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Shrimp farming in the Biofloc Technology System (BFT) is already considered an alternative to the traditional culture. The bioflocs maintain the water quality and can be used as a food supplement for shrimp. The Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei forms the basis for most of the production in BFT. However, its culture is limited by the low temperatures. Thus, the BFT culture potential of native species, such as the pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis, should be considered. The present study aimed to compare the cultures of F. brasiliensis and L. vannamei in the grow-out phase in the BFT system. The experiment comprised two treatments: (FB), grown out of F. brasiliensis, and (LV), grown out of L. vannamei. The study lasted 70 days and was conducted at the Marine Station of Aquaculture at the Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. The stocking density was 100 shrimp/m² for both species. The shrimp were fed twice a day with commercial food. The physicochemical parameters of the water were monitored throughout the experimental period. The results showed that all physicochemical parameters of the water remained within the tolerated limits for both species. However, during the growth phase in the BFT, it was observed that the L. vannamei shrimp showed a better zootechnical performance than F. brasiliensis. The results indicate that L. vannamei has a higher capacity to catch bioflocs as supplementary food, demonstrating a better response of that species to the BFT system in the grow-out phase compared to F. brasiliensis.

Abstract Background There is an increasing interest in the use of Deep Learning (DL) based methods as a supporting analytical framework in oncology. However, most direct applications of DL will deliver models with limited transparency and explainability, which constrain their deployment in biomedical settings. Methods This systematic review discusses DL models used to support inference in cancer biology with a particular emphasis on multi-omics analysis. It focuses on how existing models address the need for better dialogue with prior knowledge, biological plausibility and interpretability, fundamental properties in the biomedical domain. For this, we retrieved and analyzed 42 studies focusing on emerging architectural and methodological advances, the encoding of biological domain knowledge and the integration of explainability methods. Results We discuss the recent evolutionary arch of DL models in the direction of integrating prior biological relational and network knowledge to support better generalisation (e.g. pathways or Protein-Protein-Interaction networks) and interpretability. This represents a fundamental functional shift towards models which can integrate mechanistic and statistical inference aspects. We introduce a concept of bio-centric interpretability and according to its taxonomy, we discuss representational methodologies for the integration of domain prior knowledge in such models. Conclusions The paper provides a critical outlook into contemporary methods for explainability and interpretability used in DL for cancer. The analysis points in the direction of a convergence between encoding prior knowledge and improved interpretability. We introduce bio-centric interpretability which is an important step towards formalisation of biological interpretability of DL models and developing methods that are less problem- or application-specific.

A transmissão do coronavírus se dá de forma rápida e fácil por meio das gotículas do nariz ou da boca que se espalham quando o indivíduo contaminado tosse ou espirra. A Organização Mundial da Saúde sugeriu medidas protetivas como tentativa de minimizar a transmissão do vírus, como por exemplo, lavar as mãos com água e sabão e a indicação para o uso de máscaras. Porém, alguns segmentos da população apresentam dificuldades na adoção das medidas preventivas, como é o caso dos sujeitos diagnosticados com Transtorno do Espectro do Autismo, mesmo que o transtorno não seja considerado fator de risco para o contágio da COVID-19. Refletindo a partir dessas premissas, este estudo tem como objetivo apresentar o desenvolvimento e os testes preliminares de uma ferramenta de realidade virtual utilizando a intervenção baseada em vídeo, para a conscientização da etiqueta higiênica necessária neste momento pandêmico, com o foco em crianças autistas de 7 a 10 anos. Para validar a ferramenta foi realizado um ensaio de interação com um profissional da área da saúde. A partir dos resultados percebeu-se o potencial da ferramenta no ensino de atividades para crianças com autismo devido aos estímulos visuais. Palavras-chave: Realidade Virtual; intervenção baseada em vídeo; autismo; COVID-19.

AbstractThis paper presents Diff-Explainer, the first hybrid framework for explainable multi-hop inference that integrates explicit constraints with neural architectures through differentiable convex optimization. Specifically, Diff- Explainer allows for the fine-tuning of neural representations within a constrained optimization framework to answer and explain multi-hop questions in natural language. To demonstrate the efficacy of the hybrid framework, we combine existing ILP-based solvers for multi-hop Question Answering (QA) with Transformer-based representations. An extensive empirical evaluation on scientific and commonsense QA tasks demonstrates that the integration of explicit constraints in a end-to-end differentiable framework can significantly improve the performance of non- differentiable ILP solvers (8.91%–13.3%). Moreover, additional analysis reveals that Diff-Explainer is able to achieve strong performance when compared to standalone Transformers and previous multi-hop approaches while still providing structured explanations in support of its predictions.

