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Surgical management of fractures has advanced with the incorporation of advanced technology, surgical techniques, and regenerative therapies, but delayed bone healing remains a clinical challenge and the prevalence of long bone nonunion ranges from 10 to 15% of surgically managed fractures. Delayed bone healing arises from a combination of mechanical, biological, and systemic factors acting on the site of tissue remodeling, and careful consideration of each case's injury-related, patient-dependent, surgical, and mechanical risk factors is key to successful bone union. In this review, we describe the biology and biomechanics of delayed bone healing, outline the known risk factors for nonunion development, and introduce modern preventative and corrective therapies targeting fracture nonunion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Profiting from the dual high basicity and nucleophilicity of organosodium complexes, here we report the stepwise lateral metalation of a wide range of alkyl arenes (MeAr), mediated by hydrocarbon‐soluble NaCH2SiMe3 ⋅ PMDETA (PMDETA=N,N,N’,N’’,N’’‐pentamethyldiethylenetriamine), followed by nucleophilic addition to diarylethenes of the newly generated NaCH2Ar ⋅ PMDETA complexes. This method grants access to a range of functionalised hydrocarbons in excellent yields and can be upgraded to catalytic regimes when using trans‐stilbene, a 10 mol% of the alkyl sodium base and toluene as a solvent. Extending this approach to aromatic ketones leads to the formation of stilbenes under mild reaction conditions, resulting from the deprotonative coupling of toluenes with ketones. Combining spectroscopic studies with the trapping and characterisation of key reaction intermediates, mechanistic insights have been gained, advancing the understanding of coordination effects in organosodium chemistry, and shedding light on their special reactivity profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

GPS satellite tracking allows novel investigations of how golden eagles Aquila chrysaetos use the landscape at several scales and at different life history stages, including research on geographical barriers which may prevent or limit range expansion or create population/sub-population isolation. If there are significant barriers to golden eagle movements, there could be demographic and genetic consequences. Genetic studies have led investigations on the identification of sub-species, populations, and sub-populations but should be conjoined with demographic studies and dispersal movements to understand fully such designations and their geographic delimitation. Scottish eagles are genetically differentiated from continental European birds, with thousands of years of separation creating a distinct population, though without sub-species assignation. They present unique research opportunities to examine barriers to movements illustrated by satellite tracking under Scotland's highly variable geography. We primarily examined two features, using more than seven million dispersal records from satellite tags fitted to 152 nestlings. The first was the presence of unsuitable terrestrial habitat. We found few movements across a region of largely unsuitable lowland habitat between upland regions substantially generated by geological features over 70 km apart (Highland Boundary Fault and Southern Uplands Fault). This was expected from the Golden Eagle Topography model, and presumed isolation was the premise for an ongoing reinforcement project in the south of Scotland, translocating eagles from the north (South Scotland Golden Eagle Project: SSGEP). Second was that larger expanses of water can be a barrier. We found that, for a northwestern archipelago (Outer Hebrides), isolated by ≥24 km of sea (and with prior assignation of genetical and historical separation), there were no tagged bird movements with the Inner Hebrides and/or the Highlands mainland (the main sub-population), confirming their characterisation as a second sub-population. Results on the willingness of eagles to cross open sea or sea lochs (fjords) elsewhere in Scotland were consistent on distance. While apparently weaker than the Outer Hebrides in terms of separation, the designation of a third sub-population in the south of Scotland seems appropriate. Our results validate the SSGEP, as we also observed no movement of birds across closer sea crossings from abundant Highland sources to the Southern Uplands. Based on telemetric results, we also identified where any re-colonisation of England, due to the SSGEP, is most likely to occur. We emphasise, nevertheless, that our study's records during dispersal will be greater than the natal dispersal distances (NDDs), when birds settle to breed after dispersal, and NDDs are the better shorter arbiter for connectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With their highly reactive respective C−Na and N−Na bonds, organosodium and sodium amide reagents could be viewed as obvious replacements or even superior reagents to the popular, widely utilised organolithiums. However, they have seen very limited applications in synthesis due mainly to poor solubility in common solvents and their limited stability. That notwithstanding in recent years there has been a surge of interest in bringing these sustainable metal reagents into the forefront of organometallics in synthesis. Showcasing the growth in utilisation of organosodium complexes within several areas of synthetic chemistry, this Minireview discusses promising new methods that have been recently reported with the goal of taming these powerful reagents. Special emphasis is placed on coordination and aggregation effects in these reagents which can impart profound changes in their solubility and reactivity. Differences in observed reactivity between more nucleophilic aryl and alkyl sodium reagents and the less nucleophilic but highly basic sodium amides are discussed along with current mechanistic understanding of their reactivities. Overall, this review aims to inspire growth in this exciting field of research to allow for the integration of organosodium complexes within common important synthetic transformations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With their highly reactive respective C−Na and N−Na bonds, organosodium and sodium amide reagents could be viewed as obvious replacements or even superior reagents to the popular, widely utilised organolithiums. However, they have seen very limited applications in synthesis due mainly to poor solubility in common solvents and their limited stability. That notwithstanding in recent years there has been a surge of interest in bringing these sustainable metal reagents into the forefront of organometallics in synthesis. Showcasing the growth in utilisation of organosodium complexes within several areas of synthetic chemistry, this Minireview discusses promising new methods that have been recently reported with the goal of taming these powerful reagents. Special emphasis is placed on coordination and aggregation effects in these reagents which can impart profound changes in their solubility and reactivity. Differences in observed reactivity between more nucleophilic aryl and alkyl sodium reagents and the less nucleophilic but highly basic sodium amides are discussed along with current mechanistic understanding of their reactivities. Overall, this review aims to inspire growth in this exciting field of research to allow for the integration of organosodium complexes within common important synthetic transformations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Huntington disease (HD)-like 2 (HDL2) is