray images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Clavicle fractures are common injuries, especially in young, active individuals. Operative treatment is recommended for completely displaced clavicle shaft fractures, and plate fixation is stronger than the use of intramedullary nails. Few studies have reported on iatrogenic injuries to the muscle attached to the clavicle during fracture surgery. The aim of this study was to clarify the area of the insertion sites of muscles attached to the clavicle in Japanese cadavers using gross anatomy and three-dimensional (3D) analysis. We also aimed to compare the effects of anterior plate templating and superior plate templating on clavicle shaft fractures using 3D images. Methods: Thirty-eight clavicles from Japanese cadavers were analyzed. We removed all clavicles to identify the insertion sites and measured the size of the insertion area of each muscle. Three-dimensional templating was performed on both the superior and anterior plates of the clavicle using data obtained from computed tomography. The areas covered by these plates on the muscles attached to the clavicle were compared. Histological examination was performed on four randomly selected specimens. Results: The sternocleidomastoid muscle was attached proximally and superiorly; the trapezius muscle was attached posteriorly and partly superiorly; and the pectoralis major muscle and deltoid muscles were attached anteriorly and partially superiorly. The non-attachment area was located mainly in the posterosuperior part of the clavicle. It was difficult to distinguish the borders of the periosteum and pectoralis major muscles. The anterior plate covered a significantly broader area (mean 6.94 ± 1.36 cm2) of the muscles attached to the clavicle than did the superior plate (mean 4.11 ± 1.52 cm2) (p < 0.0001). On microscopy, these muscles were inserted directly into the periosteum. Conclusion: Most of the pectoralis major and deltoid muscles were attached anteriorly. The non-attachment area was located mainly from the superior to posterior part of the clavicle midshaft. Both macroscopically and microscopically, the boundaries between the periosteum and these muscles were difficult to demarcate. The anterior plate covered a significantly broader area of the muscles attached to the clavicle than that by the superior plate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Otoliths are calcareous anatomical structures in the inner ear of fishes, and they can be used in the discrimination of fish species and stocks due to their species‐specific shape. Sagittal otoliths in the Lepidorhombus whiffiagonis and Lepidorhombus boscii, two flatfish species of the same genus distributed in the Aegean Sea, were compared using morphology, morphometry and contour shape analyses. Blind and eyed side otoliths of Lepidorhombus species were evaluated separately due to their morphological features and statistical differences in morphometric measurements (p < 0.05). Four analysis groups were formed: blind side otolith of L. whiffiagonis, eyed side otolith of L. whiffiagonis, blind side otolith of L. boscii and eyed side otolith of L. boscii. Morphometric differences in otolith shape were performed by canonical discriminant analysis, and the first discriminant axis explained 97.4% (Wilks λ = 0.270) of the variance between the groups, and the second axis explained 2.3% (Wilks λ = 0.620). Classification success between Lepidorhombus species based on CDA is 100%, and the overall CDA classification score between groups is 76.5%. The wavelet functions obtained in the contour analysis showed high variability in the anterior, posterior‐dorsal, antero‐dorsal and ventral regions of the otoliths among these four analysis groups. Consequently, it is thought that this study will contribute to the taxonomic classification of fish with the morphological and morphometric differences in the blind and eyed side otoliths and the analyses made with the high discrimination success obtained in Lepidorhombus species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By leveraging the recent development of artificial intelligence algorithms, several medical sectors have benefited from using automatic segmentation tools from bioimaging to segment anatomical structures. Segmentation of the musculoskeletal system is key for studying alterations in anatomical tissue and supporting medical interventions. The clinical use of such tools requires an understanding of the proper method for interpreting data and evaluating their performance. The current systematic review aims to present the common bottlenecks for musculoskeletal structures analysis (e.g., small sample size, data inhomogeneity) and the related strategies utilized by different authors. A search was performed using the PUBMED database with the following keywords: deep learning, musculoskeletal system, segmentation. A total of 140 articles published up until February 2022 were obtained and analyzed according to the PRISMA framework in terms of anatomical structures, bioimaging techniques, pre/post-processing operations, training/validation/testing subset creation, network architecture, loss functions, performance indicators and so on. Several common trends emerged from this survey; however, the different methods need to be compared and discussed based on each specific case study (anatomical region, medical imaging acquisition setting, study