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1. The overlapping burden of the three leading causes of disability and death in sub-Saharan African children

Author: Reiner, R.C., Welgan, C.A., Troeger, C.E., Baumann, M.M., Weiss, D.J., Deshpande, A., Blacker, B.F., Miller-Petrie, M.K., Earl, L., Bhatt, S., Abolhassani, H., Abosetugn, A.E., Abu-Gharbieh, E., Adekanmbi, V., Adetokunboh, O.O., Aghaali, M., Aji, B., Alahdab, F., Al-Aly, Z., Alhassan, R.K., Ali, S., Alizade, H., Aljunid, S.M., Almasi-Hashiani, A., Al-Mekhlafi, H.M., Altirkawi, K.A., Alvis-Guzman, N., Amare, A.T., Amini, S., Amugsi, D.A., Ancuceanu, R., Andrei, C.L., Ansari, F., Anvari, D., Appiah, S.C.Y., Arabloo, J., Aremu, O., Atout, M.M.W., Ausloos, M., Ausloos, F., Ayanore, M.A., Aynalem, Y.A., Azene, Z.N., Badawi, A., Baig, A.A., Banach, M., Bedi, N., Bhagavathula, A.S., Bhandari, D., Bhardwaj, N., Bhardwaj, P., Bhattacharyya, K., Bhutta, Z.A., Bijani, A., Birhanu, T.T.M., Bitew, Z.W., Boloor, A., Brady, O.J., Butt, Z.A., Car, J., Carvalho, F., Casey, D.C., Chattu, V.K., Chowdhury, M.A.K., Chu, D.-., Coelho, C.H., Cook, A.J., Damiani, G., Daoud, F., Gela, J.D., Darwish, A.H., Daryani, A., Das, J.K., Davis Weaver, N., Deribe, K., Desalew, A., Dharmaratne, S.D., Dianatinasab, M., Diaz, D., Djalalinia, S., Dorostkar, F., Dubljanin, E., Duko, B., Dwyer-Lindgren, L., Effiong, A., El Sayed Zaki, M., El Tantawi, M., Enany, S., Fattahi, N., Feigin, V.L., Fernandes, E., Ferrara, P., Fischer, F., Foigt, N.A., Folayan, M.O., Foroutan, M., Frostad, J.J., Fukumoto, T., Gaidhane, A.M., Gebrekrstos, H.G.G.K., Gebremeskel, L., Gebreslassie, A.A., Gething, P.W., Gezae, K.E., Ghadiri, K., Ghashghaee, A., Golechha, M., Gubari, M.I.M., Hadgu, F.B., Hamidi, S., Handiso, D.W., Hashi, A., Hassan, S., Hayat, K., Herteliu, C., H. C., H., Holla, R., Hosseinzadeh, M., Househ, M., Hussain, R., Hwang, B.-., Ibitoye, S.E., Ilesanmi, O.S., Ilic, I.M., Ilic, M.D., Irvani, S.S.N., Jaafari, J., Javaheri, T., Jha, R.P., Johnson, K.B., Jonas, J.B., Jozwiak, J.J., Kabir, A., Kalhor, R., Kanchan, T., Karch, A., Kayode, G.A., Keiyoro, P.N., Khader, Y.S., Khalil, I.A., Khan, M.N., Khan, M., Khan, G., Khatab, K., Khater, M.M., Khatib, M.N., Kianipour, N., Kim, Y.J., Kimokoti, R.W., Kisa, S., Kisa, A., Kissoon, N., Kochhar, S., Koolivand, A., Kopec, J.A., Koyanagi, A., Krishan, K., Kumar, P., Kurmi, O.P., Kusuma, D., Lal, D.K., Lami, F.H., Landires, I., Lansingh, V.C., Lasrado, S., La Vecchia, C., Lazzar-Atwood, A., Lee, P.H., Legrand, K.E., Lewycka, S., Li, B., Lim, S.S., Lindstedt, P.A., Liu, X., Longbottom, J., Lopez, A.D., Magdy Abd El Razek, H., Mahasha, P.W., Maleki, A., Mamun, A.A., Mansournia, M.A., Marczak, L.B., Martins-Melo, F.R., Mayala, B.K., Meharie, B.G., Melese, A., Mendoza, W., Menezes, R.G., Mengesha, E.W., Mensah, G.A., Meretoja, T.J., Mestrovic, T., Miller, T.R., Mirrakhimov, E.M., Moazen, B., Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, N., Mohammadi, S., Mohammed, S., Mokdad, A.H., Moradi, M., Moradzadeh, R., Moraga, P., Mosser, J.F., Murray, C.J.L., Naderi, M., Nagarajan, A.J., Nazari, J., Ndejjo, R., Negoi, I., Ngunjiri, J.W., Nguyen, Q.A.P., Nguyen, H.L.T., Nnaji, C.A., Noubiap, J.J., Nunez-Samudio, V., Olagunju, A.T., Olusanya, J.O., Olusanya, B.O., Omer, M.O., Onwujekwe, O.E., Otstavnov, N., Otstavnov, S.S., Owolabi, M.O., P A, M., Padubidri, J.R., Pana, A., Peprah, E.K., Pham, H.Q., Pigott, D.M., Pirestani, M., Postma, M.J., Pottoo, F.H., Pourjafar, H., Quazi Syed, Z., Rahim, F., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rahman, M.H.U., Rao, S.J., Rao, P.C., Rathi, P., Rawaf, S., Rawaf, D.L., Rawal, L., Rawassizadeh, R., Regassa, L.D., Renzaho, A.M.N., Rezaei, N., Rezai, M.S., Ribeiro, A.I., Rickard, J., Rios-Gonzalez, C.M., Rumisha, S.F., Sabour, S., Sajadi, S.M., Salomon, J.A., Samadi Kafil, H., Samy, A.M., Sanabria, J., Sartorius, B., Saxena, D., Schaeffer, L.E., Senthilkumaran, S., Sha, F., Shaheen, A.A., Shaikh, M.A., Sharma, R., Sheikh, A., Shibuya, K., Shigematsu, M., Il Shin, J., Simonetti, B., Singh, J.A., Smith, D.L., Soheili, A., Sokhan, A., Spurlock, E.E., Sreeramareddy, C.T., Sufiyan, M.B., Swartz, S.J., Tadesse, D.B., Tamiru, A.T., Tefera, Y.G., Temsah, M.-., Tessema, Z.T., Titova, M.V., Tran, B.X., Truong, P.N., Unnikrishnan, B., Upadhyay, E., Vasankari, T.J., Vasseghian, Y., Violante, F.S., G. T., V., Waheed, Y., Wamai, R.G., Wassie, E.G., Welay, F.T., Wickramasinghe, N.D., Wiens, K.E., Wijeratne, T., Wiysonge, C.S., Wondmeneh, T.G., Yamada, T., Yaya, S., Yeshitila, Y.G., Yip, P., Yonemoto, N., Yu, C., Yuce, D., Yusefzadeh, H., Zaidi, Z., Zamanian, M., Zangeneh, A., Zhang, Z.-., Zhang, Y., Ziapour, A., Hay, S.I., Reiner, RC Jr, Welgan, CA, Troeger, CE, Baumann, MM, Duko, Bereket, Hay, Simon I, LBD Triple Collaborators, Value, Affordability and Sustainability (VALUE), Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET), Microbes in Health and Disease (MHD), Reiner, R, Welgan, C, Troeger, C, Baumann, M, Weiss, D, Deshpande, A, Blacker, B, Miller-Petrie, M, Earl, L, Bhatt, S, Abolhassani, H, Abosetugn, A, Abu-Gharbieh, E, Adekanmbi, V, Adetokunboh, O, Aghaali, M, Aji, B, Alahdab, F, Al-Aly, Z, Alhassan, R, Ali, S, Alizade, H, Aljunid, S, Almasi-Hashiani, A, Al-Mekhlafi, H, Altirkawi, K, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, A, Amini, S, Amugsi, D, Ancuceanu, R, Andrei, C, Ansari, F, Anvari, D, Appiah, S, Arabloo, J, Aremu, O, Atout, M, Ausloos, M, Ausloos, F, Ayanore, M, Aynalem, Y, Azene, Z, Badawi, A, Baig, A, Banach, M, Bedi, N, Bhagavathula, A, Bhandari, D, Bhardwaj, N, Bhardwaj, P, Bhattacharyya, K, Bhutta, Z, Bijani, A, Birhanu, T, Bitew, Z, Boloor, A, Brady, O, Butt, Z, Car, J, Carvalho, F, Casey, D, Chattu, V, Chowdhury, M, Chu, D, Coelho, C, Cook, A, Damiani, G, Daoud, F, Gela, J, Darwish, A, Daryani, A, Das, J, Davis Weaver, N, Deribe, K, Desalew, A, Dharmaratne, S, Dianatinasab, M, Diaz, D, Djalalinia, S, Dorostkar, F, Dubljanin, E, Duko, B, Dwyer-Lindgren, L, Effiong, A, El Sayed Zaki, M, El Tantawi, M, Enany, S, Fattahi, N, Feigin, V, Fernandes, E, Ferrara, P, Fischer, F, Foigt, N, Folayan, M, Foroutan, M, Frostad, J, Fukumoto, T, Gaidhane, A, Gebrekrstos, H, Gebremeskel, L, Gebreslassie, A, Gething, P, Gezae, K, Ghadiri, K, Ghashghaee, A, Golechha, M, Gubari, M, Hadgu, F, Hamidi, S, Handiso, D, Hashi, A, Hassan, S, Hayat, K, Herteliu, C, Ho, H, Holla, R, Hosseinzadeh, M, Househ, M, Hussain, R, Hwang, B, Ibitoye, S, Ilesanmi, O, Ilic, I, Ilic, M, Irvani, S, Jaafari, J, Javaheri, T, Jha, R, Johnson, K, Jonas, J, Jozwiak, J, Kabir, A, Kalhor, R, Kanchan, T, Karch, A, Kayode, G, Keiyoro, P, Khader, Y, Khalil, I, Khan, M, Khan, G, Khatab, K, Khater, M, Khatib, M, Kianipour, N, Kim, Y, Kimokoti, R, Kisa, S, Kisa, A, Kissoon, N, Kochhar, S, Koolivand, A, Kopec, J, Koyanagi, A, Krishan, K, Kumar, P, Kurmi, O, Kusuma, D, Lal, D, Lami, F, Landires, I, Lansingh, V, Lasrado, S, La Vecchia, C, Lazzar-Atwood, A, Lee, P, Legrand, K, Lewycka, S, Li, B, Lim, S, Lindstedt, P, Liu, X, Longbottom, J, Lopez, A, Magdy Abd El Razek, H, Mahasha, P, Maleki, A, Mamun, A, Mansournia, M, Marczak, L, Martins-Melo, F, Mayala, B, Meharie, B, Melese, A, Mendoza, W, Menezes, R, Mengesha, E, Mensah, G, Meretoja, T, Mestrovic, T, Miller, T, Mirrakhimov, E, Moazen, B, Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, N, Mohammadi, S, Mohammed, S, Mokdad, A, Moradi, M, Moradzadeh, R, Moraga, P, Mosser, J, Murray, C, Naderi, M, Nagarajan, A, Nazari, J, Ndejjo, R, Negoi, I, Ngunjiri, J, Nguyen, Q, Nguyen, H, Nnaji, C, Noubiap, J, Nunez-Samudio, V, Olagunju, A, Olusanya, J, Olusanya, B, Omer, M, Onwujekwe, O, Otstavnov, N, Otstavnov, S, Owolabi, M, P A, M, Padubidri, J, Pana, A, Peprah, E, Pham, H, Pigott, D, Pirestani, M, Postma, M, Pottoo, F, Pourjafar, H, Quazi Syed, Z, Rahim, F, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, M, Rao, S, Rao, P, Rathi, P, Rawaf, S, Rawaf, D, Rawal, L, Rawassizadeh, R, Regassa, L, Renzaho, A, Rezaei, N, Rezai, M, Ribeiro, A, Rickard, J, Rios-Gonzalez, C, Rumisha, S, Sabour, S, Sajadi, S, Salomon, J, Samadi Kafil, H, Samy, A, Sanabria, J, Sartorius, B, Saxena, D, Schaeffer, L, Senthilkumaran, S, Sha, F, Shaheen, A, Shaikh, M, Sharma, R, Sheikh, A, Shibuya, K, Shigematsu, M, Il Shin, J, Simonetti, B, Singh, J, Smith, D, Soheili, A, Sokhan, A, Spurlock, E, Sreeramareddy, C, Sufiyan, M, Swartz, S, Tadesse, D, Tamiru, A, Tefera, Y, Temsah, M, Tessema, Z, Titova, M, Tran, B, Truong, P, Unnikrishnan, B, Upadhyay, E, Vasankari, T, Vasseghian, Y, Violante, F, Vu, G, Waheed, Y, Wamai, R, Wassie, E, Welay, F, Wickramasinghe, N, Wiens, K, Wijeratne, T, Wiysonge, C, Wondmeneh, T, Yamada, T, Yaya, S, Yeshitila, Y, Yip, P, Yonemoto, N, Yu, C, Yuce, D, Yusefzadeh, H, Zaidi, Z, Zamanian, M, Zangeneh, A, Zhang, Z, Zhang, Y, Ziapour, A, Hay, S, HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Clinicum, Helsinki University Hospital Area, and Department of Oncology
Subjects: Multidisciplinary, Settore MED/42 - Igiene Generale e Applicata, 3122 Cancers, malaria, General Physics and Astronomy, COVID-19, General Chemistry, 3126 Surgery, anesthesiology, intensive care, radiology, infectious diseases, Sub-Saharian Africa, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Settore MED/01 - Statistica Medica, Children mortality, epidemiology, biogeography
Abstract: Publisher Copyright: © 2022, The Author(s). Despite substantial declines since 2000, lower respiratory infections (LRIs), diarrhoeal diseases, and malaria remain among the leading causes of nonfatal and fatal disease burden for children under 5 years of age (under 5), primarily in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The spatial burden of each of these diseases has been estimated subnationally across SSA, yet no prior analyses have examined the pattern of their combined burden. Here we synthesise subnational estimates of the burden of LRIs, diarrhoea, and malaria in children under-5 from 2000 to 2017 for 43 sub-Saharan countries. Some units faced a relatively equal burden from each of the three diseases, while others had one or two dominant sources of unit-level burden, with no consistent pattern geographically across the entire subcontinent. Using a subnational counterfactual analysis, we show that nearly 300 million DALYs could have been averted since 2000 by raising all units to their national average. Our findings are directly relevant for decision-makers in determining which and targeting where the most appropriate interventions are for increasing child survival.
Published: 2022

2. The global burden of adolescent and young adult cancer in 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Alvarez, E.M. Force, L.M. Xu, R. Compton, K. Lu, D. Henrikson, H.J. Kocarnik, J.M. Harvey, J.D. Pennini, A. Dean, F.E. Fu, W. Vargas, M.T. Keegan, T.H.M. Ariffin, H. Barr, R.D. Erdomaeva, Y.A. Gunasekera, D.S. John-Akinola, Y.O. Ketterl, T.G. Kutluk, T. Malogolowkin, M.H. Mathur, P. Radhakrishnan, V. Ries, L.A.G. Rodriguez-Galindo, C. Sagoyan, G.B. Sultan, I. Abbasi, B. Abbasi-Kangevari, M. Abbasi-Kangevari, Z. Abbastabar, H. Abdelmasseh, M. Abd-Elsalam, S. Abdoli, A. Abebe, H. Abedi, A. Abidi, H. Abolhassani, H. Ali, H.A. Abu-Gharbieh, E. Achappa, B. Acuna, J.M. Adedeji, I.A. Adegboye, O.A. Adnani, Q.E.S. Advani, S.M. Afzal, M.S. Meybodi, M.A. Ahadinezhad, B. Ahinkorah, B.O. Ahmad, S. Ahmadi, S. Ahmed, M.B. Rashid, T.A. Salih, Y.A. Aiman, W. Akalu, G.T. Hamad, H.A. Alahdab, F. AlAmodi, A.A. Alanezi, F.M. Alanzi, T.M. Alem, A.Z. Alem, D.T. Alemayehu, Y. Alhalaiqa, F.N. Alhassan, R.K. Ali, S. Alicandro, G. Alipour, V. Aljunid, S.M. Alkhayyat, M. Alluri, S. Almasri, N.A. Al-Maweri, S.A. Almustanyir, S. Al-Raddadi, R.M. Alvis-Guzman, N. Ameyaw, E.K. Amini, S. Amu, H. Ancuceanu, R. Andrei, C.L. Andrei, T. Ansari, F. Ansari-Moghaddam, A. Anvari, D. Anyasodor, A.E. Arabloo, J. Arab-Zozani, M. Argaw, A.M. Arshad, M. Arulappan, J. Aryannejad, A. Asemi, Z. Jafarabadi, M.A. Atashzar, M.R. Atorkey, P. Atreya, A. Attia, S. Aujayeb, A. Ausloos, M. Avila-Burgos, L. Awedew, A.F. Quintanilla, B.P.A. Ayele, A.D. Ayen, S.S. Azab, M.A. Azadnajafabad, S. Azami, H. Azangou-Khyavy, M. Jafari, A.A. Azarian, G. Azzam, A.Y. Bahadory, S. Bai, J. Baig, A.A. Baker, J.L. Banach, M. Bärnighausen, T.W. Barone-Adesi, F. Barra, F. Barrow, A. Basaleem, H. Batiha, A.-M.M. Behzadifar, M. Bekele, N.C. Belete, R. Belgaumi, U.I. Bell, A.W. Berhie, A.Y. Bhagat, D.S. Bhagavathula, A.S. Bhardwaj, N. Bhardwaj, P. Bhaskar, S. Bhattacharyya, K. Bhojaraja, V.S. Bibi, S. Bijani, A. Biondi, A. Birara, S. Bjørge, T. Bolarinwa, O.A. Bolla, S.R. Boloor, A. Braithwaite, D. Brenner, H. Bulamu, N.B. Burkart, K. Bustama and Alvarez, E.M. Force, L.M. Xu, R. Compton, K. Lu, D. Henrikson, H.J. Kocarnik, J.M. Harvey, J.D. Pennini, A. Dean, F.E. Fu, W. Vargas, M.T. Keegan, T.H.M. Ariffin, H. Barr, R.D. Erdomaeva, Y.A. Gunasekera, D.S. John-Akinola, Y.O. Ketterl, T.G. Kutluk, T. Malogolowkin, M.H. Mathur, P. Radhakrishnan, V. Ries, L.A.G. Rodriguez-Galindo, C. Sagoyan, G.B. Sultan, I. Abbasi, B. Abbasi-Kangevari, M. Abbasi-Kangevari, Z. Abbastabar, H. Abdelmasseh, M. Abd-Elsalam, S. Abdoli, A. Abebe, H. Abedi, A. Abidi, H. Abolhassani, H. Ali, H.A. Abu-Gharbieh, E. Achappa, B. Acuna, J.M. Adedeji, I.A. Adegboye, O.A. Adnani, Q.E.S. Advani, S.M. Afzal, M.S. Meybodi, M.A. Ahadinezhad, B. Ahinkorah, B.O. Ahmad, S. Ahmadi, S. Ahmed, M.B. Rashid, T.A. Salih, Y.A. Aiman, W. Akalu, G.T. Hamad, H.A. Alahdab, F. AlAmodi, A.A. Alanezi, F.M. Alanzi, T.M. Alem, A.Z. Alem, D.T. Alemayehu, Y. Alhalaiqa, F.N. Alhassan, R.K. Ali, S. Alicandro, G. Alipour, V. Aljunid, S.M. Alkhayyat, M. Alluri, S. Almasri, N.A. Al-Maweri, S.A. Almustanyir, S. Al-Raddadi, R.M. Alvis-Guzman, N. Ameyaw, E.K. Amini, S. Amu, H. Ancuceanu, R. Andrei, C.L. Andrei, T. Ansari, F. Ansari-Moghaddam, A. Anvari, D. Anyasodor, A.E. Arabloo, J. Arab-Zozani, M. Argaw, A.M. Arshad, M. Arulappan, J. Aryannejad, A. Asemi, Z. Jafarabadi, M.A. Atashzar, M.R. Atorkey, P. Atreya, A. Attia, S. Aujayeb, A. Ausloos, M. Avila-Burgos, L. Awedew, A.F. Quintanilla, B.P.A. Ayele, A.D. Ayen, S.S. Azab, M.A. Azadnajafabad, S. Azami, H. Azangou-Khyavy, M. Jafari, A.A. Azarian, G. Azzam, A.Y. Bahadory, S. Bai, J. Baig, A.A. Baker, J.L. Banach, M. Bärnighausen, T.W. Barone-Adesi, F. Barra, F. Barrow, A. Basaleem, H. Batiha, A.-M.M. Behzadifar, M. Bekele, N.C. Belete, R. Belgaumi, U.I. Bell, A.W. Berhie, A.Y. Bhagat, D.S. Bhagavathula, A.S. Bhardwaj, N. Bhardwaj, P. Bhaskar, S. Bhattacharyya, K. Bhojaraja, V.S. Bibi, S. Bijani, A. Biondi, A. Birara, S. Bjørge, T. Bolarinwa, O.A. Bolla, S.R. Boloor, A. Braithwaite, D. Brenner, H. Bulamu, N.B. Burkart, K. Bustama
Abstract: Background: In estimating the global burden of cancer, adolescents and young adults with cancer are often overlooked, despite being a distinct subgroup with unique epidemiology, clinical care needs, and societal impact. Comprehensive estimates of the global cancer burden in adolescents and young adults (aged 15–39 years) are lacking. To address this gap, we analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, with a focus on the outcome of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), to inform global cancer control measures in adolescents and young adults. Methods: Using the GBD 2019 methodology, international mortality data were collected from vital registration systems, verbal autopsies, and population-based cancer registry inputs modelled with mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIRs). Incidence was computed with mortality estimates and corresponding MIRs. Prevalence estimates were calculated using modelled survival and multiplied by disability weights to obtain years lived with disability (YLDs). Years of life lost (YLLs) were calculated as age-specific cancer deaths multiplied by the standard life expectancy at the age of death. The main outcome was DALYs (the sum of YLLs and YLDs). Estimates were presented globally and by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintiles (countries ranked and divided into five equal SDI groups), and all estimates were presented with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). For this analysis, we used the age range of 15–39 years to define adolescents and young adults. Findings: There were 1·19 million (95% UI 1·11–1·28) incident cancer cases and 396 000 (370 000–425 000) deaths due to cancer among people aged 15–39 years worldwide in 2019. The highest age-standardised incidence rates occurred in high SDI (59·6 [54·5–65·7] per 100 000 person-years) and high-middle SDI countries (53·2 [48·8–57·9] per 100 000 person-years), while the highest age-standardised mortality rates were in low-middle SDI (14
Published: 2022