a rare genetic disease caused by an expanded trinucleotide repeat in the JPH3 gene (encoding junctophilin 3) that shows remarkable clinical similarity to HD. To date, HDL2 has been reported only in patients with definite or probable African ancestry. A single haplotype background is shared by patients with HDL2 from different populations, supporting a common African origin for the expansion mutation. Nevertheless, outside South Africa, reports of patients with HDL2 in Africa are scarce, probably owing to limited clinical services across the continent. Systematic comparisons of HDL2 and HD have revealed closely overlapping motor, cognitive and psychiatric features and similar patterns of cerebral and striatal atrophy. The pathogenesis of HDL2 remains unclear but it is proposed to occur through several mechanisms, including loss of protein function and RNA and/or protein toxicity. This Review summarizes our current knowledge of this African-specific HD phenocopy and highlights key areas of overlap between HDL2 and HD. Given the aforementioned similarities in clinical phenotype and pathology, an improved understanding of HDL2 could provide novel insights into HD and other neurodegenerative and/or trinucleotide repeat expansion disorders. Huntington disease (HD)-like 2 (HDL2) is a rare HD phenocopy that seems to be confined to people with African ancestry. This Review summarizes our current knowledge of HDL2 and highlights the need for further studies of neurodegenerative diseases on the African continent. Key points: Huntington disease (HD)-like 2 (HDL2) is a rare autosomal dominant genetic disease caused by a CTG/CAG trinucleotide repeat expansion in a variably spliced exon of the JPH3 gene (encoding junctophilin 3) located on chromosome 16q24.2. All documented patients with HDL2 have African ancestry and a shared haplotype across the JPH3 locus, suggesting a common ancient African origin, possibly in West Africa. Fewer than 100 cases of HDL2 have been reported worldwide, emphasizing the need for concerted efforts to systematically ascertain patients for longitudinal studies. HDL2 is the HD phenocopy that has the strongest clinical resemblance to HD across the disease course, with overlapping movement, psychiatric, cognitive and radiological features, progressing to non-verbal and akinetic dementia and premature death. Loss of function of the junctophilin 3 protein, RNA toxicity of the sense strand and expanded CAG, and polyglutamine toxicity from the antisense strand have all been implicated in HDL2 pathogenesis. Studies comparing HDL2 to HD provide unique opportunities to improve our understanding of the role of junctophilin 3 in the brain and of repeat expansion pathogenesis, allowing the development of novel biomarkers and therapeutic options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding drivers underlying birds' responses to operational wind turbines is essential for robust wind farm proposal assessments, especially for large raptors with life history traits engendering sensitivity to impacts from two potential adverse effects: fatality through collision with rotating turbine blades and functional habitat loss through avoidance of turbines. The balance between these two potential effects represents opposing extremes on a continuum and is influenced by several factors. Collisions have an obvious impact on survival, but the impacts of avoidance may be more insidious and potentially more significant for a population. It is reasonable to conclude that collisions are less likely when blades are motionless. Consequently, turbine shutdown systems (TSSs, "shutdown on demand" or "curtailment"), instigated as raptors approach operational turbines, may provide mitigation against collisions. By contrast, if avoidance is most likely, this could be independent of blade motion, and TSSs/curtailment would provide no mitigation against habitat loss. For birds tending to wariness of turbines, therefore, it is important to understand if it is conditional on blade motion. Scottish golden eagles show a strong propensity to avoid (be wary of) turbines, subject largely to the suitability of habitat at and surrounding turbine locations. A previous Scottish study found that approach distances to turbines by non-territorial eagles were unaffected by blade motion but were closer at higher wind speed. Here, we analyse movement data from a GPS-tagged territorial eagle and non-territorial eagles responding to the motion status (and wind speed) of turbines at another Scottish wind farm. Eagles' approach distances to turbines were only weakly affected by blade motion but were closer at higher wind speed. We again found that habitat suitability in and around turbine locations was strongly influential on eagles' approach distance to turbines. Our confirmation that blade motion had little effect on Scottish golden eagles' wariness of turbines suggests that for eagles that are prone to avoid turbines, their wariness is a response to turbines per se, and not blades' movement. In our study system, and others where avoidance is the predominant response, curtailment of turbines' operation on birds' close approaches, or making turbine blades more obvious, should, therefore, have little material influence on functional habitat loss impacts. If true, this has important implications for wind farm designs and any proposed mitigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last three decades, a cohort of genomicists have intentionally sought to include more racially diverse people in their research in human genomics and precision medicine. How such efforts to be inclusive in human genomic research and precision medicine are modeled and enacted, specifically if the terms of inclusion are equitable for these communities remains to be explored. In this commentary, we review the historical context in which issues of racial inclusion arose with early genome and genetics projects. We then discuss attempts to include racialized peoples in more recent human genomics research. In conclusion, we raise critical issues to consider in the future of equitable human genomics and precision medicine research involving racialized communities, particularly as it concerns working towards what we call Precision Health Equity (PHE). Specifically, we examine issues of genetic data governance and the terms of participation in inclusive human genomics and precision health research. We do so by drawing on insights and protocols developed by researchers investigating Indigenous Data Sovereignty and propose exploring their application and adaptation to precision health research involving racialized communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the arms participate in many forms of human locomotion, we know very little about when arm movements emerge during locomotor development. Here we investigated whether newborns would make tactile arm stepping movements when we supported them almost horizontally so their hands touched a surface and blocked their leg movements. Building off prior work showing that newborns make more crawling and air stepping leg movements when exposed to optic flows specifying forward and backward self‐translation, we also examined whether newborns would make more tactile arm steps when exposed to forward and backward optic flows compared to a random optic flow that did not specify translation. We found that newborns can perform arm stepping and produce a significantly higher number of tactile arm steps in the optic flow condition specifying backward translation than in the random optic flow condition. Both translating optic flow conditions had significantly higher numbers of alternating arm