population, etc.). These findings can be used to guide clinicians (as end users) to better understand the potential benefits and limitations of these tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Angular projection measurements have long been an established approach in anatomical morphometry. However, many described projection angles are in reference to inherently curved structures, often oversimplifying their topologies. Aims: The objective of this study is to develop a quick, quantitative method for determining structural curvature from digital images. We aim to utilize readily-available software and statistical methods to extrapolate curvature from images and compare this new method to established angular measurements. Methods: Projection angulation and curvature was modeled on and assessed by the acromia of 50 dry scapulae. Digital images were taken at a known scale, perpendicular to the acromion, and then processed with ImageJ software. Angles were measured by the angle tool and for curvature, seven markers were placed along the external and internal margins of the acromion. Utilizing Excel's Solver function, the coordinate points were passed through a rotation matrix and optimized for second order regression. Solver was instructed to minimize the sum of squared estimated error between our measured and calculated coordinate values by manipulating the angle of point rotation and regression equation coefficients. Results: Significant differences were found between external, internal, and midline acromion measurements in both angles and curvatures. External angle = 80.8 (14.2)°; internal angle = 130.3 (13.6)°; midline angle = 105.6 (10.5)°; [reported as mean (SD)]. External curvature = 0.055 (0.015) mm−1; internal curvature = 0.035 (0.025) mm−1; midline curvature = 0.046 (0.017) mm−1; [reported as median (IQR)]. Conclusions: Solver allows for researchers and clinicians to quickly characterize morphometric courses and properties of a given structure. Paired with other scalar measurements, curvature can complete the picture of an anatomical structure's pattern.

In order to elucidate the salt tolerance mechanism of Populus talassica × Populus euphratica, the growth, physiology and anatomical characteristics of P. talassica × P. euphratica were studied under different concentrations of NaCl-stress treatments. In this study, the annual seedlings of Populus talassica × Populus euphratica were used as the test material in a field potted control experiment. The basic salt content of the culture soil was the control (CK), and two NaCl treatments of 200 mmol/L and 400 mmol/L were established. The pot experiment showed that: (1) Compared with CK, the 200 mmol/L NaCl-stress treatment significantly increased the growth parameters of P. talassica × P. euphratica, such as leaf area, plant height, ground diameter, biomass, root length, root surface area, root fork number and root-shoot ratio. However, compared with CK, the 400 mmol/L NaCl-stress treatment significantly reduced most growth parameters. (2) The 200 and 400 mmol/L NaCl-stress treatments significantly decreased various physiological parameters such as relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll content, water potential, stomatal opening and photosynthetic parameters and increased the accumulation of MDA and Pro compared with CK. The 200 mmol/L NaCl-stress treatment significantly increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes, and the 400 mmol/L NaCl-stress treatment significantly decreased the activity of antioxidant enzymes. (3) Compared with CK, 200 and 400 mmol/L NaCl-stress treatments significantly improved the leaf palisade tissue thickness and palisade-to-sea ratio, as well as the stem xylem and stem phloem thickness and pith diameter, and significantly increased the root xylem thickness, root phloem thickness, and root cross-cutting diameter of P. talassica × P. euphratica. The growth, physiological characteristics and anatomical characteristics of P. talassica × P. euphratica under NaCl-stress treatments showed that it had good salt tolerance and adaptability, and the 200 mmol/L NaCl-stress treatment promoted the growth of P. talassica × P. euphratica to a certain extent. This study provided a theoretical basis for the study of the salt-tolerant mechanism of P. talassica × P. euphratica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the research is to comprehensively compare the anatomical and morphological structures of plants of Melissa officinalis subsp. officinalis ('Krymchanka' and 'Lada' varieties) and of M. officinalis subsp. Sltissima (Sm.) Arcang. These plants have pronounced differences in morphological features and production indexes. They are grown in the collection of aromatic plants of the Research Institute of Agriculture of the Crimea (Krymskaya Roza village, Belogorsky district of Crimea). These studies will allow us to supplement the botanical characteristics of both subspecies of M. officinalis, and also to evaluate their plasticity and possibilities of adaptation to growing conditions. For examination we collected plants in the flowering phase. Anatomical study was carried out using a fixed (alcohol: glycerin: water in a ratio of 1: 1: 1) and native preparation. A complex of mesomorphic and xeromorphic characters is established, that confirms the high plasticity and determines the adaptive capabilities of the species when introduced into various soil and climatic