3. The burden of mental disorders, substance use disorders and self-harm among young people in Europe, 1990–2019: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Castelpietra, G. Knudsen, A.K.S. Agardh, E.E. Armocida, B. Beghi, M. Iburg, K.M. Logroscino, G. Ma, R. Starace, F. Steel, N. Addolorato, G. Andrei, C.L. Andrei, T. Ayuso-Mateos, J.L. Banach, M. Bärnighausen, T.W. Barone-Adesi, F. Bhagavathula, A.S. Carvalho, F. Carvalho, M. Chandan, J.S. Chattu, V.K. Couto, R.A.S. Cruz-Martins, N. Dargan, P.I. Deuba, K. da Silva, D.D. Fagbamigbe, A.F. Fernandes, E. Ferrara, P. Fischer, F. Gaal, P.A. Gialluisi, A. Haagsma, J.A. Haro, J.M. Hasan, M.T. Hasan, S.S. Hostiuc, S. Iacoviello, L. Iavicoli, I. Jamshidi, E. Jonas, J.B. Joo, T. Jozwiak, J.J. Katikireddi, S.V. Kauppila, J.H. Khan, M.A.B. Kisa, A. Kisa, S. Kivimäki, M. Koly, K.N. Koyanagi, A. Kumar, M. Lallukka, T. Langguth, B. Ledda, C. Lee, P.H. Lega, I. Linehan, C. Loureiro, J.A. Madureira-Carvalho, Á.M. Martinez-Raga, J. Mathur, M.R. McGrath, J.J. Mechili, E.A. Mentis, A.-F.A. Mestrovic, T. Miazgowski, B. Mirica, A. Mirijello, A. Moazen, B. Mohammed, S. Mulita, F. Nagel, G. Negoi, I. Negoi, R.I. Nwatah, V.E. Padron-Monedero, A. Panda-Jonas, S. Pardhan, S. Pasovic, M. Patel, J. Petcu, I.-R. Pinheiro, M. Pollok, R.C.G. Postma, M.J. Rawaf, D.L. Rawaf, S. Romero-Rodríguez, E. Ronfani, L. Sagoe, D. Sanmarchi, F. Schaub, M.P. Sharew, N.T. Shiri, R. Shokraneh, F. Sigfusdottir, I.D. Silva, J.P. Silva, R. Socea, B. Szócska, M. Tabarés-Seisdedos, R. Torrado, M. Tovani-Palone, M.R. Vasankari, T.J. Veroux, M. Viner, R.M. Werdecker, A. Winkler, A.S. Hay, S.I. Ferrari, A.J. Naghavi, M. Allebeck, P. Monasta, L. and Castelpietra, G. Knudsen, A.K.S. Agardh, E.E. Armocida, B. Beghi, M. Iburg, K.M. Logroscino, G. Ma, R. Starace, F. Steel, N. Addolorato, G. Andrei, C.L. Andrei, T. Ayuso-Mateos, J.L. Banach, M. Bärnighausen, T.W. Barone-Adesi, F. Bhagavathula, A.S. Carvalho, F. Carvalho, M. Chandan, J.S. Chattu, V.K. Couto, R.A.S. Cruz-Martins, N. Dargan, P.I. Deuba, K. da Silva, D.D. Fagbamigbe, A.F. Fernandes, E. Ferrara, P. Fischer, F. Gaal, P.A. Gialluisi, A. Haagsma, J.A. Haro, J.M. Hasan, M.T. Hasan, S.S. Hostiuc, S. Iacoviello, L. Iavicoli, I. Jamshidi, E. Jonas, J.B. Joo, T. Jozwiak, J.J. Katikireddi, S.V. Kauppila, J.H. Khan, M.A.B. Kisa, A. Kisa, S. Kivimäki, M. Koly, K.N. Koyanagi, A. Kumar, M. Lallukka, T. Langguth, B. Ledda, C. Lee, P.H. Lega, I. Linehan, C. Loureiro, J.A. Madureira-Carvalho, Á.M. Martinez-Raga, J. Mathur, M.R. McGrath, J.J. Mechili, E.A. Mentis, A.-F.A. Mestrovic, T. Miazgowski, B. Mirica, A. Mirijello, A. Moazen, B. Mohammed, S. Mulita, F. Nagel, G. Negoi, I. Negoi, R.I. Nwatah, V.E. Padron-Monedero, A. Panda-Jonas, S. Pardhan, S. Pasovic, M. Patel, J. Petcu, I.-R. Pinheiro, M. Pollok, R.C.G. Postma, M.J. Rawaf, D.L. Rawaf, S. Romero-Rodríguez, E. Ronfani, L. Sagoe, D. Sanmarchi, F. Schaub, M.P. Sharew, N.T. Shiri, R. Shokraneh, F. Sigfusdottir, I.D. Silva, J.P. Silva, R. Socea, B. Szócska, M. Tabarés-Seisdedos, R. Torrado, M. Tovani-Palone, M.R. Vasankari, T.J. Veroux, M. Viner, R.M. Werdecker, A. Winkler, A.S. Hay, S.I. Ferrari, A.J. Naghavi, M. Allebeck, P. Monasta, L.
Abstract: Background: Mental health is a public health issue for European young people, with great heterogeneity in resource allocation. Representative population-based studies are needed. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2019 provides internationally comparable information on trends in the health status of populations and changes in the leading causes of disease burden over time. Methods: Prevalence, incidence, Years Lived with Disability (YLDs) and Years of Life Lost (YLLs) from mental disorders (MDs), substance use disorders (SUDs) and self-harm were estimated for young people aged 10-24 years in 31 European countries. Rates per 100,000 population, percentage changes in 1990-2019, 95% Uncertainty Intervals (UIs), and correlations with Sociodemographic Index (SDI), were estimated. Findings: In 2019, rates per 100,000 population were 16,983 (95% UI 12,823 – 21,630) for MDs, 3,891 (3,020 - 4,905) for SUDs, and 89·1 (63·8 - 123·1) for self-harm. In terms of disability, anxiety contributed to 647·3 (432–912·3) YLDs, while in terms of premature death, self-harm contributed to 319·6 (248·9–412·8) YLLs, per 100,000 population. Over the 30 years studied, YLDs increased in eating disorders (14·9%;9·4-20·1) and drug use disorders (16·9%;8·9-26·3), and decreased in idiopathic developmental intellectual disability (–29·1%;23·8-38·5). YLLs decreased in self-harm (–27·9%;38·3-18·7). Variations were found by sex, age-group and country. The burden of SUDs and self-harm was higher in countries with lower SDI, MDs were associated with SUDs. Interpretation: Mental health conditions represent an important burden among young people living in Europe. National policies should strengthen mental health, with a specific focus on young people. Funding: The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation © 2022 The Author(s)
Published: 2022

4. Measuring the availability of human resources for health and its relationship to universal health coverage for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Haakenstad, A., Irvine, C.M.S., Knight, M., Bintz, C., Aravkin, A.Y., Zheng, P., Gupta, V., Abrigo, M.R.M., Abushouk, A.I., Adebayo, O.M., Agarwal, G., Alahdab, F., Al-Aly, Z., Alam, K., Alanzi, T.M., Alcalde-Rabanal, J.E., Alipour, V., Alvis-Guzman, N., Amit, A.M.L., Andrei, C.L., Andrei, T., Antonio, C.A.T., Arabloo, J., Aremu, O., Ayanore, M.A., Banach, M., Bärnighausen, T.W., Barthelemy, C.M., Bayati, M., Benzian, H., Berman, A.E., Bienhoff, K., Bijani, A., Bikbov, B., Biondi, A., Boloor, A., Busse, R., Butt, Z.A., Cámera, L.A., Campos-Nonato, I.R., Cárdenas, R., Carvalho, F., Chansa, C., Chattu, S.K., Chattu, V.K., Chu, D-T, Dai, X., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Dangel, W.J., Daryani, A., De Neve, J-W, Dhimal, M., Dipeolu, I.O., Djalalinia, S., Do, H.T., Doshi, C.P., Doshmangir, L., Ehsani-Chimeh, E., El Tantawi, M., Fernandes, E., Fischer, F., Foigt, N.A., Fomenkov, A.A., Foroutan, M., Fukumoto, T., Fullman, N., Gad, M.M., Ghadiri, K., Ghafourifard, M., Ghashghaee, A., Glucksman, T., Goudarzi, H., Gupta, R.D., Hamadeh, R.R., Hamidi, S., Haro, J.M., Hasanpoor, E., Hay, S.I., Hegazy, M.I., Heibati, B., Henry, N.J., Hole, M.K., Hossain, N., Househ, M., Ilesanmi, O.S., Imani-Nasab, M-H, Irvani, S.S.N., Islam, S.M.S., Jahani, M.A., Joshi, A., Kalhor, R., Kayode, G.A., Khalid, N., Khatab, K., Kisa, A., Kochhar, S., Krishan, K., Kuate Defo, B., Lal, D.K., Lami, F.H., Larsson, A.O., Leasher, J.L., LeGrand, K.E., Lim, L-L, Mahotra, N.B., Majeed, A., Maleki, A., Manjunatha, N., Massenburg, B.B., Mestrovic, T., Mini, G.K., Mirica, A., Mirrakhimov, E.M., Mohammad, Y., Mohammed, S., Mokdad, A.H., Morrison, S.D., Naghavi, M., Ndwandwe, D.E., Negoi, I., Negoi, R.I., Ngunjiri, J.W., Nguyen, C.T., Nigatu, Y.T., Onwujekwe, O.E., Ortega-Altamirano, D.V., Otstavnov, N., Otstavnov, S.S., Owolabi, M.O., Pakhare, A.P., Pepito, V.C.F., Perico, N., Pham, H.Q., Pigott, D.M., Pokhrel, K.N., Rabiee, M., Rabiee, N., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rawaf, D.L., Rawaf, S., Rawal, L., Remuzzi, G., Renzaho, A.M.N., Resnikoff, S., Rezaei, N., Rezapour, A., Rickard, J., Roever, L., Sahu, M., Samy, A.M., Sanabria, J., Santric-Milicevic, M.M., Saraswathy, S.Y.I., Seedat, S., Senthilkumaran, S., Serván-Mori, E., Shaikh, M.A., Sheikh, A., Silva, D.A.S., Stein, C., Stein, D.J., Titova, M.V., Topp, S.M., Tovani-Palone, M.R., Ullah, S., Unnikrishnan, B., Vacante, M., Valdez, P.R., Vasankari, T.J., Venketasubramanian, N., Vlassov, V., Vos, T., Yearwood, J.A., Yonemoto, N., Younis, M.Z., Yu, C., Zadey, S., Zaman, S.B., Zerfu, T.A., Zhang, Z-J, Ziapour, A., Zodpey, S., Lim, S.S., Murray, C.J.L., Lozano, R., Haakenstad, A., Irvine, C.M.S., Knight, M., Bintz, C., Aravkin, A.Y., Zheng, P., Gupta, V., Abrigo, M.R.M., Abushouk, A.I., Adebayo, O.M., Agarwal, G., Alahdab, F., Al-Aly, Z., Alam, K., Alanzi, T.M., Alcalde-Rabanal, J.E., Alipour, V., Alvis-Guzman, N., Amit, A.M.L., Andrei, C.L., Andrei, T., Antonio, C.A.T., Arabloo, J., Aremu, O., Ayanore, M.A., Banach, M., Bärnighausen, T.W., Barthelemy, C.M., Bayati, M., Benzian, H., Berman, A.E., Bienhoff, K., Bijani, A., Bikbov, B., Biondi, A., Boloor, A., Busse, R., Butt, Z.A., Cámera, L.A., Campos-Nonato, I.R., Cárdenas, R., Carvalho, F., Chansa, C., Chattu, S.K., Chattu, V.K., Chu, D-T, Dai, X., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Dangel, W.J., Daryani, A., De Neve, J-W, Dhimal, M., Dipeolu, I.O., Djalalinia, S., Do, H.T., Doshi, C.P., Doshmangir, L., Ehsani-Chimeh, E., El Tantawi, M., Fernandes, E., Fischer, F., Foigt, N.A., Fomenkov, A.A., Foroutan, M., Fukumoto, T., Fullman, N., Gad, M.M., Ghadiri, K., Ghafourifard, M., Ghashghaee, A., Glucksman, T., Goudarzi, H., Gupta, R.D., Hamadeh, R.R., Hamidi, S., Haro, J.M., Hasanpoor, E., Hay, S.I., Hegazy, M.I., Heibati, B., Henry, N.J., Hole, M.K., Hossain, N., Househ, M., Ilesanmi, O.S., Imani-Nasab, M-H, Irvani, S.S.N., Islam, S.M.S., Jahani, M.A., Joshi, A., Kalhor, R., Kayode, G.A., Khalid, N., Khatab, K., Kisa, A., Kochhar, S., Krishan, K., Kuate Defo, B., Lal, D.K., Lami, F.H., Larsson, A.O., Leasher, J.L., LeGrand, K.E., Lim, L-L, Mahotra, N.B., Majeed, A., Maleki, A., Manjunatha, N., Massenburg, B.B., Mestrovic, T., Mini, G.K., Mirica, A., Mirrakhimov, E.M., Mohammad, Y., Mohammed, S., Mokdad, A.H., Morrison, S.D., Naghavi, M., Ndwandwe, D.E., Negoi, I., Negoi, R.I., Ngunjiri, J.W., Nguyen, C.T., Nigatu, Y.T., Onwujekwe, O.E., Ortega-Altamirano, D.V., Otstavnov, N., Otstavnov, S.S., Owolabi, M.O., Pakhare, A.P., Pepito, V.C.F., Perico, N., Pham, H.Q., Pigott, D.M., Pokhrel, K.N., Rabiee, M., Rabiee, N., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rawaf, D.L., Rawaf, S., Rawal, L., Remuzzi, G., Renzaho, A.M.N., Resnikoff, S., Rezaei, N., Rezapour, A., Rickard, J., Roever, L., Sahu, M., Samy, A.M., Sanabria, J., Santric-Milicevic, M.M., Saraswathy, S.Y.I., Seedat, S., Senthilkumaran, S., Serván-Mori, E., Shaikh, M.A., Sheikh, A., Silva, D.A.S., Stein, C., Stein, D.J., Titova, M.V., Topp, S.M., Tovani-Palone, M.R., Ullah, S., Unnikrishnan, B., Vacante, M., Valdez, P.R., Vasankari, T.J., Venketasubramanian, N., Vlassov, V., Vos, T., Yearwood, J.A., Yonemoto, N., Younis, M.Z., Yu, C., Zadey, S., Zaman, S.B., Zerfu, T.A., Zhang, Z-J, Ziapour, A., Zodpey, S., Lim, S.S., Murray, C.J.L., and Lozano, R.
Abstract: Background Human resources for health (HRH) include a range of occupations that aim to promote or improve human health. The UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the WHO Health Workforce 2030 strategy have drawn attention to the importance of HRH for achieving policy priorities such as universal health coverage (UHC). Although previous research has found substantial global disparities in HRH, the absence of comparable cross-national estimates of existing workforces has hindered efforts to quantify workforce requirements to meet health system goals. We aimed to use comparable and standardised data sources to estimate HRH densities globally, and to examine the relationship between a subset of HRH cadres and UHC effective coverage performance. Methods Through the International Labour Organization and Global Health Data Exchange databases, we identified 1404 country-years of data from labour force surveys and 69 country-years of census data, with detailed microdata on health-related employment. From the WHO National Health Workforce Accounts, we identified 2950 country-years of data. We mapped data from all occupational coding systems to the International Standard Classification of Occupations 1988 (ISCO-88), allowing for standardised estimation of densities for 16 categories of health workers across the full time series. Using data from 1990 to 2019 for 196 of 204 countries and territories, covering seven Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) super-regions and 21 regions, we applied spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) to model HRH densities from 1990 to 2019 for all countries and territories. We used stochastic frontier meta-regression to model the relationship between the UHC effective coverage index and densities for the four categories of health workers enumerated in SDG indicator 3.c.1 pertaining to HRH: physicians, nurses and midwives, dentistry personnel, and pharmaceutical personnel. We identified minimum workfor
Published: 2022

