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Over the 35 years of its existence, the Graph Model for Conflict Resolution (GMCR) has shown to be a valuable tool for conflict analysis. Many developments and applications of the GMCR have been made in this period. This paper aims to provide valuable information for understanding the global panorama of research in the GMCR by means of a scientometric and social network analysis (SNA). To do so, we utilize the software VOSviewer for examining papers from 1987 until 2021 published in journals which are listed in the Web of Science (WoS) database. The results reveal insights about key countries, organizations, authors and journals in the area providing valuable information for both practitioners and researchers in terms of past developments and trends for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, a measure that quantifies the relational structure within and between groups is proposed, comprising not only the analysis of disjoint or non-disjoint groups, but also of fuzzy groups. This measure is based on the existing measure known as EI index. The current EI index is a measure of homophily applied to networks with the presence of disjoint groups, although disjoint groups on a large scale rarely exist in many empirical networks. In addition, the combination of edge and node weights in the evaluation of the EI index is also proposed. We tested the measure in two networks in different contexts. The first is a co-authorship network, where researchers, actors in the network, are divided according to the time of Ph.D. completion. The second network is formed by trade relations between countries of the American continent, where countries are grouped according to the Human Development Index. The application of the proposed measure in these two networks is justified by the imprecision of the information or by the difficulty of allocating nodes in a specific group, being necessary to define affiliation levels. Therefore, the new measure allows expanding the analysis of social networks, for different types of attributes, thus generating previously unexplored knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Swietenia macrophylla King (Meliaceae) mahogany tree is widely spread in the neotropics. In Ecuador, it has a wide distribution range from the coastal zone to the Amazon. The mahogany tree is an endangered species due the overexploitation of the high commercial value of its wood. This study is aimed to characterize the Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) variability of 123 trees selected from six provinces of Ecuador. The results showed that the natural mahogany population had a low level of genetic diversity (A = 6.9; Ho = 0.39; He = 0.43) and a significant heterozygous deficit inbreeding coefficient (F = 0.16). The probability of identity (PI) of the 12 microsatellite markers was low 4.3 × 10−9 and the cumulative exclusion probability of 99.99%. Additionally, the relatedness coefficient among individuals was −0.010 (se = 0.004). The genetic diversity among populations was moderate (ΦST = 8%). In addition, the structure analysis showed two genetic groups; however, it was possible to distinguish admixture within the entire range evaluated. These results show the need to establish strategies that allow the recovery and increase of the genetic diversity in natural populations, especially with the selection of trees to harvest seeds, as well as crossing the tree genetic pool to recombine their diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this cross-sectional study we aimed to quantify the somatosensory dysfunction in the hand in people with diabetes with distal symmetrical polyneuropathy (DSPN) in hands and explore early signs of nerve dysfunction in people with diabetes without DSPN in hands. The clinical diagnosis of DSPN was confirmed with electrodiagnosis and corneal confocal microscopy. Thermal and mechanical nerve function in the hand was assessed with quantitative sensory tests. Measurements were compared between healthy participants (n = 31), individuals with diabetes without DSPN (n = 35), individuals with DSPN in feet but not hands (DSPNFEET ONLY) (n = 31), and individuals with DSPN in hands and feet (DSPNHANDS & FEET) (n = 28) with one-way between-group ANOVA. The somatosensory profile of the hand in people with DSPNHANDS & FEET showed widespread loss of thermal and mechanical detection. This profile in hands is comparable with the profile in the feet of people with DSPN in feet. Remarkably, individuals with DSPNFEET ONLY already showed a similar profile of widespread loss of nerve function in their hands. People with diabetes without DSPN in feet already had some nerve dysfunction in their hands. These findings suggest that nerve function assessment in hands should become more routine in people with diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article delves into the editorial processes that triggered the so-called 'boom of Portuguese rock' of the early 1980s, a term commonly used to denote the initial surge of commercial success for rock music created, recorded, and released in Portugal. I aim to spotlight the changes that shaped the development of rock music in Portugal at the turn of the 1970s to the 1980s, emphasizing the pivotal role of the record company Valentim de Carvalho in this period. During the late 1970s, shifts in the record publishing personnel significantly contributed to the primary upsurge in commercial success of records released by Portuguese rock bands and sung in Portuguese. The debut of Chico Fininho by Rui Veloso & A Banda Sonora and Cavalos de Corrida by UHF, both released by Valentim de Carvalho in 1980, were inaugural milestones of this success. By connecting this phenomenon with the various social and political transformations of that time, I explore the interplay between editors and musicians at Valentim de Carvalho, whose staff actively engaged in shaping the musical endeavours of these groups and their repertoire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultrasound shear wave elastography (SWE) is an emerging non-invasive imaging technique for peripheral nerve evaluation. Shear wave velocity (SWV), a surrogate measure of stiffness, holds promise as a biomarker for various peripheral nerve disorders. However, to maximize its clinical and biomechanical value, it is important to fully understand the factors that influence nerve SWV measurements. This systematic review aimed to identify the normal range of SWV for healthy sciatic and tibial nerves and to reveal the factors potentially affecting nerve SWV. An electronic search yielded 17 studies eligible for inclusion, involving 548 healthy individuals (age range, 17 to 72 years). Despite very good reliability metrics, the reported SWV values differed considerably across studies for the sciatic (1.9-9.9 m/s) and tibial (2.3-9.1 m/s) nerves. Factors such as measurement proximity to joint regions, limb postures inducing nerve axial stretching, and transducer alignment with nerve fiber orientation were associated with increased SWV. These findings suggest regional-specific nerve mechanical properties, non-linear elastic behaviour, and marked mechanical anisotropy. The impact of age and sex remains unclear and warrants further investigation. These results emphasize the importance of considering these factors when assessing and interpreting nerve SWE. While increased SWV has been linked to pathological changes affecting nerve tissue mechanics, the significant variability observed in healthy nerves highlights the need for standardized SWE assessment protocols. Developing guidelines for enhanced clinical utility and achieving a comprehensive understanding of the factors that influence nerve SWE assessments are critical in advancing the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dense suspensions of model hard-sphere (HS)-like colloids, with different particle sizes, are examined experimentally near and in the glass state, under shear and extensional rheology. Under steady shear flow, we detect both continuous and discontinuous shear thickening (DST) above a critical shear rate (or shear stress), depending on the particle size and