conditions. A variety of epidermal structures was revealed, which are represented by single and multicellular non-glandular trichomes and various types of glandular structures. Among them, trichomes with a multicellular pedicle and a unicellular head, which we found only in M. officinalis subsp. officinalis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Review of the scientific literature dedicated to investigating how residual structures impact surgical outcomes in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) patients, providing information on the frequency of anatomical remnants after endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS)., Material and Methods: This review has been reported following the recommendations of the SWiM guideline. PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, and Web of Science were searched until April 2024. Studies selected for the systematic review were assessed about quality and risk of bias using the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine Levels of Evidence and STROBE. The findings were analyzed descriptively and qualitatively, aligning with EPOS and ICAR guidelines., Results: Fourteen relevant studies met the inclusion criteria for qualitative synthesis. Prospective and retrospective cross-sectional designs, focusing on revision ESS, were included. Four studies examined full-house functional ESS (FESS), three focused on frontal sinus surgery, four on conventional FESS and three did not specify the surgery type. The risk of bias was assessed, revealing significant variability in study quality and a low level of evidence. Wide variability was found in anatomical structures remaining after ESS, most notably in retained uncinate process (29.6-64%), agger nasi cell (4.5-83.33%) and frontoethmoidal cells (40.7-96.8%). Observations on concha bullosa, septal deviation and lateralization of the middle turbinate revealed distinct patterns among the included studies., Conclusion: This systematic review underscores the persistent challenge of incomplete resection of anatomical structures in revision surgeries for CRS. The variability in the retention of key structures highlights the complexity of surgical outcomes and the need for further refinement in surgical techniques., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.)

الملخص: أهداف البحث: إن معرفة الأجزاء التشريحية أثناء العمليات الجراحية يؤدي إلى تقليل المضاعفات، ومن هنا كان الهدف الرئيس للدراسة هو معرفة الأجزاء التشريحية التي يعتبرها أطباء الاختصاص مهمة؛ ويجب أن يكون المقيم المتدرب في مستوى السنة الثالثة قادرا على تحديدها أثناء العمليات الجراحية. بالإضافة إلى ذلك قمنا بدراسة العوامل التي قد تؤثر على آراء الأطباء الاختصاصيين. طرق البحث: شملت الدراسة أطباء اختصاصيين في التوليد والجراحة النسائية، الذين يعملون في مستشفيات يوجد فيها برامج تدريب للأطباء المقيمين وذلك في الفترة ما بين ١/٢/٢٠١٩ و٣٠/١٠/٢٠١٩. وطُلب من أطباء الاختصاص تقييم أهمية الأجزاء التشريحية التي يجب أن يكون المقيم المتدرب في السنة الثالثة قادرا على معرفتها أثناء العمليات الجراحية. ثم تم تحليل الاستجابات بناء على عمر الطبيب الاختصاصي وجنسه ونوع الممارسة إذا كانت في مستشفى عام أو خاص وعدد سنوات الخبرة وعبء العمل الجراحي. النتائج: استجاب للدراسة ١٦٥ اختصاصيا، وذلك بمعدل استجابة ٦٩.٣٪. وكان متوسط العمر ٤٦.١ سنة، ومتوسط عدد سنوات الخبرة ١٣.٤. بالإضافة إلى ذلك؛ صنف ٨٦.٦٪ من الاختصاصيين جميع الأجزاء على أنها ''أكثر أهمية''. لم تكن الأهمية حسب تصنيف االاختصاصيين مرتبطة بالجنس أو عدد سنوات الخبرة أو عبء العمل الجراحي. كما تم تصنيف أهمية ٦٣٪ من الأجزاء التشريحية ''أعلى'' من قبل الاختصاصيين المبتدئين مقارنة بالاختصاصيين الأكثر خبرة. الاستنتاجات: المعرفة بالتشريح الجراحي مهمة للتدريب في برامج الإقامة في التوليد والجراحة النسائية. إن تصور الاختصاصيين لأهمية الأجزاء التشريحية المختلفة يعكس فهمهم لمتطلبات التدريب. سلطت نتائجنا الضوء على الأجزاء التشريحية المهمة التي من المتوقع أن يعرفها الأطباء المقيمون في السنة الثالثة من التدريب أثناء العمليات الجراحية. قد يؤسس هذا البحث مدخلا لبحوث مستقبلية تشمل جميع سنوات التدريب وتعمل على تشكيل مرجعا لماهية المعرفة التشريحية المطلوبة لكل سنة تدريب. Abstract: Objectives: Intraoperative identification of anatomical structures can potentially reduce the risk of surgical complications. This study aims to report specialists' perspectives about the anatomical structures that third-year residents should be able to identify during surgical operations. In addition, the factors which may influence specialists' opinions are discussed. Materials and methods: This qualitative cross-sectional study was conducted on obstetricians and gynaecologists between 1/2/2019 and 30/10/2019. The specialists practising in a hospital with a residency programme were included, and were asked to rate the importance of structures that a third-year resident should be able to identify during operations. We performed a comparison of responses based on specialists' age, gender, practice type, years of experience, and surgical workload. Results: One hundred and sixty-five specialists were recruited with a response rate of 69.3%. The mean age of respondents was 46.1 years, and they had a mean experience of 13.4 years. Furthermore, 86.6% of specialists rated all the anatomical structures as “more important”. The importance of surgical structures, as rated by specialists, was not related to gender, years of experience, or surgical workload. The importance of 63% of the anatomical structures was rated higher by junior specialists than senior specialists. Conclusion: Knowledge of anatomical structures is vital for gynaecologic residency training. Specialist's perceptions of the importance of various anatomical structures reflect their understanding of the training requirements. Our results highlighted the important anatomical structures that third-year residents are expected to identify during surgical operations. Future research may establish a reference for the core anatomy knowledge essential for each training year.

