Search

Abstract Thermal imaging for unmanned aerial vehicles is used to search for victims in poor visibility conditions. We used a gimbal-mounted camera for thermo-radiation measurements of body temperature from persons covered with rescue blankets in the hibernal wilderness setting. Long-wave infrared radiation in the spectral range between 7500 and 13,500 nm was evaluated. Parts of this research have previously been published in a review on electromagnetic radiation reflectivity of rescue blankets ( https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6412/10/4/375/htm ). Surface temperature measurement was diminished by clothing, namely by 72.6% for fleece, by 82.2% for an additional down jacket and by 92.3% for an additional all-weather jacket, as compared to forehead temperature. Furthermore, we detected that a single-layer rescue blanket is sufficient to render recognition of a body shape impossible. With three layers covering a clothed body infrared transmission was almost completely blocked. However, rescue blankets increase visibility for thermal cameras due to high gradients in temperature. Conspicuously low temperatures from objects of 1 to 2 m length may indicate reflections from rescue blanket surfaces in a cold environment. Ideally, rescue blankets should be removed from the body to increase the chance of being located when using thermal imaging to search for victims in search and rescue missions.

Simulation tools for gravitational mass flows (e.g., avalanches, debris flows) are commonly used for research and applications in hazard assessment or mitigation planning. As a basis for a transparent and reproducible decision making process, associated uncertainties need to be identified in order to quantify and eventually communicate the associated variabilities of the results. Main sources of variabilities in the simulation results are associated with parameter variations arising from observation and model uncertainties. These are connected to the measurement inaccuracies or poor process understanding and the numerical model implementation. Probabilistic approaches provide various theoretical concepts to treat these uncertainties, but their direct application is not straightforward. To provide a comprehensive tool, introducing conditional runout probabilities for the decision making process we (i) introduce a mathematical framework based on well-established Bayesian concepts, (ii) develop a work flow that couples this framework to the existing simulation tool r.avaflow, and (iii) apply the work flow to two case studies, highlighting its application potential and limitations. The presented approach allows for back, forward and predictive calculations. Back calculations are used to determine parameter distributions, identifying and mapping the model, implementation and data uncertainties. These parameter distributions serve as a base for forward and predictive calculations, embedded in the probabilistic framework. The result variability is quantified in terms of conditional probabilities with respect to the observed data and the associated simulation and data uncertainties. To communicate the result variability the conditional probabilities are visualized, allowing to identify areas with large or small result variability. The conditional probabilities are particularly interesting for predictive avalanche simulations at locations with no prior information where visualization explicitly shows the result variabilities based on parameter distributions derived through back calculations from locations with well-documented observations.

Anche se Tokyo viene spesso citata come sinonimo di densità, la città è nonostrante in grado di offrire parallelamente condizioni urbane meno intense, sorprendentemente tranquille e confortevoli. I perimetri di un isolato urbano tipico sono circondati da edifici alti per abitazioni e uffici, che celano una complessa rete capillare di vicoli stretti affiancati da abitazioni monofamiliari. Essendo in grado di reagire con una scala molto privata ad un contesto metropolitano, forse la tipologia del minimarket ha giocato un ruolo fondamentale, successivamente rispondendo, formalizzando e consolidando i suoi bacini di utenza in villaggi urbani. I risultati sono tessuti urbani hyper-vitaminizzati, nei cui i servizi ottimizzati sembrano essere stati capaci di aver equilibrato il paradigma fra abitare collettivo e individuale.

Gli effetti collaterali sono noti nella medicina come risultato secondario, per esempio, di un intervento chirurgico, di una medicazione specifica, oppure – come generalmente noto – di stimolanti. Sebbene siano comunemente associati con effetti indesiderati e avversi, possono essere anche di beneficio, al punto che qualche terapia o farmaco viene prescritto appositamente a causa dei loro difetti.Come comune denominatore, i nostri contributi a quest'edizione di FAmagazine si concentrano su entrambi i casi e su una comprensione imparziale degli eventi collaterali, in particolare nel contesto dell’urbanistica e dell’architettura, essendo quest'ultima o un effetto collaterale di un’altra dinamica oppure, involontariamente o consciamente, introdotta da un fenomeno supplementare.