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Aim: Investigating parent satisfaction with care is important to guide quality development. In this study, we translated and validated a Danish version of the empowerment of parents in the intensive care – neonatology (EMPATHIC-N) questionnaire to determine validity in Danish contexts. Method: A psychometric study design was applied. Translation was performed according to recommended international standards. Confirmatory factor analyses including standardised factor loadings, Cronbach's α reliability estimates, congruent validity and non-differential validity testing were applied. The study was performed from June 2017 to November 2019 at a 33-bed level IV neonatal intensive care unit. Results: Participants were 311 parents (response rate = 42,8%). Confirmative factor analyses disclosed a moderate model fit of the instrument with Comparative Fit Index (CFI) values of 0.83–0.92. Cronbach's α showed good reliability (0.82–0.93). Congruent validity showed good positive correlations (0.48–0.71) between the instrument domains and four overall satisfaction indicators. In search of improved model fit, a version including 27 items was tested. This version showed a better model fit with CFI values of 0.92–0.99 and satisfactory Cronbach's α values. Conclusions: Model fit for the Danish full EMPATIC-N was moderate. The shorter version showed better psychometric properties.

Aim To assess the association between socioeconomic factors and mortality in Danish children diagnosed with different types of severe chronic disease, including cancer. Methods National cohort study 1994-2020 including Danish children with chronic disease. Inclusion was based on diagnoses in The National Patient Register, socioeconomic information was obtained from Statistics Denmark and mortality was ascertained from the Cause of Death Register. Hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were based on Cox regression. The factors were combined in one common risk score and the association with disease-specific mortality was analysed overall and by ethnicity status. Results Overall, non-Danish ethnicity (HR = 1.96 (95% CI 1.69-2.28)) was associated with all-cause mortality in 128 129 children (69 435 male and 58 694 female) with chronic disease. Median age at first diagnosis was 1.42 years (range 0-18 years). Low family income was associated with mortality regardless of ethnicity status, and young maternal age was also a notable risk factor across ethnicities. The socioeconomic association was more pronounced in children with cancer. Conclusion In the high-income setting of Denmark, ethnicity and differences in socioeconomic background were associated with child mortality even among children with severe chronic disease. The pattern was more pronounced in paediatric cancer patients.

Der Beitrag widmet sich der tiefenhermeneutischen Analyse einer Fallvignette eines geflüchteten Mannes, der bereits seit fünf Jahren in Deutschland lebt. Zunächst werden methodische Überlegungen zum Thema Flucht und Ankommen sowie Grundannahmen der Tiefenhermeneutik umrissen; anschließend werden die Ergebnisse der Analyse präsentiert. Die Ergebnisse weisen erstens auf intime Wünsche nach Beziehungen und Nähe hin, die unter den Bedingungen der Ankunftsgesellschaft von Geflüchteten latent gehalten werden müssen. Zweitens scheint in der Auseinandersetzung mit dem Material aber auch eine Verstrickung der Interpret:innen in die Machtund Herrschaftsverhältnisse der Ankunftsgesellschaft wirksam zu werden, die zu einer Ausklammerung der durch Deutschland abgelehnten und verletzten Selbstanteile des Geflüchteten beitragen. Abschließend werden die Ergebnisse in den Kontext psychoanalytischer Theorien zur Trauer gestellt.

Cancer curing immune responses against heterogeneous solid cancers require that a coordinated immune activation is initiated in the antigen avid but immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). The plastic, immunosuppressive TME, and the poor systemic tolerability of immune activating drugs are, however, fundamental barriers to generating curative anticancer immune responses. Here, we introduce the CarboCell technology to overcome these barriers by forming a sustained drug release depot at the injection site that provides high payloads of immune stimulatory drugs selectively within the TME. The CarboCell thereby induces a hot spot for immune cell training and polarization and further drives and maintains the tumor-draining lymph nodes in an anticancer and immune activated state. Mechanistically, this transforms cancerous tissues to allow infiltration of T cells, consequently generating systemic anticancer immunoreactivity. The CarboCell technology can release multiple small molecule drugs - each with tailored release profiles - rendering it active across the broad composition of TME backgrounds. In the current study, impressive therapeutic performance is presented for a dual-drug CarboCell providing sustained release of a Toll-like receptor 7/8 agonist and a transforming growth factor-β inhibitor. CarboCell can be injected through standard clinical thin-needle technologies. Its inherent magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound visibility, and optional radiographic contrast, make it possible to validate and plan CarboCell injections across clinical imaging modalities. These features, in combination with attractive injection intervals, secure optimal patient compliance and open new possibilities for intratumoral immunotherapy accurately across basically all anatomical locations.