As an interesting and important trait of some drought-tolerant species, heteromorphic leaves are distributed differentially along plant vertical heights. However, the underpinning mechanism for the formation of heteromorphic leaves remains unclear. We hypothesize that heteromorphic leaves are caused by the hydraulic constraints possibly due to the compensation of the changes in functional traits in response to water transport capacity or the reduction of ineffective water loss. In this study, differences in water transport capacity, morphological traits, anatomical structures, and cellular water relations among three typical types of heteromorphic leaves (i.e., lanceolate, ovate, and broad-ovate) of Populus euphratica Oliv. (a dominant species of desert riparian forest in Central and West Asia) and their relationships were analyzed in order to explore the forming mechanism of heteromorphic leaves. The results showed that the lanceolate, ovate, and broad-ovate leaves were growing in the lower, intermediate, and higher positions from the ground, respectively. Morphological traits, anatomical structures, cellular water relations, and water transport capacity significantly varied among the three types of heteromorphic leaves (P< 0.01). Drought stress in broad-ovate leaves was significantly higher than that in ovate and lanceolate leaves (P< 0.01). Water transport capacity has significant correlations with morphological traits, anatomical structures, and cellular water relations (R2 ≥ 0.30; P< 0.01). Our results indicated that heteromorphic leaves were used as an important adaptive strategy for P. euphratica to alleviate the increase of hydraulic constraints along vertical heights.

The article focuses on the significance of dissection competitions and self-directed learning in medical education. Topics include the integration of competitive dissections into the curriculum, the use of innovative and creative presentation methods by students, and the emphasis on active, learner-centered educational approaches.

Background: Chronic plantar fasciitis with insufficient improvement after conservative treatment can be addressed by surgery. Endoscopic plantar fasciotomy using a single incision technique is an innovative treatment strategy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects and potential risks of damaging anatomical structures when performing this technique.Methods: 40 fresh-frozen foot specimens underwent single incision endoscopic plantar fasciotomy. Operations of group A (n = 20) were done by an experienced surgeon, operations of group B (n = 20) were done by unexperienced residents.Results: In both groups, all major vessels or nerves remained undamaged. Sufficient transection (>90%) was found in 16 of 20 specimens (group A) and 10 of 20 specimens (group B) (p = 0.047).Conclusions: Our results show that single incision endoscopic plantar fasciotomy can be safely performed even by unexperienced surgeons. In contrast to that, complete transection of the medial fascicle is dependent on the surgeon's experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relapse of deformity after a successful Ponseti treatment remains a problem for the management of clubfoot. An untreated varus heel position and restricted dorsal flexion of the ankle are the main features of recurrences. We analyze the anatomical structures responsible for these recurrences. Materials and methods: During 5 years, 52 children with CTEV (Congenital Talipes Equino Varus) were treated with casts according to the Ponseti method, with a mean number of 7 casts. Closed percutaneous tenotomy was performed in 28 infants. Children were followed monthly and treated with the continuous use of a molded cast. We had 9 children with relapsed clubfeet. During the standing and walking phase, they had a fixed deformity with a varus position of the heel and dorsal flexion of the ankle <10 d. They were surgically treated with the posterolateral approach. Results: In all patients, we found a severe thickening of the paratenon of the Achilles in the medial side, with adhesions with the subcutaneous tissue. The achilles after the previous tenotomy was completely regenerated. The achilles was medially displaced. Conclusions: A severe thickening of the paratenon of the achilles and adhesions with the subcutaneous tissue are anatomical structures in fixed relapsed cases of clubfoot. We treated our patients with an appropriate surgical release. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The nature of memory and the search for its localization have been a subject of interest since Antiquity. After millennia of theoretical concepts, shifting from the heart to the brain, then from the ventricles to solid parts, the core memory-related structures finally began to be identified through modern scientifically-based methods at the diencephalic and cortical (hippocampal and neocortical) levels, mostly in the late Modern period, culminating in the current state of knowledge on the subject.