5. Global, regional, and national progress towards Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 for neonatal and child health: all-cause and cause-specific mortality findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Paulson, K.R., Kamath, A.M., Alam, T., Bienhoff, K., Abady, G.G., Abbas, J., Abbasi-Kangevari, M., Abbastabar, H., Abd-Allah, F., Abd-Elsalam, S.M., Abdoli, A., Abedi, A., Abolhassani, H., Abreu, L.G., Abu-Gharbieh, E., Abu-Rmeileh, N.M.E., Abushouk, A.I., Adamu, A.L., Adebayo, O.M., Adegbosin, A.E., Adekanmbi, V., Adetokunboh, O.O., Adeyinka, D.A., Adsuar, J.C., Afshari, K., Aghaali, M., Agudelo-Botero, M., Ahinkorah, B.O., Ahmad, T., Ahmadi, K., Ahmed, M.B., Aji, B., Akalu, Y., Akinyemi, O.O., Aklilu, A., Al-Aly, Z., Alam, K., Alanezi, F.M., Alanzi, T.M., Alcalde-Rabanal, J.E., Al-Eyadhy, A., Ali, T., Alicandro, G., Alif, S.M., Alipour, V., Alizade, H., Aljunid, S.M., Almasi-Hashiani, A., Almasri, N.A., Al-Mekhlafi, H.M., Alonso, J., Al-Raddadi, R.M., Altirkawi, K.A., Alumran, A.K., Alvis-Guzman, N., Alvis-Zakzuk, N.J., Ameyaw, E.K., Amini, S., Amini-Rarani, M., Amit, A.M.L., Amugsi, D.A., Ancuceanu, R., Anderlini, D., Andrei, C.L., Ansari, F., Ansari-Moghaddam, A., Antonio, C.A.T., Antriyandarti, E., Anvari, D., Anwer, R., Aqeel, M., Arabloo, J., Arab-Zozani, M., Aripov, T., Ärnlöv, J., Artanti, K.D., Arzani, A., Asaad, M., Asadi-Aliabadi, M., Asadi-Pooya, A.A., Asghari Jafarabadi, M., Athari, S.S., Athari, S.M., Atnafu, D.D., Atreya, A., Atteraya, M.S., Ausloos, M., Awan, A.T., Ayala Quintanilla, B.P., Ayano, G., Ayanore, M.A., Aynalem, Y.A., Azari, S., Azarian, G., Azene, Z.N., Darshan, B.B., Babaee, E., Badiye, A.D., Baig, A.A., Banach, M., Banik, Pa.C., Barker-Collo, S.L., Barqawi, H.J., Bassat, Q., Basu, S., Baune, B.T., Bayati, M., Bedi, N., Beghi, E., Beghi, M., Bell, M.L., Bendak, S., Bennett, D.A., Bensenor, I.M., Berhe, K., Berman, A.E., Bezabih, Y.M., Bhagavathula, A.S., Bhandari, D., Bhardwaj, N., Bhardwaj, P., Bhattacharyya, K., Bhattarai, S., Bhutta, Z.A., Bikbov, B., Biondi, A., Birihane, B.M., Biswas, R.K., Bohlouli, S., Bragazzi, N.L., Breusov, A.V., Brunoni, A.R., Burkart, K., Burugina Nagaraja, S., Busse, R., Butt, Z.A., Caetano dos Santos, F.L., Cahuana-Hurtado, L., Camargos, P., Cámera, L.A., Cárdenas, R., Carreras, G., Carrero, J.J., Carvalho, F., Castaldelli-Maia, J.M., Castañeda-Orjuela, C.A., Castelpietra, G., Cerin, E., Chang, J-C, Chanie, W.F., Charan, J., Chatterjee, S., Chattu, S.K., Chattu, V.K., Chaturvedi, S., Chen, S., Cho, D.Y., Choi, J-Y.J., Chu, D-T, Ciobanu, L.G., Cirillo, M., Conde, J., Costa, V.M., Couto, R.A.S., Dachew, B.A., Dahlawi, S.M.A., Dai, H., Dai, X., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Daneshpajouhnejad, P., Darmstadt, G.L, Das, J.K., Dávila-Cervantes, C.A., Davis, A.C., Davletov, K., De la Hoz, F.P., De Leo, D., Deeba, F., Denova-Gutiérrez, E., Dervenis, N., Desalew, A., Deuba, K., Dey, S., Dharmaratne, S.D., Dhingra, S., Dhungana, G.P., Dias da Silva, D., Diaz, D., Dorostkar, F., Doshmangir, L., Dubljanin, E., Duraes, A.R., Eagan, A.W., Edinur, H.A., Efendi, F., Eftekharzadeh, S., El Sayed, I., El Tantawi, M., Elbarazi, I., Elgendy, I.Y., El-Jaafary, S.I., Emami, A., Enany, S., Eyawo, O., Ezzikouri, S., Faris, P.S., Farzadfar, F., Fattahi, N., Fauk, N.K., Fazlzadeh, M., Feigin, V.L., Ferede, T.Y., Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Fernandes, E., Ferrara, P., Filip, I., Fischer, F., Fisher, J.L., Foigt, N.A., Folayan, M.O., Foroutan, M., Franklin, R.C., Freitas, M., Friedman, S.D., Fukumoto, T., Gad, M.M., Gaidhane, A.M., Gaidhane, S., Gaihre, S., Gallus, S., Garcia-Basteiro, A.L., Garcia-Gordillo, M.A., Gardner, W.M., Gaspar Fonseca, M., Gebremedhin, K.B., Getacher, L., Ghashghaee, A., Gholamian, A., Gilani, S.A., Gill, T.K., Giussani, G., Gnedovskaya, E.V., Godinho, M.A., Goel, A., Golechha, M., Gona, P.N., Gopalani, S.V., Goudarzi, H., Grivna, M., Gugnani, H.C., Guido, D., Guimarães, R.A., Gupta, R.D., Gupta, R., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Haider, M.R., Haj-Mirzaian, A., Hamidi, S., Hanif, A., Hankey, G.J., Hargono, A., Hasaballah, A.I., Hasan, M.M., Hasan, S.S., Hassan, A., Hassanipour, S., Hassankhani, H., Havmoeller, R.J., Hayat, K., Heidari-Soureshjani, R., Henry, N.J., Herteliu, C., Hole, M.K., Holla, R., Hossain, N., Hosseini, M., Hosseinzadeh, M., Hostiuc, M., Hostiuc, S., Househ, M., Huang, J., Humayun, A., Hwang, B-F, Iavicoli, I., Ibitoye, S.E., Ikuta, K.S., Ilesanmi, O.S., Ilic, I.M., Ilic, M.D., Inamdar, S., Inbaraj, L.R., Iqbal, K., Iqbal, U., Islam, M.M., Islam, S.M.S., Iso, H., Iwagami, M., Iwu, C.C.D., Jaafari, J., Jacobsen, K.H., Jagnoor, J., Jain, V., Janodia, M.D., Javaheri, T., Javanmardi, F., Jayaram, S., Jayatilleke, A.U., Jenabi, E., Jha, R.P., Ji, J.S., John, O., Jonas, J.B., Joo, T., Joseph, N., Joukar, F., Jozwiak, J.J., Jürisson, M., Kabir, A., Kabir, Z., Kalankesh, L.R., Kamyari, N., Kanchan, T., Kapoor, N., Karami Matin, B., Karch, A., Karimi, S.E., Kassahun, G., Kayode, G.A., Kazemi Karyani, A., Kemmer, L., Khalid, N., Khalilov, R., Khammarnia, M., Khan, E.A., Khan, G., Khan, M., Khan, Md.N., Khang, Y-H, Khatab, K., Khater, A.M., Khater, M.M., Khayamzadeh, M., Khosravi, A., Kim, D., Kim, Y-E, Kim, Y.J., Kimokoti, R.W., Kisa, A., Kisa, S., Kissoon, N., Kopec, J.A., Kosen, S., Koul, P.A., Koulmane Laxminarayana, S.L., Koyanagi, A., Krishan, K., Krishnamoorthy, V., Kuate Defo, B., Kucuk Bicer, B., Kulkarni, V., Kumar, G.A., Kumar, M., Kumar, N., Kurmi, O.P., Kusuma, D., La Vecchia, C., Lacey, B., Lalloo, R., Lami, F.H., Landires, I., Larsson, A.O., Lasrado, S., Lassi, Z.S., Lauriola, P., Lee, P.H., Lee, S.W.H., Lee, Y.H., Leigh, J., Leonardi, M., Lewycka, S., Li, B., Li, S., Liang, J., Lim, L-L, Limenih, M.A., Lin, R-T, Liu, X., Lodha, R., Lopez, A.D., Lozano, R., Lugo, A., Lunevicius, R., Mackay, M.T., Madhava Kunjathur, S., Magnani, F.G., Mahadeshwara Prasad, D.R., Maheri, M., Mahmoudi, M., Majeed, A., Maled, V., Maleki, A., Maleki, S., Malekzadeh, R., Malik, A.A., Malta, D.C., Mamun, A.A., Mansouri, B., Mansournia, M.A., Martinez, G., Martini, S., Martins-Melo, F.R., Masoumi, S.Z., Maulik, P.K., McAlinden, C., McGrath, J.J., Medina-Solís, C.E., Mehrabi Nasab, E., Mejia-Rodriguez, F., Memish, Z.A., Mendoza, W., 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M.A., Gardner, W.M., Gaspar Fonseca, M., Gebremedhin, K.B., Getacher, L., Ghashghaee, A., Gholamian, A., Gilani, S.A., Gill, T.K., Giussani, G., Gnedovskaya, E.V., Godinho, M.A., Goel, A., Golechha, M., Gona, P.N., Gopalani, S.V., Goudarzi, H., Grivna, M., Gugnani, H.C., Guido, D., Guimarães, R.A., Gupta, R.D., Gupta, R., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Haider, M.R., Haj-Mirzaian, A., Hamidi, S., Hanif, A., Hankey, G.J., Hargono, A., Hasaballah, A.I., Hasan, M.M., Hasan, S.S., Hassan, A., Hassanipour, S., Hassankhani, H., Havmoeller, R.J., Hayat, K., Heidari-Soureshjani, R., Henry, N.J., Herteliu, C., Hole, M.K., Holla, R., Hossain, N., Hosseini, M., Hosseinzadeh, M., Hostiuc, M., Hostiuc, S., Househ, M., Huang, J., Humayun, A., Hwang, B-F, Iavicoli, I., Ibitoye, S.E., Ikuta, K.S., Ilesanmi, O.S., Ilic, I.M., Ilic, M.D., Inamdar, S., Inbaraj, L.R., Iqbal, K., Iqbal, U., Islam, M.M., Islam, S.M.S., Iso, H., Iwagami, M., Iwu, C.C.D., Jaafari, J., Jacobsen, K.H., Jagnoor, J., Jain, V., Janodia, M.D., Javaheri, T., Javanmardi, F., Jayaram, S., Jayatilleke, A.U., Jenabi, E., Jha, R.P., Ji, J.S., John, O., Jonas, J.B., Joo, T., Joseph, N., Joukar, F., Jozwiak, J.J., Jürisson, M., Kabir, A., Kabir, Z., Kalankesh, L.R., Kamyari, N., Kanchan, T., Kapoor, N., Karami Matin, B., Karch, A., Karimi, S.E., Kassahun, G., Kayode, G.A., Kazemi Karyani, A., Kemmer, L., Khalid, N., Khalilov, R., Khammarnia, M., Khan, E.A., Khan, G., Khan, M., Khan, Md.N., Khang, Y-H, Khatab, K., Khater, A.M., Khater, M.M., Khayamzadeh, M., Khosravi, A., Kim, D., Kim, Y-E, Kim, Y.J., Kimokoti, R.W., Kisa, A., Kisa, S., Kissoon, N., Kopec, J.A., Kosen, S., Koul, P.A., Koulmane Laxminarayana, S.L., Koyanagi, A., Krishan, K., Krishnamoorthy, V., Kuate Defo, B., Kucuk Bicer, B., Kulkarni, V., Kumar, G.A., Kumar, M., Kumar, N., Kurmi, O.P., Kusuma, D., La Vecchia, C., Lacey, B., Lalloo, R., Lami, F.H., Landires, I., Larsson, A.O., Lasrado, S., Lassi, Z.S., Lauriola, P., Lee, P.H., Lee, S.W.H., Lee, Y.H., Leigh, J., Leonardi, M., Lewycka, S., Li, B., Li, S., Liang, J., Lim, L-L, Limenih, M.A., Lin, R-T, Liu, X., Lodha, R., Lopez, A.D., Lozano, R., Lugo, A., Lunevicius, R., Mackay, M.T., Madhava Kunjathur, S., Magnani, F.G., Mahadeshwara Prasad, D.R., Maheri, M., Mahmoudi, M., Majeed, A., Maled, V., Maleki, A., Maleki, S., Malekzadeh, R., Malik, A.A., Malta, D.C., Mamun, A.A., Mansouri, B., Mansournia, M.A., Martinez, G., Martini, S., Martins-Melo, F.R., Masoumi, S.Z., Maulik, P.K., McAlinden, C., McGrath, J.J., Medina-Solís, C.E., Mehrabi Nasab, E., Mejia-Rodriguez, F., Memish, Z.A., Mendoza, W., Menezes, R.G., Mengesha, E.W., Mensah, G.A., Meretoja, A., Meretoja, T.J., Mersha, A.M., Mestrovic, T., Miazgowski, B., Miazgowski, T., Michalek, I.M., Miller, T.R., Mini, G.K., Miri, M., Mirica, A., Mirrakhimov, E.M., Mirzaei, H., Mirzaei, M., Moazen, B., Moghadaszadeh, M., Mohajer, B., Mohamad, O., Mohammad, Y., Mohammadi, S.M., Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A., Mohammed, S., Mokdad, A.H., Molokhia, M., Monasta, L., Mondello, S., Moni, M.A., Moore, C.E., Moradi, G., Moradi, M., Moradzadeh, R., Moraga, P., Morawska, L., Morrison, S.D., Mosser, J.F., Mousavi Khaneghah, A., Mustafa, G., Naderi, M., Nagarajan, A.J., Nagaraju, S.P., Naghavi, M., Naghshtabrizi, B., Naimzada, M.D., Nangia, V., Narasimha Swamy, S., Nascimento, B.R., Naveed, M., Nazari, J., Ndejjo, R., Negoi, I., Negoi, R.I., Nena, E., Nepal, S., Netsere, H.B., Nguefack-Tsague, G., Ngunjiri, J.W., Nguyen, C.T.Y., Nguyen, C.T., Nguyen, H.L.T., Nigatu, Y.T., Nigussie, S.N., Nixon, M.R., Nnaji, C.A., Nomura, S., Noor, N.M., Noubiap, J.J., Nunez-Samudio, V., Nwatah, V.E., Oancea, B., Odukoya, O.O., Ogbo, F.A., Olusanya, B.O., Olusanya, J.O., Omar Bali, A., Onwujekwe, O.E., Ortiz, A., Otoiu, A., Otstavnov, N., Otstavnov, S.S., Owolabi, M.O., Mahesh, P.A., Padubidri, J.R., Pakhale, S., Pakshir, K., Pal, P.K., Palladino, R., Pana, A., Panda-Jonas, S., Pandey, A., Pandi-Perumal, S.R., Pangaribuan, H.U., Pardo-Montaño, A.M., Park, E-K, Patel, S.K., Patton, G.C., Pawar, S., Pazoki Toroudi, H., Peden, A.E., Pepito, V.C.F., Peprah, E.K., Pereira, J., Pérez-Gómez, J., Perico, N., Pesudovs, K., Pilgrim, T., Pinheiro, M., Piradov, M.A., Pirsaheb, M., Platts-Mills, J.A., Pokhrel, K.N., Postma, M.J., Pourjafar, H., Prada, S.I., Prakash, S., Pupillo, E., Quazi Syed, Z., Rabiee, N., Radfar, A., Rafiee, A., Rafiei, A., Raggi, A., Rahimzadeh, S., Rahman, M.H.U., Rahmani, A.M., Ramezanzadeh, K., Rana, J., Ranabhat, C.L., Rao, S.J., Rasella, D., Rastogi, P., Rathi, P., Rawaf, D.L., Rawaf, S., Rawasia, W.F., Rawassizadeh, R., Reiner Jr, R.C., Remuzzi, G., Renzaho, A.M.N., Reshmi, B., Resnikoff, S., Rezaei, N., Rezapour, A., Riahi, S.M., Ribeiro, D., Rickard, J., Roever, L., Ronfani, L., Rothenbacher, D., Rubagotti, E., Rumisha, S.F., Ryan, P.M., Saddik, B., Sadeghi, E., Saeedi Moghaddam, S., Sagar, R., Sahebkar, A., Salahshoor, M.R., Salehi, S., Salem, M.R., Salimzadeh, H., Salomon, J.A., Samodra, Y.L., Samy, A.M., Sanabria, J., Santric-Milicevic, M.M., Saraswathy, S.Y.I., Sarker, A.R., Sarrafzadegan, N., Sarveazad, A., Sathian, B., Sathish, T., Sattin, D., Saxena, S., Saya, G.K., Saylan, M., Schiavolin, S., Schlaich, M.P., Schwebel, D.C., Schwendicke, F., Senthilkumaran, S., Sepanlou, S.G., Serván-Mori, E., Sha, F., Shafaat, O., Shahabi, S., Shahbaz, M., Shaheen, A.A., Shahid, I., Shaikh, M.A., Shakiba, S., Shalash, A.S., Shams-Beyranvand, M., Shannawaz, M., Sharafi, K., Sheikh, A., Sheikhbahaei, S., Shiferaw, W.S., Shigematsu, M., Shin, J.I., Shiri, R., Shiue, I., Shuval, K., Siddiqi, T.J., Sidemo, N.B., Sigfusdottir, I.D., Sigurvinsdottir, R., Silva, J.P., Silverberg, J.I.S., Simonetti, B., Singh, B.B., Singh, J.A., Singhal, D., Sinha, D.N., Skiadaresi, E., Skryabin, V.Y., Skryabina, A.A., Sleet, D.A., Sobaih, B.H., Sobhiyeh, M.R., Soltani, S., Soriano, J.B., Spurlock, E.E., Sreeramareddy, C.T., Steiropoulos, P., Stokes, M.A., Stortecky, S., Sufiyan, M.B., Suliankatchi Abdulkader, R., Sulo, G., Swope, C.B., Sykes, B.L., Szeto, M.D., Szócska, M., Tabarés-Seisdedos, R., Tadesse, E.G., Taherkhani, A., Tamiru, A.T., Tareque, M.I., Tehrani-Banihashemi, A., Temsah, M-H, Tesfay, F.H., Tessema, G.A., Tessema, Z.T., Thankappan, K.R., Thapar, R., Tolani, M.A., Tovani-Palone, M.R., Traini, E., Tran, B.X., Tripathy, J.P., Tsapparellas, G., Tsatsakis, A., Tudor Car, L., Uddin, R., Ullah, A., Umeokonkwo, C.D., Unim, B., Unnikrishnan, B., Upadhyay, E., Usman, M.S., Vacante, M., Vaezi, M., Valadan Tahbaz, S., Valdez, P.R., Vasankari, T.J., Venketasubramanian, N., Verma, M., Violante, F.S., Vlassov, V., Vo, B., Vu, G.T., Wado, Y.D., Waheed, Y., Wamai, R.G., Wang, Y., Wang, Y-P, Ward, P., Werdecker, A., Westerman, R., Wickramasinghe, N.D., Wilner, L.B., Wiysonge, C.S., Wu, A-M, Wu, C., Xie, Y., Yahyazadeh Jabbari, S.H., Yamagishi, K., Yandrapalli, S., Yaya, S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V., Yip, P., Yonemoto, N., Yoon, S-J, Younis, M.Z., Yousefi, Z., Yousefinezhadi, T., Yu, C., Yusuf, S.S., Zaidi, S.S., Zaman, S.B., Zamani, M., Zamanian, M., Zastrozhin, M.S., Zastrozhina, A., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Z-J, Zhao, Xi-J.G., Ziapour, A., Hay, S.I., Murray, C.J.L., Wang, H., and Kassebaum, N.J.
Abstract: Background Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 has targeted elimination of preventable child mortality, reduction of neonatal death to less than 12 per 1000 livebirths, and reduction of death of children younger than 5 years to less than 25 per 1000 livebirths, for each country by 2030. To understand current rates, recent trends, and potential trajectories of child mortality for the next decade, we present the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 findings for all-cause mortality and cause-specific mortality in children younger than 5 years of age, with multiple scenarios for child mortality in 2030 that include the consideration of potential effects of COVID-19, and a novel framework for quantifying optimal child survival. Methods We completed all-cause mortality and cause-specific mortality analyses from 204 countries and territories for detailed age groups separately, with aggregated mortality probabilities per 1000 livebirths computed for neonatal mortality rate (NMR) and under-5 mortality rate (U5MR). Scenarios for 2030 represent different potential trajectories, notably including potential effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and the potential impact of improvements preferentially targeting neonatal survival. Optimal child survival metrics were developed by age, sex, and cause of death across all GBD location-years. The first metric is a global optimum and is based on the lowest observed mortality, and the second is a survival potential frontier that is based on stochastic frontier analysis of observed mortality and Healthcare Access and Quality Index. Findings Global U5MR decreased from 71·2 deaths per 1000 livebirths (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 68·3–74·0) in 2000 to 37·1 (33·2–41·7) in 2019 while global NMR correspondingly declined more slowly from 28·0 deaths per 1000 live births (26·8–29·5) in 2000 to 17·9 (16·3–19·8) in 2019. In 2019, 136 (67%) of 204 countries had a U5MR at or below the SDG 3.2 threshold and 133 (65%) had an
Published: 2021

6. Tracking development assistance for health and for COVID-19: A review of development assistance, government, out-of-pocket, and other private spending on health for 204 countries and territories, 1990–2050

