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Background Out-of-pocket costs are key expenses that many individuals incur in order to receive health services. They have been identified as a key access barrier for vulnerable populations, in particular for populations affected by neglected diseases with a chronic progression, such as Chagas disease. It is important to understand the costs of accessing healthcare services that are borne by patients with T. cruzi infection. Methodology We prepared a structured survey for patients with T. cruzi infection/Chagas disease who were all treated by the healthcare system in endemic municipalities in Colombia. The results were analyzed according to three categories: 1. the socioeconomic profiling of the patients; 2. the costs of and time spent on transportation; and 3. the opportunity costs (money that was not earned) related to treatment at the local primary care hospital or at the high-complexity reference hospital. Main findings Ninety-one patients answered the survey voluntarily. The data revealed that, when treated at the specialized reference hospital, patients spent 5.5 times more on food and accommodation, transportation costs were five times higher, and the loss of earnings was three times higher than when they were treated at the local primary care hospital. Moreover, the amount of time spent on transportation was 4 times higher at the reference hospital. Conclusions Providing comprehensive healthcare services for Chagas management at local primary healthcare hospitals would allow the most vulnerable patients to save on expenses related to medical and non-medical costs (out-of-pocket costs), in turn leading to higher adhesion to treatment thus benefiting the health system as a whole. These findings are in alignment with the WHO’s World Health Assembly 2010 Resolution on the importance of treating Chagas at local primary care hospitals, thereby saving patients time and money, allowing for timely care, and promoting access to healthcare.

Objective: Chagas disease affects over six million people, but less than 1% are diagnosed and treated. Complicated diagnostic processes are a major barrier. Colombia’s previous diagnostic algorithm, using in-house tests, was difficult to scale up, creating significant access barriers for patients. A new algorithm using commercially manufactured immunoassays would potentially improve access, but these tests’ performance in Colombian patients with Chagas disease is not well known. Methods: We assessed seven commercially available assays. Samples (n = 501), 93.8% originating from Colombia, were characterized as positive or negative based on standard procedure at the National Reference Laboratory. Performance characteristics were calculated for individual assays and hypothetical test pairings, then compared to the existing algorithm. Results: Five of seven assays exhibited sensitivity >98% while six showed specificity >97%. A total antigen ELISA paired with a recombinant assay provided similar performance to the current diagnostic process. Six of six assays tested proved capable of detecting different Trypanosoma cruzi genetic lineages. Conclusions: The study indicated that several commercial assays accurately detect T. cruzi infection in Colombian patients. A simplified testing process with two commercial assays could perform comparably to the previous process, reducing cost and accessibility barriers and facilitating national scale-up. Keywords: Trypanosoma cruzi, Chagas disease, Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, Diagnostic barriers, Access to healthcare, Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs)

Background : Central America is considered a hotspot for Chagas disease transmission and the most important vector in the northern region is Triatoma dimidiata; a native vector adapted to multiple environments, including intra domestic and peri-domestic habitats. Chagas Disease is the leading cause of death associated with heart disease in Latin America, affecting mostly low-resources populations and the presence of the vector is associated to poor house constructions. Methods: A multi-institutional project named “Alliances for the elimination of Chagas in Central America” was created to help reduce the incidence of the disease in the region. Each institution performing specific role including aspects of vector control, quality of housing, surveillance implementation, diagnosis and treatment of individuals, health promotion, and training of human resources. Results: Eleven villages were entomologically evaluated; five villages were found to have high infestation rates (>20%), three had average infestation rates (10-20%) and three had low-infestation rates (Conclusion: Several institutions working together with specific roles promotes the community partition in several activities as vector control and patience attendance. Some epidemiological factor of the native vector was described. Trial registration: The study received clearance from San Carlos University bioethics committee, Guatemala City, Guatemala (AC-010-2018).

Colombia has one of the largest burdens of Chagas disease globally, with about 438,000 people affected according to 2015 estimates. Despite this, 1% of the population has had access to diagnosis and treatment. A patient-centered roadmap for Chagas disease was developed from 2015 onwards to address access barriers and increase diagnostic and therapeutic coverage and was implemented in five municipalities where Chagas disease is endemic. The mean number of people tested per year increased from 37 before the project to 262 following implementation, and the average days between medical order and diagnostic confirmation results decreased from 258 to 19. The mean days from diagnostic confirmation to treatment initiation decreased from 354 before the project to 135 after implementation. The 5,654 people tested included 3,467 women of childbearing age. The prevalence of T. cruzi infection was 11.5%, and thus far 266 people have received antitrypanosomal treatment. Collaborative creation and implementation of a patient-centered roadmap can address access barriers in specific contexts, helping to reduce the invisibility and burden of this neglected disease.