volume fraction. Start-up shear experiments show stress overshoots in the vicinity of the onset of DST indicative of microscopic structural changes, while the sample macroscopically shows dilatancy effects. Measurement of shear and normal stresses together with direct video imaging of the sample probes the appearance of the positive first normal stress difference, N1, at the onset of shear thickening at high shear rates and glassy states. This is followed by dilatancy effects accompanied by large fluctuations of shear and normal stress and stick-slip phenomena. Similarly, under extensional flow probed by capillary breakup and filament stretching setups, we find liquidlike response for low strain rates, while above a critical strain rate, the samples exhibit a solidlike behavior where thickening is accompanied by a macroscopic dilatancy and granulation. Monitoring the filament thinning processes under different conditions (volume fractions and strain rates), we have created a state diagram where all responses of a HS suspension (liquidlike, shear thinning, shear thickening, and dilatant) are shown. We, finally, compare the shear thickening response of these HS-like suspensions and glasses in shear with that in the extensional flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In this paper, we explore the concept of multi-objective optimization in the field of metabolic engineering when both continuous and integer decision variables are involved in the model. In particular, we propose a multi-objective model that may be used to suggest reaction deletions that maximize and/or minimize several functions simultaneously. The applications may include, among others, the concurrent maximization of a bioproduct and of biomass, or maximization of a bioproduct while minimizing the formation of a given by-product, two common requirements in microbial metabolic engineering. Results: Production of ethanol by the widely used cell factory Saccharomyces cerevisiae was adopted as a case study to demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed approach in identifying genetic manipulations that improve productivity and yield of this economically highly relevant bioproduct. We did an in vivo validation and we could show that some of the predicted deletions exhibit increased ethanol levels in comparison with the wild-type strain. Conclusions: The multi-objective programming framework we developed, called Momo, is open-source and uses PolySCIP (Available at http://polyscip.zib.de/). as underlying multi-objective solver. Momo is available at http://momo-sysbio.gforge.inria.fr [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing and supporting a diverse workforce that reflects the communities we serve is a central value and a customer-based business decision of the University of Arizona (UA) Libraries. In response to data collected through climate surveys, the UA Libraries’ Diversity Committee has been systematically working to improve the organization's climate for diversity. One activity undertaken was the development and incorporation of diversity competencies into the Libraries’ hiring and training processes. This article explores the importance of a diversity-competent workforce, shares the UA Libraries’ experiences in diversity competency development, and suggests why and how other libraries can engage in a similar process. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Purpose: The neck extensor muscles contribute to spinal support and posture while performing head and neck motion. Muscle stiffness relates to passive elasticity (support) and active tensioning (posture and movement) of muscle. It was hypothesized that support and motion requirements are reflected in the distribution of stiffness between superficial and deep neck extensor muscles.Methods: In ten healthy participants, shear modulus (stiffness) of five neck extensor muscles was determined in prone at rest and during isometric head lift at three intensities using shear wave elastography.Results: Shear modulus differed between muscles (P < 0.001), and was larger for the deeper muscles: (median (interquartile range)) trapezius 7.7 kPa (4.4), splenius capitis 6.5 kPa (2.5), semispinalis capitis 8.9 kPa (2.8), semispinalis cervicis 9.5 kPa (2.5), multifidus 14.9 kPa (1.4). Shear modulus differed between the resting condition and head lift (P < 0.001) but not between levels of head lift intensity.Conclusion: Shear wave elastography revealed highest passive and active stiffness of the deep neck extensor muscles most close to the spine. The highest active increase of stiffness during the head lift was found in the semispinalis cervicis muscle. The non-invasive, clinically applicable estimates of muscle stiffness have potential for the assessment of muscular changes associated with neck pain/injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: A previous study observed a joint passive torque increase above baseline ~30 min after a high-intensity stretching. This study examined the effect of a high-intensity stretching on ankle dorsiflexion passive torque, medial gastrocnemius (MG) shear modulus, and plantar flexors maximal voluntary isometric force (MVIC).Method: Participants (n = 11, age 27.2 ± 6.5 years, height 172.0 ± 10.0 cm, weight 69.5 ± 10.4 kg) underwent two stretching sessions with plantar flexors isometric contractions performed: (1) 5 min before, 1 min after, and every 10 min after stretching (MVC session); (2) 5 min before, and 60 min after the stretching (no-MVC session).Results: In both sessions, no changes were observed for MG shear modulus (p > 0.109). In the no-MVC session, passive torque decreased 1 min after stretching (-7.5 ± 8.4 %, p = 0.015), but increased above baseline 30 min after stretching (+6.3 ± 9.3 %, p = 0.049). In the MVC session, passive torque decreased at 1 min (-10.1 ± 6.3 %, p < 0.001), 10 min (-6.3 ± 8.2 %, p = 0.03), 20 min (-8.0 ± 9.2 %, p = 0.017), and 60 min (-9.2 ± 12.4 %, p = 0.034) after the stretching, whereas the MVIC decreased at 1 min (-5.0 ± 9.3 %, p = 0.04) and 10 min (-6.7 ± 8.7 %, p = 0.02) after stretching.Conclusion: The ankle passive torque increase 30 min following the stretch was not due to the MG shear modulus response; consequently, response may be due to changes in surrounding connective tissue mechanical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work investigates the effects of amino-functionalized graphene oxide (AFGO) suspensions on the rheological behavior of Carbopol® hydrogels at pHs 5, 7, and 9. The AFGO concentration and media pH were evaluated and related to the suspension's microstructure and rheology. Graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets were synthesized using the modified Hummers method and functionalized with triethylenetetramine via microwave-assisted reaction to produce AFGO. The nanosheets were characterized by different techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis, Raman spectroscopy, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The suspensions were characterized by rheological tests through steady-state and dynamic flow, zeta potential, and cryo-SEM for microstructure analysis. All samples presented a viscoplastic behavior and were modeled by the Herschel–Bulkley equation. Concerning the base hydrogels, the sample prepared at pH 9 showed lower viscosity, yield stress, and elastic modulus. At all pHs, the increase in the nanosheet concentration promotes a drop in the yield stress, viscosity, storage, and loss moduli. The cryomicrographs showed the impact of pH on the base hydrogel structure. It was also possible to observe that increasing nanoadditive concentration affects the Carbopol microgel swelling and weakens the suspension microstructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: While several studies demonstrated the occurrence of intermuscular mechanical interactions, the physiological significance of these interactions remains a matter of debate. The purpose of this study was to quantify the localized changes in the shear modulus of the gastrocnemius lateralis (GL), monoarticular dorsi- and plantar-flexor muscles induced by a change in knee angle.Method: Participants underwent slow passive ankle rotations at the