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Background Bepirovirsen is an antisense oligonucleotide that targets all hepatitis B virus (HBV) messenger RNAs and acts to decrease levels of viral proteins. Methods We conducted a phase 2b, randomized, investigator-unblinded trial involving participants with chronic HBV infection who were receiving or not receiving nucleoside or nucleotide analogue (NA) therapy. Participants were randomly assigned (in a 3:3:3:1 ratio) to receive weekly subcutaneous injections of bepirovirsen at a dose of 300 mg for 24 weeks (group 1), bepirovirsen at a dose of 300 mg for 12 weeks then 150 mg for 12 weeks (group 2), bepirovirsen at a dose of 300 mg for 12 weeks then placebo for 12 weeks (group 3), or placebo for 12 weeks then bepirovirsen at a dose of 300 mg for 12 weeks (group 4). Groups 1, 2, and 3 received loading doses of bepirovirsen. The composite primary outcome was a hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) level below the limit of detection and an HBV DNA level below the limit of quantification maintained for 24 weeks after the planned end of bepirovirsen treatment, without newly initiated antiviral medication. Results The intention-to-treat population comprised 457 participants (227 receiving NA therapy and 230 not receiving NA therapy). Among those receiving NA therapy, a primary-outcome event occurred in 6 participants (9%; 95% credible interval, 0 to 31) in group 1, in 6 (9%; 95% credible interval, 0 to 43) in group 2, in 2 (3%; 95% credible interval, 0 to 16) in group 3, and 0 (0%; post hoc credible interval, 0 to 8) in group 4. Among participants not receiving NA therapy, a primary-outcome event occurred in 7 participants (10%; 95% credible interval, 0 to 38), 4 (6%; 95% credible interval, 0 to 25), 1 (1%; post hoc credible interval, 0 to 6), and 0 (0%; post hoc credible interval, 0 to 8), respectively. During weeks 1 through 12, adverse events, including injection-site reactions, pyrexia, fatigue, and increased alanine aminotransferase levels, were more common with bepirovirsen (groups 1, 2, and 3) than with placebo (group 4). Conclusions In this phase 2b trial, bepirovirsen at a dose of 300 mg per week for 24 weeks resulted in sustained HBsAg and HBV DNA loss in 9 to 10% of participants with chronic HBV infection. Larger and longer trials are required to assess the efficacy and safety of bepirovirsen. (Funded by GSK; B-Clear ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04449029.)

Background: Hepatitis C virus can be eradicated with antiviral therapy, thus reducing the risk of disease progression and death associated with the final stage of liver disease. Methods: 241 patients received PrOD+RBV for 12 weeks. Clinical and laboratory data were assessed at baseline, week 4, 8, 12 (end of treatment, EOT), and 12 weeks after therapy (sustained virological response, SVR). Subsequently, biological and virological measurements were performed at least 48 weeks after obtaining SVR12 in responder patients. Results: Per protocol SVR12 rate was 97,6%. Severe adverse events were reported in 3 patients (1.24%) and led to treatment discontinuation (liver decompensation). One 58-year-old patient who completed the treatment died before SVR evaluation due to acute mesenteric ischemia (not related to antiviral therapy). Baseline total bilirubin above 2 mg/dl can be considered a predictive factor for non-response to PrOD+RBV treatment (p = 0.004). Of the 30 patients evaluated at least 48 weeks after SVR no one presented relapses, with no statistically significant differences in biological parameters changes and no adverse events were noted during the 48-week follow up period. Conclusion: Our study revealed the high effectiveness and good safety profile of PrOD +RBV in patients with genotype-1b HCV compensated cirrhosis (Child Pugh A) which were maintained during a 48-week period after treatment finalization.

As it spread globally, the new SARS-CoV-2 virus was first confirmed in Romania in February 2020, and since then over 40000 cases were diagnosed with COVID-19. Considering climate charges that showed a continuously increasing temperature and also the fact that nowadays air conditioning devices are used on daily bases not only in personal homes but also in healthcare facilities we raised the question if cooling air devices could contribute to the spread of SARS CoV-2 virus. For that, we searched data in the speciality literature regarding the potential of transmission of the virus through air conditioning. Incorrect ventilation in indoor spaces can be associated with an increased transmission rate of respiratory infections as studies suggested. Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Systems (HVAC) are used as one of the infection disease control measure. However, if those are not correctly used, they can contribute to the transmission of an airborne diseases as suggested by data from Japan, Germany, and the Diamond Princess Cruise Ship. There are no clear data that can confirm if there is a link between aerosols produced by HVAC system and transmission of SARS CoV-2 virus and further extensive studies should be performed to either confirm or infirm this hypothesis.