Nahum Epelbaum tends to the reinterpretation of the traditions of folk art and adheres to the modern trends while Nikolai Gabzulin draws his inspiration from the models which have become classical ones, adapting them for his style. Naum Epelbaum graduated from the Higher Industrial School of Fine Arts named after V. Mukhin in St. Petersburg in 1956, and the study years allowed him to work in the animalistic genre, which became significant for him, when he was experimenting and looking for new methods of expression. Nikolai Gabzulin graduated from the Republican Art School named after I. E. Repin from Chisinau. The elegance of his compositions dates back to the 18th – 19th centuries, adapted to the period of modern art.

Our article explores a variety of modern research techniques employed in neuroanatomy and neurophysiology. We highlight the use of computer technologies, image analysis methods, and innovative approaches that expand our understanding of anatomical structures. The techniques we discuss include fractal analysis, the Pickworth method, scanning microscopy, and advanced computer image processing systems. Fractal analysis, in particular, offers a unique perspective on brain structures and functions and is a key tool in neuroanatomical research. We also focus on its application in neuroanatomical studies, particularly in cases of Alzheimer's disease and epilepsy. These modern research methods not only enhance our knowledge but also have significant clinical potential. Their use in diagnosing neurological diseases like Alzheimer's and epilepsy promises faster and more accurate diagnoses. We emphasize the combination of multiple methods for improved quality of anatomical structure imaging., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Author(s).)

We present a method for the layout of anatomical structures and blood vessels based on information from the Foundational Model of Anatomy (FMA). Our approach integrates a novel vascular layout into the hierarchical treemap representation of anatomy as used in ApiNATOMY. Our method aims to improve the comprehension of complex anatomical and vascular data by providing readable visual representations. The effectiveness of our method is demonstrated through a prototype developed in VANTED, showing potential for application in research, education, and clinical settings., (© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter, Berlin/Boston.)

Objective: To stimulate tenderness points around knee joint in two metholds-corresponding acupoints selected from recent regions along meridians and anatomical structures, to compare the clinical efficacy of neddle knife of to cure early and middle stage knee osteoarthritis. Method: 70 patients were randomly (Random Number Tables)divided into test group(acupoints selected from recent regions along meridians, n=35)and control group(anatomical structures, n=35), who were diagnosed as knee osteoarthritis. Observe the VAS(visual analogue scale), Lysholm, WOMAC(the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index) and ROM(rang of motion) between two groups in first week, first month, third month after treatment. Recording the degree of improvement of knee joint’s pain, dysfunction and symptoms of osteoarthritis and rang of motion. Results: Within groups, the VAS, Lysholm, WOMAC and ROM were obviously different from pre-therapy scores in the third, sixth and twelfth week post-therapy(P＜0.05).Between groups no significant difference were observed in the third week post-therapy about VAS, Lysholm,WOMAC scores(P＞0.05). However, there were differences in the sixth, twelfth weeks post-therapy (P＜0.05);compared with control group, the ROM of test group were difference in the third, sixth, twelfth weeks post-therapy(P＜0.05). Conclusion: The clinical efficacy of stimulating corresponding acupoints tenderness points selected from recent regions along meridians to treat early and middle stage knee osteoarthritis was superior to anatomical structures, which can effectively relieve pain, dysfunction, symptoms of osteoarthritis of knee