Author: Micah, A.E., Cogswell, I.E., Cunningham, B., Ezoe, S., Harle, A.C., Maddison, E.R., McCracken, D., Nomura, S., Simpson, K.E., Stutzman, H.N., Tsakalos, G., Wallace, L.E., Zhao, Y., Zende, R.R., Abbafati, C., Abdelmasseh, M., Abedi, A., Abegaz, K.H., Abhilash, E.S., Abolhassani, H., Abrigo, M.R.M., Adhikari, T.B., Afzal, S., Ahinkorah, B.O., Ahmadi, S., Ahmed, H., Ahmed, M.B., Ahmed Rashid, T., Ajami, M., Aji, B., Akalu, Y., Akunna, C.J., Al Hamad, H., Alam, K., Alanezi, F.M., Alanzi, T.M., Alemayehu, Y., Alhassan, R.K., Alinia, C., Aljunid, S.M., Almustanyir, S.A., Alvis-Guzman, N., Alvis-Zakzuk, N.J., Amini, S., Amini-Rarani, M., Amu, H., Ancuceanu, R., Andrei, C.L., Andrei, T., Angell, B., Anjomshoa, M., Antonio, C.A.T., Antony, C.M., Aqeel, M., Arabloo, J., Arab-Zozani, M., Aripov, T., Arrigo, A., Ashraf, T., Atnafu, D.D., Ausloos, M., Avila-Burgos, L., Awan, A.T., Ayano, G., Ayanore, M.A., Azari, S., Azhar, G.S., Babalola, T.K., Bahrami, M.A., Baig, A.A., Banach, M., Barati, N., Bärnighausen, T.W., Barrow, A., Basu, S., Baune, B.T., Bayati, M., Benzian, H., Berman, A.E., Bhagavathula, A.S., Bhardwaj, N., Bhardwaj, P., Bhaskar, S., Bibi, S., Bijani, A., Bodolica, V., Bragazzi, N.L., Braithwaite, D., Breitborde, N.J.K., Breusov, A.V., Briko, N.I., Busse, R., Cahuana-Hurtado, L., Callander, E.J., Cámera, L.A., Castañeda-Orjuela, C.A., Catalá-López, F., Charan, J., Chatterjee, S., Chattu, S.K., Chattu, V.K., Chen, S., Cicero, A.F.G., Dadras, O., Dahlawi, S.M.A., Dai, X., Dalal, K., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Davitoiu, D.V., De Neve, J-W, de Sá-Junior, A.R., Denova-Gutiérrez, E., Dhamnetiya, D., Dharmaratne, S.D., Doshmangir, L., Dube, J., Ehsani-Chimeh, E., El Sayed Zaki, M., El Tantawi, M., Eskandarieh, S., Farzadfar, F., Ferede, T.Y., Fischer, F., Foigt, N.A., Freitas, A., Friedman, S.D., Fukumoto, T., Fullman, N., Gaal, P.A., Gad, M.M., Garcia-Gordillo, M.A., Garg, T., Ghafourifard, M., Ghashghaee, A., Gholamian, A., Gholamrezanezhad, A., Ghozali, G., Gilani, S.A., Glăvan, I-R, Glushkova, E.V., Goharinezhad, S., Golechha, M., Goli, S., Guha, A., Gupta, V.B., Gupta, V.K., Haakenstad, A., Haider, M.R., Hailu, A., Hamidi, S., Hanif, A., Harapan, H., Hartono, R.K., Hasaballah, A.I., Hassan, S., Hassanein, M.H., Hayat, K., Hegazy, M.I., Heidari, G., Hendrie, D., Heredia-Pi, I., Herteliu, C., Hezam, K., Holla, R., Hossain, S.., Hosseinzadeh, M., Hostiuc, S., Huda, T.M., Hwang, B-F, Iavicoli, I., Idrisov, B., Ilesanmi, O.S., Irvani, S.S.N., Islam, S.M.S., Ismail, N.E., Isola, G., Jahani, M.A., Jahanmehr, N., Jakovljevic, M., Janodia, M.D., Javaheri, T., Jayapal, S.K., Jayawardena, R., Jazayeri, S.B., Jha, R.P., Jonas, J.B., Joo, T., Joukar, F., Jürisson, M., Kaambwa, B., Kalhor, R., Kanchan, T., Kandel, H., Karami Matin, B., Karimi, S.E., Kassahun, G., Kayode, G.A., Kazemi Karyani, A., Keikavoosi-Arani, L., Khader, Y.S., Khajuria, H., Khalilov, R., Khammarnia, M., Khan, J., Khubchandani, J., Kianipour, N., Kim, G.R., Kim, Y.J., Kisa, A., Kisa, S., Kohler, S., Kosen, S., Koteeswaran, R., Koulmane Laxminarayana, S.L., Koyanagi, A., Krishan, K., Kumar, G.A., Kusuma, D., Lamnisos, D., Lansingh, V.C., Larsson, A.O., Lasrado, S., Le, L.K.D., Lee, S.W.H., Lee, Y.Y., Lim, S.S., Lobo, S.W., Lozano, R., Magdy Abd El Razek, H., Magdy Abd El Razek, M., Mahdavi, M.M., Majeed, A., Makki, A., Maleki, A., Malekzadeh, R., Manda, A.L., Mansour-Ghanaei, F., Mansournia, M.A., Marrugo Arnedo, C.A., Martinez-Valle, A., Masoumi, S.Z., Maude, Ri.J., McKee, M., Medina-Solís, C.E., Menezes, R.G., Meretoja, A., Meretoja, T.J., Mesregah, M.K., Mestrovic, T., Milevska Kostova, N., Miller, T.R., Mini, G.K., Mirica, A., Mirrakhimov, E.M., Mohajer, B., Mohamed, T.A., Mohammadi, M., Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A., Mohammed, S., Moitra, M., Mokdad, A.H., Molokhia, M., Moni, M.A., Moradi, Y., Morze, J., Mousavi, S.M., Mpundu-Kaambwa, C., Muriithi, M.K, Muthupandian, S., Nagarajan, A.J., Naimzada, M.D., Nangia, V., Naqvi, A.A., Narayana, A.I., Nascimento, B.R., Naveed, M., Nayak, B.P., Nazari, J., Ndejjo, R., Negoi, I., Neupane Kandel, S., Nguyen, T.H., Nonvignon, J., Noubiap, J.J., Nwatah, V.E., Oancea, B., Ojelabi, F.A.O., Olagunju, A.T., Olakunde, B.O., Olgiati, S., Olusanya, J.O., Onwujekwe, O.E., Otoiu, A., Otstavnov, N., Otstavnov, S.S., Owolabi, M.O., Padubidri, J.R., Palladino, R., Panda-Jonas, S., Park, E-C, Pashazadeh Kan, F., Pawar, S., Pazoki Toroudi, H., Pereira, D.M., Perianayagam, A., Pesudovs, K., Piccinelli, C., Postma, M.J., Prada, S.I., Rabiee, M., Rabiee, N., Rahim, F., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rahman, M.H.U., Rahman, M., Rahmani, A.M., Ram, U., Ranabhat, C.L., Ranasinghe, P., Rao, C.R., Rathi, P., Rawaf, D.L., Rawaf, S., Rawal, L., Rawassizadeh, R., Reiner Jr, R.C., Renzaho, A.M.N., Reshmi, B., Riaz, M.A., Ripon, R.K., Saad, A.M., Sahraian, M.A., Sahu, M., Salama, J.S., Salehi, S., Samy, A.M., Sanabria, J., Sanmarchi, F., Santos, J.V., Santric-Milicevic, M.M., Sathian, B., Savic, M., Saxena, D., Sayyah, M., Schwendicke, F., Senthilkumaran, S., Sepanlou, S.G., Seylani, A., Shahabi, S., Shaikh, M.A., Sheikh, A., Shetty, A., Shetty, P.H., Shibuya, K., Shrime, M.G., Shuja, K.H., Singh, J.A., Skryabin, V.Y., Skryabina, A.A., Soltani, S., Soofi, M., Spurlock, E.E., Stefan, S.C., Szerencsés, V., Szócska, M., Tabarés-Seisdedos, R., Taddele, B.W., Tefera, Y.G., Thavamani, A., Tobe-Gai, R., Topor-Madry, R., Tovani-Palone, M.R., Tran, B.X., Tudor Car, L., Ullah, A., Ullah, S., Umar, N., Undurraga, E.A., Valdez, P.R., Vasankari, T.J., Villafañe, J.H., Violante, F.S., Vlassov, V., Vo, B., Vollmer, S., Vos, T., Vu, G.T., Vu, L.G., Wamai, R.G., Werdecker, A., Woldekidan, M.A., Wubishet, B.L., Xu, G., Yaya, S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V., Yiğit, V., Yip, P., Yirdaw, B.W., Yonemoto, N., Younis, M.Z., Yu, C., Yunusa, I., Zahirian Moghadam, T., Zandian, H., Zastrozhin, M.S., Zastrozhina, A., Zhang, Z-J, Ziapour, A., Zuniga, Y.M.H., Hay, S.I., Murray, C. J.L., Dieleman, J.L., Micah, A.E., Cogswell, I.E., Cunningham, B., Ezoe, S., Harle, A.C., Maddison, E.R., McCracken, D., Nomura, S., Simpson, K.E., Stutzman, H.N., Tsakalos, G., Wallace, L.E., Zhao, Y., Zende, R.R., Abbafati, C., Abdelmasseh, M., Abedi, A., Abegaz, K.H., Abhilash, E.S., Abolhassani, H., Abrigo, M.R.M., Adhikari, T.B., Afzal, S., Ahinkorah, B.O., Ahmadi, S., Ahmed, H., Ahmed, M.B., Ahmed Rashid, T., Ajami, M., Aji, B., Akalu, Y., Akunna, C.J., Al Hamad, H., Alam, K., Alanezi, F.M., Alanzi, T.M., Alemayehu, Y., Alhassan, R.K., Alinia, C., Aljunid, S.M., Almustanyir, S.A., Alvis-Guzman, N., Alvis-Zakzuk, N.J., Amini, S., Amini-Rarani, M., Amu, H., Ancuceanu, R., Andrei, C.L., Andrei, T., Angell, B., Anjomshoa, M., Antonio, C.A.T., Antony, C.M., Aqeel, M., Arabloo, J., Arab-Zozani, M., Aripov, T., Arrigo, A., Ashraf, T., Atnafu, D.D., Ausloos, M., Avila-Burgos, L., Awan, A.T., Ayano, G., Ayanore, M.A., Azari, S., Azhar, G.S., Babalola, T.K., Bahrami, M.A., Baig, A.A., Banach, M., Barati, N., Bärnighausen, T.W., Barrow, A., Basu, S., Baune, B.T., Bayati, M., Benzian, H., Berman, A.E., Bhagavathula, A.S., Bhardwaj, N., Bhardwaj, P., Bhaskar, S., Bibi, S., Bijani, A., Bodolica, V., Bragazzi, N.L., Braithwaite, D., Breitborde, N.J.K., Breusov, A.V., Briko, N.I., Busse, R., Cahuana-Hurtado, L., Callander, E.J., Cámera, L.A., Castañeda-Orjuela, C.A., Catalá-López, F., Charan, J., Chatterjee, S., Chattu, S.K., Chattu, V.K., Chen, S., Cicero, A.F.G., Dadras, O., Dahlawi, S.M.A., Dai, X., Dalal, K., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Davitoiu, D.V., De Neve, J-W, de Sá-Junior, A.R., Denova-Gutiérrez, E., Dhamnetiya, D., Dharmaratne, S.D., Doshmangir, L., Dube, J., Ehsani-Chimeh, E., El Sayed Zaki, M., El Tantawi, M., Eskandarieh, S., Farzadfar, F., Ferede, T.Y., Fischer, F., Foigt, N.A., Freitas, A., Friedman, S.D., Fukumoto, T., Fullman, N., Gaal, P.A., Gad, M.M., Garcia-Gordillo, M.A., Garg, T., Ghafourifard, M., Ghashghaee, A., Gholamian, A., Gholamrezanezhad, A., Ghozali, G., Gilani, S.A., Glăvan, I-R, Glushkova, E.V., Goharinezhad, S., Golechha, M., Goli, S., Guha, A., Gupta, V.B., Gupta, V.K., Haakenstad, A., Haider, M.R., Hailu, A., Hamidi, S., Hanif, A., Harapan, H., Hartono, R.K., Hasaballah, A.I., Hassan, S., Hassanein, M.H., Hayat, K., Hegazy, M.I., Heidari, G., Hendrie, D., Heredia-Pi, I., Herteliu, C., Hezam, K., Holla, R., Hossain, S.., Hosseinzadeh, M., Hostiuc, S., Huda, T.M., Hwang, B-F, Iavicoli, I., Idrisov, B., Ilesanmi, O.S., Irvani, S.S.N., Islam, S.M.S., Ismail, N.E., Isola, G., Jahani, M.A., Jahanmehr, N., Jakovljevic, M., Janodia, M.D., Javaheri, T., Jayapal, S.K., Jayawardena, R., Jazayeri, S.B., Jha, R.P., Jonas, J.B., Joo, T., Joukar, F., Jürisson, M., Kaambwa, B., Kalhor, R., Kanchan, T., Kandel, H., Karami Matin, B., Karimi, S.E., Kassahun, G., Kayode, G.A., Kazemi Karyani, A., Keikavoosi-Arani, L., Khader, Y.S., Khajuria, H., Khalilov, R., Khammarnia, M., Khan, J., Khubchandani, J., Kianipour, N., Kim, G.R., Kim, Y.J., Kisa, A., Kisa, S., Kohler, S., Kosen, S., Koteeswaran, R., Koulmane Laxminarayana, S.L., Koyanagi, A., Krishan, K., Kumar, G.A., Kusuma, D., Lamnisos, D., Lansingh, V.C., Larsson, A.O., Lasrado, S., Le, L.K.D., Lee, S.W.H., Lee, Y.Y., Lim, S.S., Lobo, S.W., Lozano, R., Magdy Abd El Razek, H., Magdy Abd El Razek, M., Mahdavi, M.M., Majeed, A., Makki, A., Maleki, A., Malekzadeh, R., Manda, A.L., Mansour-Ghanaei, F., Mansournia, M.A., Marrugo Arnedo, C.A., Martinez-Valle, A., Masoumi, S.Z., Maude, Ri.J., McKee, M., Medina-Solís, C.E., Menezes, R.G., Meretoja, A., Meretoja, T.J., Mesregah, M.K., Mestrovic, T., Milevska Kostova, N., Miller, T.R., Mini, G.K., Mirica, A., Mirrakhimov, E.M., Mohajer, B., Mohamed, T.A., Mohammadi, M., Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A., Mohammed, S., Moitra, M., Mokdad, A.H., Molokhia, M., Moni, M.A., Moradi, Y., Morze, J., Mousavi, S.M., Mpundu-Kaambwa, C., Muriithi, M.K, Muthupandian, S., Nagarajan, A.J., Naimzada, M.D., Nangia, V., Naqvi, A.A., Narayana, A.I., Nascimento, B.R., Naveed, M., Nayak, B.P., Nazari, J., Ndejjo, R., Negoi, I., Neupane Kandel, S., Nguyen, T.H., Nonvignon, J., Noubiap, J.J., Nwatah, V.E., Oancea, B., Ojelabi, F.A.O., Olagunju, A.T., Olakunde, B.O., Olgiati, S., Olusanya, J.O., Onwujekwe, O.E., Otoiu, A., Otstavnov, N., Otstavnov, S.S., Owolabi, M.O., Padubidri, J.R., Palladino, R., Panda-Jonas, S., Park, E-C, Pashazadeh Kan, F., Pawar, S., Pazoki Toroudi, H., Pereira, D.M., Perianayagam, A., Pesudovs, K., Piccinelli, C., Postma, M.J., Prada, S.I., Rabiee, M., Rabiee, N., Rahim, F., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rahman, M.H.U., Rahman, M., Rahmani, A.M., Ram, U., Ranabhat, C.L., Ranasinghe, P., Rao, C.R., Rathi, P., Rawaf, D.L., Rawaf, S., Rawal, L., Rawassizadeh, R., Reiner Jr, R.C., Renzaho, A.M.N., Reshmi, B., Riaz, M.A., Ripon, R.K., Saad, A.M., Sahraian, M.A., Sahu, M., Salama, J.S., Salehi, S., Samy, A.M., Sanabria, J., Sanmarchi, F., Santos, J.V., Santric-Milicevic, M.M., Sathian, B., Savic, M., Saxena, D., Sayyah, M., Schwendicke, F., Senthilkumaran, S., Sepanlou, S.G., Seylani, A., Shahabi, S., Shaikh, M.A., Sheikh, A., Shetty, A., Shetty, P.H., Shibuya, K., Shrime, M.G., Shuja, K.H., Singh, J.A., Skryabin, V.Y., Skryabina, A.A., Soltani, S., Soofi, M., Spurlock, E.E., Stefan, S.C., Szerencsés, V., Szócska, M., Tabarés-Seisdedos, R., Taddele, B.W., Tefera, Y.G., Thavamani, A., Tobe-Gai, R., Topor-Madry, R., Tovani-Palone, M.R., Tran, B.X., Tudor Car, L., Ullah, A., Ullah, S., Umar, N., Undurraga, E.A., Valdez, P.R., Vasankari, T.J., Villafañe, J.H., Violante, F.S., Vlassov, V., Vo, B., Vollmer, S., Vos, T., Vu, G.T., Vu, L.G., Wamai, R.G., Werdecker, A., Woldekidan, M.A., Wubishet, B.L., Xu, G., Yaya, S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V., Yiğit, V., Yip, P., Yirdaw, B.W., Yonemoto, N., Younis, M.Z., Yu, C., Yunusa, I., Zahirian Moghadam, T., Zandian, H., Zastrozhin, M.S., Zastrozhina, A., Zhang, Z-J, Ziapour, A., Zuniga, Y.M.H., Hay, S.I., Murray, C. J.L., and Dieleman, J.L.
Abstract: Background The rapid spread of COVID-19 renewed the focus on how health systems across the globe are financed, especially during public health emergencies. Development assistance is an important source of health financing in many low-income countries, yet little is known about how much of this funding was disbursed for COVID-19. We aimed to put development assistance for health for COVID-19 in the context of broader trends in global health financing, and to estimate total health spending from 1995 to 2050 and development assistance for COVID-19 in 2020. Methods We estimated domestic health spending and development assistance for health to generate total health-sector spending estimates for 204 countries and territories. We leveraged data from the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database to produce estimates of domestic health spending. To generate estimates for development assistance for health, we relied on project-level disbursement data from the major international development agencies' online databases and annual financial statements and reports for information on income sources. To adjust our estimates for 2020 to include disbursements related to COVID-19, we extracted project data on commitments and disbursements from a broader set of databases (because not all of the data sources used to estimate the historical series extend to 2020), including the UN Office of Humanitarian Assistance Financial Tracking Service and the International Aid Transparency Initiative. We reported all the historic and future spending estimates in inflation-adjusted 2020 US$, 2020 US$ per capita, purchasing-power parity-adjusted US$ per capita, and as a proportion of gross domestic product. We used various models to generate future health spending to 2050. Findings In 2019, health spending globally reached $8·8 trillion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 8·7–8·8) or $1132 (1119–1143) per person. Spending on health varied within and across income groups and geographical regions. Of this tota
Published: 2021

7. Predicting the environmental suitability for onchocerciasis in Africa as an aid to elimination planning.

Author: Cromwell E.A., Osborne J.C.P., Unnasch T.R., Basanez M., Gass K.M., Barbre K.A., Hill E., Johnson K.B., Donkers K.M., Shirude S., Schmidt C.A., Adekanmbi V., Adetokunboh O.O., Afarideh M., Ahmadpour E., Beshir Ahmed M., Yihunie Akalu T., Al-Aly Z., Alanezi F.M., Alanzi T.M., Alipour V., Andrei C.L., Ansari F., Ansha M.G., Anvari D., Yaw Appiah S.C., Arabloo J., Arnold B.F., Ausloos M., Ayanore M.A., Amin Baig A., Banach M., Barac A., Barnighausen T.W., Bayati M., Bhattacharyya K., Bhutta Z.A., Bibi S., Bijani A., Bohlouli S., Bohluli M., Brady O.J., Bragazzi N.L., Butt Z.A., Carvalho F., Chatterjee S., Chattu V.K., Chattu S.K., Cormier N.M., Dahlawi S.M.A., Damiani G., Daoud F., Darwesh A.M., Daryani A., Deribe K., Dharmaratne S.D., Diaz D., Do H.T., El Sayed Zak M., El Tantawi M., Elemineh D.A., Faraj A., Harandi M.F., Fatahi Y., Feigin V.L., Fernandes E., Foigt N.A., Foroutan M., Franklin R.C., Mohialdeen Gubari M.I., Guido D., Guo Y., Haj-Mirzaian A., Abdullah K.H., Hamidi S., Herteliu C., De Hidru H.D., Higazi T.B., Hossain N., Hosseinzadeh M., Househ M., Ilesanmi O.S., Ilic M.D., Ilic I.M., Iqbal U., Naghibi Irvani S.S., Jha R.P., Joukar F., Jozwiak J.J., Kabir Z., Kalankesh L.R., Kalhor R., Matin B.K., Karimi S.E., Kasaeian A., Kavetskyy T., Kayode G.A., Karyani A.K., Kelbore A.G., Keramati M., Khalilov R., Khan E.A., Nuruzzaman Khan M.N., Khatab K., Khater M.M., Kianipour N., Kibret K.T., Kim Y.J., Kosen S., Krohn K.J., Kusuma D., Vecchia C.L., Lansingh V.C., Lee P.H., Legrand K.E., Li S., Longbottom J., Abd El Razek H.M., Abd El Razek M.M., Maleki A., Mamun A.A., Manafi A., Manafi N., Mansournia M.A., Martins-Melo F.R., Mazidi M., McAlinden C., Meharie B.G., Mendoza W., Mengesha E.W., Mengistu D.T., Mereta S.T., Mestrovic T., Miller T.R., Miri M., Moghadaszadeh M., Hafshejani A.M., Mohammadpourhodki R., Mohammed S., Moradi M., Moradzadeh R., Moraga P., Mosser J.F., Naderi M., Nagarajan A.J., Naik G., Negoi I., Nguyen C.T., Nguyen H.L.T., Nguyen T.H., Nikbakhsh R., Oancea B., Olagunju T.O., Olagunju A.T., Bali A.O., Onwujekwe O.E., Pana A., Pourjafar H., Rahim F., Ur Rahman M.H., Rathi P., Rawaf S., Rawaf D.L., Rawassizadeh R., Resnikoff S., Reta M.A., Rezapour A., Rubagotti E., Rubino S., Sadeghi E., Saghafipour A., Sajadi S.M., Samy A.M., Sarmiento-Suarez R., Sawhney M., Schipp M.F., Shaheen A.A., Shaikh M.A., Shamsizadeh M., Sharafi K., Sheikh A., Kumar Shetty B.S., Shin J.I., Shivakumar K.M., Simonetti B., Singh J.A., Skiadaresi E., Soheili A., Soltani S., Spurlock E.E., Sufiyan M.B., Tabuchi T., Tapak L., Thompson R.L., Thomson A.J., Traini E., Tran B.X., Ullah I., Ullah S., Uneke C.J., Unnikrishnan B., Uthman O.A., Melchers N.V.S.V., Violante F.S., Wolde H.F., Wonde T.E., Yamada T., Yaya S., Yazdi Feyzabadi V., Yip P., Yonemoto N., Yousof H.-A.S.A., Yu C., Yu Y., Yusefzadeh H., Zaki L., Zaman S.B., Zamanian M., Zhang Z.-J., Zhang Y., Ziapour A., Hay S.I., Pigott D.M., Cromwell E.A., Osborne J.C.P., Unnasch T.R., Basanez M., Gass K.M., Barbre K.A., Hill E., Johnson K.B., Donkers K.M., Shirude S., Schmidt C.A., Adekanmbi V., Adetokunboh O.O., Afarideh M., Ahmadpour E., Beshir Ahmed M., Yihunie Akalu T., Al-Aly Z., Alanezi F.M., Alanzi T.M., Alipour V., Andrei C.L., Ansari F., Ansha M.G., Anvari D., Yaw Appiah S.C., Arabloo J., Arnold B.F., Ausloos M., Ayanore M.A., Amin Baig A., Banach M., Barac A., Barnighausen T.W., Bayati M., Bhattacharyya K., Bhutta Z.A., Bibi S., Bijani A., Bohlouli S., Bohluli M., Brady O.J., Bragazzi N.L., Butt Z.A., Carvalho F., Chatterjee S., Chattu V.K., Chattu S.K., Cormier N.M., Dahlawi S.M.A., Damiani G., Daoud F., Darwesh A.M., Daryani A., Deribe K., Dharmaratne S.D., Diaz D., Do H.T., El Sayed Zak M., El Tantawi M., Elemineh D.A., Faraj A., Harandi M.F., Fatahi Y., Feigin V.L., Fernandes E., Foigt N.A., Foroutan M., Franklin R.C., Mohialdeen Gubari M.I., Guido D., Guo Y., Haj-Mirzaian A., Abdullah K.H., Hamidi S., Herteliu C., De Hidru H.D., Higazi T.B., Hossain N., Hosseinzadeh M., Househ M., Ilesanmi O.S., Ilic M.D., Ilic I.M., Iqbal U., Naghibi Irvani S.S., Jha R.P., Joukar F., Jozwiak J.J., Kabir Z., Kalankesh L.R., Kalhor R., Matin B.K., Karimi S.E., Kasaeian A., Kavetskyy T., Kayode G.A., Karyani A.K., Kelbore A.G., Keramati M., Khalilov R., Khan E.A., Nuruzzaman Khan M.N., Khatab K., Khater M.M., Kianipour N., Kibret K.T., Kim Y.J., Kosen S., Krohn K.J., Kusuma D., Vecchia C.L., Lansingh V.C., Lee P.H., Legrand K.E., Li S., Longbottom J., Abd El Razek H.M., Abd El Razek M.M., Maleki A., Mamun A.A., Manafi A., Manafi N., Mansournia M.A., Martins-Melo F.R., Mazidi M., McAlinden C., Meharie B.G., Mendoza W., Mengesha E.W., Mengistu D.T., Mereta S.T., Mestrovic T., Miller T.R., Miri M., Moghadaszadeh M., Hafshejani A.M., Mohammadpourhodki R., Mohammed S., Moradi M., Moradzadeh R., Moraga P., Mosser J.F., Naderi M., Nagarajan A.J., Naik G., Negoi I., Nguyen C.T., Nguyen H.L.T., Nguyen T.H., Nikbakhsh R., Oancea B., Olagunju T.O., Olagunju A.T., Bali A.O., Onwujekwe O.E., Pana A., Pourjafar H., Rahim F., Ur Rahman M.H., Rathi P., Rawaf S., Rawaf D.L., Rawassizadeh R., Resnikoff S., Reta M.A., Rezapour A., Rubagotti E., Rubino S., Sadeghi E., Saghafipour A., Sajadi S.M., Samy A.M., Sarmiento-Suarez R., Sawhney M., Schipp M.F., Shaheen A.A., Shaikh M.A., Shamsizadeh M., Sharafi K., Sheikh A., Kumar Shetty B.S., Shin J.I., Shivakumar K.M., Simonetti B., Singh J.A., Skiadaresi E., Soheili A., Soltani S., Spurlock E.E., Sufiyan M.B., Tabuchi T., Tapak L., Thompson R.L., Thomson A.J., Traini E., Tran B.X., Ullah I., Ullah S., Uneke C.J., Unnikrishnan B., Uthman O.A., Melchers N.V.S.V., Violante F.S., Wolde H.F., Wonde T.E., Yamada T., Yaya S., Yazdi Feyzabadi V., Yip P., Yonemoto N., Yousof H.-A.S.A., Yu C., Yu Y., Yusefzadeh H., Zaki L., Zaman S.B., Zamanian M., Zhang Z.-J., Zhang Y., Ziapour A., Hay S.I., and Pigott D.M.
Abstract: Recent evidence suggests that, in some foci, elimination of onchocerciasis from Africa may be feasible with mass drug administration (MDA) of ivermectin. To achieve continental elimination of transmission, mapping surveys will need to be conducted across all implementation units (IUs) for which endemicity status is currently unknown. Using boosted regression tree models with optimised hyperparameter selection, we estimated environmental suitability for onchocerciasis at the 5 x 5-km resolution across Africa. In order to classify IUs that include locations that are environmentally suitable, we used receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis to identify an optimal threshold for suitability concordant with locations where onchocerciasis has been previously detected. This threshold value was then used to classify IUs (more suitable or less suitable) based on the location within the IU with the largest mean prediction. Mean estimates of environmental suitability suggest large areas across West and Central Africa, as well as focal areas of East Africa, are suitable for onchocerciasis transmission, consistent with the presence of current control and elimination of transmission efforts. The ROC analysis identified a mean environmental suitability index of 0.71 as a threshold to classify based on the location with the largest mean prediction within the IU. Of the IUs considered for mapping surveys, 50.2% exceed this threshold for suitability in at least one 5x5-km location. The formidable scale of data collection required to map onchocerciasis endemicity across the African continent presents an opportunity to use spatial data to identify areas likely to be suitable for onchocerciasis transmission. National onchocerciasis elimination programmes may wish to consider prioritising these IUs for mapping surveys as human resources, laboratory capacity, and programmatic schedules may constrain survey implementation, and possibly delaying MDA initiation in areas that would ult
Published: 2021