steps than the random optic flow condition. These findings show that tactile arm stepping exists at birth and that optic flows can facilitate their production, similar to leg stepping. We argue that these results further support the idea that a quadrupedal organization underlies early upright stepping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the role of information management in archaeological research, specifically in understanding population growth and decline throughout history. The authors argue that competition for resources often leads to periods of decline or stasis following periods of growth. They stress the need for effective information management and data curation to preserve and access archaeological data for future research. The article also emphasizes the importance of using available information to mitigate the impact of climate change on archaeological sites. It highlights the significance of coordination among those responsible for overseeing information repositories to increase their usefulness and prevent information from being compartmentalized. Overall, the article underscores the importance of archaeology in understanding human populations and their historical changes, and how this knowledge can contribute to a better future. [Extracted from the article]

More than 16 million people receive health care coverage through the Affordable Care Act's (ACA) individual health insurance marketplaces. Many enrollees receive premium subsidies that are tied to the premium of the second least expensive silver plan available. This study investigates the consistency of the least expensive silver plan offered on Healthcare.gov from 2014 to 2021 and finds that on average, from one year to the next, the same insurer offered the least expensive silver plan in 63.1% of counties representing 54.7% of the population. However, even when the same insurer offers the least expensive plan, almost half the time, they introduce a new, less expensive plan in the next policy year. Consequently, ACA enrollees who previously purchased the least expensive silver plan may face incremental premium costs unless they spend time and effort to carefully reevaluate their choices each year. We estimate the potential premium cost of inattention and show how it varies over time and across states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stochastic reaction networks, which are usually modeled as continuous-time Markov chains on Z ≥ 0 d , and simulated via a version of the “Gillespie algorithm,” have proven to be a useful tool for the understanding of processes, chemical and otherwise, in homogeneous environments. There are multiple avenues for generalizing away from the assumption that the environment is homogeneous, with the proper modeling choice dependent upon the context of the problem being considered. One such generalization was recently introduced in Duso and Zechner (Proc Nat Acad Sci 117(37):22674–22683 , Duso and Zechner (2020)), where the proposed model includes a varying number of interacting compartments, or cells, each of which contains an evolving copy of the stochastic reaction system. The novelty of the model is that these compartments also interact via the merging of two compartments (including their contents), the splitting of one compartment into two, and the appearance and destruction of compartments. In this paper we begin a systematic exploration of the mathematical properties of this model. We (i) obtain basic/foundational results pertaining to explosivity, transience, recurrence, and positive recurrence of the model, (ii) explore a number of examples demonstrating some possible non-intuitive behaviors of the model, and (iii) identify the limiting distribution of the model in a special case that generalizes three formulas from an example in Duso and Zechner (Proc Nat Acad Sci 117(37):22674–22683 , Duso and Zechner (2020)). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a radar‐based algorithm for autonomous estimation of drone intention. The algorithm is based on radar's kinematic measurements, providing fast and robust intention estimation for multiple targets. The core idea of the proposed algorithm is to build intention‐specific features for each intention in advance and use them in actual drone surveillance situations. To effectively depict the trajectory characteristics of various intentions, the trajectory frequency is computed on multiple phase planes through Monte Carlo Simulations. Finally, a naive Bayes classifier is applied to integrate the trajectory likelihood in different phases and ultimately compute the intention likelihood of all intentions concerned. Numerical simulations for the three candidate intentions of image acquisition, smuggling, and kamikaze attack demonstrated the performance of the presented method. The simulation results show that one can estimate the true intention of a specific drone by comparing the value of each intention likelihood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let G be a group. In this paper, we introduce and study the intersection subgroup graph of G as the (simple) graph Γ S (G) with vertices the nontrivial subgroups H of G such that H ∩ K = { e } for some nontrivial subgroup K of G, and distinct vertices H and K are adjacent if and only if H ∩ K = { e } . We investigate when Γ S (G) is a nonempty, finite, complete, complete bipartite, or planar graph. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on potentially adverse effects of wind farms is an expanding field of study and often focuses on large raptors, such as golden eagles, largely because of their life history traits and extensive habitat requirements. These features render them sensitive to either fatality (collision with turbine blades) or functional habitat loss (avoidance through wariness of turbines). Simplistically, avoidance is antagonistic to collision; although, the two processes are not necessarily mutually exclusive in risk. A bird that does not enter a wind farm or avoids flying close to turbines cannot collide with a blade and be killed. In the USA, collision fatality is implicated as the typical adverse effect. In Scotland, avoidance of functional habitat loss appears more likely, but this depends in part on the habitat suitability of turbine locations. Previous Scottish studies have largely concentrated on the responses of GPS-tagged non-territorial golden eagles during dispersal. Several arguments predict that territorial eagles may have lower avoidance (be less wary) of turbines than non-territorial birds. Hence, we contrasted the responses of GPS-tagged non-territorial (intruding) and territorial eagles to the same turbines at 11 operational Scottish wind farms. We show that territorial eagles rarely approached turbines, but, as in previous Scottish studies of non-territorial birds, the spatial extent of avoidance depended on the habitat suitability of both turbine locations and their wider surroundings. Unexpectedly, we found that territorial eagles were apparently as wary as intruding non-territorial conspecifics of the same turbines. Our results show that regardless of age or territorial status, Scottish golden eagles largely avoided wind turbine locations, but this avoidance was conditional, in part, on where those turbines were located. Responses to turbines were also strongly dependent on birds' identities and different wind farms. We speculate on how widespread our findings of avoidance of turbines by golden eagles are elsewhere in Europe, where there appear to be no published studies showing the level of collision fatalities documented in the USA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infrared