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Background/aim: The role of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the frequency and intensity of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) in women with breast cancer (BC) is unclear. The primary purpose of this study was to compare/evaluate the effect of SNP-guided antiemetic treatment versus standard CINV treatment. Patients and methods: A randomised, factorial, phase II multicentre study design was used. Women planned for neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy with epirubicin, cyclophosphamide and fluorouracil (FEC /EC, with or without fluorouracil) for BC were randomised to SNP-guided antiemetic treatment (based on the results of SNP analyses) versus standard CINV treatment. Blood samples were taken before the treatment was initiated. Patient-reported data on CINV (during 10 days from onset of cancer treatment) and health-related quality of life (HRQoL), were collected before and after the first cancer treatment. Results: A total of 188 women were included. Overall, nausea was reported by 86% (n=129) of the patients during the ten-day period from the start of cancer treatment. The SNP genotype studied varied. In FAS-CD95, the genotypes AG and GG were overrepresented; in RB1-LPAR6, GG was overrepresented, and in CCL2, both AA and GG were overrepresented. We found no statistically significant difference in CINV between SNP-guided antiemetic treatment versus standard CINV treatment. Conclusion: SNP-guided antiemetic treatment could be as effective as standard treatment. SNP-guided antiemetic treatment of CINV is possibly useful in detecting patients with a higher or lower risk for CINV and thus may help in avoiding over-treatment with toxic components. CINV negatively affects the HRQL.Keywords: Breast cancer; chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting; single nucleotide polymorphism.

Many patients with outlet obstruction secondary to prostatic enlargement have lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTSs) and an increased frequency of micturition. The standard treatment is transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), which alleviates obstruction and symptoms. However, after TURP, 20–40 percent of patients continue to experience LUTSs. The aim of the present study in rats was to identify the mechanisms that do not normalize after the removal of the obstruction and that could explain the persisting symptoms. We had microarray data from control, obstructed, and de-obstructed female rat bladders, which made it possible to study 14,553 mRNA expressions. We also had a bank of electron micrographs from similar detrusors. Microarrays: There were significant differences between the control and obstructed bladders for 1111 mRNAs. The obstructed and de-obstructed bladders differed significantly for 1059 mRNAs. The controls and the de-obstructed bladders differed significantly for 798 mRNAs. We observed many mRNAs that were increased in the obstructed bladder and then decreased to control levels after de-obstruction, and many mRNAs that were decreased in the obstructed bladder and then increased following de-obstruction. mRNAs that were significantly higher or lower in the de-obstructed bladder than in the control bladder were also found. Ultrastructure: The detrusor cells in the obstructed bladders had cross-sectional areas that were much larger than those in the controls. The control cells had smooth outlines and similar cross-sectional areas. The de-obstructed detrusor cells had larger cross-sectional areas than the controls, as well as corrugated surfaces. The cell areas varied, suggesting that the shrinkage of the de-obstructed cells was not even. We did not find any points of contact of the gap junction plaque type between the detrusor cells. There were abundant finger-like processes between the detrusor cells in the obstructed and in de-obstructed bladders, which were only occasionally found in the control detrusors. They are the only possible localization for gap junction channels. The de-obstructed rat bladder is not an organ with properties intermediate between those of the control and obstructed bladders. Instead, de-obstructed bladders have gene expressions, morphologies, and functional properties of the individual cells and their organization, which make them distinctly different from both control and obstructed bladders.

Sammandrag Förvaring är ett (potentiellt) tidsobestämt straff, som tar sikte på att skydda samhället mot ny, allvarlig kriminalitet. Mindre resurser tilldelas kriminalomsorgen men antalet som blir dömda till förvaring ökar. Genom att använda litterära resultat från systematiska sök, försöker uppgiften belysa vilka utmaningar förvaringsdömda och anställda står inför i norska fängelser idag. Uppgiften ser på hur förvaringsdomen arbetades fram i sin tid samt på hur den blir använd idag. Rehabilitering av insatta viktläggs kraftigt inom kriminalomsorgen. Detta gäller även förvaringsdömda, även om det inte är lika högt prioriterat som att säkra samhället. Uppgiften ställer frågor till om detta är riktig prioritering men tanke på önskat resultat och resursanvändning. Den ser även på vilken roll som rehabilitering spelar för de insatta när det kommer till att försöka anpassa sig till ett liv i frihet. Mänskliga rättigheter dyker även upp som tema och huruvida nämnda rättigheter blir respekterade för de som sonar i förvaring. Abstract Preventive Detention is a (potential) indefinite sentence, which aim is to protect the community against new serious criminality. Fewer resources are being given to the correctional service but the amount of people serving in preventive detention is going up. By using the literary results from systematic searches, this paper tries to illustrate the challenges that faces both the inmates and employees in Norwegian prisons today. Rehabilitation of inmates are regarded as crucial within the correctional services in Norway. This goes for those serving preventive detention as well, although it is not as prioritized as protecting the community. The paper poses questions regarding whether this is the correct prioritization regarding the desired results and use of resources. It also explores the roll of rehabilitation plays for inmates when it comes to attempting to adapt to a life in freedom. It also discusses whether the human rights of the inmates are being respected during time spent in preventive detention.