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Following the triumph of post-fossil technologies, the global demand for critical raw materials in the form of rare metals will increase dramatically in the coming years. From the perspective of importing countries, dependence on these raw materials poses a host of new risks. In this respect, building up reserves of raw materials can be a sensible policy option for the short term. It can help reduce both supply-side and price-related risks. This is particularly true in cases where markets are characterised by high price volatility and/or the risk of supply disruptions is significant. Moreover, if there is a high degree of market concentration, stockpiling can also serve as a strategic tool for long-term price dampening. At the same time, the institutional design of stockpile management is crucial. In view of the economic risks associated with publicly managed stockpiles, we argue for a policy aimed primarily at promoting stockpiling incentives within the private sector. Central reserves managed by the public sector are only advisable as a basic hedge against the extreme scenario of massive supply interruptions. In any case, a stockpiling strategy should be accompanied by efforts to diversify supply sources in the long run.

to evaluate the most incident histological subtypes and the main postoperative complications in elderly patients with parotid tumors submitted to parotidectomy.we conducted a retrospective study with 57 elderly patients submitted to parotidectomy from 2003 to 2017, at the São José County Hospital of Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brazil.thirty-three (57.9%) patients had benign tumors, the most frequent being Warthin's tumor, and 17 (29.8%), malignant tumors, squamous cell carcinoma being the most frequent. Seven patients (12.3%) presented clinical complications, arterial pressure instability and respiratory complications being the most frequent, in four (7%) and three (5.3%) cases, respectively. Thirteen (22.1%) patients presented complications related to the surgical wound, hematoma and wound infection being the most frequent, with six (10.5%) cases each. Twenty-four (42.1%) patients had some degree of facial nerve dysfunction in the postoperative period, Brackman-House grade III being the most frequent, in 11 cases (19.3%). Surgical time and lymphadenectomy were associated with clinical complications. The main variables that showed an association with surgical complications were tumor size, longer surgical time, reoperation, and perioperative crystalloid infusion volume.parotid neoplasms present a differentiated profile in the elderly population, especially Warthin's tumor and squamous cell carcinoma. Hematoma and infection of the operative wound and facial nerve lesions were the most prevalent complications in the postoperative period.avaliar subtipos histológicos mais incidentes e as principais complicações pós-operatórias em pacientes idosos portadores de tumor de parótida e submetidos à parotidectomia.estudo retrospectivo de 57 pacientes idosos submetidos à parotidectomia, no período de 2003 a 2017, no Hospital Municipal São José de Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brasil.trinta e três (57,9%) pacientes tinham tumores benignos, sendo o mais frequente o tumor de Warthin, e 17(29,8%) tumores malignos, sendo o carcinoma escamoso o mais frequente. Sete (12,3%) pacientes evoluíram com complicações clínicas, sendo a labilidade pressórica e as complicações respiratórias as mais incidentes em quatro (7%) e três (5,3%) casos, respectivamente. Treze (22,1%) pacientes apresentaram complicações cirúrgicas relacionadas à ferida operatória, sendo o hematoma e a infecção de ferida as mais incidentes, com seis (10,5%) casos cada. Vinte e quatro (42,1%) pacientes tiveram algum grau de disfunção do nervo facial no pós-operatório, sendo o grau III de Brackman-House, em 11 casos (19,3%), o mais frequente. O tempo cirúrgico e a linfadenectomia mostraram associação com complicações clínicas. As principais variáveis que apresentaram associação com complicações cirúrgicas foram: tamanho do tumor, tempo cirúrgico mais longo, reoperação e volume de infusão de cristaloides no transoperatório.as neoplasias parotídeas apresentam perfil diferenciado na população idosa, destacando-se o tumor de Warthin e o carcinoma escamoso. Hematoma e infecção da ferida operatória, e as lesões do nervo facial foram as complicações mais prevalentes no pós-operatório.

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar subtipos histológicos mais incidentes e as principais complicações pós-operatórias em pacientes idosos portadores de tumor de parótida e submetidos à parotidectomia. Métodos: estudo retrospectivo de 57 pacientes idosos submetidos à parotidectomia, no período de 2003 a 2017, no Hospital Municipal São José de Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brasil. Resultados: trinta e três (57,9%) pacientes tinham tumores benignos, sendo o mais frequente o tumor de Warthin, e 17(29,8%) tumores malignos, sendo o carcinoma escamoso o mais frequente. Sete (12,3%) pacientes evoluíram com complicações clínicas, sendo a labilidade pressórica e as complicações respiratórias as mais incidentes em quatro (7%) e três (5,3%) casos, respectivamente. Treze (22,1%) pacientes apresentaram complicações cirúrgicas relacionadas à ferida operatória, sendo o hematoma e a infecção de ferida as mais incidentes, com seis (10,5%) casos cada. Vinte e quatro (42,1%) pacientes tiveram algum grau de disfunção do nervo facial no pós-operatório, sendo o grau III de Brackman-House, em 11 casos (19,3%), o mais frequente. O tempo cirúrgico e a linfadenectomia mostraram associação com complicações clínicas. As principais variáveis que apresentaram associação com complicações cirúrgicas foram: tamanho do tumor, tempo cirúrgico mais longo, reoperação e volume de infusão de cristaloides no transoperatório. Conclusão: as neoplasias parotídeas apresentam perfil diferenciado na população idosa, destacando-se o tumor de Warthin e o carcinoma escamoso. Hematoma e infecção da ferida operatória, e as lesões do nervo facial foram as complicações mais prevalentes no pós-operatório. ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate the most incident histological subtypes and the main postoperative complications in elderly patients with parotid tumors submitted to parotidectomy. Methods: we conducted a retrospective study with 57 elderly patients submitted to parotidectomy from 2003 to 2017, at the São José County Hospital of Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Results: thirty-three (57.9%) patients had benign tumors, the most frequent being Warthin's tumor, and 17 (29.8%), malignant tumors, squamous cell carcinoma being the most frequent. Seven patients (12.3%) presented clinical complications, arterial pressure instability and respiratory complications being the most frequent, in four (7%) and three (5.3%) cases, respectively. Thirteen (22.1%) patients presented complications related to the surgical wound, hematoma and wound infection being the most frequent, with six (10.5%) cases each. Twenty-four (42.1%) patients had some degree of facial nerve dysfunction in the postoperative period, Brackman-House grade III being the most frequent, in 11 cases (19.3%). Surgical time and lymphadenectomy were associated with clinical complications. The main variables that showed an association with surgical complications were tumor size, longer surgical time, reoperation, and perioperative crystalloid infusion volume. Conclusion: parotid neoplasms present a differentiated profile in the elderly population, especially Warthin's tumor and squamous cell carcinoma. Hematoma and infection of the operative wound and facial nerve lesions were the most prevalent complications in the postoperative period.

This paper analyzes the impact of emigration of high-skilled workers on the skill formation in a small sending country within an Overlapping Generations framework. In contrast to the preceding literature, emigration is explicitly modelled as the outcome of a deterministic decision-process and domestic wages respond endogenously to the outflow. It is shown that lowering emigration barriers in this general equilibrium framework never results into a positive long-run effect on human capital despite positive repercussions on schooling, which challenges the propositions of the more stylized class of ‘brain gain’ models. Implications for policy designs in developing countries as well as for empirical research are discussed.