AbstractReinforcement Learning has shown success in a number of complex virtual environments. However, many challenges still exist towards solving problems with natural language as a core component. Interactive Fiction Games (or Text Games) are one such problem type that offer a set of safe, partially observable environments where natural language is required as part of the Reinforcement Learning solution. Therefore, this survey’s aim is to assist in the development of new Text Game problem settings and solutions for Reinforcement Learning informed by natural language. Specifically, this survey: 1) introduces the challenges in Text Game Reinforcement Learning problems, 2) outlines the generation tools for rendering Text Games and the subsequent environments generated, and 3) compares the agent architectures currently applied to provide a systematic review of benchmark methodologies and opportunities for future researchers.

Specialized transformers-based models (such as BioBERT and BioMegatron) are adapted for the biomedical domain based on publicly available biomedical corpora. As such, they have the potential to encode large-scale biological knowledge. We investigate the encoding and representation of biological knowledge in these models, and its potential utility to support inference in cancer precision medicine—namely, the interpretation of the clinical significance of genomic alterations. We compare the performance of different transformer baselines; we use probing to determine the consistency of encodings for distinct entities; and we use clustering methods to compare and contrast the internal properties of the embeddings for genes, variants, drugs, and diseases. We show that these models do indeed encode biological knowledge, although some of this is lost in fine-tuning for specific tasks. Finally, we analyze how the models behave with regard to biases and imbalances in the dataset.

This paper aims to identify and discuss what constitutes a research-based pedagogical culture in teaching research methods courses in master’s and doctoral programs in education. The discussion draws on empirical results of a set of five focus group interviews with teachers responsible for teaching research methods courses in educational programs in higher education institutions in Portugal. Data are analyzed and interpreted within a situated learning framework that acknowledges the relevance of creating social learning spaces which accommodate the variety of students. The article closes with a characterization of what could be a research-based pedagogical culture in teaching research methods in advanced studies in education in the near future.

Objectives COVID-19 is a heterogeneous disease, and many reports have described variations in demographic, biochemical and clinical features at presentation influencing overall hospital mortality. However, there is little information regarding longitudinal changes in laboratory prognostic variables in relation to disease progression in hospitalised patients with COVID-19.Design and setting This retrospective observational report describes disease progression from symptom onset, to admission to hospital, clinical response and discharge/death among patients with COVID-19 at a tertiary centre in South East England.Participants Six hundred and fifty-one patients treated for SARS-CoV-2 between March and September 2020 were included in this analysis. Ethical approval was obtained from the HRA Specific Review Board (REC 20/HRA/2986) for waiver of informed consent.Results The majority of patients presented within 1 week of symptom onset. The lowest risk patients had low mortality (1/45, 2%), and most were discharged within 1 week after admission (30/45, 67%). The highest risk patients, as determined by the 4C mortality score predictor, had high mortality (27/29, 93%), with most dying within 1 week after admission (22/29, 76%). Consistent with previous reports, most patients presented with high levels of C reactive protein (CRP) (67% of patients >50 mg/L), D-dimer (98%>upper limit of normal (ULN)), ferritin (65%>ULN), lactate dehydrogenase (90%>ULN) and low lymphocyte counts (81%

This study aims to contribute to understanding of the state of the art regarding the pedagogical cultures associated with teaching and learning research methods in advanced studies education through the identification of trends and pitfalls. The rationale behind this objective is the recognition that most of the research in education comes from academic programmes, in particular master’s and doctoral programmes, which generally include research methods as components. A systematic literature review was adopted as the research methodology, following the PRISMA model. Three stages of article selection were implemented, resulting in the selection of 68 studies out of an initial set of 3631 articles found in the main journal databases. Three specific dimensions were addressed: (i) methodological knowledge, (ii) research competencies, and (iii) pedagogical practices in teaching research methods in education programmes. The results illustrate the complexity of the subject. Learners are constantly reported to hold negative attitudes towards research methods courses, apparently due to instructors’ pedagogical difficulties, which translate into restricted understandings of methodological knowledge. Several misunderstandings between learners and teachers are identified which call for action towards the construction of a research-based scientific culture that will lead to inclusive pedagogical practices in which teachers and learners act as researchers.

Automating the derivation of published results is a challenge, in part due to the informal use of mathematics by physicists compared to that of mathematicians. Following demand, we describe a method for converting informal handwritten derivations into datasets and present an example dataset crafted from a contemporary result in condensed matter. We define an equation reconstruction task completed by rederiving an unknown intermediate equation posed as a state, taken from three consecutive equational states within a derivation. Derivation automation is achieved via computer algebra system (CAS) by applying string-based CAS-reliant actions to states, which mimic mathematical operations and induce state transitions. We implement a symbolic similarity-based heuristic search to solve the equation reconstruction task as an early step towards multi-hop equational inference in physics.