spectroscopic studies of weakly bound clusters isolated in solid parahydrogen (pH2) that exhibit large-amplitude tunneling motions are needed to probe how quantum solvation perturbs these types of coherent dynamics. We report high resolution Fourier transform infrared absorption spectra of (HCl)2, HCl–DCl, and (DCl)2 isolated in solid pH2 in the 2.4–4.8 K temperature range. The (HCl)2 spectra show a remarkable amount of fine structures that can be rigorously assigned to vibration–rotation–tunneling transitions of (HCl)2 trapped in double substitution sites in the pH2 matrix where end-over-end rotation of the cluster is quenched. The spectra are assigned using a combination of isotopically (H/D and 35Cl/37Cl) enriched samples, polarized IR absorption measurements, and four-line combination differences. The interchange-tunneling (IT) splitting in the ground vibrational state for in-plane and out-of-plane H35Cl–H37Cl dimers is 6.026(1) and 6.950(1) cm−1, respectively, which are factors of 2.565 and 2.224 smaller than in the gas phase dimer. In contrast, the (DCl)2 results show larger perturbations where the ground vibrational state IT splitting in D35Cl–D37Cl is 1.141(1) cm−1, which is a factor of 5.223 smaller than in the gas phase, and the tunneling motion is quenched in excited intramolecular vibrational states. The results are compared to similar measurements on (HCl)2 made in liquid helium nanodroplets to illustrate the similarities and differences in how both these quantum solvents interact with large amplitude tunneling motions of an embedded chromophore. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Science museum educators' perceptions of the relationship between their professional practices and visitors' expectations affect the formulation of their self-identity and their educational practices as museum education professionals. Situated in the sociocultural context of Chinese science museums this phenomenological study explored the perceived contradictions between museum educators' and visitors' expectations from the educators' standpoint. In this study, 23 museum educators from five Chinese science museums participated in face-to-face semi-structured interviews. Informed by Cultural Historical Activity Theory (CHAT) the outcomes suggest four thematic contradictions within the activity systems composed of museum educators and visitors. This study demonstrates the sociocultural complexities of educator-visitor relationships and offers suggestions for building a collaborative learning community for museum education in Chinese science museums. Moreover, the outcomes have relevance for other museums situated in similar cultures around the world where science museums and museum education are a relatively new and developing enterprise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study examines the portrayals of mothers and fathers in children's picture books read by millions of parents and children in their formative years. We investigate the extent to which these books present rigid parental stereotypes that misrepresent the potential of family leaders. Method: We performed a content analysis of 203 prominent children's picture books from recent years to assess the appearances, activities, and emotions of mothers and fathers. Results: Rather than transcending narrow gender stereotypes, fathers in the most-read books continue to be underrepresented, relatively hands-off parents. Mothers are generally portrayed as emotional parents who complete traditional chores and nurture children. Conclusion: The gender socialization of children and parents via children's books contributes to the notion that mothers and fathers cannot perform as equals in homes or workplaces. Representations of mothers and fathers differ substantially, with fathers playing a secondary role in parenting if they appear at all. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: A current biogeographic paradigm states that climate regulates species distributions at continental scales and that biotic interactions are undetectable at coarse‐grain extents. However, advances in spatial modelling show that incorporating food resource distributions are important for improving model predictions at large distribution scales. This is particularly relevant to understand the factors limiting the distribution of widespread apex predators whose diets are likely to vary across their range. Location: Neotropical Central and South America. Methods: The harpy eagle (Harpia harpyja) is a large raptor, whose diet is largely comprised of arboreal mammals, all with broad distributions across Neotropical lowland forest. Here, we used a hierarchical modelling approach to determine the relative importance of abiotic factors and prey resource distribution on harpy eagle range limits. Our hierarchical approach consisted of the following modelling sequence of explanatory variables: (a) abiotic covariates, (b) prey resource distributions predicted by an equivalent modelling for each prey, (c) the combination of (a) and (b), and (d) as in (c) but with prey resources considered as a single prediction equivalent to prey species richness. Results: Incorporating prey distributions improved model predictions but using solely biotic covariates still resulted in a high‐performing model. In the Abiotic model, Climatic Moisture Index (CMI) was the most important predictor, contributing 76% to model prediction. Three‐toed sloth (Bradypus spp.) was the most important prey resource, contributing 64% in a combined Abiotic‐Biotic model, followed by CMI contributing 30%. Harpy eagle distribution had high environmental overlap across all individual prey distributions, with highest coincidence through Central America, eastern Colombia, and across the Guiana Shield into northern Amazonia. Main Conclusions: With strong reliance on prey distributions across its range, harpy eagle conservation programmes must therefore consider its most important food resources as a key element in the protection of this threatened raptor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natal dispersal of large raptors is poorly understood, despite being a crucial transitional life-cycle phase affecting gene flow and population dynamics. A research-gap rarely examined concerns how young dispersing raptors strategize movements towards first settlement on a prospective breeding territory. First territory settlement is a critical decision for a lifetime and can take several years. With such importance, large raptors should theoretically devote considerable effort to acquire accurate information during prospection. Nevertheless, when discovery of territorial opportunities may be difficult, but easier in vacant territories, we posit two extremes in strategizing prospection behaviours: (1) "Quick, grab it when available with limited reconnaissance," as opposed to (2) "Slow, waiting game with frequent reconnaissance". We analysed pre-settlement data from 37 GPS-tagged nestling golden eagles, later recorded as having settled on their first territory. The number of eagles' unique daily visits to their later settled territories was a measure of prospection intensity. We documented substantial variation in prior visits, between less than 10 to several hundred. Analyses considered several potential predictors. We expected a positive association between number of prospecting visits and natal dispersal duration, since with more time to gather information there should be more visits. We also expected fewer prospecting visits in prior vacant territories. Neither of these expectations were supported. There was a non-significant tendency for more prospection visits by