Background: Preterm infants have an increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders. We established a direct quantitative comparison of the association between the degree of prematurity and three different neurodevelopmental disorders. Methods: In this cohort study, we combined data from 995,498 children in the Danish Medical Birth Register, from birth years 1997–2013, with information on cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and special educational needs. We estimated the gestational week-specific prevalence and risk for each of the disorders. Results: The risk ratio of cerebral palsy at gestational weeks 21–24, compared to term birth, was more than ten times higher than for the two other disorders. The prevalence of epilepsy and special educational needs declined almost parallel, with 9.2% (4.6%–13.5%) and 12.5% (11.2%–13.7%), respectively, per week of gestation toward term birth. Cerebral palsy did not decline similarly: from gestational weeks 21–24 until week 29 the prevalence declined insignificantly by 0.6% (−11.1%–11.0%) per week; whereas from week 29 until term, the prevalence declined markedly by 36.7% (25.9%–45.9%) per week. Conclusions: The prevalence and risk of cerebral palsy are affected differently by the degree of prematurity compared with epilepsy and special educational needs, possibly reflecting important differences in cerebral pathophysiology. Impact: For each week of gestation toward term birth, there was a clear log-linear decline in the prevalence of early childhood epilepsy and special educational needs.In contrast, the risk of cerebral palsy was high at the earliest gestational age, and the prevalence did not decline significantly until gestational week 29, from where it declined notably by nearly 40% for each week of gestation until term birth.Our results indicate important differences in the pathophysiological processes that associate preterm birth with these three neurodevelopmental disorders.

Objective To pave the way for universal or risk factor-based vaccination strategies, the present study aimed to describe the epidemiology and compare risk factors for hospitalization associated with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza virus infections in Danish children. Methods National register-based cohort study among 403,422 Danish children born 2010–2016. Results Prior asthma hospitalization, number of children in the household, chronic disease and maternal history of asthma hospitalization were the most important risk factors for both RSV and influenza hospitalization. The incidence of influenza increased at school start. Conclusions Our findings enable targeted vaccination programs for high-risk children with asthma-like disease, chronic disease, siblings in the household, or maternal history of asthma hospitalization.

Recent evidence suggests that seaweed extracts can protect plants against microbial disease by upregulating the host’s immune system. However, if this upregulation comes at a cost to host vegetative and reproductive growth it will make the use of seaweed extracts in crop disease protection less attractive. In a series of experiments, using Arabidopsis thaliana infected by white rust (Albugo sp.) and treated with crude extracts of Ulva lactuca and Saccharina latissima, we test the hypothesis that a growth-immunity trade-off exists. We include temporal samples of the two seaweed species because the composition of bioactive molecules in them is known to vary over the year. Our results confirm that extracts of both species have the potential to protect against disease, but that both the timing of seaweed sampling and extraction procedures can introduce considerable variation to this effect. Importantly, these seaweed treatments were also associated with reduced host vegetative mass, though treatment with S. latissima could compensate for this as it also stimulated increased seed mass. We conclude that the effects of crude seaweed extracts from U. lactuca and S. latissima on plant fitness are not immediately predictable, and benefits in terms of disease protection may come with costs.

Glubokoye Lake situated within the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone is highly contaminated with respect to radioactive caesium and strontium isotopes, which also is reflected in the contaminated fish. To utilize the fish resources in contaminated lakes, the present work presents for the first time the effectiveness of using clean feed to counteract contamination of radionuclides in fish. The study is based on a series of repeated experiments with Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio (Bloch, 1782)) kept in cages in the contaminated Glubokoye Lake during summer 2018-2021. By the addition of clean feed, the activity concentration of

In this master thesis, we have shown that building more chargers in a given year in a fylke or kommune does not result in a significant increase in the amount ofEVs bought in this year in this fylke or kommune after accounting for factors such as fast charging, accessibility, location of the chargers, size of the population and income. This result holds for both fylker and kommuner, even more so after accounting for heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation. We have also considered the impact that chargers built in the past, for example one year earlier, may have on the adoption of EVs in the year after. Taking this into account generates an explanatory variable that is statistically significant which indicates that past charging stations may be a better predictor of EVs bought in the future than chargers being made currently available. This has also helped to deal with reverse causality. This may to some extent help to alleviate the chicken and egg problem for policy makers wondering what comes first: The cars or the chargers. This result holds at both the kommune and fylke levels. However, after accounting for heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation, it only remains significant at the fylke level. This suggests that the fylke may be a better territorial unit to organize the charging network around in Norway than the kommune which makes sense given that the kommuner in Norway tend to be only sparsely populated in comparison to the fylker. nhhmas