Precision agriculture (PA) stands out as an innovative way to manage production resources, increasing the efficiency and the socioeconomic and environmental sustainability of agricultural systems. In Brazil, the principles and tools of PA started to be adopted in the late 1990s. To reveal the scientific trajectory and advances in PA taken over the past 25 years in Brazil, we conducted a comprehensive and systematic literature review. After searching for available peer-reviewed literature, 442 publications were selected to compose the database. Our bibliometric review showed that the scientific PA network is growing in Brazil, with the number and quality of publications, the number of interactions among research groups, and the number of international collaborations increasing. Soil and plant management are the two main pillars of PA research (~61% of the publications). More recently, research has evolved to include other areas, such as the use of proximal sensors to monitor soil and crop development, remote sensing using images from satellites and remotely piloted aircraft systems, and the development of decision support tools. A substantial part of Brazilian PA research is marked by the evaluation and adaptation of imported technologies, a scenario that is slowly changing with the growth of well-trained human resources and advances in national industry. Based on Brazilian scientific history and remaining challenges, the key potential areas for future research are (i) the development of digitally based decision support systems, i.e., a shift of focus from on-farm data technologies towards effective, site-specific decision making based on digital data and improved analytics; (ii) on-farm precision experimentation to underpin on-farm data collection and the development of new decision tools; and (iii) novel machine learning approaches to promote the implementation of digitally based decision support systems.

Resumo: Introdução: O programa de mentoria da Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA) teve início em 2016, sendo ofertado de maneira eletiva. Seus objetivos são: orientação para o futuro profissional, apoio institucional formal, suporte emocional e compartilhamento de experiências durante a formação médica. Relato de experiência: Os encontros foram conduzidos de modo não diretivo com temáticas predefinidas - escolhidas pelo mentor e pelos alunos. Os assuntos abordam tanto o desenvolvimento profissional do estudante quanto o pessoal, assim como a saúde mental dele. Vivência profissional, currículos formais e informais, sobrecarga e rendimento acadêmico foram alguns dos tópicos principais. Por meio dos relatos, foi possível perceber que os grupos reduzidos permitiram àqueles alunos que não se sentiam confortáveis para desenvolver algum assunto no currículo formal pudessem abrir-se e discutir temas relacionados ao curso. Discussão: Notou-se uma mudança na postura de alguns alunos diante do curso e de momentos de lazer, valorizando tempo com a família, exercício físico e hobbies. Os encontros permitiram elucidar dúvidas sobre residência e carreira médica, assim como ajudaram os alunos a se reconectar com o curso. Conclusão: O programa de mentoria da UFCSPA mostrou-se efetivo ao oportunizar reflexão sobre as vivências pessoais e o projeto profissional, e estimular a autonomia do pensamento crítico.

Introduction Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a multifactorial disease characterized by episodes of partial or complete collapse during sleep of different regions of the upper airway. Surgery for OSAS evolved with the introduction of different techniques, considering new surgical concept of reconstruction of the upper airway. Objective To retrospectively evaluate the effectiveness of a new approach aimed at reducing pharyngeal collapse by combining two surgical techniques: lateral and expansion pharyngoplasty. Methods We reviewed the medical records of 38 patients with OSAS undergoing lateral/expansion pharyngoplasty from January 2012 to December 2016. The following data were collected: patient age, gender, and pre- and postoperative body mass index (BMI), Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS) scores, snoring visual analogue scale (VAS) scores, and polysomnography (PSG) results. Results The PSG results showed a significant reduction in the apnea/hypopnea index (AHI) from 22.4 ± 27.3 events/h preoperatively to 13.6 ± 17.9 events/h postoperatively (p = 0.009), with postoperative AHI reduction greater than 50% in 63.2% of the patients. There was also a significant reduction in the microarousal index (19.5 ± 22.6 vs 11.0 ± 13.4 events/h; p = 0.001) and in the minimum oxygen saturation (82.6 ± 10.3 vs 86.9 ± 11.1; p = 0.007). Conclusions Lateral-expansion pharyngoplasty represents a new surgical strategy for the treatment of OSAS in patients with palatal collapse by combining two different techniques: lateral and expansion pharyngoplasty. The two techniques, performed as a one-stage procedure, led to improvements in excessive daytime sleepiness, snoring, and PSG respiratory parameters by acting on lateral and retropalatal collapse, producing favorable results with good applicability in otolaryngology clinical practice.