Lyme disease is a zoonosis with systemic clinical manifestations, determined by species of the genus Borrelia and transmitted to humans through the sting of infected ticks. In order to assess the incidence of Lyme borreliosis among patients in the North-Eastern part of Romania, we performed a retrospective study, following the cases of patients with tick bites who presented themselves at the Sf. Parascheva Infectious Diseases Clinical Hospital, Iasi, between 1 January 2017 and 31 December 2017. We encountered 1257 cases, of which 89 suspected of borreliosis, most from rural area, the average age being 27 years. Although the number of confirmed or probable cases of Lyme disease is small compared to the total number of patients stung by ticks, we should not neglect preventive measures and antibiotic prophylaxis when appropriate. The fact that climate change in recent years and pet ownership have led to an increase in the incidence of borreliosis in the population is unquestionable.

Introduction. Hepatitis E is an acute liver disease caused by E hepatitis virus (HEV), representing a global public health problem comparable with other transmissible infections. Aim. The purpose of this paper is to present the epidemiological, clinical, biological and evolutive aspects of HEV infection. Material and method. An estimated 20 million infections are annually reported worldwide with higher prevalence rates recorded in South-East Asia (over 60% of infections and over 65% of HEV related deaths). In Romania the incidence of HEV in 2009 was 12%, the frequency of infection being limited to the anti-HEV specific IgG antibodies seroprevalence. Results. HEV transmission is predominantly by digestive tract (especially contaminated water) but also by blood, plasma, organ transplant. The incubation period ranges from 21 to 45 days, onset of gastrointestinal simptoms, fever, influenza-like syndrome, asthenia, skin rush, weight loss, abdominal pain, dehydration. The state period is characterized by sclero-tegumentary jaundice (75% cases), skin pruritus, steathoresis, dark urine and pale stools. HEV can cause extrahepatic manifestations (neurological, renal lesions, pancreatitis and haematological disturbencies). Farmacological treatment of HEV infection includes Peg-Inf, Ribavirin and also newest DAAs agents. Discussions. In most patients hepatitis E causes a self-limited disease that lasts for several weeks. Acute infection is generally asymptomatic and is caused by genotype 1 in young people, while genotypes 3 and 4 generally affect immunosuppressed patients. Chronic infection is caused by genotypes 3 and 4 in immunosuppressed pacients (transplanted, HIV-positive and haematological patients) and has a lower incidence and mortality. Evolution of viral hepatitis E may be severe and fulminant due to acute liver failure. A recombinant vaccine approved in China in 2011 opens up prospects for the specific prevention measures in areas identified as being at risk to limit the consequences of hepatitis E virus infection in the general population and exposed groups. Conclusions. Hepatitis E management involves the therapy of chronic infection in immunosuppressed patients, the extrahepatic manifestations and also acute severe HEV infections.

As it spread globally, the new SARS-CoV-2 virus was first confirmed in Romania in February 2020, inevitably infecting individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM) along the way. Diabetes is known to affect the response of the body to pathogens and, according to studies conducted in the last 3 months, it appears that diabetic patients are at a higher risk for developing severe forms of the disease and multiple complications. We performed a retrospective study in order to assess the patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection and DM admitted to 'Sf. Parascheva' Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases from March 4th until June 30th, 2020. Of the total 1,080 patients admitted during this period, 85 patients (7.87%) had underlying DM, mostly type 2 (82 cases, 96.46%); the mean age of these patients was 62, and 42 were men (49.41%). Chest CTs revealed indicative SARS-CoV-2 images for all patients and their treatment included individually tailored administration of hydroxychloroquine/lopinavir + ritonavir/enoxaparin sodium/tocilizumab/antibiotherapy according to the then national and international guidelines. In total, 70 patients (82.35%) were cured and 15 succumbed to MODS and/or associated neoplasia, bringing the fatality rate to 17.64%. Although advanced age and DM have been associated with aggravated forms of SARS-CoV-2 infection, over 80% of the patients included in the present study were cured. Nonetheless, diabetes appears to be a significant predictor of morbidity and mortality in the SARS-CoV-2 infection.