following two knee positions: knee flexed at 90° and knee fully extended. Ultrasound shear wave elastography was used to assess the muscle shear modulus of the GL, soleus [both proximally (SOL-proximal) and distally (SOL distal)], peroneus longus (PERL), and tibialis anterior (TA). This was performed during two experimental sessions (experiment I: n = 11; experiment II: n = 10). The shear modulus of each muscle was compared between the two knee positions.Results: The shear modulus was significantly higher when the knee was fully extended than when the knee was flexed (P < 0.001) for the GL (averaged increase on the whole range of motion: + 5.8 ± 1.3 kPa), SOL distal (+ 4.5 ± 1.5 kPa), PERL (+ 1.1 ± 0.7 kPa), and TA (+ 1.6 ± 1.0 kPa). In contrast, a lower SOL-proximal shear modulus (P < 0.001, - 5.9 ± 1.0 kPa) was observed.Conclusion: As the muscle shear modulus is linearly related to passive muscle force, these results provide evidence of a non-negligible intermuscular mechanical interaction between the human lower leg muscles during passive ankle rotations. The role of these interactions in the production of coordinated movements requires further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The social network analysis (SNA) studies the interactions among actors in a network formed through some relationship (friendship, cooperation, trade, among others). The SNA is constantly approached from a binary point of view, i.e., it is only observed if a link between two actors is present or not regardless of the strength of this link. It is known that different information can be obtained in weighted and unweighted networks and that the information extracted from weighted networks is more accurate and detailed. Another rarely discussed approach in the SNA is related to the individual attributes of the actors (nodes), because such analysis is usually focused on the topological structure of networks. Features of the nodes are not incorporated in the SNA what implies that there is some loss or misperception of information in those analyze. This paper aims at exploring more precisely the complexities of a social network, initially developing a method that inserts the individual attributes in the topological structure of the network and then analyzing the network in four different ways: unweighted, edge-weighted and two methods for using both edge-weights and nodes’ attributes. The international trade network was chosen in the application of this approach, where the nodes represent the countries, the links represent the cash flow in the trade transactions and countries’ GDP were chosen as nodes’ attributes. As a result, it is possible to observe which countries are most connected in the world economy and with higher cash flows, to point out the countries that are central to the intermediation of the wealth flow and those that are most benefited from being included in this network. We also made a principal component analysis to study which metrics are more influential in describing the data variability, which turn out to be mostly the weighted metrics which include the nodes’ attributes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study provides a complete rheological characterization of bidimensional (2D) nanomaterial dispersions, employed as 2D-inks precursors in printed electronics. Three different 2D nanomaterials [molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), graphene, and hexagonal boron nitride (hBN)] were dispersed in a Newtonian fluid (toluene) and a viscoelastic fluid (toluene + ethyl cellulose) with different polymer concentrations. The presence of nanosheets does not change the shear rheology of the carrier fluid. Regarding the extensional rheology, the results showed that the pinch-off phenomenon is present in all toluene suspensions; however, the presence of the ethyl cellulose introduces elasticity in the system, even leading to the formation of beads-on-a-string, and the relaxation times of the suspensions depend on the kind of nanosheets present in the fluid. As controlling the droplet size when dispensing 2D-inks is of paramount importance for printed electronics as well as for many other applications, here it is presented a correlation between the rheological properties of these 2D-inks precursors and their droplet size when generated from a capillary nozzle in the dripping regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of the proportion of juice added (10 and 20%), pH (3.8 and 4.5), and soluble solids (50 and 60 ° Brix) on time co-crystallization, color and vitamin C content of co-crystals of bitter orange juice was evaluated. Bitter co-crystallized orange juice was obtained by mixing supersaturated sucrose syrup at 118 °C with bitter orange juice concentrate, with constant agitation of 600 rpm. The wet co-crystals were separated and dried at 50 °C in a vacuum oven for 24 hours. Color and vitamin C content were determined in the dry co-crystals. Co-crystals managed to retain vitamin C between 3.94 and 5.25 mg/100g dry basis. However, there was high loss of vitamin C (90.64%) during the process of co-crystallization with respect to fresh juice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: What an organism needs at least from its environment to produce a set of metabolites, e.g. target(s) of interest and/or biomass, has been called a minimal precursor set. Early approaches to enumerate all minimal precursor sets took into account only the topology of the metabolic network (topological precursor sets). Due to cycles and the stoichiometric values of the reactions, it is often not possible to produce the target(s) from a topological precursor set in the sense that there is no feasible flux. Although considering the stoichiometry makes the problem harder, it enables to obtain biologically reasonable precursor sets that we call stoichiometric. Recently a method to enumerate all minimal stoichiometric precursor sets was proposed in the literature. The relationship between topological and stoichiometric precursor sets had however not yet been studied. Results: Such relationship between topological and stoichiometric precursor sets is highlighted. We also present two algorithms that enumerate all minimal stoichiometric precursor sets. The first one is of theoretical interest only and is based on the above mentioned relationship. The second approach solves a series of mixed integer linear programming problems. We compared the computed minimal precursor sets to experimentally obtained growth media of several Escherichia coli strains using genome-scale metabolic networks. Conclusions: The results show that the second approach efficiently enumerates minimal precursor sets taking stoichiometry into account, and allows for broad in silico studies of strains or species interactions that may help to understand e.g. pathotype and niche-specific metabolic capabilities. sasita is written in Java, uses cplex as LP solver and can be downloaded together with all networks and input files used in this paper at http://www.sasita.gforge.inria.fr. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Model thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPUs) are prepared with the aim of investigating the effect of soft-to-hard segment ratio on the phase transition and the resulting structure that forms upon isothermal exposure to temperatures near their phase transition temperature. The dynamic rheological properties of TPUs before exposure to these isothermal conditions show a phase transition at high temperatures that is directly related to the content of hard segments. The extensional viscosity data indicate a strain-hardening behavior that becomes less pronounced with the increase of hard segments. After isothermal treatment, the DSC results show that the high-temperature endotherm peak narrows and shifts to higher temperatures, suggesting a transition in structure. Small angle X-ray scattering, wide angle X-ray scattering, and atomic force microcopy results indicate a phase-separated system in which the hard domain sizes and crystallinity change during this process. The rheological data collected after recrystallization show a significant increase in both moduli, transitioning from viscoelastic fluid-like to glassy behavior. Concurrently, the uniaxial elongation viscosity presents a significant increase in absolute values, but with a shift from strain-hardening to strain-softening behavior for all strain rates. A transition from traditional phase separated viscoelastic melt behavior to more brittle rupture is also observed, marking a significant fundamental difference in properties before and after recrystallization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine whether live vaccines alone or associated with phytogenic compounds supplied via feed could improve performance, intestinal health, serum biochemistry, and coccidiostatic action in broilers up to 42 days of age, challenged with Eimeria spp., compared with a traditional anticoccidial program. We used 800 birds divided into five treatments of eight repetitions each (n = 20): NC – Negative control (absence of additives in the feed and without coccidian challenge); PC – Positive control (absence of additives and with coccidian challenge at 21 days); AAP – Anticoccidial additives program, including salinomycin and nicarbazine, with coccidian challenge at 21 days of life; VAC – Vaccination on day 1 of life (Hipracox HIPRA®) against coccidiosis and subsequent coccidian challenge at 21 days; VAC + BPC - Vaccination (day 1 of life), the addition of 200 ppm of blend phytogenic compound (BPC) based on carvacrol and cinnamaldehyde to the diet, with coccidian challenge at 21 days of life. The birds in the AAP group more significant weight gain and greater body weight at 21 days than the NC and 42 days of age than the NC and VAC + BPC groups. The excretion of Eimeria oocysts in the excreta of birds was higher in PC than in NC, and in the litter, PC had higher counts than NC, AAP, and VAC + BPC. A higher mean score of intestinal lesions for Eimeria acervulina was observed in VAC and VAC + BPC birds, while for Eimeria maxima , the highest score was found in PC. Higher serum levels of total protein due to the increase in globulins were observed in birds of AAP and VAC than NC. Our findings suggest that vaccination for coccidiosis shortly after the birth of chicks allows performance similar to the conventional coccidiosis control program via diet. • Vaccination for coccidiosis allowed a performance similar to the use of antibiotics and coccidiostats in the diet. • Vaccination+phytogenic reduced the contamination of Eimeria spp. oocysts in broiler litter. • Broiler chickens that received vaccination for coccidiosis had a higher concentration of serum globulins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Freshwater fungi play a key role in plant litter decomposition and have been used to investigate the relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in streams. Although there is evidence of positive effects of biodiversity on ecosystem processes, particularly on biomass produced, some studies have shown that neutral or negative effects may occur. We manipulated the composition and the number of species and genotypes in aquatic fungal assemblages creating different levels of genetic divergence to assess effects of fungal diversity on biomass produced and leaf decomposition. Generally, diversity effects on fungal biomass produced were positive, suggesting complementarity between species, but in assemblages with more species positive diversity effects were reduced. Genotype diversity and genetic divergence had net positive effects on leaf mass loss, but in assemblages with higher diversity leaf decomposition decreased. Our results highlight the importance of considering multiple biodiversity measures when investigating the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peripheral nerves are exposed to mechanical stress during movement. However the in vivo mechanical properties of nerves remain largely unexplored. The primary aim of this study was to characterize the effect of passive dorsiflexion on sciatic nerve shear wave velocity (an index of stiffness) when the knee was in 90° flexion (knee 90°) or extended (knee 180°). The secondary aim was to determine the effect of five repeated dorsiflexions on the nerve shear wave velocity. Nine healthy participants were tested. The repeatability of sciatic nerve shear wave velocity was good for both knee 90° and knee 180° (ICCs≥0.92, CVs≤8.1%). The shear wave velocity of the sciatic nerve significantly increased ( p <0.0001) during dorsiflexion when the knee was extended (knee 180°), but no changes were observed when the knee was flexed (90°). The shear wave velocity–angle relationship displayed a hysteresis for knee 180°. Although there was a tendency for the nerve shear wave velocity to decrease throughout the repetition of the five ankle dorsiflexions, the level of significance was not reached ( p =0.055). These results demonstrate that the sciatic nerve stiffness can be non-invasively assessed during passive movements. In addition, the results highlight the importance of considering both the knee and the ankle position for clinical and biomechanical assessment of the sciatic nerve. This non-invasive technique offers new perspectives to provide new insights into nerve mechanics in both healthy and clinical populations (e.g., specific peripheral neuropathies). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extraterrestrial radiation is attenuated by the atmosphere in different proportions depending mainly on the solar zenith angle and the altitude of the measurement point. In this work, very high and extreme total solar irradiance measurements are presented that, on some days, surpassed the Solar Constant corrected by the actual Sun-Earth distance (CSC). This paper reports a detailed analysis of ground-based measurements of cloud-enhanced solar global irradiation in NE Brazil in the cities of Água Branca, Santana do Ipanema, Palmeira dos Índios, Laje, Pão de Açúcar, Arapiraca, Coruripe, and Maceió from January to December 2008. Measurements were made at 1-min intervals using Eppley and B & W pyranometers with an estimated uncertainty of 5%. It was found that a) the phenomenon is not uncommon and that it occurs on at least one-third of the days in a given month; b) the cumulative duration (number of 1-min consecutive events) can reach 34 min; d) there is a clear seasonal effect, and the probability of occurrence on a monthly basis shows two peaks, one in April and another in October; e) the most extreme solar radiation was 1650 W/m 2 in Água Branca, which is approximately 350 W/m 2 above the extraterrestrial solar irradiation; and f) a strong asymmetry was detected in the occurrence profile between the morning and afternoon. Finally, the observation of extreme values should be taken into account in the study of solar radiation effects related to the UV index and biological effects, among others. Extreme radiation above the extraterrestrial irradiance lasting up to 30 min can mean very high and potentially dangerous UV (UVI) indexes, even in situations with seemingly adequate cloudiness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of the addition of saccharose and fructose syrups on the rheological properties of honey produced in two regions, Sabanas and Montes de María, in the Department of Sucre in Colombia was determined. Sucrose or fructose syrup in percentages of 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50% were added to pure honey. The rheological properties were determined using a TA Instruments rheometer AR1500EX, plate of 40 mm, gap of 1500 μm and at temperature of 30°C. The shear rate was increased and decreased between 0.1 and 100 s-1. Samples of honey (pure and adulterated) have newtonian behavior. Furthermore, the increased in the amount of syrups makes the viscosity of honey to decrease. Thus, viscosity can be used for determining adulteration of honey by addition of fructose or saccharose syrups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the rheological and structural changes induced by uniaxial extensional flows are studied for two aromatic TPUs: an elastomeric (soft) material composed both of hard and soft segments and an amorphous glass (hard) one composed almost exclusively by hard segments. The uniaxial extensional viscosity was measured on a Sentmanat