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The purpose of this paper is to inquire into the relationship between Al Eskan disease and the probable exposure to chemical warfare agents by Persian Gulf War veterans. Al Eskan disease, first reported in 1991, compromises the body's immunological defense and is a result of the pathogenic properties of the extremely fine, dusty sand located in the central and eastern region of the Arabian peninsula. The disease manifests with localized expression of multisystem disorder. Signs and symptoms of Al Eskan disease have been termed by the news media "Persian Gulf syndrome." The dust becomes a warfare agent when toxic chemicals are microimpregnated into inert particles. The "dirty dust" concept, that the toxicity of an agent could be enhanced by absorption into inactive particles, dates from World War I. A growing body of evidence shows that coalition forces have encountered Iraqi chemical warfare in the theater of operation/Persian Gulf War to a much greater extent than early U.S. Department of Defense information had indicated. Veterans of that war were exposed to chemical warfare agents in the form of direct (deliberate) attacks by chemical weapons, such as missiles and mines, and indirect (accidental) contamination from demolished munition production plants and storage areas, or otherwise. We conclude that the microimpregnated sand particles in the theater of operation/Persian Gulf War depleted the immune system and simultaneously acted as vehicles for low-intensity exposure to chemical warfare agents and had a modifying-intensifying effect on the toxicity of exposed individuals. We recommend recognition of a new term, "dirty sand," as a subcategory of dirty dust/dusty chemical warfare agents. Our ongoing research efforts to investigate the health impact of chemical warfare agent exposure among Persian Gulf War veterans suggest that Al Eskan disease is a plausible and preeminent explanation for the preponderance of Persian Gulf War illnesses.

This article examines the potential relationship between Al Eskan disease and the Persian Gulf syndrome. Al Eskan disease, reported in Military Medicine in 1992, is a novel and previously unreported condition triggered by the exceptionally fine sand dust of the Central and Eastern Saudi Arabian peninsula. We repeat our study of the pathogenesis of Al Eskan disease to include the ultrastructural and microanalytical study of the sand, aerobiological studies of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and the etiology, symptoms, and prevalence of the disease. We conclude that immunodepression resulting from the continued presence of sand particles less than 1 micron in diameter in the lungs and bodies of Persian Gulf veterans explains not only the symptoms of the hyperegic lung condition of phase I and the symptoms of phase II of Al Eskan disease, but also provides an important clue to a common factor in most cases of Persian Gulf illnesses. We include a discussion of most of the commonly suspected agents in the Persian Gulf syndrome. In this case, we conclude that each of these factors, such as oil well fires, old-world diseases, or depleted uranium, are probably adjuvant or contributing causes. The only common exposure that would lead to recognition of the Persian Gulf syndrome as a single medical condition, rather than a catch-all phrase for unrelated conditions, appears to be exposure to the ubiquitous, fine sand of the area, and a resulting immunosuppression that is aggravated by opportunistic infections and other nonmicrobial ailments.

The author describes the structure and organization of the Health Service Support of the Hungarian Armed Forces. The differences and similarities between the U.S. and the Hungarian Military Medical Services are highlighted. The potential for inter-operability is examined. The importance of such considerations is marked by the ongoing hostilities in the former Yugoslav Republic.

At the conclusion of 4 years' careful study of the health services support of a separate infantry brigade (mechanized) during the unit's annual training periods, the authors report on the effectiveness of a support team consisting of Army Reserve medical elements, an Active Army field unit, and a Public Health Service Clearing/Staging unit joining forces in a field environment to provide real world medical care to the same unit in a follow-on annual training period. The emphasis of the team created was on validating the forward care concept of field medical support. The result of this effort was "state of the art" medical service to the troops in the most forward areas, and a savings of 0.66 training days per soldier out of 10 days possible field training time. The cross-training of joint elements was enhanced by providing hands-on treatment of soldiers in a tactical environment, training that cannot be adequately replaced by simulated training.

The authors have combined their experience of recent changes in the Health Service Support of a separate mechanized infantry brigade during 10-day field training exercises conducted by the same population, in the same geographical area, and in the same season in 4 consecutive years. The development of Health Service Support and the reasons necessitating its evolution are discussed. The impact of MedForce activities on training effectiveness is highlighted. The intensive use of health care providers in the most forward field medical treatment facilities, to include the nursing pool from the training support reserve hospital and Army Medical Department augmentation pool doctors, can alleviate unit medical staff shortfalls and provide exceptional training for unit medics "in house." The deployment of medical assets far forward and the maximization of "in situ" treatment of casualties prevents significant loss of training time and can prevent loss of life in combat. The authors recommend changing the medical care doctrine of Vietnam, from the life-threatening "scoop and run" doctrine to the life-preserving "doc in the box" doctrine presented in this article.

Approximately 1,500 reserve soldiers conducted annual training in the same geographical location and in the same season during 4 consecutive years. This unique situation allowed the authors to collect data on the incidence of illnesses and injuries, and assess environmental and weather influences on readiness and training effectiveness during 10 days of field training exercises. The authors demonstrate that the health of the force and medical preventive countermeasures are decisive contributors to military success or failure. Language: en