males. Our study provides novel information on a seldom-studied behaviour in a large raptor. It illustrates substantial variation in prospecting behaviour, but expectations of potential drivers behind this variation were not confirmed, urging further study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deaggregating the alkyl sodium NaCH2SiMe3 with polydentate nitrogen ligands enables the preparation and characterisation of new, hydrocarbon soluble chelated alkylsodium reagents. Equipped with significantly enhanced metalating power over their organolithium counterparts, these systems can promote controlled sodiation of weakly acidic benzylic C−H bonds from a series of toluene derivatives under mild stoichiometric conditions. This has been demonstrated through the benzylic aroylation of toluenes with Weinreb amides, that delivers a wide range of 2‐arylacetophenones in good to excellent yields. Success in isolating and determining the structures of key organometallic intermediates has provided useful mechanistic insight into these new sodium‐mediated transformations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deaggregating the alkyl sodium NaCH2SiMe3 with polydentate nitrogen ligands enables the preparation and characterisation of new, hydrocarbon soluble chelated alkylsodium reagents. Equipped with significantly enhanced metalating power over their organolithium counterparts, these systems can promote controlled sodiation of weakly acidic benzylic C−H bonds from a series of toluene derivatives under mild stoichiometric conditions. This has been demonstrated through the benzylic aroylation of toluenes with Weinreb amides, that delivers a wide range of 2‐arylacetophenones in good to excellent yields. Success in isolating and determining the structures of key organometallic intermediates has provided useful mechanistic insight into these new sodium‐mediated transformations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the declaration of the COVID-19 pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020, the University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine (UTCVM), like other institutions, restructured their services to reduce the potential spread of the COVID-19 virus while simultaneously providing critical and essential veterinary services. A mathematical model was developed to predict the change in the level of possible COVID-19 infections due to the increased number of potential contacts within the UTCVM hospital. A system of ordinary differential equations with different compartments for UTCVM individuals and the Knox county population was formulated to show the dynamics of transmission and the number of confirmed cases. Key transmission rates in the model were estimated using COVID-19 case data from the surrounding county and UTCVM personnel. Simulations from this model show the increasing number of COVID-19 cases among UTCVM personnel as the number of daily clients and the number of veterinary staff in the clinic are increased. We also investigate how changes within the Knox county community impact the UTCVM hospital. These scenarios show the importance of understanding the effects of re-opening scenarios in veterinary teaching hospitals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Correct identification and rapid intervention of a traumatic pneumothorax is necessary to avoid hemodynamic collapse and subsequent morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this clinical review is to summarize the evaluation and best treatment strategies to improve outcomes in combat casualties. Blunt, explosive, and penetrating trauma are the 3 etiologies for causing a traumatic pneumothorax. Blunt trauma tends to be more common, but all etiologies require similar treatment. The current standard to diagnose pneumothorax is through imaging to include ultrasound, chest x-ray, or computed tomography. A physical exam aids in the diagnosis especially when few other resources are available. Recent studies on the treatment of a small, closed pneumothorax involve conservative care, which includes close observation of the patient and monitoring supplemental oxygen. For a large, closed pneumothorax, conservative treatment is still a possible option, but manual aspiration may be required. Less often, a needle or tube thoracostomy is needed to reinflate the lung. Large, open pneumothoraxes require the most invasive treatment with current guidelines recommending tube thoracostomy. More invasive management options can result in higher rates of complications. Given the significant variability in practice patterns, most notable in resource limited settings, the areas for potential research are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) commonly form larger congregations at haul out locations during times of rest and pupping season, but are generally thought to be solitary at sea. Occasionally larger clusters of individuals may be observed swimming near haul out sites, forced bottlenecking channels or mouths of rivers with concentrated prey and restricted space. Recently, isolated occurrences of mass gatherings of harbour seals have been observed in the Salish Sea that were distanced from haul out sites (over 1 km away) or forced bottlenecking regions. In April-June (but primarily May) 2019–2021 juvenile and adult harbour seals in Burrows Pass (Anacortes, WA, USA) were observed in large groups (N = 31) ranging in size from 6–50 individuals ( x ‾ = 16.8) within 1-2 body lengths of each other and periodically diving down seemingly hunting and chasing prey. These groupings primarily occurred during flood and slack high tides. Based on the surface level activity observed, habitat type, the frequency of individuals using the area for foraging year round and the tidal preferences during the occurrences, it is likely these are foraging events. Similar large groups have been documented (N = 10) in the South Puget Sound and Central Puget Sound, first observed in 2016 and officially documented in February of 2017. These groupings (from 20–30 to 150+) occurred year round and at varied tidal states. While some sightings were obviously foraging behaviour, others appeared to be resting, traveling or socializing. Open water behaviour of harbour seals is not well documented, and a literature review found no other published accounts of large in-water groupings. Investigation of ecological relationships (like prey spawning, prey abundance, or other environmental correlates) and observation of underwater harbour seal behaviour will aid in determining the reason for this seemingly novel behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water scarcity in Narok county, Kenya may be attributed to demographic pressures, land-use changes, environmental degradation and the effects of climate change. This article combines methodologies from history and political science to investigate how local communities cope with water scarcity. In so doing, we consider how institutions, both indigenous and modern, mitigate conflict over access to and control of water sources. Cases are presented from sites of irrigation and development projects or plans. We find that climate change has little to do with water conflicts in Narok, but that more important factors are privatisation and commoditisation of formerly common-pool resources, and challenges and failures in modern water governance in mediating between Maasai (pastoralist) and non-Maasai (agriculturalist) groups. Indigenous governance institutions still have a place in conflict resolution and environmental protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Core outcome sets (COSs) aim to reduce outcome heterogeneity