8. Global injury morbidity and mortality from 1990 to 2017: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017.

Author: James S.L., Castle C.D., Dingels Z.V., Fox J.T., Hamilton E.B., Liu Z., S Roberts N.L., Sylte D.O., Henry N.J., LeGrand K.E., Abdelalim A., Abdoli A., Abdollahpour I., Abdulkader R.S., Abedi A., Abosetugn A.E., Abushouk A.I., Adebayo O.M., Agudelo-Botero M., Ahmad T., Ahmed R., Ahmed M.B., Eddine Aichour M.T., Alahdab F., Alamene G.M., Alanezi F.M., Alebel A., Alema N.M., Alghnam S.A., Al-Hajj S., Ali B.A., Ali S., Alikhani M., Alinia C., Alipour V., Aljunid S.M., Almasi-Hashiani A., Almasri N.A., Altirkawi K., Abdeldayem Amer Y.S., Amini S., Loreche Amit A.M., Andrei C.L., Ansari-Moghaddam A., T Antonio C.A., Yaw Appiah S.C., Arabloo J., Arab-Zozani M., Arefi Z., Aremu O., Ariani F., Arora A., Asaad M., Asghari B., Awoke N., Ayala Quintanilla B.P., Ayano G., Ayanore M.A., Azari S., Azarian G., Badawi A., Badiye A.D., Bagli E., Baig A.A., Bairwa M., Bakhtiari A., Balachandran A., Banach M., Banerjee S.K., Banik P.C., Banstola A., Barker-Collo S.L., Barnighausen T.W., Barrero L.H., Barzegar A., Bayati M., Baye B.A., Bedi N., Behzadifar M., Bekuma T.T., Belete H., Benjet C., Bennett D.A., Bensenor I.M., Berhe K., Bhardwaj P., Bhat A.G., Bhattacharyya K., Bibi S., Bijani A., Bin Sayeed M.S., Borges G., Borzi A.M., Boufous S., Brazinova A., Briko N.I., Budhathoki S.S., Car J., Cardenas R., Carvalho F., Castaldelli-Maia J.M., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Castelpietra G., Catala-Lopez F., Cerin E., Chandan J.S., Chanie W.F., Chattu S.K., Chattu V.K., Chatziralli I., Chaudhary N., Cho D.Y., Kabir Chowdhury M.A., Chu D.-T., Colquhoun S.M., Constantin M.-M., Costa V.M., Damiani G., Daryani A., Davila-Cervantes C.A., Demeke F.M., Demis A.B., Demoz G.T., Demsie D.G., Derakhshani A., Deribe K., Desai R., Nasab M.D., da Silva D.D., Dibaji Forooshani Z.S., Doyle K.E., Driscoll T.R., Dubljanin E., Adema B.D., Eagan A.W., Eftekhari A., Ehsani-Chimeh E., Sayed Zaki M.E., Elemineh D.A., El-Jaafary S.I., El-Khatib Z., Ellingsen C.L., Emamian M.H., Endalew D.A., Eskandarieh S., Faris P.S., Faro A., Farzadfar F., Fatahi Y., Fekadu W., Ferede T.Y., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Fernandes E., Ferrara P., Feyissa G.T., Filip I., Fischer F., Folayan M.O., Foroutan M., Francis J.M., Franklin R.C., Fukumoto T., Geberemariyam B.S., Gebre A.K., Gebremedhin K.B., Gebremeskel G.G., Gebremichael B., Gedefaw G.A., Geta B., Ghafourifard M., Ghamari F., Ghashghaee A., Gholamian A., Gill T.K., Goulart A.C., Grada A., Grivna M., Mohialdeen Gubari M.I., Guimaraes R.A., Guo Y., Gupta G., Haagsma J.A., Hafezi-Nejad N., Bidgoli H.H., Hall B.J., Hamadeh R.R., Hamidi S., Haro J.M., Hasan M.M., Hasanzadeh A., Hassanipour S., Hassankhani H., Hassen H.Y., Havmoeller R., Hayat K., Hendrie D., Heydarpour F., Hijar M., Ho H.C., Hoang C.L., Hole M.K., Holla R., Hossain N., Hosseinzadeh M., Hostiuc S., Hu G., Ibitoye S.E., Ilesanmi O.S., Ilic I., Ilic M.D., Inbaraj L.R., Indriasih E., Naghibi Irvani S.S., Shariful Islam S.M., Islam M.M., Ivers R.Q., Jacobsen K.H., Jahani M.A., Jahanmehr N., Jakovljevic M., Jalilian F., Jayaraman S., Jayatilleke A.U., Jha R.P., John-Akinola Y.O., Jonas J.B., Joseph N., Joukar F., Jozwiak J.J., Jungari S.B., Jurisson M., Kabir A., Kadel R., Kahsay A., Kalankesh L.R., Kalhor R., Kamil T.A., Kanchan T., Kapoor N., Karami M., Kasaeian A., Kassaye H.G., Kavetskyy T., Kebede H.K., Keiyoro P.N., Kelbore A.G., Kelkay B., Khader Y.S., Khafaie M.A., Khalid N., Khalil I.A., Khalilov R., Khammarnia M., Khan E.A., Khan M., Khanna T., Khazaie H., Shadmani F.K., Khundkar R., Kiirithio D.N., Kim Y.-E., Kim D., Kim Y.J., Kisa A., Kisa S., Komaki H., M Kondlahalli S.K., Korshunov V.A., Koyanagi A., G Kraemer M.U., Krishan K., Bicer B.K., Kugbey N., Kumar V., Kumar N., Kumar G.A., Kumar M., Kumaresh G., Kurmi O.P., Kuti O., Vecchia C., Lami F.H., Lamichhane P., Lang J.J., Lansingh V.C., Laryea D.O., Lasrado S., Latifi A., Lauriola P., Leasher J.L., Huey Lee S.W., Lenjebo T.L., Levi M., Li S., Linn S., Liu X., Lopez A.D., Lotufo P.A., Lunevicius R., Lyons R.A., Madadin M., El Razek M.M.A., Mahotra N.B., Majdan M., Majeed A., Malagon-Rojas J.N., Maled V., Malekzadeh R., Malta D.C., Manafi N., Manafi A., Manda A.-L., Manjunatha N., Mansour-Ghanaei F., Mansouri B., Mansournia M.A., Maravilla J.C., March L.M., Mason-Jones A.J., Masoumi S.Z., Massenburg B.B., Maulik P.K., Meles G.G., Melese A., Melketsedik Z.A., N Memiah P.T., Mendoza W., Menezes R.G., Mengesha M.B., Mengesha M.M., Meretoja T.J., Meretoja A., Merie H.E., Mestrovic T., Miazgowski B., Miazgowski T., Miller T.R., Mini G.K., Mirica A., Mirrakhimov E.M., Mirzaei-Alavijeh M., Mithra P., Moazen B., Moghadaszadeh M., Mohamadi E., Mohammad Y., Mohammad K.A., Darwesh A.M., Gholi Mezerji N.M., Mohammadian-Hafshejani A., Mohammadoo-Khorasani M., Mohammadpourhodki R., Mohammed S., Mohammed J.A., Mohebi F., Molokhia M., Monasta L., Moodley Y., Moosazadeh M., Moradi M., Moradi G., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moradpour F., Morawska L., Velasquez I.M., Morisaki N., Morrison S.D., Mossie T.B., Muluneh A.G., Murthy S., Musa K.I., Mustafa G., Nabhan A.F., Nagarajan A.J., Naik G., Naimzada M.D., Najafi F., Nangia V., Nascimento B.R., Naserbakht M., Nayak V., Ndwandwe D.E., Negoi I., Ngunjiri J.W., Nguyen C.T., Thi Nguyen H.L., Nikbakhsh R., Anggraini Ningrum D.N., Nnaji C.A., Nyasulu P.S., Ogbo F.A., Oghenetega O.B., Oh I.-H., Okunga E.W., Olagunju A.T., Olagunju T.O., Bali A.O., Onwujekwe O.E., Asante K.O., Orpana H.M., Ota E., Otstavnov N., Otstavnov S.S., A M.P., Padubidri J.R., Pakhale S., Pakshir K., Panda-Jonas S., Park E.-K., Patel S.K., Pathak A., Pati S., Patton G.C., Paulos K., Peden A.E., Filipino Pepito V.C., Pereira J., Pham H.Q., Phillips M.R., Pinheiro M., Polibin R.V., Polinder S., Poustchi H., Prakash S., Angga Pribadi D.R., Puri P., Syed Z.Q., Rabiee M., Rabiee N., Radfar A., Rafay A., Rafiee A., Rafiei A., Rahim F., Rahimi S., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rahman M.A., Rajabpour-Sanati A., Rajati F., Rakovac I., Ranganathan K., Rao S.J., Rashedi V., Rastogi P., Rathi P., Rawaf S., Rawal L., Rawassizadeh R., Renjith V., N Renzaho A.M., Resnikoff S., Rezapour A., Ribeiro A.I., Rickard J., Rios Gonzalez C.M., Ronfani L., Roshandel G., Saad A.M., Sabde Y.D., Sabour S., Saddik B., Safari S., Safari-Faramani R., Safarpour H., Safdarian M., Sajadi S.M., Salamati P., Salehi F., Zahabi S.S., Rashad Salem M.R., Salem H., Salman O., Salz I., Samy A.M., Sanabria J., Riera L.S., Santric Milicevic M.M., Sarker A.R., Sarveazad A., Sathian B., Sawhney M., Sawyer S.M., Saxena S., Sayyah M., Schwebel D.C., Seedat S., Senthilkumaran S., Sepanlou S.G., Seyedmousavi S., Sha F., Shaahmadi F., Shahabi S., Shaikh M.A., Shams-Beyranvand M., Shamsizadeh M., Sharif-Alhoseini M., Sharifi H., Sheikh A., Shigematsu M., Shin J.I., Shiri R., Siabani S., Sigfusdottir I.D., Singh P.K., Singh J.A., Sinha D.N., Smarandache C.-G., R Smith E.U., Soheili A., Soleymani B., Soltanian A.R., Soriano J.B., Sorrie M.B., Soyiri I.N., Stein D.J., Stokes M.A., Sufiyan M.B., Rasul Suleria H.A., Sykes B.L., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tabb K.M., Taddele B.W., Tadesse D.B., Tamiru A.T., Tarigan I.U., Tefera Y.M., Tehrani-Banihashemi A., Tekle M.G., Tekulu G.H., Tesema A.K., Tesfay B.E., Thapar R., Tilahune A.B., Tlaye K.G., Tohidinik H.R., Topor-Madry R., Tran B.X., Tran K.B., Tripathy J.P., Tsai A.C., Car L.T., Ullah S., Ullah I., Umar M., Unnikrishnan B., Upadhyay E., Uthman O.A., Valdez P.R., Vasankari T.J., Venketasubramanian N., Violante F.S., Vlassov V., Waheed Y., Weldesamuel G.T., Werdecker A., Wiangkham T., Wolde H.F., Woldeyes D.H., Wondafrash D.Z., Wondmeneh T.G., Wondmieneh A.B., Wu A.-M., Yadav R., Yadollahpour A., Yano Y., Yaya S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi V., Yip P., Yisma E., Yonemoto N., Yoon S.-J., Youm Y., Younis M.Z., Yousefi Z., Yu Y., Yu C., Yusefzadeh H., Moghadam T.Z., Zaidi Z., Zaman S.B., Zamani M., Zamanian M., Zandian H., Zarei A., Zare F., Zhang Z.-J., Zhang Y., Zodpey S., Dandona L., Dandona R., Degenhardt L., Dharmaratne S.D., Hay S.I., Mokdad A.H., Reiner R.C., Sartorius B., Vos T., James S.L., Castle C.D., Dingels Z.V., Fox J.T., Hamilton E.B., Liu Z., S Roberts N.L., Sylte D.O., Henry N.J., LeGrand K.E., Abdelalim A., Abdoli A., Abdollahpour I., Abdulkader R.S., Abedi A., Abosetugn A.E., Abushouk A.I., Adebayo O.M., Agudelo-Botero M., Ahmad T., Ahmed R., Ahmed M.B., Eddine Aichour M.T., Alahdab F., Alamene G.M., Alanezi F.M., Alebel A., Alema N.M., Alghnam S.A., Al-Hajj S., Ali B.A., Ali S., Alikhani M., Alinia C., Alipour V., Aljunid S.M., Almasi-Hashiani A., Almasri N.A., Altirkawi K., Abdeldayem Amer Y.S., Amini S., Loreche Amit A.M., Andrei C.L., Ansari-Moghaddam A., T Antonio C.A., Yaw Appiah S.C., Arabloo J., Arab-Zozani M., Arefi Z., Aremu O., Ariani F., Arora A., Asaad M., Asghari B., Awoke N., Ayala Quintanilla B.P., Ayano G., Ayanore M.A., Azari S., Azarian G., Badawi A., Badiye A.D., Bagli E., Baig A.A., Bairwa M., Bakhtiari A., Balachandran A., Banach M., Banerjee S.K., Banik P.C., Banstola A., Barker-Collo S.L., Barnighausen T.W., Barrero L.H., Barzegar A., Bayati M., Baye B.A., Bedi N., Behzadifar M., Bekuma T.T., Belete H., Benjet C., Bennett D.A., Bensenor I.M., Berhe K., Bhardwaj P., Bhat A.G., Bhattacharyya K., Bibi S., Bijani A., Bin Sayeed M.S., Borges G., Borzi A.M., Boufous S., Brazinova A., Briko N.I., Budhathoki S.S., Car J., Cardenas R., Carvalho F., Castaldelli-Maia J.M., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Castelpietra G., Catala-Lopez F., Cerin E., Chandan J.S., Chanie W.F., Chattu S.K., Chattu V.K., Chatziralli I., Chaudhary N., Cho D.Y., Kabir Chowdhury M.A., Chu D.-T., Colquhoun S.M., Constantin M.-M., Costa V.M., Damiani G., Daryani A., Davila-Cervantes C.A., Demeke F.M., Demis A.B., Demoz G.T., Demsie D.G., Derakhshani A., Deribe K., Desai R., Nasab M.D., da Silva D.D., Dibaji Forooshani Z.S., Doyle K.E., Driscoll T.R., Dubljanin E., Adema B.D., Eagan A.W., Eftekhari A., Ehsani-Chimeh E., Sayed Zaki M.E., Elemineh D.A., El-Jaafary S.I., El-Khatib Z., Ellingsen C.L., Emamian M.H., Endalew D.A., Eskandarieh S., Faris P.S., Faro A., Farzadfar F., Fatahi Y., Fekadu W., Ferede T.Y., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Fernandes E., Ferrara P., Feyissa G.T., Filip I., Fischer F., Folayan M.O., Foroutan M., Francis J.M., Franklin R.C., Fukumoto T., Geberemariyam B.S., Gebre A.K., Gebremedhin K.B., Gebremeskel G.G., Gebremichael B., Gedefaw G.A., Geta B., Ghafourifard M., Ghamari F., Ghashghaee A., Gholamian A., Gill T.K., Goulart A.C., Grada A., Grivna M., Mohialdeen Gubari M.I., Guimaraes R.A., Guo Y., Gupta G., Haagsma J.A., Hafezi-Nejad N., Bidgoli H.H., Hall B.J., Hamadeh R.R., Hamidi S., Haro J.M., Hasan M.M., Hasanzadeh A., Hassanipour S., Hassankhani H., Hassen H.Y., Havmoeller R., Hayat K., Hendrie D., Heydarpour F., Hijar M., Ho H.C., Hoang C.L., Hole M.K., Holla R., Hossain N., Hosseinzadeh M., Hostiuc S., Hu G., Ibitoye S.E., Ilesanmi O.S., Ilic I., Ilic M.D., Inbaraj L.R., Indriasih E., Naghibi Irvani S.S., Shariful Islam S.M., Islam M.M., Ivers R.Q., Jacobsen K.H., Jahani M.A., 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Sartorius B., and Vos T.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Past research in population health trends has shown that injuries form a substantial burden of population health loss. Regular updates to injury burden assessments are critical. We report Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 Study estimates on morbidity and mortality for all injuries. METHOD(S): We reviewed results for injuries from the GBD 2017 study. GBD 2017 measured injury-specific mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) using the Cause of Death Ensemble model. To measure non-fatal injuries, GBD 2017 modelled injury-specific incidence and converted this to prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs). YLLs and YLDs were summed to calculate disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). FINDINGS: In 1990, there were 4 260 493 (4 085 700 to 4 396 138) injury deaths, which increased to 4 484 722 (4 332 010 to 4 585 554) deaths in 2017, while age-standardised mortality decreased from 1079 (1073 to 1086) to 738 (730 to 745) per 100000. In 1990, there were 354064302 (95% uncertainty interval: 338174876 to 371 610 802) new cases of injury globally, which increased to 520 710 288 (493 430 247 to 547 988 635) new cases in 2017. During this time, age-standardised incidence decreased non-significantly from 6824 (6534 to 7147) to 6763 (6412 to 7118) per 100000. Between 1990 and 2017, age-standardised DALYs decreased from 4947 (4655 to 5233) per 100000 to 3267 (3058 to 3505). INTERPRETATION: Injuries are an important cause of health loss globally, though mortality has declined between 1990 and 2017. Future research in injury burden should focus on prevention in high-burden populations, improving data collection and ensuring access to medical care.Copyright © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY. Published by BMJ.
Published: 2021