fixture (SER) at single temperature of 175 °C, showing that at high strain rates both materials initially strain-soften before eventually strain-hardening at higher Hencky strains. This effect is smoother and occurs at lower strain rates for the soft TPU. Optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy and X-ray scattering show this behavior to be related with structural changes induced by the flow. Strain-softening is attributed to the orientation of hard domains in the flow direction. In the soft TPU strain-hardening is caused by the stretching of entangled soft segments but in the hard one it appears to be associated with microcracks and with the development of a hitherto unreported hierarchical structure in the molten material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: It is widely acknowledged that eccentric muscle contractions may cause skeletal muscle damage. However, there is little knowledge about the impact of eccentric contractions on non-muscular structures. Animal and human studies revealed that eccentric contractions can also induce immediate and short-term nerve dysfunction. The purpose of this review is to examine whether eccentric muscle contractions induce immediate and short-term effects on structural, morphological, mechanical, functional and physiological properties of peripheral nerves, from both animal and human studies. Methods and analysis: A systematic review of randomised (RCTs) and non-randomised controlled trials will be conducted. Four electronic databases (i.e., Medline/Pubmed, Science Direct, PEDro and Cochrane) will be searched using predefined search terms to identify relevant studies. Eligible studies have to comprise any type of eccentric contraction of upper or lower limb muscles. Primary outcomes will include measures related to structure, morphology, mechanical, functional and physiological properties of peripheral nerves. Two independent reviewers will assess eligibility, evaluate risk of bias, and extract relevant data. In human studies, the risk of bias will be assessed by the Cochrane Collaboration risk of bias tool (RoB 2.0 tool) for RCTs and by risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions (ROBINS-I) for non-randomised controlled trials; while for animal studies, the risk of bias will be assessed using the SYRCLE's RoB tool. A narrative synthesis will be conducted for all included studies. Also, if appropriate, a meta-analysis will be performed, where the effect size of each outcome will be determined by the standardized mean difference as well as the 95% confidence intervals. I2 statistics will be used to assess heterogeneity. Ethics and dissemination: For this study, no ethical approval is required. Findings will be disseminated widely through peer-reviewed publication and conference presentations. Systematic review registration: The protocol has been registered at the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO). Registration number: CRD42021285767. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultrasound shear wave elastography has become a promising method in peripheral neuropathy evaluation. Shear wave velocity, a surrogate measure of stiffness, tends to increase in peripheral neuropathies regardless of etiology. However, little is known about the spatial variation in shear wave velocity of healthy peripheral nerves and how tensile loading is distributed along their course. Sixty healthy young adults were scanned using ultrasound shear wave elastography. Five regions of the sciatic (Sciatic PROXIMAL , Sciatic DISTAL) and tibial nerve (Tibial PROXIMAL , Tibial INTERMEDIATE , and Tibial DISTAL) were assessed in two hip positions that alter nerve tension: 1) neutral in supine position; and 2) flexed at 90°. Knee and ankle remained in full-extension and neutral position. We observed spatial variations in shear wave velocity along the sciatic and tibial nerve (P < 0.0001). Shear wave velocities were significantly different between all nerve locations with the exception of Sciatic DISTAL vs. Tibial INTERMEDIATE (P = 0.999) and Tibial PROXIMAL vs. Tibial INTERMEDIATE (P = 0.708), and tended to increase in the proximal-distal direction at both upper and lower leg segments. Shear wave velocity increased with hip flexion (+54.3%; P < 0.0001), but the increase was not different among nerve locations (P = 0.233). This suggests that the increase in tensile loading with hip flexion is uniformally distributed along the nerve tract. These results highlight the importance of considering both limb position and transducer location for biomechanical and clinical assessments of peripheral nerve stiffness. These findings provide evidence about how tension is distributed along the course of sciatic and tibial nerves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research work, multilayer soft film/foam systems based on low-density polyethylene (LDPE) have been developed. In order to improve the layer stability during processing, a viscosity contrast between film and foam layer polymers is maintained. Three different LDPE grades having different melt flow indices were used and film/foam systems with up to 32 layers were produced. High-viscosity film layer and low-viscosity foam layer in each film/foam system contributed to good layer integrity even with high foam content. Measurements of cell density and cell size distribution indicated that high viscosity film layer and increasing layer number have significant confinement effect that enhanced the cell nucleation and suppressed the cell coalescence and thus contributed to single cell arrays in foam layers. Constrained cell growth was observed in 16 and 32 layers film/foam systems. Confinement effect from the high viscosity film layer was also observed at higher foam content. In addition, uniform layer integrity resulted from high viscosity contrast between film and foam layers contributed to higher deformability. Moreover, increasing layer number also improved the tensile modulus and strength of each film/foam system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rheological and physical properties of edible coating formulations containing gelatin, cellulose nanofibers (CNFs), and glycerol are characterized. Measured properties are analyzed in order to optimize edible coating thickness. Results show that coating formulations density increases linearly with gelatin concentration in presence of CNFs. Surface tension decreases with either gelatin or CNF concentration increases. Power law model well described the rheological behavior of edible coating formulations since determination coefficient was high (R2 > 0.98) and standard error was low (SE < 0.0052). Formulations showed pseudoplastic (shear-thinning) flow behavior and no time-dependent features were observed. The flow behavior index was not significantly affected by any factor. Consistency coefficient increases with gelatin concentrations but it decreases with glycerol concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The objective of this research was to evaluate formulations for elaboration of plantain mazamorra, selecting the best according to a panel of acceptance. The plantain mazamorra was prepared considering a procedure at the artisanal level; varying the concentrations of milk and banana in the formulations and the cooking time (15 to 25 minutes). These treatments were evaluated by 100 untrained tasters through a preference test, using a 9-point hedonic scale. The best formulation of plantain mazamorra is formed by a banana and milk concentration of 21% (w/w) and 52% (w/w), respectively, with a cooking time of 25 minutes after boiling. This formulation has a non-Newtonian behavior with thixotropic characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: We investigated the effects of plantarflexor static stretching of different intensities on the medial gastrocnemius (GAS) shear elastic modulus, GAS fascicle length and ankle passive torque-angle responses during and after stretching. Methods: Participants performed three stretching sessions of different intensities: 40 % (R40) of maximal dorsiflexion range of motion (ROM), 60 % (R60) of ROM, and 80 % (R80) of ROM. Each stretching lasted 10 min. The GAS architecture, GAS