in clinical practice and research by suggesting a minimum number of agreed-upon outcomes in clinical trials. Most COSs in the musculoskeletal field are developed for specific conditions. We propose that there are likely to be common core domains within existing musculoskeletal COSs that may be used as a starting point in the development of future COSs. We aim to identify common core domains from existing COSs and to facilitate the development of new COSs for musculoskeletal conditions. As a secondary aim, we will assess the development quality of these COSs. Methods: A systematic review including musculoskeletal COSs. We will search Core Outcome Measures in Effectiveness Trials (COMET) database, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, Cochrane Methodology Register and International Consortium for Health Outcome Measurement (ICHOM). Studies will be included if related to the development of a COS in adults with musculoskeletal conditions and for any type of intervention. Quality will be assessed using the Core Outcome Set-Standards for Development (COS-STAD) recommendations. Data extracted will include scope of the COS, health condition, interventions and outcome domains. Primary outcomes will be all core domains recommended within each COS. We define a common core outcome domain as one present in at least 67% of all COSs. All findings will be summarized and presented using descriptive statistics. Discussion: This systematic review of COSs will describe the core domains recommended within each musculoskeletal COS. Common domains found may be used in the initial stages of development of future musculoskeletal COSs. Systematic review registration: PROSPERO CRD42021239141 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calmodulin (CaM) binds to the membrane‐proximal cytosolic C‐terminal domain of CaV1.2 (residues 1520–1669, CT(1520–1669)) and causes Ca2+‐induced conformational changes that promote Ca2+‐dependent channel inactivation (CDI). We report biophysical studies that probe the structural interaction between CT(1520–1669) and CaM. The recombinantly expressed CT(1520–1669) is insoluble, but can be solubilized in the presence of Ca2+‐saturated CaM (Ca4/CaM), but not in the presence of Ca2+‐free CaM (apoCaM). We show that half‐calcified CaM (Ca2/CaM12) forms a complex with CT(1520–1669) that is less soluble than CT(1520–1669) bound to Ca4/CaM. The NMR spectrum of CT(1520–1669) reveals spectral differences caused by the binding of Ca2/CaM12 versus Ca4/CaM, suggesting that the binding of Ca2+ to the CaM N‐lobe may induce a conformational change in CT(1520–1669). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Over 15.3 million Americans relied on the individual health insurance market for health coverage in 2021. Yet, little is known about the relationships between the organizational characteristics of individual market health insurers and quality of coverage, particularly with respect to clinical outcomes.Objective: To examine variation in marketplace insurers' quality performance and investigate how performance varies by insurer organizational characteristics.Design: Retrospective cohort study.Participants: 381 insurer products, representing 184 unique insurers in 50 states in 2019 and 2020.Main Measures: Marketplace plan clinical quality measures reported in the 2019-2020 CMS Plan Quality Rating System dataset and insurer-product organizational attributes identified from several data sources, including non-profit ownership, Blue Cross Blue Shield Association membership, Medicaid focus and whether or not the insurer product is vertically integrated with a provider organization.Key Results: Among the 381 insurer products in this study, 35% are part of a provider-sponsored health plan (PSHP) and 70% of these entities received four stars or above for overall quality performance. Overall, PSHPs exhibited higher quality than non-PSHPs for both clinical quality management (0.36 increased on a 5-point scale; 95% CI = 0.11 to 0.62; P = 0.005) and enrollee experience (0.27; 95% CI = 0.03 to 0.50; P = 0.03) summary indicators. Medicaid focused insurers were associated with lower performance on enrollee experience, plan administration, and various outcomes related to clinical quality.Conclusions: Provider-sponsored health plans in the health insurance marketplaces are associated with higher-quality care, as measured by CMS clinical quality measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the part-songs for mixed voices, attributes of the part-song from 1850–1925, and suggests resources to explore hundreds of useful part-songs. "Crowd pleaser" part-songs can add variety and lighter moments in a concert while retaining musicological value. All choral music genres experience times in history being out of vogue and neglected, but they can be explored. It mentions Charles Leslie, an itinerant music teacher traveling throughout the Midwest.

Quantifying habitat use is important for understanding how animals meet their requirements for survival and provides information for conservation planning. Currently, assessments of range-wide habitat use that delimit species distributions are incomplete for many taxa. The Harpy Eagle (Harpia harpyja) is a raptor of conservation concern, widely distributed across Neotropical lowland forests, that currently faces threats from habitat loss and fragmentation. Here, we use penalized logistic regression to identify species-habitat associations and predict habitat suitability based on a new International Union for the Conservation of Nature range metric, termed Area of Habitat. From the species-habitat model, we performed a gap analysis to identify areas of high habitat suitability in regions with limited coverage in the key biodiversity area (KBA) network. Range-wide habitat use indicated that Harpy Eagles prefer areas of 70%-75% evergreen forest cover, low elevation, and high vegetation species richness. Conversely, Harpy Eagles avoid areas of >10% cultivated landcover and mosaic forest, and topographically complex areas. Our species-habitat model identified a large continuous area of potential habitat across the pan-Amazonia region, and a habitat corridor from the Chocó-Darién ecoregion of Colombia running north along the Caribbean coast of Central America. Little habitat was predicted across the Atlantic Forest biome, which is now severely degraded. The current KBA network covered 18% of medium to high Harpy Eagle habitat exceeding a target biodiversity area representation of 10%, based on species range size. Four major areas of high suitability habitat lacking coverage in the KBA network were identified in north and west Colombia, western Guyana, and north-west Brazil. We recommend these multiple gaps of habitat as new KBAs for strengthening the current KBA network. Modeled area of habitat estimates as described here is a useful tool for large-scale conservation planning and can be readily applied to many taxa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organolithium compounds represent one of the most widely utilised commodity reagents in synthetic chemistry. However, their analogues with the heavier alkali‐metal sodium are much less utilised and their reactivity is less understood. Recent studies have shown the excellent potential of organosodium reagents in synthesis, finding widespread applications in cornerstone organic transformations such as deprotonative metalation, metal‐halogen exchange or Pd catalysed C−C bond formation. However, detailed procedures for the preparation of these compounds are scarce. Therefore, we report a step‐by‐step synthesis of two organosodium reagents: nBuNa and NaTMP (TMP=2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidide) as key building blocks in sodium organometallics, which allows the easy access to other sodiated compounds and enables chemical reactivity that is not feasible with organolithium compounds. Both can be prepared in high yields (up to 92 %), and isolated as pure solids that can be stored under argon for long periods of time (up to six months) without observed degradation. Here we further illustrate the synthetic utility of NaTMP as an efficient metalating reagent for 1‐methoxynaphthalene which can be subsequently employed in Suzuki–Miyaura couplings, as well as a precursor for sodium zincate [(TMEDA)NaZn(TMP)Et2], which has been obtained by co‐complexation of NaTMP, ZnEt2 and TMEDA in hexane, for which a structure has been established by X‐ray crystallography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine factors associated with hospital admissions from ED presentations for low back pain (LBP). Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of 147 ED centres in New South Wales (NSW), Australia, between 2005 and 2014. Data were accessed from the NSW Emergency Department Data Collection to determine patients who attended ED and whether or not they were admitted to hospital. Results: There were 1 388 078 ED visits for LBP across 147 different ED centres between 2005 and 2014. Between 2005 and 2013, hospital admission rates from ED visits for LBP increased annually by 5.1% (95% confidence interval [CI] 3.9–6.4) from 477 per 100 000 in 2005 to 730 per 100 000 in 2013. Patients who were under injured workers' insurance (i.e. workers compensation insurance) had significantly lower odds (odds ratio [OR] 0.42, 95% CI 0.40–0.43) of being admitted to hospital for LBP compared with those not on injured workers' insurance. Patients living in the highest socioeconomic areas were also more likely to be admitted to hospital from an ED visit, compared with those from the lowest socioeconomic areas (OR 1.26, 95% CI 1.24–1.29). Conclusion: Rates of hospitalisation following attendance to ED for LBP increased annually by 5% between 2005 and 2013. Hospital admission rates were lower among patients from the lowest socioeconomic areas or under injured workers' compensation insurance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uncontrolled beams and plates often perform poorly as sound radiating structures because of their resonant modes, creating a frequency response with sharp peaks and nulls as well as rapid changes in acoustic directionality. An active control technique known as Traveling Wave Control (TWC) has been previously demonstrated to perform well at forcing beams and plates to vibrate without modes, as though they were infinitely large, producing an improved acoustic response. This paper is specifically concerned with evaluating the interaction of piezoelectric actuators with simulated TWC systems and comparing the vibratory and acoustic responses as well as the derived filters to those of ideal point source actuators. Simulations demonstrate that piezoelectric actuators act in a very similar manner to point source actuators on simulated beams and plates, and that the bandwidth of control is proportional to the inverse distance between secondary actuators and edges. An experiment demonstrates that the TWC system implemented on a beam with both moving-coil and piezoelectric actuators is able to mitigate the modal response considerably. • TWC filters for piezoelectric actuators on beams are similar to those for point source actuators. • Control bandwidth for TWC systems on beams is proportional to secondary actuator placement. • Control bandwidth for TWC systems on plates is proportional to the number of TWC module pairs. • Experiments achieve similar results with both point-source and piezoelectric actuators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Following a world-first clusterrandomised controlled trial, molecular point-of-care testing (POCT) for detection of chlamydia (CT)/gonorrhoea (NG) (and later trichomoniasis, TV) was scaled-up to regional and remote primary health clinics across Australia from 2016-2022 (31 clinics by 2019; 58 by 2022). Clinics could offer molecular POCT or laboratory testing or both over this period. We evaluated the clinical effectiveness, sustainability, and quality of POCT. Methods: Using routinely collected clinic and programmatic testing data, we (i) measured trends in monthly POCT; ii) compared the proportions of patients with positive test results treated in Results: From January 2016 to December 2022, 39463 POCT were performed (31024 CT/NG; 8439 TV). Among clinics contributing data in the first 4 years, the median number of POCTs per month was 408 (IQR:294-538) with an increasing trend over time (10.52 tests per month, p. Of 3217 positive CT/NG tests, a greater proportion of patients received timely treatment following a POCT compared with a laboratory test (per 100 positive tests). Differences were greater for the 1155 positive TV tests (. Of 4111 CT/NG and 2371 TV POCT with parallel laboratory tests, result concordance was 99.0% for CT, 99.3% for NG and 98.9% for TV. Findings: Molecular POCT for STIs was scaled-up and sustained in primary care as part of a routinely implemented program with clinical effectiveness similar to that observed under trial conditions. In addition to the individual health benefits associated with earlier treatment, the reductions in number of infective days could contribute to a lower reproductive number and reduced transmissions in the community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The number of placebo surgical trials on musculoskeletal conditions is increasing, but little is known about the quality of their design and methods. This review aimed to (1) assess the level of placebo fidelity (ie, degree to which the placebo control mimicked the index procedure) in placebo trials of musculoskeletal surgery, (2) describe the trials' methodological features using the adapted Applying Surgical Placebo in Randomised Evaluations (ASPIRE) checklist, and (3) describe each trial's characteristics. We searched 4 electronic databases from inception until February 18, 2021, for randomised trials of surgery that included a placebo control for any musculoskeletal condition. Protocols and full text were used to assess placebo fidelity (categorised as minimal, low, or high fidelity). The adapted 26-item ASPIRE checklist was also completed on each trial. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42021202131. A total of 30,697 studies were identified in the search, and 22 placebo-controlled surgical trials of 2045 patients included. Thirteen trials (59%) included a high-fidelity placebo control, 7 (32%) used low fidelity, and 2 (9%) minimal fidelity. According to the ASPIRE checklist, included trials had good reporting of the "rationale and ethics" (68% overall) and "design" sections (42%), but few provided enough information on the "conduct" (13%) and "interpretation and translation" (11%) of the placebo trials. Most trials sufficiently reported their rationale and ethics, but interpretation and translation are areas for improvement, including greater stakeholder involvement. Most trials used a high-fidelity placebo procedure suggesting an emphasis on blinding and controlling for nonspecific effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A literary criticism of the book "Essays in Criticism" by F.W. Bateson is presented. It outlines the characters and explores their symbolic significance. It examines irony in the preface of the book and sarcasm in the opening paragraph of chapters one and three. An overview of the story is also given.