9. Mapping routine measles vaccination in low- and middle-income countries.

Author: Sambala E.Z., Waheed Y., Wakefield J., Wang Y., Wang Y.-P., Weldesamuel G.T., Werdecker A., Westerman R., Wiangkham T., Wiens K.E., Wiysonge C.S., Woldu G., Wondafrash D.Z., Wonde T.E., Wu A.-M., Yadollahpour A., Jabbari S.H.Y., Yamada T., Yaya S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi V., Yeheyis T.Y., Yeshaw Y., Yilgwan C.S., Yip P., Yonemoto N., Younis M.Z., Yousefi Z., Yousefifard M., Yousefinezhadi T., Yu C., Yusefzadeh H., Zadey S., Zahirian Moghadam T., Zaki L., Zaman S.B., Zamani M., Zamanian M., Zandian H., Zangeneh A., Zarei F., Zerfu T.A., Zhang Y., Zhang Z.-J., Zhao X.-J.G., Zhou M., Ziapour A., Hay S.I., Lim S.S., Mosser J.F., Biswas A., Sbarra A.N., Rolfe S., Nguyen J.Q., Earl L., Galles N.C., Marks A., Abbas K.M., Abbasi-Kangevari M., Abbastabar H., Abd-Allah F., Abdelalim A., Abdollahi M., Abegaz K.H., Abiy H.A.A., Abolhassani H., Abreu L.G., Abrigo M.R.M., Abushouk A.I., Accrombessi M.M.K., Adabi M., Adebayo O.M., Adekanmbi V., Adetokunboh O.O., Adham D., Afarideh M., Aghaali M., Ahmad T., Ahmadi R., Ahmadi K., Ahmed M.B., Alanezi F.M., Alanzi T.M., Alcalde-Rabanal J.E., Alemnew B.T., Ali B.A., Ali M., Alijanzadeh M., Alinia C., Alipoor R., Alipour V., Alizade H., Aljunid S.M., Almasi A., Almasi-Hashiani A., Al-Mekhlafi H.M., Altirkawi K.A., Amare B., Amini S., Amini-Rarani M., Amiri F., Amit A.M.L., Amugsi D.A., Ancuceanu R., Andrei C.L., Anjomshoa M., Ansari F., Ansari-Moghaddam A., Ansha M.G., Antonio C.A.T., Antriyandarti E., Anvari D., Arabloo J., Arab-Zozani M., Aremu O., Armoon B., Aryal K.K., Arzani A., Asadi-Aliabadi M., Asgari S., Atafar Z., Ausloos M., Awoke N., Quintanilla B.P.A., Ayanore M.A., Aynalem Y.A., Azadmehr A., Azari S., Babaee E., Badawi A., Badiye A.D., Bahrami M.A., Baig A.A., Bakhtiari A., Balakrishnan S., Banach M., Banik P.C., Barac A., Baradaran-Seyed Z., Baraki A.G., Basu S., Bayati M., Bayou Y.T., Bedi N., Behzadifar M., Bell M.L., Berbada D.A., Berhe K., Bhattarai S., Bhutta Z.A., Bijani A., Birhanu M., Bisanzio D., Bohlouli S., 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Khaneghah A.M., Mueller U.O., Muluneh A.G., Munro S.B., Murray C.J.L., Murthy G.V.S., Muthupandian S., Naderi M., Nagarajan A.J., Naghavi M., Nangia V., Nansseu J.R., Nayak V.C., Nazari J., Ndwandwe D.E., Negoi I., Ngunjiri J.W., Nguyen H.L.T., Nguyen C.T.K., Nguyen T.H., Nigatu Y.T., Nikbakhsh R., Nikfar S., Nikpoor A.R., Ningrum D.N.A., Nnaji C.A., Oh I.-H., Oladnabi M., Olagunju A.T., Olusanya J.O., Olusanya B.O., Bali A.O., Omer M.O., Onwujekwe O.E., Osgood-Zimmerman A.E., Owolabi M.O., P A M., Padubidri J.R., Pakshir K., Pana A., Pandey A., Pando-Robles V., Pashaei T., Pasupula D.K., Paternina-Caicedo A.J., Patton G.C., Pazoki Toroudi H., Pepito V.C.F., Pescarini J.M., Pigott D.M., Pilgrim T., Pirsaheb M., Poljak M., Postma M.J., Pourjafar H., Pourmalek F., Pourmirza Kalhori R., Prada S.I., Prakash S., Quazi Syed Z., Quintana H., Rabiee N., Rabiee M., Radfar A., Rafiei A., Rahim F., Rajati F., Rameto M.A., Ramezanzadeh K., Ranabhat C.L., Rao S.J., Rasella D., Rastogi P., Rathi P., Rawaf S., Rawaf D.L., Rawal L., Rawassizadeh R., Rawat R., Renjith V., Renzaho A.M.N., Reshmi B., Reta M.A., Rezaei N., Rezai M.S., Rezapour A., Riahi S.M., Ribeiro A.I., Rickard J., Rios-Blancas M., Rios-Gonzalez C.M., Roever L., Rostamian M., Rubino S., Rwegerera G.M., Saad A.M., Saadatagah S., Sabour S., Sadeghi E., Moghaddam S.S., Saeidi S., Sagar R., Sahebkar A., Sahraian M.A., Sajadi S.M., Salahshoor M.R., Salam N., Salem H., Salem M.R., Salomon J.A., Kafil H.S., Samy A.M., Saraswathy S.Y.I., Sarmiento-Suarez R., Saroshe S., Sartorius B., Sarveazad A., Sathian B., Sathish T., Schaeffer L.E., Schwebel D.C., Senthilkumaran S., Shabaninejad H., Shahabi S., Shaheen A.A., Shaikh M.A., Shalash A.S., Shams-Beyranvand M., Shamsi M.B., Shamsizadeh M., Sharafi K., Sharifi H., Sheikh A., Sheikhtaheri A., Shetty R.S., Shiferaw W.S., Shigematsu M., Shin J.I., Shirkoohi R., Siabani S., Siddiqi T.J., Silverberg J.I.S., Simonetti B., Singh J.A., Sinha D.N., Sinke A.H., Soheili A., Sokhan A., Soltani S., Soofi M., Sorrie M.B., Soyiri I.N., Spotin A., Spurlock E.E., Sreeramareddy C.T., Sudaryanto A., Sufiyan M.B., Suleria H.A.R., Abdulkader R.S., Taherkhani A., Tapak L., Taveira N., Taymoori P., Tefera Y.M., Tehrani-Banihashemi A., Teklehaimanot B.F., Tekulu G.H., Tesfay B.E., Tessema Z.T., Tessema B., Thankappan K.R., Tohidinik H.R., Topor-Madry R., Tovani-Palone M.R., Tran B.X., Uddin R., Ullah I., Umeokonkwo C.D., Unnikrishnan B., Upadhyay E., Usman M.S., Vaezi M., Valadan Tahbaz S., Valdez P.R., Vasseghian Y., Veisani Y., Violante F.S., Vollmer S., Sambala E.Z., Waheed Y., Wakefield J., Wang Y., Wang Y.-P., Weldesamuel G.T., Werdecker A., Westerman R., Wiangkham T., Wiens K.E., Wiysonge C.S., Woldu G., Wondafrash D.Z., Wonde T.E., Wu A.-M., Yadollahpour A., Jabbari S.H.Y., Yamada T., Yaya S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi V., Yeheyis T.Y., Yeshaw Y., Yilgwan C.S., Yip P., Yonemoto N., Younis M.Z., Yousefi Z., Yousefifard M., Yousefinezhadi T., Yu C., Yusefzadeh H., Zadey S., Zahirian Moghadam T., Zaki L., Zaman S.B., Zamani M., Zamanian M., Zandian H., Zangeneh A., Zarei F., Zerfu T.A., Zhang Y., Zhang Z.-J., Zhao X.-J.G., Zhou M., Ziapour A., Hay S.I., Lim S.S., Mosser J.F., Biswas A., Sbarra A.N., Rolfe S., Nguyen J.Q., Earl L., Galles N.C., Marks A., Abbas K.M., Abbasi-Kangevari M., Abbastabar H., Abd-Allah F., Abdelalim A., Abdollahi M., Abegaz K.H., Abiy H.A.A., Abolhassani H., Abreu L.G., Abrigo M.R.M., Abushouk A.I., Accrombessi M.M.K., Adabi M., Adebayo O.M., Adekanmbi V., Adetokunboh O.O., Adham D., Afarideh M., Aghaali M., Ahmad T., Ahmadi R., Ahmadi K., Ahmed M.B., Alanezi F.M., Alanzi T.M., Alcalde-Rabanal J.E., Alemnew B.T., Ali B.A., Ali M., Alijanzadeh M., Alinia C., Alipoor R., Alipour V., Alizade H., Aljunid S.M., Almasi A., Almasi-Hashiani A., Al-Mekhlafi H.M., Altirkawi K.A., Amare B., Amini S., Amini-Rarani M., Amiri F., Amit A.M.L., Amugsi D.A., Ancuceanu R., Andrei C.L., Anjomshoa M., Ansari F., Ansari-Moghaddam A., Ansha M.G., Antonio C.A.T., Antriyandarti E., Anvari D., Arabloo J., Arab-Zozani M., Aremu O., Armoon B., Aryal K.K., Arzani A., Asadi-Aliabadi M., Asgari S., Atafar Z., Ausloos M., Awoke N., Quintanilla B.P.A., Ayanore M.A., Aynalem Y.A., Azadmehr A., Azari S., Babaee E., Badawi A., Badiye A.D., Bahrami M.A., Baig A.A., Bakhtiari A., Balakrishnan S., Banach M., Banik P.C., Barac A., Baradaran-Seyed Z., Baraki A.G., Basu S., Bayati M., Bayou Y.T., Bedi N., Behzadifar M., Bell M.L., Berbada D.A., Berhe K., Bhattarai S., Bhutta Z.A., Bijani A., Birhanu M., Bisanzio D., Bohlouli S., Bolla S.R., Borzouei S., Brady O.J., Bragazzi N.L., Briko A.N., Briko N.I., Nagaraja S.B., Butt Z.A., Camera L.A., Campos-Nonato I.R., Car J., Cardenas R., Carvalho F., Castaldelli-Maia J.M., Castro F., Chattu V.K., Chehrazi M., Chin K.L., Chu D.-T., Cook A.J., Cormier N.M., Cunningham B., Dahlawi S.M.A., Damiani G., Dandona R., Dandona L., Danovaro M.C., Dansereau E., Daoud F., Darwesh A.M., Darwish A.H., Das J.K., Weaver N.D., De Neve J.-W., Demeke F.M., Demis A.B., Denova-Gutierrez E., Desalew A., Deshpande A., Desta D.M., Dharmaratne S.D., Dhungana G.P., Dianatinasab M., Diaz D., Dipeolu I.O., Djalalinia S., Do H.T., Dorostkar F., Doshmangir L., Doyle K.E., Dunachie S.J., Duraes A.R., Kalan M.E., Leylabadlo H.E., Edinur H.A., Effiong A., Eftekhari A., El Sayed I., El Sayed Zaki M., Elema T.B., Elhabashy H.R., El-Jaafary S.I., Elsharkawy A., Emamian M.H., Enany S., Eshrati B., Eskandari K., Eskandarieh S., Esmaeilnejad S., Esmaeilzadeh F., Esteghamati A., Etisso A.E., Farahmand M., Faraon E.J.A., Fareed M., Faridnia R., Farioli A., Farzadfar F., Fattahi N., Fazlzadeh M., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Fernandes E., Filip I., Fischer F., Foigt N.A., Folayan M.O., Foroutan M., Fukumoto T., Fullman N., Gad M.M., Geberemariyam B.S., Gebrehiwot T.T., Gebrehiwot A.M., Gebremariam K.T., Gebremedhin K.B., Gebremeskel G.G., Gebreslassie A.A., Gedefaw G.A., Gezae K.E., Ghadiri K., Ghaffari R., Ghaffarifar F., Ghajarzadeh M., Gheshlagh R.G., Ghashghaee A., Ghiasvand H., Gholamian A., Gilani S.A., Gill P.S., Girmay A., Gomes N.G.M., Gopalani S.V., Goulart B.N.G., Grada A., Guimaraes R.A., Guo Y., Gupta R., Hafezi-Nejad N., Haj-Mirzaian A., Handiso D.W., Hanif A., Haririan H., Hasaballah A.I., Hasan M.M., Hasanpoor E., Hasanzadeh A., Hassanipour S., Hassankhani H., Heidari-Soureshjani R., Henry N.J., Herteliu C., Heydarpour F., Hollerich G.I., Rad E.H., Hoogar P., Hossain N., Hosseini M., Hosseinzadeh M., Househ M., Hu G., Huda T.M., Humayun A., Ibitoye S.E., Ikilezi G., Ilesanmi O.S., Ilic I.M., Ilic M.D., Imani-Nasab M.H., Inbaraj L.R., Iqbal U., Irvani S.S.N., Islam S.M.S., Islam M.M., Iwu C.J., Iwu C.C.D., Jadidi-Niaragh F., Jafarinia M., Jahanmehr N., Jakovljevic M., Jalali A., Jalilian F., Javidnia J., Jenabi E., Jha V., Ji J.S., John O., Johnson K.B., Joukar F., Jozwiak J.J., Kabir Z., Kabir A., Kalani H., Kalankesh L.R., Kalhor R., Kamal Z., Kanchan T., Kapoor N., Karami M., Matin B.K., Karch A., Karimi S.E., Kayode G.A., Karyani A.K., Keiyoro P.N., Khader Y.S., Khafaie M.A., Khammarnia M., Khan M.S., Khan E.A., Khan J., Khan M.N., Khatab K., Khater M.M., Khatib M.N., Khayamzadeh M., Khazaei M., Khazaei S., Khosravi A., Khubchandani J., Kianipour N., Kim Y.J., Kimokoti R.W., Kinyoki D.K., Kisa A., Kisa S., Kolola T., Komaki H., Kosen S., Koul P.A., Koyanagi A., Kraemer M.U.G., Krishan K., Kuate Defo B., Kumar M., Kumar P., Kumar G.A., Kusuma D., La Vecchia C., Lacey B., Lad S.D., Lal D.K., Lam F., Lami F.H., Lansingh V.C., Larson H.J., Lasrado S., Lee S.W.H., Lee P.H., LeGrand K.E., Lenjebo T.L., Li S., Liang X., Liu P.Y., Lopukhov P.D., Machado D.B., Mahasha P.W., Mahdavi M.M., Maheri M., Mahotra N.B., Maled V., Maleki S., Malik M.A., Malta D.C., Mansour-Ghanaei F., Mansouri B., Mansourian M., Mansournia M.A., Martins-Melo F.R., Masaka A., Mayala B.K., Mehndiratta M.M., Mehri F., Mehta K.M., Memiah P.T.N., Mendoza W., Menezes R.G., Mengesha M.B., Mengesha E.W., Mestrovic T., Mihretie K.M., Miller-Petrie M.K., Mills E.J., Milne G.J., Mirabi P., Mirrakhimov E.M., Mirzaei R., Mirzaei M., Mirzaei H.R., Mirzaei H., Mirzaei-Alavijeh M., Moazen B., Moghadaszadeh M., Mohamadi E., Mohammad D.K., Mohammad Y., Mohammad K.A., Mohammad Gholi Mezerji N., Mohammadbeigi A., Mohammadian-Hafshejani A., Mohammadpourhodki R., Mohammed S., Mohammed A.S., Mohammed H., Mohebi F., Mokdad A.H., Monasta L., Moosavi M.A., Moosazadeh M., Moradi G., Moradi M., Moradi-Joo M., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moradzadeh R., Moraga P., Mosapour A., Mouodi S., Mousavi S.M., Khaneghah A.M., Mueller U.O., Muluneh A.G., Munro S.B., Murray C.J.L., Murthy G.V.S., Muthupandian S., Naderi M., Nagarajan A.J., Naghavi M., Nangia V., Nansseu J.R., Nayak V.C., Nazari J., Ndwandwe D.E., Negoi I., Ngunjiri J.W., Nguyen H.L.T., Nguyen C.T.K., Nguyen T.H., Nigatu Y.T., Nikbakhsh R., Nikfar S., Nikpoor A.R., Ningrum D.N.A., Nnaji C.A., Oh I.-H., Oladnabi M., Olagunju A.T., Olusanya J.O., Olusanya B.O., Bali A.O., Omer M.O., Onwujekwe O.E., Osgood-Zimmerman A.E., Owolabi M.O., P A M., Padubidri J.R., Pakshir K., Pana A., Pandey A., Pando-Robles V., Pashaei T., Pasupula D.K., Paternina-Caicedo A.J., Patton G.C., Pazoki Toroudi H., Pepito V.C.F., Pescarini J.M., Pigott D.M., Pilgrim T., Pirsaheb M., Poljak M., Postma M.J., Pourjafar H., Pourmalek F., Pourmirza Kalhori R., Prada S.I., Prakash S., Quazi Syed Z., Quintana H., Rabiee N., Rabiee M., Radfar A., Rafiei A., Rahim F., Rajati F., Rameto M.A., Ramezanzadeh K., Ranabhat C.L., Rao S.J., Rasella D., Rastogi P., Rathi P., Rawaf S., Rawaf D.L., Rawal L., Rawassizadeh R., Rawat R., Renjith V., Renzaho A.M.N., Reshmi B., Reta M.A., Rezaei N., Rezai M.S., Rezapour A., Riahi S.M., Ribeiro A.I., Rickard J., Rios-Blancas M., Rios-Gonzalez C.M., Roever L., Rostamian M., Rubino S., Rwegerera G.M., Saad A.M., Saadatagah S., Sabour S., Sadeghi E., Moghaddam S.S., Saeidi S., Sagar R., Sahebkar A., Sahraian M.A., Sajadi S.M., Salahshoor M.R., Salam N., Salem H., Salem M.R., Salomon J.A., Kafil H.S., Samy A.M., Saraswathy S.Y.I., Sarmiento-Suarez R., Saroshe S., Sartorius B., Sarveazad A., Sathian B., Sathish T., Schaeffer L.E., Schwebel D.C., Senthilkumaran S., Shabaninejad H., Shahabi S., Shaheen A.A., Shaikh M.A., Shalash A.S., Shams-Beyranvand M., Shamsi M.B., Shamsizadeh M., Sharafi K., Sharifi H., Sheikh A., Sheikhtaheri A., Shetty R.S., Shiferaw W.S., Shigematsu M., Shin J.I., Shirkoohi R., Siabani S., Siddiqi T.J., Silverberg J.I.S., Simonetti B., Singh J.A., Sinha D.N., Sinke A.H., Soheili A., Sokhan A., Soltani S., Soofi M., Sorrie M.B., Soyiri I.N., Spotin A., Spurlock E.E., Sreeramareddy C.T., Sudaryanto A., Sufiyan M.B., Suleria H.A.R., Abdulkader R.S., Taherkhani A., Tapak L., Taveira N., Taymoori P., Tefera Y.M., Tehrani-Banihashemi A., Teklehaimanot B.F., Tekulu G.H., Tesfay B.E., Tessema Z.T., Tessema B., Thankappan K.R., Tohidinik H.R., Topor-Madry R., Tovani-Palone M.R., Tran B.X., Uddin R., Ullah I., Umeokonkwo C.D., Unnikrishnan B., Upadhyay E., Usman M.S., Vaezi M., Valadan Tahbaz S., Valdez P.R., Vasseghian Y., Veisani Y., Violante F.S., and Vollmer S.
Abstract: The safe, highly effective measles vaccine has been recommended globally since 1974, yet in 2017 there were more than 17 million cases of measles and 83,400 deaths in children under 5 years old, and more than 99% of both occurred in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs)1-4. Globally comparable, annual, local estimates of routine first-dose measles-containing vaccine (MCV1) coverage are critical for understanding geographically precise immunity patterns, progress towards the targets of the Global Vaccine Action Plan (GVAP), and high-risk areas amid disruptions to vaccination programmes caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)5-8. Here we generated annual estimates of routine childhood MCV1 coverage at 5 x 5-km2 pixel and second administrative levels from 2000 to 2019 in 101 LMICs, quantified geographical inequality and assessed vaccination status by geographical remoteness. After widespread MCV1 gains from 2000 to 2010, coverage regressed in more than half of the districts between 2010 and 2019, leaving many LMICs far from the GVAP goal of 80% coverage in all districts by 2019. MCV1 coverage was lower in rural than in urban locations, although a larger proportion of unvaccinated children overall lived in urban locations; strategies to provide essential vaccination services should address both geographical contexts. These results provide a tool for decision-makers to strengthen routine MCV1 immunization programmes and provide equitable disease protection for all children.Copyright © 2020, The Author(s).
Published: 2021

10. The burden of unintentional drowning: global, regional and national estimates of mortality from the Global Burden of Disease 2017 Study.

Author: Franklin R.C., Peden A.E., Hamilton E.B., Bisignano C., Castle C.D., Dingels Z.V., Hay S.I., Liu Z., Mokdad A.H., Roberts N.L.S., Sylte D.O., Vos T., Abady G.G., Abosetugn A.E., Ahmed R., Alahdab F., Andrei C.L., Antonio C.A.T., Arabloo J., Arba A.A.K., Badiye A.D., Bakkannavar S.M., Banach M., Banik P.C., Banstola A., Barker-Collo S.L., Barzegar A., Bayati M., Bhardwaj P., Bhaumik S., Bhutta Z.A., Bijani A., Boloor A., Carvalho F., Chowdhury M.A.K., Chu D.-T., Colquhoun S.M., Dagne H., Dagnew B., Dandona L., Dandona R., Daryani A., Dharmaratne S.D., Dibaji Forooshani Z.S., Do H.T., Driscoll T.R., Eagan A.W., El-Khatib Z., Fernandes E., Filip I., Fischer F., Gebremichael B., Gupta G., Haagsma J.A., Hassan S., Hendrie D., Hoang C.L., Hole M.K., Holla R., Hostiuc S., Househ M., Ilesanmi O.S., Inbaraj L.R., Irvani S.S.N., Islam M.M., Ivers R.Q., Jayatilleke A.U., Joukar F., Kalhor R., Kanchan T., Kapoor N., Kasaeian A., Khan M., Khan E.A., Khubchandani J., Krishan K., Kumar G.A., Lauriola P., Lopez A.D., Madadin M., Majdan M., Maled V., Manafi N., Manafi A., McKee M., Meles H.G., Menezes R.G., Meretoja T.J., Miller T.R., Mithra P., Mohammadian-Hafshejani A., Mohammadpourhodki R., Mohebi F., Molokhia M., Mustafa G., Negoi I., Nguyen C.T., Nguyen H.L.T., Olagunju A.T., Olagunju T.O., Padubidri J.R., Pakshir K., Pathak A., Polinder S., Pribadi D.R.A., Rabiee N., Radfar A., Rana S.M., Rickard J., Safari S., Salamati P., Samy A.M., Sarker A.R., Schwebel D.C., Senthilkumaran S., Shaahmadi F., Shaikh M.A., Shin J.I., Singh P.K., Soheili A., Stokes M.A., Suleria H.A.R., Tarigan I.U., Temsah M.-H., Tesfay B.E., Valdez P.R., Veisani Y., Ye P., Yonemoto N., Yu C., Yusefzadeh H., Zaman S.B., Zhang Z.-J., James S.L., Franklin R.C., Peden A.E., Hamilton E.B., Bisignano C., Castle C.D., Dingels Z.V., Hay S.I., Liu Z., Mokdad A.H., Roberts N.L.S., Sylte D.O., Vos T., Abady G.G., Abosetugn A.E., Ahmed R., Alahdab F., Andrei C.L., Antonio C.A.T., Arabloo J., Arba A.A.K., Badiye A.D., Bakkannavar S.M., Banach M., Banik P.C., Banstola A., Barker-Collo S.L., Barzegar A., Bayati M., Bhardwaj P., Bhaumik S., Bhutta Z.A., Bijani A., Boloor A., Carvalho F., Chowdhury M.A.K., Chu D.-T., Colquhoun S.M., Dagne H., Dagnew B., Dandona L., Dandona R., Daryani A., Dharmaratne S.D., Dibaji Forooshani Z.S., Do H.T., Driscoll T.R., Eagan A.W., El-Khatib Z., Fernandes E., Filip I., Fischer F., Gebremichael B., Gupta G., Haagsma J.A., Hassan S., Hendrie D., Hoang C.L., Hole M.K., Holla R., Hostiuc S., Househ M., Ilesanmi O.S., Inbaraj L.R., Irvani S.S.N., Islam M.M., Ivers R.Q., Jayatilleke A.U., Joukar F., Kalhor R., Kanchan T., Kapoor N., Kasaeian A., Khan M., Khan E.A., Khubchandani J., Krishan K., Kumar G.A., Lauriola P., Lopez A.D., Madadin M., Majdan M., Maled V., Manafi N., Manafi A., McKee M., Meles H.G., Menezes R.G., Meretoja T.J., Miller T.R., Mithra P., Mohammadian-Hafshejani A., Mohammadpourhodki R., Mohebi F., Molokhia M., Mustafa G., Negoi I., Nguyen C.T., Nguyen H.L.T., Olagunju A.T., Olagunju T.O., Padubidri J.R., Pakshir K., Pathak A., Polinder S., Pribadi D.R.A., Rabiee N., Radfar A., Rana S.M., Rickard J., Safari S., Salamati P., Samy A.M., Sarker A.R., Schwebel D.C., Senthilkumaran S., Shaahmadi F., Shaikh M.A., Shin J.I., Singh P.K., Soheili A., Stokes M.A., Suleria H.A.R., Tarigan I.U., Temsah M.-H., Tesfay B.E., Valdez P.R., Veisani Y., Ye P., Yonemoto N., Yu C., Yusefzadeh H., Zaman S.B., Zhang Z.-J., and James S.L.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Drowning is a leading cause of injury-related mortality globally. Unintentional drowning (International Classification of Diseases (ICD) 10 codes W65-74 and ICD9 E910) is one of the 30 mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive causes of injury-related mortality in the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study. This study's objective is to describe unintentional drowning using GBD estimates from 1990 to 2017. METHOD(S): Unintentional drowning from GBD 2017 was estimated for cause-specific mortality and years of life lost (YLLs), age, sex, country, region, Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile, and trends from 1990 to 2017. GBD 2017 used standard GBD methods for estimating mortality from drowning. RESULT(S): Globally, unintentional drowning mortality decreased by 44.5% between 1990 and 2017, from 531956 (uncertainty interval (UI): 484107 to 572854) to 295210 (284493 to 306187) deaths. Global age-standardised mortality rates decreased 57.4%, from 9.3 (8.5 to 10.0) in 1990 to 4.0 (3.8 to 4.1) per 100000 per annum in 2017. Unintentional drowning-associated mortality was generally higher in children, males and in low-SDI to middle-SDI countries. China, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh accounted for 51.2% of all drowning deaths in 2017. Oceania was the region with the highest rate of age-standardised YLLs in 2017, with 45434 (40850 to 50 539) YLLs per 100000 across both sexes. CONCLUSION(S): There has been a decline in global drowning rates. This study shows that the decline was not consistent across countries. The results reinforce the need for continued and improved policy, prevention and research efforts, with a focus on low- and middle-income countries.Copyright © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY. Published by BMJ.
Published: 2021