The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) has defined Chagas Disease hotspots in Central America associated with the vector Triatoma spp. Triatoma dimidiata is a native vector adapted to multiple environments, including intra-domestic and peri-domestic habitats. A multi-institutional project named "Alliances for the elimination of Chagas in Central America" was created to help reduce the incidence of the disease in the region. Activities performed in the field as part of the project included aspects of vector surveillance and control, improvement of houses, diagnosis and treatment of individuals, health promotion, training of human resources and identification of access barriers to diagnosis and treatment. As a base line study, eleven villages, comprised of 1,572 households, were entomologically evaluated (83.4% overall participation); five were found to have very high infestation rates (20%), three had high infestation rates (8-20%) and three had low-infestation rates (8%), coinciding with the category of infestation-risk of the houses within each village. Serological tests were carried out in 812 people (80% participation) in two of the 11 villages and none of the 128 children tested, less than 5 years of age, were positive for Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Community participation in all the activities was high (70%). The collaboration between several subnational, national, and international institutions, each with specific roles, promoted community participation in the activities of vector control and patient care, thus, establishing a baseline to continue implementing and monitoring project progress.

Chagas disease (CD) affects over six million people and is a leading cause of heart failure in the Americas. Few are able to access diagnosis and treatment for CD, resulting in a missed opportunity to prevent morbimortality. Integration of testing and treatment with the primary healthcare level is a key step in ensuring affected people receive timely antitrypansomal therapy, which increasing evidence shows can prevent chronic complications from the disease and halt congenital transmission. This article describes three collaborative projects focused on increasing access to testing and treatment for CD through primary healthcare facilities in Bolivia, Argentina, and Colombia.

Objectives: This paper presents the results of the design and implementation process for the policy of compulsory notification of chronic Chagas disease in the Brazilian state of Goiás (Resolution No. 004/2013-GAB/SES-GO). Methods: The narrative was based on information provided by key actors that were part of the different stages of the process, built on contextual axes based on participants’ reflections about the establishment of the most accurate and coherent notification mechanisms. Results: The notification policy addressed the absence of historical data from patients in the state Chagas program, an increase in cases identified through serology, and weaknesses in vector control. Two key challenges involved human resources capacity and dissemination to public agencies and health care workers. Effective training and communication processes were key ingredients for successful implementation. Conclusions: The lack of public health measures aimed at the epidemiological surveillance of chronic Chagas cases constitutes a significant barrier for patients to access appropriate diagnosis, management and follow-up, and hampers the planning of necessary activities within health systems. The implementation of the notification policy in Goiás allows authorities to determine the real magnitude of Chagas disease in the population, so that an appropriate public health response can be mounted to meet the needs of affected people, thereby ending the epidemiological silence of Chagas disease.

Worldwide, over 6 million people are infected with Trypanosoma cruzi, the pathogen that causes Chagas disease (CD). In the Americas, CD creates the greatest burden in disability-adjusted life years of any parasitic infection. In Colombia, 437 000 people are infected with T. cruzi, of whom 131 000 suffer from cardiomyopathy. Colombia’s annual costs for treating patients with advanced CD reach US$ 175 016 000. Although timely etiological treatment can significantly delay or prevent development of cardiomyopathy—and costs just US$ 30 per patient—fewer than 1% of people with CD in Colombia and elsewhere receive it. This represents a missed opportunity for increasing patients’ healthy, productive years of life while significantly reducing the economic burden on the health care system. Key barriers are complexities and delays in the diagnosis and treatment process, lack of awareness of CD among both patients and health care professionals, and administrative barriers at the primary care level. In 2015, stakeholders from government, academia, nongovernmental organizations, and patient associations participated in a seminar in the city of Bogotá on eliminating barriers to diagnosis and treatment for CD. The seminar gave birth to a model of care for increasing patient access, including a patient road map that simplifies diagnostic and treatment processes, shifting them from specialists to primary care facilities. The patient road map was implemented in a pilot project in four endemic communities beginning in 2016, with the goal of testing and refining the model so it can be implemented nationally. This article describes key components in the development of a new, recently implemented model of care for CD in Colombia.

Between 1999-2002, Médécins Sans Frontières-Spain implemented a project seeking to determine the efficacy and safety of benznidazole in the treatment of recent chronic Chagas disease in a cohort of seropositive children in the Yoro Department, Honduras. A total of 24,471 children were screened for Trypanosoma cruzi IgG antibodies through conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) on filter paper. Recombinant ELISA (0.93% seroprevalence) showed 256 initially reactive cases, including 232 confirmed positive cases. Of these, 231 individuals were treated with benznidazole (7.5 mg/kg/day) for 60 days and were followed with a strict weekly medical control and follow-up protocol. At the end of the project, 229 patients were examined by the Honduras Secretariat of Health for post-treatment serological assessments; 88.2% seroconverted after 18 months and 93.9% seroconverted after three years. No differences were found in the seroconversion rates according to age or sex. Most of the side effects of the treatment were minor. These results support the argument that in areas where T. cruzi I is predominant and in areas affected by T. cruzi II, when vector transmission has been interrupted, Chagas disease diagnosis and treatment are feasible, necessary and ethically indisputable.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), one of the milestones set by the London Declaration for Chagas disease the interruption of Chagas disease transmission through blood transfusion in Latin America was achieved in most countries (20 out of 21) in 2015. This is a crucial step towards reaching the goal of controlling Chagas disease by 2020. However, many challenges remain: less than 1% of the 6 to 7 million people infected with Trypanosoma cruzi are treated, and new infections still occu