Crop biomass is an important attribute to consider in relation to site-specific nitrogen (N) management as critical N levels in plants vary depending on crop biomass. Whilst LiDAR technology has been used extensively in small plot-based phenomics studies, large-scale crop scanning has not yet been reported for cereal crops. A LiDAR sensing system was implemented to map a commercial 64-ha wheat paddock to assess the spatial variability of crop biomass. A proximal active reflectance sensor providing spectral indices and estimates of crop height was used as a comparison for the LiDAR system. Plant samples were collected at targeted locations across the field for the assessment of relationships between sensed and measured crop parameters. The correlation between crop biomass and LiDAR-derived crop height was 0.79, which is similar to results reported for plot scanning studies and greatly superior to results obtained for the spectral sensor tested. The LiDAR mapping showed significant crop biomass variability across the field, with estimated values ranging between 460 and 1900 kg ha−1. The results are encouraging for the use of LiDAR technology for large-scale operations to support site-specific management. To promote such an approach, we encourage the development of an automated, on-the-go data processing capability and dedicated commercial LiDAR systems for field operation.

Este trabalho trata do estudo e processo de transcrição e adaptação para o violão da obra Capriccio (SW 91.2, SW 25*) de Silvius Leopold Weiss (1687-1750), composta originalmente para alaúde barroco. Existem três fontes primárias diferentes dessa obra que estão presentes nos manuscritos das coleções de Londres (London Weiss Ms., British Library of London) e Varsóvia (Warszawa, Biblioteka Uniwersytecka, Polska). Em 2003, a Lute Society of America publicou uma versão restaurada da obra realizada pelo alaudista Michel Cardin, que combinou essas três diferentes fontes, sendo essa edição juntamente com os manuscritos a base da transcrição para o violão aqui apresentada. A diferença de afinação e do número de cordas entre o alaúde e o violão gera, na adaptação para o violão, problemas devidos às características idiomáticas técnico-musicais presentes na obra que devem ser analisados e cujas soluções são discutidas através de exemplos musicais. No final a transcrição integral da obra é apresentada.

Abstract Introduction The Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease has a prevalence of ∼12% of the urban population in Brazil. Koufman proposed the term to designate Laryngeal Pharyngeal Reflux (LPR) symptoms, signs or tissue damage resulting from aggression of the gastrointestinal contents in the upper aerodigestive tract. Belafsky et al proposed a score that points to inflammatory laryngeal signs through videolaryngoscopic findings, the Reflux Finding Score (RFS). Moreover, in 2002, they published the Reflux Symptom Index (RSI). Objective The objective of this study is to provide a comparison between the Reflux Finding Score and the Reflux Symptom Index in the practice of Otorhinolaryngology. Methods Our study involved a total of 135 patients who visited the Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT) clinic Núcleo de Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço de São Paulo between April 2014 and May 2015 with suspected LPR. We excluded nine patients and the study group was 126 patients. All patients were ranked by their RSI and RFS scores. Results The study group consisted of 126 patients (88 women and 38 men). Their main complaints were cough (40.4%), globus (21.4%), dysphonia (19.8%), throat clearing (15.8%), postnasal drip (3.17%), snoring (1.5%), dysphagia (1.5%), cacosmia (0.7%), and regurgitation (1.5%). The RSI ranges from 13 to 42 with a mean of 20.7 (SD = 6.67). The RFS ranged from 3 to 19 with a mean of 9.53 (SD = 2.64). Conclusion The RSI and RFS can easily be included in ENT routines as objective parameters, with low cost and high practicality. Based on the clinical index, the specialist can evaluate the need for further tests.

Despite the several mismatches of methodological understanding between teachers and students in higher education, research methodologies in education are a relatively common pedagogical practice in most European advanced courses in education. However, only some studies have shown what pedagogical practices are mobilised by the teachers with their specific scientific conceptions. This article presents and discusses the results of an extensive research study conducted in Portugal with all the teachers involved in teaching research methodologies on master's and doctoral programmes in education. The results show the personal and professional characteristics of the teachers involved in this teaching and the type of senses, decisions, and challenges experienced when teaching research methodologies. The study identifies and characterises the research culture generated by the different pedagogical practices in this scientific field. Based on the results, we argue that the teachers' scientific conceptions and pedagogical practices may be developed by a "peer authorial construction of research understanding," aiming to provide appropriate educational experiences to students in research methodologies courses in advanced studies in education.