11. Global, regional, and national sex-specific burden and control of the HIV epidemic, 1990–2019, for 204 countries and territories: the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2019

Author: Jahagirdar, D., Walters, M.K., Novotney, A., Brewer, E.D., Frank, T.D., Carter, A., Biehl, M.H., Abbastabar, H., Abhilash, E.S., Abu-Gharbieh, E., Abu-Raddad, L.J., Adekanmbi, V., Adeyinka, D.A., Adnani, Q.E.S., Afzal, S., Aghababaei, S., Ahinkorah, B.O., Ahmad, S., Ahmadi, K., Ahmadi, S., Ahmadpour, E., Ahmed, M.B., Rashid, T.A., Salih, Y.A., Aklilu, A., Akram, T., Akunna, C.J., Al Hamad, H., Alahdab, F., Alanezi, F.M., Aleksandrova, E.A., Alene, Kefyalew, Ali, L., Alipour, V., Almustanyir, S., Alvis-Guzman, N., Ameyaw, E.K., Amu, H., Andrei, C.L., Andrei, T., Anvari, D., Arabloo, J., Aremu, O., Arulappan, J., Atnafu, D.D., Quintanilla, B.P.A., Ayza, M.A., Azari, S., Darshan, B.B., Banach, M., Bärnighausen, T.W., Barra, F., Barrow, A., Basu, S., Bazargan-Hejazi, S., Belay, H.G., Berheto, T.M., Bezabhe, W.M., Bezabih, Y.M., Bhagavathula, A.S., Bhardwaj, N., Bhardwaj, P., Bhattacharyya, K., Bibi, S., Bijani, A., Bisignano, C., Bolarinwa, O.A., Boloor, A., Boltaev, A.A., Briko, N.I., Buonsenso, D., Burkart, K., Butt, Z.A., Cao, C., Charan, J., Chatterjee, S., Chattu, S.K., Chattu, V.K., Choudhari, S.G., Chu, D.T., Couto, R.A.S., Cowden, R.G., Dachew, Berihun, Dadras, O., Dagnew, A.B., Dahlawi, S.M.A., Dai, X., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., das Neves, J., Degenhardt, L., Demeke, F.M., Desta, A.A., Deuba, K., Dhamnetiya, D., Dhungana, G.P., Dianatinasab, M., Diaz, D., Djalalinia, S., Doan, L.P., Jahagirdar, D., Walters, M.K., Novotney, A., Brewer, E.D., Frank, T.D., Carter, A., Biehl, M.H., Abbastabar, H., Abhilash, E.S., Abu-Gharbieh, E., Abu-Raddad, L.J., Adekanmbi, V., Adeyinka, D.A., Adnani, Q.E.S., Afzal, S., Aghababaei, S., Ahinkorah, B.O., Ahmad, S., Ahmadi, K., Ahmadi, S., Ahmadpour, E., Ahmed, M.B., Rashid, T.A., Salih, Y.A., Aklilu, A., Akram, T., Akunna, C.J., Al Hamad, H., Alahdab, F., Alanezi, F.M., Aleksandrova, E.A., Alene, Kefyalew, Ali, L., Alipour, V., Almustanyir, S., Alvis-Guzman, N., Ameyaw, E.K., Amu, H., Andrei, C.L., Andrei, T., Anvari, D., Arabloo, J., Aremu, O., Arulappan, J., Atnafu, D.D., Quintanilla, B.P.A., Ayza, M.A., Azari, S., Darshan, B.B., Banach, M., Bärnighausen, T.W., Barra, F., Barrow, A., Basu, S., Bazargan-Hejazi, S., Belay, H.G., Berheto, T.M., Bezabhe, W.M., Bezabih, Y.M., Bhagavathula, A.S., Bhardwaj, N., Bhardwaj, P., Bhattacharyya, K., Bibi, S., Bijani, A., Bisignano, C., Bolarinwa, O.A., Boloor, A., Boltaev, A.A., Briko, N.I., Buonsenso, D., Burkart, K., Butt, Z.A., Cao, C., Charan, J., Chatterjee, S., Chattu, S.K., Chattu, V.K., Choudhari, S.G., Chu, D.T., Couto, R.A.S., Cowden, R.G., Dachew, Berihun, Dadras, O., Dagnew, A.B., Dahlawi, S.M.A., Dai, X., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., das Neves, J., Degenhardt, L., Demeke, F.M., Desta, A.A., Deuba, K., Dhamnetiya, D., Dhungana, G.P., Dianatinasab, M., Diaz, D., Djalalinia, S., and Doan, L.P.
Abstract: Background: The sustainable development goals (SDGs) aim to end HIV/AIDS as a public health threat by 2030. Understanding the current state of the HIV epidemic and its change over time is essential to this effort. This study assesses the current sex-specific HIV burden in 204 countries and territories and measures progress in the control of the epidemic. Methods: To estimate age-specific and sex-specific trends in 48 of 204 countries, we extended the Estimation and Projection Package Age-Sex Model to also implement the spectrum paediatric model. We used this model in cases where age and sex specific HIV-seroprevalence surveys and antenatal care-clinic sentinel surveillance data were available. For the remaining 156 of 204 locations, we developed a cohort-incidence bias adjustment to derive incidence as a function of cause-of-death data from vital registration systems. The incidence was input to a custom Spectrum model. To assess progress, we measured the percentage change in incident cases and deaths between 2010 and 2019 (threshold >75% decline), the ratio of incident cases to number of people living with HIV (incidence-to-prevalence ratio threshold <0·03), and the ratio of incident cases to deaths (incidence-to-mortality ratio threshold <1·0). Findings: In 2019, there were 36·8 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 35·1–38·9) people living with HIV worldwide. There were 0·84 males (95% UI 0·78–0·91) per female living with HIV in 2019, 0·99 male infections (0·91–1·10) for every female infection, and 1·02 male deaths (0·95–1·10) per female death. Global progress in incident cases and deaths between 2010 and 2019 was driven by sub-Saharan Africa (with a 28·52% decrease in incident cases, 95% UI 19·58–35·43, and a 39·66% decrease in deaths, 36·49–42·36). Elsewhere, the incidence remained stable or increased, whereas deaths generally decreased. In 2019, the global incidence-to-prevalence ratio was 0·05 (95% UI 0·05–0·06) and the global incidence-to-mortality ratio was
Published: 2021

12. Global injury morbidity and mortality from 1990 to 2017: Results from the global burden of disease study 2017

Author: James, S.L. Castle, C.D. Dingels, Z.V. Fox, J.T. Hamilton, E.B. Liu, Z. Roberts, N.L.S. Sylte, D.O. Henry, N.J. LeGrand, K.E. Abdelalim, A. Abdoli, A. Abdollahpour, I. Abdulkader, R.S. Abedi, A. Abosetugn, A.E. Abushouk, A.I. Adebayo, O.M. Agudelo-Botero, M. Ahmad, T. Ahmed, R. Ahmed, M.B. Aichour, M.T.E. Alahdab, F. Alamene, G.M. Alanezi, F.M. Alebel, A. Alema, N.M. Alghnam, S.A. Al-Hajj, S. Ali, B.A. Ali, S. Alikhani, M. Alinia, C. Alipour, V. Aljunid, S.M. Almasi-Hashiani, A. Almasri, N.A. Altirkawi, K. Amer, Y.S.A. Amini, S. Amit, A.M.L. Andrei, C.L. Ansari-Moghaddam, A. Antonio, C.A.T. Appiah, S.C.Y. Arabloo, J. Arab-Zozani, M. Arefi, Z. Aremu, O. Ariani, F. Arora, A. Asaad, M. Asghari, B. Awoke, N. Quintanilla, B.P.A. Ayano, G. Ayanore, M.A. Azari, S. Azarian, G. Badawi, A. Badiye, A.D. Bagli, E. Baig, A.A. Bairwa, M. Bakhtiari, A. Balachandran, A. Banach, M. Banerjee, S.K. Banik, P.C. Banstola, A. Barker-Collo, S.L. Bärnighausen, T.W. Barrero, L.H. Barzegar, A. Bayati, M. Baye, B.A. Bedi, N. Behzadifar, M. Bekuma, T.T. Belete, H. Benjet, C. Bennett, D.A. Bensenor, I.M. Berhe, K. Bhardwaj, P. Bhat, A.G. Bhattacharyya, K. Bibi, S. Bijani, A. Sayeed, M.S.B. Borges, G. Borzì, A.M. Boufous, S. Brazinova, A. Briko, N.I. Budhathoki, S.S. Car, J. Cárdenas, R. Carvalho, F. Castaldelli-Maia, J.M. Castañeda-Orjuela, C.A. Castelpietra, G. Catalá-López, F. Cerin, E. Chandan, J.S. Chanie, W.F. Chattu, S.K. Chattu, V.K. Chatziralli, I. Chaudhary, N. Cho, D.Y. Chowdhury, M.A.K. Chu, D.-T. Colquhoun, S.M. Constantin, M.-M. Costa, V.M. Damiani, G. Daryani, A. Dávila-Cervantes, C.A. Demeke, F.M. Demis, A.B. Demoz, G.T. Demsie, D.G. Derakhshani, A. Deribe, K. Desai, R. Nasab, M.D. Dias da Silva, D. Forooshani, Z.S.D. Doyle, K.E. Driscoll, T.R. Dubljanin, E. Adema, B.D. Eagan, A.W. Eftekhari, A. Ehsani-Chimeh, E. El Sayed Zaki, M. Elemineh, D.A. El-Jaafary, S.I. El-Khatib, Z. Ellingsen, C.L. Emamian, M.H. Endalew, D.A. Eskandarieh, S. Faris, P.S. Faro, A. Farzadfar, F. Fatahi, Y. Fekadu, W. Ferede, T.Y. Fereshtehnejad, S.-M. Fernandes, E. Ferrara, P. Feyissa, G.T. Filip, I. Fischer, F. Folayan, M.O. Foroutan, M. Francis, J.M. Franklin, R.C. Fukumoto, T. Geberemariyam, B.S. Gebre, A.K. Gebremedhin, K.B. Gebremeskel, G.G. Gebremichael, B. Gedefaw, G.A. Geta, B. Ghafourifard, M. Ghamari, F. Ghashghaee, A. Gholamian, A. Gill, T.K. Goulart, A.C. Grada, A. Grivna, M. Gubari, M.I.M. Guimarães, R.A. Guo, Y. Gupta, G. Haagsma, J.A. Hafezi-Nejad, N. Bidgoli, H.H. Hall, B.J. Hamadeh, R.R. Hamidi, S. Haro, J.M. Hasan, M.M. Hasanzadeh, A. Hassanipour, S. Hassankhani, H. Hassen, H.Y. Havmoeller, R. Hayat, K. Hendrie, D. Heydarpour, F. Híjar, M. Ho, H.C. Hoang, C.L. Hole, M.K. Holla, R. Hossain, N. Hosseinzadeh, M. Hostiuc, S. Hu, G. Ibitoye, S.E. Ilesanmi, O.S. Ilic, I. Ilic, M.D. Inbaraj, L.R. Indriasih, E. Irvani, S.S.N. Islam, S.M.S. Mofizul Islam, M. Ivers, R.Q. Jacobsen, K.H. Jahani, M.A. Jahanmehr, N. Jakovljevic, M. Jalilian, F. Jayaraman, S. Jayatilleke, A.U. Jha, R.P. John-Akinola, Y.O. Jonas, J.B. Joseph, N. Joukar, F. Jozwiak, J.J. Jungari, S.B. Jürisson, M. Kabir, A. Kadel, R. Kahsay, A. Kalankesh, L.R. Kalhor, R. Kamil, T.A. Kanchan, T. Kapoor, N. Karami, M. Kasaeian, A. Kassaye, H.G. Kavetskyy, T. Kebede, H.K. Keiyoro, P.N. Kelbore, A.G. Kelkay, B. Khader, Y.S. Khafaie, M.A. Khalid, N. Khalil, I.A. Khalilov, R. Khammarnia, M. Khan, E.A. Khan, M. Khanna, T. Khazaie, H. Shadmani, F.K. Khundkar, R. Kiirithio, D.N. Kim, Y.-E. Kim, D. Kim, Y.J. Kisa, A. Kisa, S. Komaki, H. Kondlahalli, S.K.M. Korshunov, V.A. Koyanagi, A. Kraemer, M.U.G. Krishan, K. Bicer, B.K. Kugbey, N. Kumar, V. Kumar, N. Anil Kumar, G. Kumar, M. Kumaresh, G. Kurmi, O.P. Kuti, O. Vecchia, C.L. Lami, F.H. Lamichhane, P. Lang, J.J. Lansingh, V.C. Laryea, D.O. Lasrado, S. Latifi, A. Lauriola, P. Leasher, J.L. Lee, S.W.H. Lenjebo, T.L. Levi, M. Li, S. Linn, S. Liu, X. Lopez, A.D. Lotufo, P.A. Lunevicius, R. Lyons, R.A. Madadin, M. El Razek, M.M.A. Mahotra, N.B. Majdan, M. Majeed, A. Malagon-Rojas, J.N. Maled, V. Malekzadeh, R. Malta, D.C. Manafi, N. Manafi, A. Manda, A.-L. Manjunatha, N. Mansour-Ghanaei, F. Mansouri, B. Mansournia, M.A. Maravilla, J.C. March, L.M. Mason-Jones, A.J. Masoumi, S.Z. Massenburg, B.B. Maulik, P.K. Meles, G.G. Melese, A. Melketsedik, Z.A. Memiah, P.T.N. Mendoza, W. Menezes, R.G. Mengesha, M.B. Mengesha, M.M. Meretoja, T.J. Meretoja, A. Merie, H.E. Mestrovic, T. Miazgowski, B. Miazgowski, T. Miller, T.R. Mini, G.K. Mirica, A. Mirrakhimov, E.M. Mirzaei-Alavijeh, M. Mithra, P. Moazen, B. Moghadaszadeh, M. Mohamadi, E. Mohammad, Y. Mohammad, K.A. Darwesh, A.M. Mezerji, N.M.G. Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A. Mohammadoo-Khorasani, M. Mohammadpourhodki, R. Mohammed, S. Mohammed, J.A. Mohebi, F. Molokhia, M. Monasta, L. Moodley, Y. Moosazadeh, M. Moradi, M. Moradi, G. Moradi-Lakeh, M. Moradpour, F. Morawska, L. Velásquez, I.M. Morisaki, N. Morrison, S.D. Mossie, T.B. Muluneh, A.G. Murthy, S. Musa, K.I. Mustafa, G. Nabhan, A.F. Nagarajan, A.J. Naik, G. Naimzada, M.D. Najafi, F. Nangia, V. Nascimento, B.R. Naserbakht, M. Nayak, V. Ndwandwe, D.E. Negoi, I. Ngunjiri, J.W. Nguyen, C.T. Nguyen, H.L.T. Nikbakhsh, R. Ningrum, D.N.A. Nnaji, C.A. Nyasulu, P.S. Ogbo, F.A. Oghenetega, O.B. Oh, I.-H. Okunga, E.W. Olagunju, A.T. Olagunju, T.O. Bali, A.O. Onwujekwe, O.E. Asante, K.O. Orpana, H.M. Ota, E. Otstavnov, N. Otstavnov, S.S. Mahesh, P.A. Padubidri, J.R. Pakhale, S. Pakshir, K. Panda-Jonas, S. Park, E.-K. Patel, S.K. Pathak, A. Pati, S. Patton, G.C. Paulos, K. Peden, A.E. Pepito, V.C.F. Pereira, J. Pham, H.Q. Phillips, M.R. Pinheiro, M. Polibin, R.V. Polinder, S. Poustchi, H. Prakash, S. Pribadi, D.R.A. Puri, P. Syed, Z.Q. Rabiee, M. Rabiee, N. Radfar, A. Rafay, A. Rafiee, A. Rafiei, A. Rahim, F. Rahimi, S. Rahimi-Movaghar, V. Rahman, M.A. Rajabpour-Sanati, A. Rajati, F. Rakovac, I. Ranganathan, K. Rao, S.J. Rashedi, V. Rastogi, P. Rathi, P. Rawaf, S. Rawal, L. Rawassizadeh, R. Renjith, V. Renzaho, A.M.N. Resnikoff, S. Rezapour, A. Ribeiro, A.I. Rickard, J. González, C.M.R. Ronfani, L. Roshandel, G. Saad, A.M. Sabde, Y.D. Sabour, S. Saddik, B. Safari, S. Safari-Faramani, R. Safarpour, H. Safdarian, M. Mohammad Sajadi, S. Salamati, P. Salehi, F. Zahabi, S.S. Rashad Salem, M.R. Salem, H. Salman, O. Salz, I. Samy, A.M. Sanabria, J. Riera, L.S. Santric Milicevic, M.M. Sarker, A.R. Sarveazad, A. Sathian, B. Sawhney, M. Sawyer, S.M. Saxena, S. Sayyah, M. Schwebel, D.C. Seedat, S. Senthilkumaran, S. Sepanlou, S.G. Seyedmousavi, S. Sha, F. Shaahmadi, F. Shahabi, S. Shaikh, M.A. Shams-Beyranvand, M. Shamsizadeh, M. Sharif-Alhoseini, M. Sharifi, H. Sheikh, A. Shigematsu, M. Shin, J.I. Shiri, R. Siabani, S. Sigfusdottir, I.D. Singh, P.K. Singh, J.A. Sinha, D.N. Smarandache, C.-G. Smith, E.U.R. Soheili, A. Soleymani, B. Soltanian, A.R. Soriano, J.B. Sorrie, M.B. Soyiri, I.N. Stein, D.J. Stokes, M.A. Mu'awiyyah, B.S. Suleria, H.A.R. Sykes, B.L. Tabarés-Seisdedos, R. Tabb, K.M. Taddele, B.W. Tadesse, D.B. Tamiru, A.T. Tarigan, I.U. Tefera, Y.M. Tehrani-Banihashemi, A. Tekle, M.G. Tekulu, G.H. Tesema, A.K. Tesfay, B.E. Thapar, R. Tilahune, A.B. Tlaye, K.G. Tohidinik, H.R. Topor-Madry, R. Tran, B.X. Tran, K.B. Tripathy, J.P. Tsai, A.C. Car, L.T. Ullah, S. Ullah, I. Umar, M. Unnikrishnan, B. Upadhyay, E. Uthman, O.A. Valdez, P.R. Vasankari, T.J. Venketasubramanian, N. Violante, F.S. Vlassov, V. Waheed, Y. Weldesamuel, G.T. Werdecker, A. Wiangkham, T. Wolde, H.F. Woldeyes, D.H. Wondafrash, D.Z. Wondmeneh, T.G. Wondmieneh, A.B. Wu, A.-M. Yadav, R. Yadollahpour, A. Yano, Y. Yaya, S. Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V. Yip, P. Yisma, E. Yonemoto, N. Yoon, S.-J. Youm, Y. Younis, M.Z. Yousefi, Z. Yu, Y. Yu, C. Yusefzadeh, H. Moghadam, T.Z. Zaidi, Z. Zaman, S.B. Zamani, M. Zamanian, M. Zandian, H. Zarei, A. Zare, F. Zhang, Z.-J. Zhang, Y. Zodpey, S. Dandona, L. Dandona, R. Degenhardt, L. Dharmaratne, S.D. Hay, S.I. Mokdad, A.H. Reiner, R.C., Jr. Sartorius, B. Vos, T.
Abstract: Background Past research in population health trends has shown that injuries form a substantial burden of population health loss. Regular updates to injury burden assessments are critical. We report Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 Study estimates on morbidity and mortality for all injuries. methods We reviewed results for injuries from the GBD 2017 study. GBD 2017 measured injury-specific mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) using the Cause of Death Ensemble model. To measure non-fatal injuries, GBD 2017 modelled injury-specific incidence and converted this to prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs). YLLs and YLDs were summed to calculate disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Findings In 1990, there were 4 260 493 (4 085 700 to 4 396 138) injury deaths, which increased to 4 484 722 (4 332 010 to 4 585 554) deaths in 2017, while age-standardised mortality decreased from 1079 (1073 to 1086) to 738 (730 to 745) per 100 000. In 1990, there were 354 064 302 (95% uncertainty interval: 338 174 876 to 371 610 802) new cases of injury globally, which increased to 520 710 288 (493 430 247 to 547 988 635) new cases in 2017. During this time, age-standardised incidence decreased non-significantly from 6824 (6534 to 7147) to 6763 (6412 to 7118) per 100 000. Between 1990 and 2017, age-standardised DALYs decreased from 4947 (4655 to 5233) per 100 000 to 3267 (3058 to 3505). Interpretation Injuries are an important cause of health loss globally, though mortality has declined between 1990 and 2017. Future research in injury burden should focus on prevention in high-burden populations, improving data collection and ensuring access to medical care. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY. Published by BMJ.
Published: 2020