While the incidence of hepatitis A virus (HAV) infections has decreased in the last few years, the incidence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) is increasing in developed countries. Both infections remain a worldwide reality, strongly related to socio-economic conditions. We retrospectively analyzed the medical files of patients with viral hepatitis hospitalized in the Infectious Disease Hospital Iasi, Romania between 2018 and 2019. The serological confirmed cases of HAV and HEV infections were included in the analysis; included in our analysis were 269 HAV-infected patients. The most affected were males (53.9% cases) aged between 8 and 15 years (53.6% cases). Severe infections were recorded at admission in 2.24% cases and evolution was favorable under supportive and symptomatic treatment. Only three adult males, with no recent history of travel, were confirmed with HEV infection. Even though we have identified a small number of cases, recent studies performed in our region found a seroprevalence of 32.5% in the general population, possibly related to zoonotic transmission. While outbreaks of HAV infection are still noted in our region, a lack of hospitalized HEV-infected patients suggest that most cases are asymptomatic or underdiagnosed. HEV infection remains an underreported disease, possibly due to misdiagnosis, subclinical or dual hepatitis infection, but with a significant risk in vulnerable categories, such as pregnant women or immunosuppressed patients.

In the context of large interest of World Health Organization to progress in prevention of tuberculosis (TB) by avoidance of transferring pathogens from the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) complex, and ensuring diagnosis and treatment of this disease at global, regional and country levels, it was found that most people who develop TB disease can be cured if well-timed diagnosis and correct treatment are performed. This paper presents and discusses a case study, when a patient was rapidly diagnosed with Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection based on biochemical analysis of the cerebral-spinal fluid, especially high protein rhinorrhasia and low glycogenic glucose, in the absence of other pathological conditions. In these condition the therapy was immediately started. At discharge of the patient, lumbar puncture showed normal cellularity, with glucose levels below the normal range, but increasing relative to previous values, MRI examination was within normal limits, and motor deficit was minimal.

Objectives: We aimed to determine the prevalence of oropharyngeal manifestations in HIV infected patients. Materials and methods: A retrospective study on 824 patients found in the evidences of the Infectious Diseases Clinic in Iasi, diagnosed in different stages of HIV infection and admitted to hospital between January the 1 st and December the 31st of 2010. Results: Oropharyngeal manifestations appeared in less than half of all patients (43.4%), the majority of which were between 15 and 24 years old (66.3%). The most frequent lesion was oral candidiasis 72.19%, followed by gingivostomatitis 72 cases (20.24%), infections with herpes virus 13 cases (3.65%), aphthous stomatitis 11 cases (3,08%), Kaposi’s sarcoma 2 cases and hairy leukoplakia 1 case. Oral lesions were associated mostly with the degree of imunosupresion and the level of CD4 cells. Conclusions: The degree of imunosupresion correlates significantly with the manifestations of oral infections, especially in patients suffering from candidiasis and with Kaposi’s sarcoma. The oral lesions with the highest frequency spotted by our study were oral erythematous candidiasis and gingivostomatitis.

Chronic hepatitis C is an important cause of morbidity and mortality due o hepatic disease. Material and method The retrospectively studied the evolution of 30 patients with chronic hepatitis C, treated in the Infectious Diseases Hospital of Iasi, with Peginterferon and Ribavirin for 48 weeks. Results 18 patients were treated with Peginterferon α2a and Ribavirin, and 12 with Peginterferon α2b and Ribavirin. Most of them (73.3%) were adults, aged between 30 and 50 years, with a sex ratio M/F – 13/17. Most of them had risk factors for the transmission of HCV: 28 of them suffered surgery and 2 of them had infected sexual partners. 3 patients didn’t achieve a rapid virusologic response and 6 patients were relapsers. All the other 70% of patients had a sustained virologic response. The side effects were present in all patients, with a moderate intensity. Conclusion The success (SVR) rate of antiviral therapy was higher than expected (especially for genotype 1 HCV). The patients with a viral relapse could be soon treated with the new protease inhibitors and hope for a cure.

The stomatognathic system normally hosts of an extremely diverse microbial flora responsible for the anti-infectious defence, but which, preponderantly in some special categories of patients, through dissemination or toxin release, may have an unfavourable influence on patients’ health state. Both dental patients and medical staff are exposed, due to direct contact with mucus and secretions of the stomatognathic system, to a great number of non-bacterial pathogens, such as hepatitis virus B or C, Epstein-Barr virus, herpes simplex virus 1 or 2, HIV, fungi, which colonize, infect or are just expressed at this level. A large series of infectious diseases have primary or secondary manifestations located in the area of the stomatognathic system, and a well-trained medical personnel can decisively contribute to avoid the spreading or aggravation of infection, by setting an early diagnose or an adequate treatment.