In light of ongoing controversies concerning expressive arts education in Portuguese primary schools, the life history of one primary-school teacher who lives and works in the city of Porto (Portugal) is the starting point for problematizing this issue from the perspective of lived experiences. Data collection comprises oral reports, visual materials, and emotional accounts. Feelings were shared in a relational environment framed by ethical commitments. Through these processes, it was possible to create a narrative within the framework of a biographical narrative research approach. The main purpose was to highlight the voice of one primary-school teacher whose life history is blended with the foundations and practices of artistic expression in basic education—such as language, communication, knowledge, and lived experiences—making it an important starting point for reconceptualizing expressive arts education. The results showed that this reconceptualization can be achieved through three dimensions: seducing people, mediating places, and governing senses.

The recently described butterfly Magneu­ptychia flavofascia was formerly known from only two localities in the Brazilian Cerrado savanna. Here, we report new distribution records, DNA barcode sequences, and information on the habitat, adult behavior and systematic position of this species.

A new species of Taygetis Hübner, [1819] (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae) from southeastern Brazil is described: Taygetis drogoni sp. n. In addition, T. servius Weymer, 1910 and T. fulginia d’Almeida, 1922 are resurrected from synonymy and a taxonomic discussion on the species T. ypthima Hübner, [1821] and T. rectifascia Weymer, 1907 is provided. A dichotomous key for the species is also provided.

The current high competition on Citrus industry demands from growers new management technologies for superior efficiency and sustainability. In this context, precision agriculture (PA) has developed techniques based on yield mapping and management systems that recognize field spatial variability, which contribute to increase profitability of commercial crops. Because spatial variability is often not perceived the orange orchards are still managed as uniform and adoption of PA technology on citrus farms is low. Thus, the objective of the present study was to characterize the spatial variability of three factors: fruit yield, soil fertility and occurrence of plant gaps caused by either citrus blight or huanglongbing (HLB) in a commercial Valencia orchard in Brotas, São Paulo State, Brazil. Data from volume, geographic coordinates and representative area of the bags used on harvest were recorded to generate yield points that were then interpolated to produce the yield map. Soil chemical characteristics were studied by analyzing samples collected along planting rows and inter-rows in 24 points distributed in the field. A map of density of tree gaps was produced by georeferencing individual gaps and later by counting the number of gaps within 500 m² cells. Data were submitted to statistical and geostatistical analyses. A t test was used to compare means of soil chemical characteristics between sampling regions. High variation on yield and density of tree gaps was observed from the maps. It was also demonstrated overlapping regions of high density of plant absence and low fruit yield. Soil fertility varied depending on the sampling region in the orchard. The spatial variability found on yield, soil fertility and on disease occurrence demonstrated the importance to adopt site specific nutrient management and disease control as tools to guarantee efficiency of fruit production.A atual competitividade existente no setor citrícola demanda dos produtores novas estratégias de manejo para aumento de eficiência e sustentabilidade. Nesse sentido, a agricultura de precisão (AP) tem desenvolvido técnicas baseadas no mapeamento de produtividade e sistemas de manejos que reconheçam a variabilidade espacial existente no campo, o que contribui para aumentar a lucratividade de pomares comerciais. Como a variabilidade espacial normalmente não é visualizada, os pomares ainda são manejados como uniformes, e a adoção das tecnologias de AP nas fazendas citrícolas é baixa. Dessa forma, o objetivo do trabalho foi carcaterizar a variabilidade espacial de três fatores: produtividade de frutos, fertilidade do solo e ocorrência de falhas de plantas causadas pelo declínio dos citros e pelo (HLB), em um talhão comercial de citros em Brotas-SP. Dados de volume, coordenadas geográficas e área de representação dos sacolões utilizados na colheita foram registrados para gerar pontos de produtividade, que foram interpolados para produzir o mapa de produtividade. As características químicas do solo foram estudadas por meio de análises de amostras coletadas ao longo das linhas de plantio e no centro das entrelinhas em 24 pontos distribuídos no talhão. Um mapa de densidade de falhas de plantas foi realizado por meio do georreferenciamento das falhas e da posterior contagem do número de falhas em células de 500 m². Os dados foram submetidos a análises estatísticas e geoestatísticas. Utilizou-se o teste t para comparaç��o de médias das características químicas do solo entre as regiões de amostragem. A partir dos mapas realizados, observou-se grande variação de produtividade e de densidade de falhas. Eles também mostraram manchas sobrepostas de alta densidade de falhas de plantas e baixa produtividade de frutos. A fertilidade do solo nas regiões amostradas mostrou-se significativamente diferente. A variabilidade espacial encontrada na produtividade, na fertilidade do solo e na ocorrência de doenças demonstrou a importância do manejo localizado nutricional e fitossanitário como ferramentas para garantir eficiência na produção de frutas.