shear elastic modulus, ankle passive torque-angle, and muscle activity were assessed before, during, and after the stretching. Results: The absolute and relative (i.e., normalized to the static stretching start value) GAS shear elastic modulus relaxation varied across stretching intensities. The absolute passive torque relaxation varied across intensities ( p < 0.05) but not when normalized to the stretching start value. No significant changes were observed in GAS fascicle length during the stretching ( p = 0.93). After stretching, passive torque at a given angle was significantly decreased for R60 [−0.99 ± 0.59 Nm (−6.5 ± 3.8 %), p < 0.001] and R80 [−1.05 ± 1.12 Nm (−6.8 ± 6.3 %), p = 0.004], and GAS shear elastic modulus decreased only for the R80 [−9.3 ± 7.2 kPa (−14.1 %), p = 0.003]. No significant correlations were found between the magnitude of relaxation during stretching and post-stretching effect in the GAS shear elastic modulus or ankle passive torque variables. No significant relation was found between the shear elastic modulus and the ankle passive torque responses during and after stretching. Conclusion: The effects of stretching on joint passive torque do not reflect changes in the medial gastrocnemius shear elastic modulus, and these responses to stretching depend on its intensity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Blends of nylon 6 and a silsesquioxane additive, aminopropyl isobutyl POSS (APOSS) were prepared containing 0–5% POSS by weight. APOSS was previously demonstrated by us to be an ineffectual additive at concentrations of more than approximately 3% by weight, lacking solubility and favorable interactions with the polymer matrix. Significant reinforcement was only obtained under the extreme confinement and orientation conditions induced by melt-spinning, under which it was suggested the APOSS might undergo forced-assembly into elongated, rebar-like reinforcement structures. In the present work, we show that while the structure–property relationships of these systems, measured by WAXS, DSC and Raman spectroscopy revealed there are no major changes in the chemical structure induced by molecular interactions, rheological and SEM investigations on the APOSS-polymer systems suggest that at temperatures above the APOSS melting point, solubility and dispersion is slightly enhanced. We also show that two conditions seem to be necessary for improvement of properties: i) A sufficient concentration of APOSS needs to exist in the system to diffuse in significant quantities into the matrix upon re-melting; ii) The remaining non-diffused APOSS agglomerates need to be below a critical size around 4 μm in diameter, which does not happen for concentrations above approximately 3%. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A series of isotactic polypropylene and nylon 6 blends with silsesquioxane (POSS) additives were produced, then layered to nanometer thicknesses to test the effects of confinement upon polymer property modification. POSS is shown to be a poor filler, lacking solubility and favorable interaction with the polymer matrices. It was initially hypothesized that under extreme confinement and orientation, such as in melt-spun fibers, or confined within 2D nanoscale layers, that POSS would undergo forced-assembly into elongated, rebar-like reinforcement structures, or even act as crosslinking molecules for the polymer chains. The current results, however, show POSS existing as large, phase separated aggregates, in order to minimize interactions with the polymer matrix; the aggregates behave as debonded hard particles upon tensile deformation. POSS has been previously shown to enhance the properties of polymer matrices in which the POSS molecules have been grafted to, or copolymerized within the chain, but this is not the case for these POSS blends. In comparison to results from the iPP/DBS/TPOSS system, in which POSS is unable to directly interact with the polymer matrix, and the nylon 6/APOSS system, in which POSS can potentially form hydrogen bonds with the polymer matrix, the results are similar and reveal that POSS blends are largely incompatible with the polymer matrix. Small improvements in blend properties can be made via functionalization of the POSS cage, in order to enhance interactions, but these improvements are quite limited. Even under extreme confinement conditions, where significant deviations from bulk behavior occurs, such as within melt-spun fibers or nanoscale layers, POSS was unable to be forcibly-assemble into reinforcing structures with the polymer matrix. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Can the Freudian discourse be considered as scientific? This issue has been discussed since the birth of psychoanalysis and it has been given a negative answer from several researchers, mainly logicists. According to these criticisms, some theorists took great interest in giving psychoanalysis an external appearance compatible with the logicists demands. Rereading essays on the Freudian discourse come from the interior of psychoanalysis as well as the exterior. In the first case, we can find D. Rapaport attempt to reintegrate psychoanalysis into the scientific psychology. In the second, B.F. Skinner effort to appropriate to himself the psychoanalytical theory in order to submit it to the behavourist stimulus-response scheme. Ricoeur bravely contests this reductive disposition. The operationalist and behaviourist attempts to reformulate it, as the French thinker denounces, are far from touching the possibility of opening the question of meaning. Nevertheless, to cast away the meaning from the metapsychological discourse is to disfigure psychoanalysis to the point of making it irrecognizable. However, it is not less serious the inverse mistake: to keep interpretation without taking into account the forces that distort meaning. But this mistake was made by several theorists such as R. Dalbiez and J. Hyppolite. The first one distinguishes and separates the Freudian doctrine, considered by him physisist and naturalist, from the psychoanalytical method, at its turn considered well-founded and corresponding to psychoanalysis itself. Echoing Dalbiez's point of view, Hyppolite denounces the contrast between the supposedly theoretical Freudian positivism and his interpretative clinical method. Freudian's discourse most critical point would be the psychism energetic conception. Ricoeur resumes "Freudism epistemological discussion" at the point that Hyppolite had left it. For him, this problem takes the shape of an aporia which terms are of energetics and hermeneutics. How is it possible to justify an economics which founds itself in the interpretation of dreams, symptom and lapsus linguae and an interpretation that must necessarily evoke an economic explanation with its energetic patterns deeply strange to the meaning? According to Ricoeur, psychoanalytical discourse is simultaneously energetic and hermeneutic, explanatory and interpretative. "Psychoanalysis is not an observational science", synthesizes our thinker, but an hermeneutic science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of adding wheat bran (at concentrations of 0, 1, 3 and 5% w/v) and of the storage time on physicochemical and sensory properties of buffalo milk yoghurt were evaluated. Physicochemical tests, such as acidity, pH, fat, total solids, syneresis and density were done and sensory acceptance analysis using the 9-point hedonic scale with 50 tasters were performed. The addition of wheat bran directly influenced acidity, syneresis, total solids and density, and inversely influenced pH and sensory acceptance of the product. During the storage period there was an increase in acidity and syneresis, which showed loss of product quality. Sensory analyses showed that buffalo milk yoghurt with 1% of wheat bran presented organoleptic characteristics similar to that of yoghurt without bran addition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work storage conditions of chunks yam packed in polymer films with modified atmosphere are analyzed. Respiration rate of chunks yam at refrigeration temperature (5 ± 1°C) and room temperature (27 ± 1°C) and different films with modified atmosphere were