For å sikre dyrevelferden for småfe på utmarksbeite, krever norske myndigheter at bønder utfører ukentlige tilsyn i beiteområdet. Ved utføring av tilsyn er det vanlig at gjeteren tar notater for hånd, der observasjonene som blir gjort samt detaljer slik som område og tidspunkt noteres. På slutten av beitesesongen skal disse notatene samles i en oppsummerende sesongrapport. Grunntanken for dette masterprosjektet er å digitalisere prosessen rundt å skape, dele og presentere disse notatene. Dette prosjektet bygger videre på arbeidet som ble påbegynt i fordypningsprosjektet, der en mobilapplikasjon ble utviklet for å tillate sauebønder og gjetere å registrere observasjoner gjort under tilsyn. Målet for dette masterprosjektet var å utvikle en ny applikasjon som presenterer og oppsummerer denne tilsynsdataen, og å besvare ulike forskningsspørsmål som går ut på å sammenligne vårt system med bruk av papirbaserte notater. Etter å ha bygget opp en forståelse av domenet gjennom en forstudie og en undersøkelse av eksisterende løsninger, startet et omfattende planleggingsarbeid der en plan for prosjektet samt webapplikasjonens krav og arkitektur ble etablert. Løsningen ble så designet, utviklet og testet gjennom en iterativ og smidig prosess. Alle kravene for systemet ble tilfredsstilt som planlagt, og prosjektet lot seg utføre uten nevneverdige hindringer. Gjennom brukertesting har vi fått eliminert store deler av brukbarhetsproblemene testbrukerne opplevde med systemet, og det endelige systemet har mange fordeler sammenlignet med bruk av papirbaserte notater ifølge testbrukerne. Gjennom forskningsspørsmålene fikk vi avdekket at bruk av vårt system, sammenlignet med papirbaserte løsninger, oppleves som mer effektivt samtidig som at det er mer tilfredsstillende å bruke. Systemet vårt tilrettelegger også for lettere deling av tilsynsdetaljer mellom bønder i samme beitelag, og det frigjør bønder og gjetere fra å måtte registrere detaljer som tidspunkt og GPS-koordinater under tilsyn. For å avdekke problemer som kan oppstå under virkelig bruk av systemet vil det være nødvendig å følge bønder og gjeteres bruk av systemet over en langvarig periode, helst gjennom en hel beitesesong. Ettersom beitesesongen er utenfor tidsforløpet til dette prosjektet, gjenstår dette som eventuelt framtidig arbeid. Det finnes også tilleggsfunksjoner som kunne vært nyttige å inkludere for å gjøre systemet til en "alt-i-ett"-løsning for alt relatert til sauehold gjennom beitesesongen, som for eksempel integrasjon av sporingsbjeller eller 'heatmaps' for å foreslå hvilke områder tilsyn burde utføres på. To ensure animal welfare for grazing sheep on rangeland, the Norwegian authorities require sheep farmers to carry out weekly supervisions in the rangeland. When performing supervisions, it is common for the shepherd to take notes by hand, where the observations that are made as well as details such as an area description and timestamps are noted. At the end of the grazing season, these notes will be collected in a season summary report. The basic idea of this master's thesis project is to digitize the process of creating, sharing and presenting these notes. This project builds on the work that was started in the preliminary thesis project, where a mobile application was developed to allow sheep farmers and shepherds to record observations made during supervision. The aim of this master's thesis project was to develop a new application that presents and summarizes this supervisory data, and to answer various research questions that involve comparing our system with the use of paper-based notes. After building an understanding of the domain and examining existing solutions, an extensive planning phase began where a plan for the project as well as the requirements and architecture of the web application were established. The solution was then designed, developed and tested through an iterative and Agile process. All the requirements for the system were met as planned, and the project was carried out without significant hindrances. Through usability testing, we eliminated large parts of the usability problems the test users experienced with the system, and the final system has many advantages compared to the use of paper-based notes according to the test users. Through the research questions, we discovered that the use of our system, compared to paper-based solutions, is perceived as more efficient while also providing a more satisfactory experience for the user. Our system also facilitates easier sharing of supervisory notes between farmers in the same grazing cooperation, and it frees sheep farmers and shepherds from having to manually register details such as time and GPS coordinates during supervisions. In order to identify problems that may arise during real-life use of the system, it will be necessary to monitor sheep farmers and shepherds' use of the system over an extended period of time, preferably throughout an entire grazing season. As the grazing season is outside the time limit for this project, this remains as possible future work. There are also additional features that could be useful to include to make the system an "all-in-one" solution for everything related to sheep farming during the grazing season, such as integration of tracking devices or heatmaps to suggest which areas supervision should be performed on.