joint and rang of motion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sphenoid sinus is deeply located in the neurocranium of skull and is the most inaccessible paranasal air sinus. A disease of the sphenoid sinus is difficult to diagnose so that it requires a high index of suspicion and multi-detector radiological imaging techniques and surgical biopsy. Moreover, compared with other paranasal air sinuses, the sphenoid sinus is considered the most variable sinus in terms of its patterns of pneumatization, number and inter-sphenoidal sinus septal deviation and its relationship with the surrounding anatomical structures. Thus, the study of sphenoid sinus pneumatization has increased added importance due to newer developments in trans-sphenoidal sinus surgeries and its utility in assessing the complications involving the cranial cavity. Though extensive pneumatization of sphenoid sinus facilitates free routes of endoscopic trans-sphenoidal surgeries, it poses an increased risk of nerve lesions, intracranial hemorrhage, CSF leakage, sinusitis and destructive bone erosions. In this review, we tried to present the variability of patterns of sphenoid sinus pneumatization with related neurovascular structures, a discrepancy of intra-sphenoid sinus septa and the presence of unusual central Onodi cells among racial variants across different geographical or ethno-geographical diversity. A literature search of PubMed, Google Scholar, and Embase databases was performed.Much progress has been made on the radio-anatomical assessments of the sphenoid sinus, but none of these studies reported the sphenoid sinus pneumatization and its relationship with cavernous sinus, abducens nerve and ophthalmic artery. So, further study is needed to show frequent association of these structures with sphenoid sinus pneumatization.

In order to elucidate the salt tolerance mechanism of Populus talassica × Populus euphratica, the growth, physiology and anatomical characteristics of P. talassica × P. euphratica were studied under different concentrations of NaCl-stress treatments. In this study, the annual seedlings of Populus talassica × Populus euphratica were used as the test material in a field potted control experiment. The basic salt content of the culture soil was the control (CK), and two NaCl treatments of 200 mmol/L and 400 mmol/L were established. The pot experiment showed that: (1) Compared with CK, the 200 mmol/L NaCl-stress treatment significantly increased the growth parameters of P. talassica × P. euphratica, such as leaf area, plant height, ground diameter, biomass, root length, root surface area, root fork number and root-shoot ratio. However, compared with CK, the 400 mmol/L NaCl-stress treatment significantly reduced most growth parameters. (2) The 200 and 400 mmol/L NaCl-stress treatments significantly decreased various physiological parameters such as relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll content, water potential, stomatal opening and photosynthetic parameters and increased the accumulation of MDA and Pro compared with CK. The 200 mmol/L NaCl-stress treatment significantly increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes, and the 400 mmol/L NaCl-stress treatment significantly decreased the activity of antioxidant enzymes. (3) Compared with CK, 200 and 400 mmol/L NaCl-stress treatments significantly improved the leaf palisade tissue thickness and palisade-to-sea ratio, as well as the stem xylem and stem phloem thickness and pith diameter, and significantly increased the root xylem thickness, root phloem thickness, and root cross-cutting diameter of P. talassica × P. euphratica. The growth, physiological characteristics and anatomical characteristics of P. talassica × P. euphratica under NaCl-stress treatments showed that it had good salt tolerance and adaptability, and the 200 mmol/L NaCl-stress treatment promoted the growth of P. talassica × P. euphratica to a certain extent. This study provided a theoretical basis for the study of the salt-tolerant mechanism of P. talassica × P. euphratica.