Huntington Disease Like-2 (HDL2) is a rare autosomal dominant genetic disease caused by a mutation in the JPH3 gene. HDL2 is the Huntington Disease (HD) phenocopy that has the greatest clinical resemblance to HD. Both are characterized by movement, psychiatric and cognitive dysfunction, which progress to dementia. The present study compared the neuropsychological profile of HDL2 with that of HD. Using a Single Case-Control Methodology in Neuropsychology, three HDL2 and seven matched HD patients were assessed with a comprehensive neuropsychological battery and compared to matched control samples, considering age, years of education, type of school (public/government) and language (all bi/multilingual). Potential double dissociations were explored by using Crawford, Garthwaite, and Wood's Inferential Methods for Comparing the Scores of Two Single-Cases in Case-Control Designs. Double dissociation between HDL2 and HD were identified in three tests, namely Letter Number Sequencing, Rey Auditory Learning Test Delayed and Recognition Trials. These dissociations possible are due to methodological limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parasites are thought to play a role in ecosystem energetics, in part because some ecosystems harbor a substantial amount of parasite biomass. Nevertheless, the extent to which parasite biomass accurately reflects the flow of energy from hosts to parasites—and the linkages between their energetics—remains unclear. Here, we estimate parasite community energetics at the host and ecosystem level and test predictions for parasite energetics using the metabolic theory of ecology. Across 27 host species, parasite community abundance declines with average individual parasite energy use R p as R p −0.50 and increases with host metabolic rate R h as R h 0.64 , which is inconsistent with metabolic theory. We next test whether the fraction of host energy that is allocated to parasitism is invariant across hosts. Our empirical analysis demonstrates that 85% of the variation in parasite community energy use can be explained by differences in host metabolic rate. However, parasite community energy use increases allometrically with host metabolic rate R h as R h 0.67 , suggesting that the fraction of host energy used by parasites declines with host metabolic rate. At the ecosystem level, we show that the energy flowing through parasite communities scales allometrically with the total rate of energy use by their fish hosts across three ecosystems. Importantly, directly examining energy flux revealed variation in parasite energy use among ecosystems that was not apparent when examining differences in biomass. Taken together, these results establish strong empirical links between host and parasite energetics, but our findings often did not align with predictions based on metabolic theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interaction of SO2 with Ir/SiO2 was studied by simultaneous in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy and mass spectrometry, exposing the sample to different SO2 concentrations ranging from 10 to 50 ppm in the temperature interval 200-400 °C. Evidences of adsorption of sulfur species in both absence and presence of oxygen are found. For a pre-reduced sample in the absence of oxygen, SO2 disproportionates such that the iridium surface is rapidly saturated with adsorbed S while minor amounts of formed SO3 may adsorb on SiO2. Adding oxygen to the feed leads to the oxidation of sulfide species that either (i) desorb as SO2 and/or SO3, (ii) remain at metal sites in the form of adsorbed SO2, or (iii) spillover to the oxide support and form sulfates (SO2-4 ). Notably, significant formation of sulfates on silica is possible only in the presence of both SO2 and O2, suggesting that SO2 oxidation to SO3 is a necessary first step in the mechanism of formation of sulfates on silica. During the formation of sulfates, a concomitant removal/rearrangement of surface silanol groups is observed. Finally, the interaction of SO2 with Ir/SiO2 depends primarily on the temperature and type of gas components but only to a minor extent on the inlet SO2 concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We show that the product in the quantum K-ring of a generalized flag manifold |$G/P$| involves only finitely many powers of the Novikov variables. In contrast to previous approaches to this finiteness question, we exploit the finite difference module structure of quantum K-theory. At the core of the proof is a bound on the asymptotic growth of the |$J$| -function, which in turn comes from an analysis of the singularities of the zastava spaces studied in geometric representation theory. An appendix by H. Iritani establishes the equivalence between finiteness and a quadratic growth condition on certain shift operators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most raptor populations are declining and nearly a fifth are threatened with extinction; thus there is a need to increase collaboration to ensure efficient and effective research, management, and conservation. Here, we introduce the Global Raptor Impact Network (GRIN; www.globalraptors.org), a tool to enhance collaboration and conservation impact of the raptor research community. We provide an overview of the history and current state of GRIN, including plans for expansion. Predecessors to GRIN include The African Raptor DataBank, which was launched in 2012 to ascertain the conservation status of raptors across Africa; and the Global Raptor Information Network, which was launched in the late 1990s as a website to provide information regarding diurnal raptors and facilitate communication among researchers. GRIN expands the data collection and storage capabilities of the African Raptor DataBank to a global scale via mobile application. We have implemented data-sharing rules to ensure the safety of sensitive species, and users of the GRIN mobile app can designate their records as confidential. GRIN staff and partners are developing analyses of species' population trends and geographic distributions to aid in conservation assessments. GRIN is also developing systematic reviews, detailed bibliographies, and online accounts that will summarize the state of knowledge for each raptor species. We hope that GRIN will benefit the entire raptor research community and aid in the collaboration necessary to help raptor populations thrive in the Anthropocene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]