Während der Phase des Ankommens wirken Erfahrungen von Gewalt, Trauma und Verlust für viele Geflüchtete bis ins Hier und Jetzt nach. Sie befinden sich inmitten eines kräftezehrenden Wartezustands, der mit existenzieller Unsicherheit einhergeht. Um die Menschen auf ihren Wegen zu neuen Möglichkeiten und bei der Schaffung haltgebender Lebensverhältnisse zu unterstützen, engagieren sich Fachkräfte und Ehrenamtliche in der Geflüchtetenhilfe. Trotz des hohen ethischen Anspruchs stoßen die Mitarbeitenden, die Geflüchtete in ihrem Erleben zwischen belastenden Erfahrungen und fragiler Hoffnung begleiten, nicht selten auf Hürden. Diese Ambivalenzen müssen ausgehalten und reflexiv diskutiert werden, um psychosoziale Begleitung zu ermöglichen. Die Autor:innen beleuchten die 2017 in Hessen gegründeten Psychosozialen Zentren für geflüchtete Menschen und liefern einen praxisnahen Einblick in die Arbeit der psychosozialen Versorgung.

Viral pneumonia is a common cause of hospital admission among Danish children. However, it remains unknown how many admissions among Danish children may be ascribed to viral pneumonia overall.Based on data drawn from the National Patient Register and the Danish Microbiology Database, hospital admissions for viral pneumonia and asthma-like disease were investigated among Danish children and adolescents less than 18 years. Testing of admitted patients for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza virus was also considered.A total of 5,218 admissions with a diagnosis of viral pneumonia were identified among Danish children and adolescents less than 18 years from 2012 to 2016. During the same period, 63,731 tests were conducted during hospital admission for RSV or influenza virus, which produced 9,933 positive tests for RSV and 3,287 for influenza. In addition, 43,213 admissions were due to asthma-like disease.The present study documented overlapping age and seasonal epidemiological patterns of different measures of viral pneumonia among Danish children and presented how the collection of data from different sources (diagnoses and diagnostic tests) yielded a more complete picture of the burden of hospital contacts among Danish children and adolescents caused by viral pneumonia. Viral pneumonia is a very common cause of hospital admission among Danish children and adolescents.No specific funding was available for the present project.not relevant.

Preterm infants have an increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders. We established a direct quantitative comparison of the association between the degree of prematurity and three different neurodevelopmental disorders.In this cohort study, we combined data from 995,498 children in the Danish Medical Birth Register, from birth years 1997-2013, with information on cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and special educational needs. We estimated the gestational week-specific prevalence and risk for each of the disorders.The risk ratio of cerebral palsy at gestational weeks 21-24, compared to term birth, was more than ten times higher than for the two other disorders. The prevalence of epilepsy and special educational needs declined almost parallel, with 9.2% (4.6%-13.5%) and 12.5% (11.2%-13.7%), respectively, per week of gestation toward term birth. Cerebral palsy did not decline similarly: from gestational weeks 21-24 until week 29 the prevalence declined insignificantly by 0.6% (-11.1%-11.0%) per week; whereas from week 29 until term, the prevalence declined markedly by 36.7% (25.9%-45.9%) per week.The prevalence and risk of cerebral palsy are affected differently by the degree of prematurity compared with epilepsy and special educational needs, possibly reflecting important differences in cerebral pathophysiology.For each week of gestation toward term birth, there was a clear log-linear decline in the prevalence of early childhood epilepsy and special educational needs. In contrast, the risk of cerebral palsy was high at the earliest gestational age, and the prevalence did not decline significantly until gestational week 29, from where it declined notably by nearly 40% for each week of gestation until term birth. Our results indicate important differences in the pathophysiological processes that associate preterm birth with these three neurodevelopmental disorders.

Dynamic transfer of radionuclides to fish was studied in a series of experiments under field condition in two lakes within the Chernobyl exclusion zone during 2016-2020. "Clean" common rudd (Scardinius erythrophthalmus) and silver Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio) were transported to the contaminated Glubokoye Lake and kept in cages during several months of exposure, while contaminated Glubokoye fish were kept in cages in the "clean" Starukha Lake. Radiocaesium (

A method was developed for direct measurements of 226Ra in water samples with triple quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-QQQ). The limit of detection was 0.42 pg L–1 226Ra (15 mBq L–1, 0.42 pCi L–1), which is compliant with the specifications for methods used for routine analysis of drinking water quality according to European and U.S. regulations. The use of N2O as reaction gas ensured that no separation before analysis was necessary. Water samples with high total dissolved solids (conductivity >100 mS cm–1) were also successfully analyzed after a simple dilution, yet the associated detection limit was higher (17 pg L–1, 0.61 Bq L–1, 16 pCi L–1). 226Ra content in soil and rock samples was determined with the same method after acid (HNO3 + H3PO4) digestion and dilution, resulting in a limit of detection of 0.75 ng kg–1 (27 Bq kg–1, 0.74 nCi L–1). Analysis of water samples was achieved within 2 min on a running instrument, while the preparation and analysis of 15 geological samples...