For many clinical goals like surgical planning and radiotherapy treatment planning is necessary to understand the anatomical structures of the organ that is targeted. At the same time the 2D/3D shape of the organ is important to be reconstructed for the benefit of the doctors. For that reason, accurate segmentation techniques must be proposed to overcome the big data medical image storage problem. The main purpose of this work is to apply segmentation techniques for the definition of 3D organs (anatomical structures) when big data information has been stored and must be organized by the doctors for medical diagnosis. The processes would be implemented in the CT images from patients with COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relapse of deformity after a successful Ponseti treatment remains a problem for the management of clubfoot. An untreated varus heel position and restricted dorsal flexion of the ankle are the main features of recurrences. We analyze the anatomical structures responsible for these recurrences. Materials and methods: During 5 years, 52 children with CTEV (Congenital Talipes Equino Varus) were treated with casts according to the Ponseti method, with a mean number of 7 casts. Closed percutaneous tenotomy was performed in 28 infants. Children were followed monthly and treated with the continuous use of a molded cast. We had 9 children with relapsed clubfeet. During the standing and walking phase, they had a fixed deformity with a varus position of the heel and dorsal flexion of the ankle

Acclimatization of tissue cultured plants to greenhouse or field conditions is the final and most crucial step of micropropagation. Hydroponic system has the potential to harden in vitro plants in an efficient and convenient way. Herein, in vitro regenerated plants of Trichosanthes kirilowii were cultured in 1/4, 1/2 and full strength Hoagland nutrient solution under a simple hydroponic system during acclimatization, respectively, and soil culture was prepared as a control. Morphological, physiological, anatomical and histochemical alterations of the plants treated by different concentrations of nutrient solution and soil conditions were analyzed after 30 days of growth. Results showed that all the three concentrations of nutrient solution significantly improved the survival rate, plant growth, pigment content, photosynthesis capacity, and stomatal density compared with those grown in soil, and there were no significant differences of the plant morphological parameters and the stomatal characteristics among the three hydroponic treatments. The plants grown in the 1/4 Hoagland solution yielded the highest net photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance, as might be attributed to their highest photosynthetic pigment content among the treatments. Anatomical and histochemical studies revealed that enlarged air spaces, multiple lignified Φ thickenings, and heavier suberin and lignin were formed in the cortex of the adventitious roots grown in 1/4 Hoagland nutrient solution as compared with those cultured in soil conditions, indicating that T. kirilowii had enough phenotypic plasticity in the root structure to grow in hydroponic conditions by formation of larger aerenchyma spaces and apoplastic barriers. This study clearly demonstrates that hydroponics is an alternative for the tissue cultured plants of T. kirilowii to adapt to great environmental changes during acclimatization. Key message: Micropropagated plants of T. kirilowii can adapt to hydroponic conditions through changes in plant morphological, physiological and stomatal characteristics, and anatomical and histochemical features of roots during acclimatization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Personal computer use for educational purposes by the healthcare professions students has become ubiquitous. Although the effect of computer‐based dissection instructions has been studied, there is a paucity of information regarding student browsing habits of information available on the Internet. Although current students have favorable attitudes toward accessing anatomical information online, web browsing habits have not yet been investigated specifically in the dissection laboratory setting. The purpose of this study was to describe the browsing habits of the healthcare professions students in the gross anatomy setting using a retrospective analysis. Files containing web browser history were retrieved from desktop computers in the gross anatomy laboratory and custom code was written to parse them into comma separated value files. Each web address was categorized and descriptive statistics was calculated. Browser history for 24 computers was analyzed from June 2013 to January 2015. During this period, students accumulated 100,857 webpage visits. Most often, students performed a Google search for anatomy (22.0% of all visits) and non‐anatomy related (20.6% of all visits) information. Students also used the web browser to access various entertainment (16.4% of all visits) and productivity related services (15.9% of all visits). This analysis revealed a large volume of webpage visits by the healthcare professions students in the gross anatomy laboratory. A wide diversity of anatomy and non‐anatomy related webpages were visited. Future analyses could be directed at examination of when in relation to class time students accessed the information, how browsing habits change over time, and what anatomical structures were most commonly searched for. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Optimal shoulder images must adhere to specific radiographic criteria before they are sent to the radiologist for reporting. Repeat x-rays of the shoulder may increase radiation exposure to the patient. Aim: The aims of this study were to determine whether images adhered to the required radiographic criteria for routine shoulder imaging and to identify possible reasons for non-adherence. Setting: The study was conducted at an imaging department at a tertiary academic hospital in Bloemfontein, South Africa. Methods: A criteria checklist compiled from literature was used to evaluate 578 routine shoulder images including anteroposterior (AP) with external rotation and lateral-Y (LAT-Y) projections. The checklist determined whether the shoulder images adhered to the criteria with regard to the anatomy included, positioning and technical factors, such as inclusion of the correct anatomical lead marker. Data were analysed using SAS Version 9.2 statistical software. Results: More than 80% of the AP external rotation images included unnecessary anatomical structures owing to incorrect centring. In four out of seven criteria pertaining to positioning for AP external rotation imaging, at least 70% of images were performed incorrectly. Four-sided collimation was not present in more than 50% of both AP external rotation and LAT-Y images because of incorrect centring, while more than 30% of shoulder images presented with anatomical digital markers. Conclusion: The application of criteria required for shoulder imaging must be addressed at the participating imaging department to improve overall patient care. An in-service training session is recommended to enhance the radiographic technique with regard to routine shoulder projections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]