evaluated. Respiration rate at refrigeration temperature was 2.9 ± 0.9 mlCO2/Kg-h (graphically) and 3.2 ± 1.0 mlCO2/Kg-h (analytically), and room temperature of 20.1 ± 0.8 mlCO2/Kg-h (graphically) and 22.4 ± 0.9 mlCO2/Kg-h (analytically). Modified atmosphere packaging of minimally processed chunks yam is not a good alternative. This because the product quality is affected, with shelf life between 6 and 10 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study the effect of wheat bran addition (0, 1, 3, 5% w/v) and the storage time in the rheological behavior of the yogurt buffalo milk were evaluated. Fat matter, antibiotic presence, total solids, acidity and pH were determined in buffalo milk. Rheological measurements were carried out using a Brookfied viscometer DV-II+Pro model, fitting the data to the model of Oswald de Wale. The yogurt presented a pseudoplastic and thixotropic behavior. Wheat bran addition influenced proportional directly way the rheological parameters, making more consistent and less pseudoplastic. Storage time was inversely proportional to the consistency index and directly proportional to the flow index, being less consistent, with tendency to Newtonian fluid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background information. The execution phase of apoptosis is characterized by extensive blebbing of the plasma membrane, which usually results in secondary lysis in vitro. To analyse the permeability of cellular membranes during this process, we induced apoptosis in human melanoma A375 cells that had been transfected with fluorescently tagged proteins which were targeted to different subcellular locations. Results. The dual treatment of resveratrol and butyrate produced a synergistic induction of apoptosis by blocking different phases of the cell cycle. Changes in the plasma membrane, nuclear envelope and nucleoli were monitored by time‐lapse confocal microscopy. Fluorescently labelled proteins were not mis‐localized from their original locations in any of the cells undergoing blebbing for several hours. Thus the maintenance of karyophilic and nucleolar proteins within the nucleus during the blebbing stage and the accessibility of vital selective chromatin dyes confirmed a functional preservation of the nuclear compartment until the final necrotic blister. The translocation of phosphatidylserine to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane was not detected during the blebbing period. Conclusion. These results show that the functional integrity of the nuclear envelope and plasma membrane may be conserved until the end of the execution phase of apoptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Different equations were employed to calculate vaporization enthalpy of pure substances. The normal point of boiling was used as the reference for all of them. Specifically, for the method of [A.G. Meyra, V.A. Kuz, G.J. Zarragoicoechea, Fluid Phase Equilib. 218 (2004) 205–207], three different values of critical universal ratio (Z c) were tested in order to verify the influence of the existing theories in the calculation of the desired property. It was observed that the behavior of the vaporization enthalpy with the temperature is not universal, as some researchers have believed. In the present work we are showing that all the equations provided the same deviation dispersion when it tried to correlate the experimental data. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The foundry sand agglomerated with alkaline phenolic resin, used for the manufacture of molds, was found to be a residue which is able to be recycled, minimizing the costs of disposal and the environmental impact. This paper analyzes the thermomechanical regeneration and leaching processes and also assesses the influence of additives on the improvement of the mechanical properties of the sands. Besides, the industrial experiments carried out at CSN aiming at the foundry sand recycling in the covering of the blast furnace troughs are presented. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Rch1 belongs to the importin α subfamily and works as an adapter between karyophilic proteins and the nuclear import machinery. Its level of expression varies among species and tissues, and depends on the state of cellular metabolism. In the present study we examined the level of expression of nuclear envelope and nuclear transport proteins (Rch1, importin β, lamins A/C, lamin B, gp210, p62 and transportin) after human lymphocyte activation with phytohemagglutinin. We observed that the level of Rch1 increases dramatically, especially in larger lymphocytes, in response to activation. Moreover, using immunoelectron microscopy, this nuclear transport factor was found to be localized at the plasma membrane and also in tracks from the cytoplasm through the nuclear envelope into the nucleus. Similar localization was also observed in the human melanoma cell line A375. In addition, metabolic activation led to a redistribution of Rch1 from the cytoplasm to both the plasma membrane and the nuclear interior. These results suggest that, during lymphocyte activation, Rch1 may be involved in a signal transduction pathway that involves the shuttling of karyophilic proteins from the plasma membrane to the nucleus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil contamination by toxic metals threatens global public health, highlighting the need for cost-effective and ecologically sound site remediation. In this study, we assessed phytoremediation of Hg-contaminated soils by Emilia fosbergii Nicolson (Asteraceae). Pot experiment was conducted using a substrate of sand and vermiculite (1:1 volume ratio), treatments consisted of five Hg concentrations (0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 mg kg−1). Metal transfer rates were calculated, including accumulation (BAF), translocation (TF) and bioconcentration (BCF) factors. E. fosbergii roots exhibited greater Hg accumulation than other tissues, but biomass production and plant health were not significantly affected at the concentrations tested, as indicated by elongation factors and tolerance index. The results revealed BAF values between 2.18 and 7.14, TF values ranged between 0.15 and 0.52, and the BCF index varied between 8.97 and 26.58. Treatments with Hg content of 5 mg kg−1 and 7 mg kg−1 recorded the highest total Hg concentrations of 66 mg kg−1 and 65.53 mg kg−1 (roots), and 9.18 mg kg−1 and 33.88 mg kg−1 (aerial), respectively. E. fosbergii demonstrated promise for Hg phytoremediation due to its high accumulation capacity, indicated by regular TF and high BCF and BAF indexes, thus classifying it as a high Hg accumulator. Phytoextractor and phytostabilizer plant, high accumulator of Hg. Weed with great capacity for proliferation and adaptability. E. fosbergii showed tolerance to Hg in the substrate. Promising plant for phytoremediation of soils contaminated by Hg. Novel species for recovery of soils degraded by Hg exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tensioning techniqueswere the first neurodynamic techniques used therapeutically in the management of people with neuropathies. This article aims to provide a balanced evidence-informed view on the effects of optimal tensile loading on peripheral nerves and the use of tensioning techniques. Whilst the early use of neurodynamics was centered within a mechanical paradigm, research into the working mechanisms of tensioning techniques revealed neuroimmune, neurophysiological, and neurochemical effects. In-vitro and ex-vivo research confirms that tensile loading is required for mechanical adaptation of healthy and healing neurons and nerves. Moreover, elimination of tensile load can have detrimental effects on the nervous system. Beneficial effects of tensile loading and tensioning techniques, contributing to restored homeostasis at the entrapment site, dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord, include neuronal cell differentiation, neurite outgrowth and orientation, increased endogenous opioid receptors, reduced fibrosis and intraneural scar formation, improved nerve regeneration and remyelination, increased muscle power and locomotion, less mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia and allodynia, and improved conditioned pain modulation. However, animal and cellular models also show that 'excessive' tensile forces have negative effects on the nervous system. Although robust and designed to withstand mechanical load, the nervous system is equally a delicate system. Mechanical loads that can be easily handled by a healthy nervous system, may be sufficient to aggravate clinical symptoms in patients. This paper aims to contribute to a more balanced view regarding the use of neurodynamics and more specifically tensioning techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the research was to study the effect of corn (Zea mays) as a system associated with the cultivation of cocoa (Theobroma cacao) in the Lodana parish of the Santa Ana canton. The experimental design of Complete Random Blocks (DBCA) with three repetitions in a 3 x 8 factorial arrangement, where the factors were (A) the corn hybrids (INIAP H-601, 602 and 603), (B) the cocoa clones [EET-800, 801, 450, 454, 575, 576, 103, CCN-51 (control)]. The response variables evaluated were: male and female flowering, root and stem lodging, foliar diseases, plant height and ear insertion, number / plants / plot, ear length and diameter, % rotten ears, number / row of grain per ear, weight of 1000 grains, yield and prolificacy. For cocoa, the response variables were: Plant height at 20 cm, stem diameter and plant cover, which is obtained through "CANOPEO" a tool that allows to follow the growth of crops by calculating the plant cover fraction. The results showed that the highest production and productivity of maize associated with cocoa was the INIAP H-601 hybrid with a yield of 1.59 t / ha. And prolificacy of 1.51 in an average of two ears per plant. In addition, it had the lowest percentage of rotten ears. The influence of corn on cacao growth was positive, which was evidenced by plant height, with the EET-800 cacao clone the one that reached the highest height with 37.37 cm, while the lowest was for the CCN-51 clone (control) with 22.73 cm. The crown cover had a positive growth for the cocoa clone EET-801 with an average of 36.51%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective. Brachial plexus injuries are devastating lesions for the patient and their environment, with great functional loss. They require multidisciplinary management, complete clinical evaluation and complementary neurophysiological studies, imaging studies or both. In recent decades, the use of intraoperative neuromonitoring has been proposed as a useful tool for brachial plexus surgery, and helps to individualize decision-making in primary reconstruction of brachial plexus injuries. We describe the experience using different modalities of intraoperative neuromonitoring in patients with brachial plexus injuries in Hospital Universitario San José y Hospital Universitario San José Infantil de Bogotá, Colombia. Methods. Retrospective case series, conducted using electronic medical data from Hand Surgery and Microsurgery services, videos and preoperative images taken by the surgeon, and findings described in the report of intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring, of patients with brachial plexus injuries operated in the study period. Results. Fourteen patients underwent brachial plexus reconstruction using intraoperative neuromonitoring during the study period: 11 male (78%) and 3 female (22%); 9 (65%) right upper extremity injuries and 5 (35%) left. Age ranged from 19 to 62 years old (average of 33 years). Main etiology was motorcyclist accident. Direct electrical stimulation and stimulated electromyography were used in all patients. Somatosensory evoked potentials were measured in 9 (64%) patients, and transcranial motor evoked potentials were measured in 8 (57%) patients. Conclusions. In brachial plexus injuries, intraoperative electrophysiological studies allow better classification of nerve injuries and provide an optimal individualized surgical management, without increasing operative time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is a long held belief that maximal joint range of motion (ROM) is restricted by muscle tension. However, it exists indirect evidence suggesting that this assumption may not hold true for some joint configurations where non-muscular structures, such as the peripheral nerves, are stretched. Direct evidences are lacking. This study aimed to determine whether a static stretching aiming to load the sciatic nerve without stretch within plantar flexors is effective to: (i) alter nerve stiffness; and (ii) increase the ankle’s maximal ROM. Passive maximal ankle ROM in dorsiflexion was assessed with the hip flexed at 90° (HIP-flexed) or neutral (HIP-neutral, 0°). Sciatic nerve stiffness was estimated using shear wave elastography. Sciatic nerve stretching induced both a 13.3 ± 7.9% (P < 0.001) decrease in the nerve stiffness and a 6.4 ± 2.6° increase in the maximal dorsiflexion ROM assessed in HIP-flexed. In addition, the decrease in sciatic nerve stiffness was significantly correlated with the change in maximal ROM in dorsiflexion (r = −0.571, P = 0.026). These effects occurred in the absence of any change in gastrocnemius medialis and biceps femoris stiffness, and ankle passive torque. These results demonstrate that maximal dorsiflexion ROM can be acutely increased by stretching the sciatic nerve, without altering the muscle stiffness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivation Analysis of differential expression of genes is often performed to understand how the metabolic activity of an organism is impacted by a perturbation. However, because the system of metabolic regulation is complex and all changes are not directly reflected in the expression levels, interpreting these data can be difficult. Results In this work, we present a new algorithm and computational tool that uses a genome-scale metabolic reconstruction to infer metabolic changes from differential expression data. Using the framework of constraint-based analysis, our method produces a qualitative hypothesis of a change in metabolic activity. In other words, each reaction of the network is inferred to have increased, decreased, or remained unchanged in flux. In contrast to similar previous approaches, our method does not require a biological objective function and does not assign on/off activity states to genes. An implementation is provided and it is available online. We apply the method to three published datasets to show that it successfully accomplishes its two main goals: confirming or rejecting metabolic changes suggested by differentially expressed genes based on how well they fit in as parts of a coordinated metabolic change, as well as inferring changes in reactions whose genes did not undergo differential expression. Availability and implementation github.com/htpusa/moomin. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanofluids based on vegetal oil with different wt.% of carbon nanotubes (CNT), hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), and its hybrid (h-BN@CNT) were produced to investigate the effects of these nano-additives on the thermal conductivity and rheological properties of nanofluids. Stable suspensions of these oil/nanostructures were produced without the use of stabilizing agents. The dispersed nanostructures were investigated by SEM, EDS, XRD, and XPS, while the thermal conductivity and rheological characteristics were studied by a transient hot-wire method and steady-state flow tests, respectively. Increases in thermal conductivity of up to 39% were observed for fluids produced with 0.5 wt.% of the hybrid nanomaterials. As for the rheological properties, it was verified that both the base fluid and the h-BN suspensions exhibited Newtonian behavior, while the presence of CNT modified this tendency. This change in behavior is attributed to the hydrophobic character of both CNT and the base oil, while h-BN nanostructures have lip-lip "bonds", giving it a partial ionic character. However, the combination of these nanostructures was fundamental for the synergistic effect on the increase of thermal conductivity with respect to their counterparts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]