13. Estimating global injuries morbidity and mortality: Methods and data used in the Global Burden of Disease 2017 study

Author: James, S.L. Castle, C.D. Dingels, Z.V. Fox, J.T. Hamilton, E.B. Liu, Z. Roberts, N.L.S. Sylte, D.O. Bertolacci, G.J. Cunningham, M. Henry, N.J. Legrand, K.E. Abdelalim, A. Abdollahpour, I. Abdulkader, R.S. Abedi, A. Abegaz, K.H. Abosetugn, A.E. Abushouk, A.I. Adebayo, O.M. Adsuar, J.C. Advani, S.M. Agudelo-Botero, M. Ahmad, T. Ahmed, M.B. Ahmed, R. Aichour, M.T.E. Alahdab, F. Alanezi, F.M. Alema, N.M. Alemu, B.W. Alghnam, S.A. Ali, B.A. Ali, S. Alinia, C. Alipour, V. Aljunid, S.M. Almasi-Hashiani, A. Almasri, N.A. Altirkawi, K. Amer, Y.S.A. Andrei, C.L. Ansari-Moghaddam, A. Antonio, C.A.T. Anvari, D. Appiah, S.C.Y. Arabloo, J. Arab-Zozani, M. Arefi, Z. Aremu, O. Ariani, F. Arora, A. Asaad, M. Quintanilla, B.P.A. Ayano, G. Ayanore, M.A. Azarian, G. Badawi, A. Badiye, A.D. Baig, A.A. Bairwa, M. Bakhtiari, A. Balachandran, A. Banach, M. Banerjee, S.K. Banik, P.C. Banstola, A. Barker-Collo, S.L. Bärnighausen, T.W. Barzegar, A. Bayati, M. Bazargan-Hejazi, S. Bedi, N. Behzadifar, M. Belete, H. Bennett, D.A. Bensenor, I.M. Berhe, K. Bhagavathula, A.S. Bhardwaj, P. Bhat, A.G. Bhattacharyya, K. Bhutta, Z.A. Bibi, S. Bijani, A. Boloor, A. Borges, G. Borschmann, R. Borzì, A.M. Boufous, S. Braithwaite, D. Briko, N.I. Brugha, T. Budhathoki, S.S. Car, J. Cárdenas, R. Carvalho, F. Castaldelli-Maia, J.M. Castañeda-Orjuela, C.A. Castelpietra, G. Catalá-López, F. Cerin, E. Chandan, J.S. Chapman, J.R. Chattu, V.K. Chattu, S.K. Chatziralli, I. Chaudhary, N. Cho, D.Y. Choi, J.-Y.J. Chowdhury, M.A.K. Christopher, D.J. Chu, D.-T. Cicuttini, F.M. Coelho, J.M. Costa, V.M. Dahlawi, S.M.A. Daryani, A. Dávila-Cervantes, C.A. De Leo, D. Demeke, F.M. Demoz, G.T. Demsie, D.G. Deribe, K. Desai, R. Nasab, M.D. Da Silva, D.D. Forooshani, Z.S.D. Do, H.T. Doyle, K.E. Driscoll, T.R. Dubljanin, E. Adema, B.D. Eagan, A.W. Elemineh, D.A. El-Jaafary, S.I. El-Khatib, Z. Ellingsen, C.L. El Sayedzaki, M. Eskandarieh, S. Eyawo, O. Faris, P.S. Faro, A. Farzadfar, F. Fereshtehnejad, S.-M. Fernandes, E. Ferrara, P. Fischer, F. Folayan, M.O. Fomenkov, A.A. Foroutan, M. Francis, J.M. Franklin, R.C. Fukumoto, T. Geberemariyam, B.S. Gebremariam, H. Gebremedhin, K.B. Gebremeskel, L.G. Gebremeskel, G.G. Gebremichael, B. Gedefaw, G.A. Geta, B. Getenet, A.B. Ghafourifard, M. Ghamari, F. Gheshlagh, R.G. Gholamian, A. Gilani, S.A. Gill, T.K. Goudarzian, A.H. Goulart, A.C. Grada, A. Grivna, M. Guimarães, R.A. Guo, Y. Gupta, G. Haagsma, J.A. Hall, B.J. Hamadeh, R.R. Hamidi, S. Handiso, D.W. Haro, J.M. Hasanzadeh, A. Hassan, S. Hassanipour, S. Hassankhani, H. Hassen, H.Y. Havmoeller, R. Hendrie, D. Heydarpour, F. Híjar, M. Ho, H.C. Hoang, C.L. Hole, M.K. Holla, R. Hossain, N. Hosseinzadeh, M. Hostiuc, S. Hu, G. Ibitoye, S.E. Ilesanmi, O.S. Inbaraj, L.R. Irvani, S.S.N. Islam, M.M. Islam, S.M.S. Ivers, R.Q. Jahani, M.A. Jakovljevic, M. Jalilian, F. Jayaraman, S. Jayatilleke, A.U. Jha, R.P. John-Akinola, Y.O. Jonas, J.B. Jones, K.M. Joseph, N. Joukar, F. Jozwiak, J.J. Jungari, S.B. Jürisson, M. Kabir, A. Kahsay, A. Kalankesh, L.R. Kalhor, R. Kamil, T.A. Kanchan, T. Kapoor, N. Karami, M. Kasaeian, A. Kassaye, H.G. Kavetskyy, T. Kayode, G.A. Keiyoro, P.N. Kelbore, A.G. Khader, Y.S. Khafaie, M.A. Khalid, N. Khalil, I.A. Khalilov, R. Khan, M. Khan, E.A. Khan, J. Khanna, T. Khazaei, S. Khazaie, H. Khundkar, R. Kiirithio, D.N. Kim, Y.-E. Kim, Y.J. Kim, D. Kisa, S. Kisa, A. Komaki, H. Kondlahalli, S.K.M. Koolivand, A. Korshunov, V.A. Koyanagi, A. Kraemer, M.U.G. Krishan, K. Defo, B.K. Bicer, B.K. Kugbey, N. Kumar, N. Kumar, M. Kumar, V. Kumar, N. Kumaresh, G. Lami, F.H. Lansingh, V.C. Lasrado, S. Latifi, A. Lauriola, P. Vecchia, C.L. Leasher, J.L. Lee, S.W.H. Li, S. Liu, X. Lopez, A.D. Lotufo, P.A. Lyons, R.A. Machado, D.B. Madadin, M. Abd El Razek, M.M. Mahotra, N.B. Majdan, M. Majeed, A. Maled, V. Malta, D.C. Manafi, N. Manafi, A. Manda, A.-L. Manjunatha, N. Mansour-Ghanaei, F. Mansournia, M.A. Maravilla, J.C. Mason-Jones, A.J. Masoumi, S.Z. Massenburg, B.B. Maulik, P.K. Mehndiratta, M.M. Melketsedik, Z.A. Memiah, P.T.N. Mendoza, W. Menezes, R.G. Mengesha, M.M. Meretoja, T.J. Meretoja, A. Merie, H.E. Mestrovic, T. Miazgowski, B. Miazgowski, T. Miller, T.R. Mini, G.K. Mirica, A. Mirrakhimov, E.M. Mirzaei-Alavijeh, M. Mithra, P. Moazen, B. Moghadaszadeh, M. Mohamadi, E. Mohammad, Y. Darwesh, A.M. Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A. Mohammadpourhodki, R. Mohammed, S. Mohammed, J.A. Mohebi, F. Bandpei, M.A.M. Molokhia, M. Monasta, L. Moodley, Y. Moradi, M. Moradi, G. Moradi-Lakeh, M. Moradzadeh, R. Morawska, L. Velásquez, I.M. Morrison, S.D. Mossie, T.B. Muluneh, A.G. Musa, K.I. Mustafa, G. Naderi, M. Nagarajan, A.J. Naik, G. Naimzada, M.D. Najaf, F. Nangia, V. Nascimento, B.R. Naserbakht, M. Nayak, V. Nazari, J. Ndwandwe, D.E. Negoi, I. Ngunjiri, J.W. Nguyen, T.H. Nguyen, C.T. Nguyen, D.N. Nguyen, H.L.T. Nikbakhsh, R. Ningrum, D.N.A. Nnaji, C.A. Ofori-Asenso, R. Ogbo, F.A. Oghenetega, O.B. Oh, I.-H. Olagunju, A.T. Olagunju, T.O. Bali, A.O. Onwujekwe, O.E. Orpana, H.M. Ota, E. Otstavnov, N. Otstavnov, S.S. Mahesh, A.P. Padubidri, J.R. Pakhale, S. Pakshir, K. Panda-Jonas, S. Park, E.-K. Patel, S.K. Pathak, A. Pati, S. Paulos, K. Peden, A.E. Pepito, V.C.F. Pereira, J. Phillips, M.R. Polibin, R.V. Polinder, S. Pourmalek, F. Pourshams, A. Poustchi, H. Prakash, S. Pribadi, D.R.A. Puri, P. Syed, Z.Q. Rabiee, N. Rabiee, M. Radfar, A. Rafay, A. Rafee, A. Rafei, A. Rahim, F. Rahimi, S. Rahman, M.A. Rajabpour-Sanati, A. Rajati, F. Rakovac, I. Rao, S.J. Rashedi, V. Rastogi, P. Rathi, P. Rawaf, S. Rawal, L. Rawassizadeh, R. Renjith, V. Resnikoff, S. Rezapour, A. Ribeiro, A.I. Rickard, J. González, C.M.R. Roever, L. Ronfani, L. Roshandel, G. Saddik, B. Safarpour, H. Safdarian, M. Sajadi, S.M. Salamati, P. Salem, M.R.R. Salem, H. Salz, I. Samy, A.M. Sanabria, J. Riera, L.S. Milicevic, M.M.S. Sarker, A.R. Sarveazad, A. Sathian, B. Sawhney, M. Sayyah, M. Schwebel, D.C. Seedat, S. Senthilkumaran, S. Seyedmousavi, S. Sha, F. Shaahmadi, F. Shahabi, S. Shaikh, M.A. Shams-Beyranvand, M. Sheikh, A. Shigematsu, M. Shin, J.I. Shiri, R. Siabani, S. Sigfusdottir, I.D. Singh, J.A. Singh, P.K. Sinha, D.N. Soheili, A. Soriano, J.B. Sorrie, M.B. Soyiri, I.N. Stokes, M.A. Sufiyan, M.B. Sykes, B.L. Tabarés-Seisdedos, R. Tabb, K.M. Taddele, B.W. Tefera, Y.M. Tehrani-Banihashemi, A. Tekulu, G.H. Tesema, A.K.T. Tesfay, B.E. Thapar, R. Titova, M.V. Tlaye, K.G. Tohidinik, H.R. Topor-Madry, R. Tran, K.B. Tran, B.X. Tripathy, J.P. Tsai, A.C. Tsatsakis, A. Car, L.T. Ullah, I. Ullah, S. Unnikrishnan, B. Upadhyay, E. Uthman, O.A. Valdez, P.R. Vasankari, T.J. Veisani, Y. Venketasubramanian, N. Violante, F.S. Vlassov, V. Waheed, Y. Wang, Y.-P. Wiangkham, T. Wolde, H.F. Woldeyes, D.H. Wondmeneh, T.G. Wondmieneh, A.B. Wu, A.-M. Wyper, G.M.A. Yadav, R. Yadollahpour, A. Yano, Y. Yaya, S. Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V. Ye, P. Yip, P. Yisma, E. Yonemoto, N. Yoon, S.-J. Youm, Y. Younis, M.Z. Yousef, Z. Yu, C. Yu, Y. Moghadam, T.Z. Zaidi, Z. Zaman, S.B. Zamani, M. Zandian, H. Zarei, F. Zhang, Z.-J. Zhang, Y. Ziapour, A. Zodpey, S. Dandona, R. Dharmaratne, S.D. Hay, S.I. Mokdad, A.H. Pigott, D.M. Reiner, R.C. Vos, T.
Abstract: Background: While there is a long history of measuring death and disability from injuries, modern research methods must account for the wide spectrum of disability that can occur in an injury, and must provide estimates with sufficient demographic, geographical and temporal detail to be useful for policy makers. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 study used methods to provide highly detailed estimates of global injury burden that meet these criteria. Methods: In this study, we report and discuss the methods used in GBD 2017 for injury morbidity and mortality burden estimation. In summary, these methods included estimating cause-specific mortality for every cause of injury, and then estimating incidence for every cause of injury. Non-fatal disability for each cause is then calculated based on the probabilities of suffering from different types of bodily injury experienced. Results: GBD 2017 produced morbidity and mortality estimates for 38 causes of injury. Estimates were produced in terms of incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability, cause-specific mortality, years of life lost and disability-adjusted life-years for a 28-year period for 22 age groups, 195 countries and both sexes. Conclusions: GBD 2017 demonstrated a complex and sophisticated series of analytical steps using the largest known database of morbidity and mortality data on injuries. GBD 2017 results should be used to help inform injury prevention policy making and resource allocation. We also identify important avenues for improving injury burden estimation in the future. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC B Y. Published by BMJ.
Published: 2020

14. Estimating global injuries morbidity and mortality: Methods and data used in the Global Burden of Disease 2017 study

Author: James, S.L. Castle, C.D. Dingels, Z.V. Fox, J.T. Hamilton, E.B. Liu, Z. Roberts, N.L.S. Sylte, D.O. Bertolacci, G.J. Cunningham, M. Henry, N.J. Legrand, K.E. Abdelalim, A. Abdollahpour, I. Abdulkader, R.S. Abedi, A. Abegaz, K.H. Abosetugn, A.E. Abushouk, A.I. Adebayo, O.M. Adsuar, J.C. Advani, S.M. Agudelo-Botero, M. Ahmad, T. Ahmed, M.B. Ahmed, R. Aichour, M.T.E. Alahdab, F. Alanezi, F.M. Alema, N.M. Alemu, B.W. Alghnam, S.A. Ali, B.A. Ali, S. Alinia, C. Alipour, V. Aljunid, S.M. Almasi-Hashiani, A. Almasri, N.A. Altirkawi, K. Amer, Y.S.A. Andrei, C.L. Ansari-Moghaddam, A. Antonio, C.A.T. Anvari, D. Appiah, S.C.Y. Arabloo, J. Arab-Zozani, M. Arefi, Z. Aremu, O. Ariani, F. Arora, A. Asaad, M. Quintanilla, B.P.A. Ayano, G. Ayanore, M.A. Azarian, G. Badawi, A. Badiye, A.D. Baig, A.A. Bairwa, M. Bakhtiari, A. Balachandran, A. Banach, M. Banerjee, S.K. Banik, P.C. Banstola, A. Barker-Collo, S.L. Bärnighausen, T.W. Barzegar, A. Bayati, M. Bazargan-Hejazi, S. Bedi, N. Behzadifar, M. Belete, H. Bennett, D.A. Bensenor, I.M. Berhe, K. Bhagavathula, A.S. Bhardwaj, P. Bhat, A.G. Bhattacharyya, K. Bhutta, Z.A. Bibi, S. Bijani, A. Boloor, A. Borges, G. Borschmann, R. Borzì, A.M. Boufous, S. Braithwaite, D. Briko, N.I. Brugha, T. Budhathoki, S.S. Car, J. Cárdenas, R. Carvalho, F. Castaldelli-Maia, J.M. Castañeda-Orjuela, C.A. Castelpietra, G. Catalá-López, F. Cerin, E. Chandan, J.S. Chapman, J.R. Chattu, V.K. Chattu, S.K. Chatziralli, I. Chaudhary, N. Cho, D.Y. Choi, J.-Y.J. Chowdhury, M.A.K. Christopher, D.J. Chu, D.-T. Cicuttini, F.M. Coelho, J.M. Costa, V.M. Dahlawi, S.M.A. Daryani, A. Dávila-Cervantes, C.A. De Leo, D. Demeke, F.M. Demoz, G.T. Demsie, D.G. Deribe, K. Desai, R. Nasab, M.D. Da Silva, D.D. Forooshani, Z.S.D. Do, H.T. Doyle, K.E. Driscoll, T.R. Dubljanin, E. Adema, B.D. Eagan, A.W. Elemineh, D.A. El-Jaafary, S.I. El-Khatib, Z. Ellingsen, C.L. El Sayedzaki, M. Eskandarieh, S. Eyawo, O. Faris, P.S. Faro, A. Farzadfar, F. Fereshtehnejad, S.-M. Fernandes, E. Ferrara and James, S.L. Castle, C.D. Dingels, Z.V. Fox, J.T. Hamilton, E.B. Liu, Z. Roberts, N.L.S. Sylte, D.O. Bertolacci, G.J. Cunningham, M. Henry, N.J. Legrand, K.E. Abdelalim, A. Abdollahpour, I. Abdulkader, R.S. Abedi, A. Abegaz, K.H. Abosetugn, A.E. Abushouk, A.I. Adebayo, O.M. Adsuar, J.C. Advani, S.M. Agudelo-Botero, M. Ahmad, T. Ahmed, M.B. Ahmed, R. Aichour, M.T.E. Alahdab, F. Alanezi, F.M. Alema, N.M. Alemu, B.W. Alghnam, S.A. Ali, B.A. Ali, S. Alinia, C. Alipour, V. Aljunid, S.M. Almasi-Hashiani, A. Almasri, N.A. Altirkawi, K. Amer, Y.S.A. Andrei, C.L. Ansari-Moghaddam, A. Antonio, C.A.T. Anvari, D. Appiah, S.C.Y. Arabloo, J. Arab-Zozani, M. Arefi, Z. Aremu, O. Ariani, F. Arora, A. Asaad, M. Quintanilla, B.P.A. Ayano, G. Ayanore, M.A. Azarian, G. Badawi, A. Badiye, A.D. Baig, A.A. Bairwa, M. Bakhtiari, A. Balachandran, A. Banach, M. Banerjee, S.K. Banik, P.C. Banstola, A. Barker-Collo, S.L. Bärnighausen, T.W. Barzegar, A. Bayati, M. Bazargan-Hejazi, S. Bedi, N. Behzadifar, M. Belete, H. Bennett, D.A. Bensenor, I.M. Berhe, K. Bhagavathula, A.S. Bhardwaj, P. Bhat, A.G. Bhattacharyya, K. Bhutta, Z.A. Bibi, S. Bijani, A. Boloor, A. Borges, G. Borschmann, R. Borzì, A.M. Boufous, S. Braithwaite, D. Briko, N.I. Brugha, T. Budhathoki, S.S. Car, J. Cárdenas, R. Carvalho, F. Castaldelli-Maia, J.M. Castañeda-Orjuela, C.A. Castelpietra, G. Catalá-López, F. Cerin, E. Chandan, J.S. Chapman, J.R. Chattu, V.K. Chattu, S.K. Chatziralli, I. Chaudhary, N. Cho, D.Y. Choi, J.-Y.J. Chowdhury, M.A.K. Christopher, D.J. Chu, D.-T. Cicuttini, F.M. Coelho, J.M. Costa, V.M. Dahlawi, S.M.A. Daryani, A. Dávila-Cervantes, C.A. De Leo, D. Demeke, F.M. Demoz, G.T. Demsie, D.G. Deribe, K. Desai, R. Nasab, M.D. Da Silva, D.D. Forooshani, Z.S.D. Do, H.T. Doyle, K.E. Driscoll, T.R. Dubljanin, E. Adema, B.D. Eagan, A.W. Elemineh, D.A. El-Jaafary, S.I. El-Khatib, Z. Ellingsen, C.L. El Sayedzaki, M. Eskandarieh, S. Eyawo, O. Faris, P.S. Faro, A. Farzadfar, F. Fereshtehnejad, S.-M. Fernandes, E. Ferrara
Abstract: Background: While there is a long history of measuring death and disability from injuries, modern research methods must account for the wide spectrum of disability that can occur in an injury, and must provide estimates with sufficient demographic, geographical and temporal detail to be useful for policy makers. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 study used methods to provide highly detailed estimates of global injury burden that meet these criteria. Methods: In this study, we report and discuss the methods used in GBD 2017 for injury morbidity and mortality burden estimation. In summary, these methods included estimating cause-specific mortality for every cause of injury, and then estimating incidence for every cause of injury. Non-fatal disability for each cause is then calculated based on the probabilities of suffering from different types of bodily injury experienced. Results: GBD 2017 produced morbidity and mortality estimates for 38 causes of injury. Estimates were produced in terms of incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability, cause-specific mortality, years of life lost and disability-adjusted life-years for a 28-year period for 22 age groups, 195 countries and both sexes. Conclusions: GBD 2017 demonstrated a complex and sophisticated series of analytical steps using the largest known database of morbidity and mortality data on injuries. GBD 2017 results should be used to help inform injury prevention policy making and resource allocation. We also identify important avenues for improving injury burden estimation in the future. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC B Y. Published by BMJ.
Published: 2020

15. Global injury morbidity and mortality from 1990 to 2017: Results from the global burden of disease study 2017

Author: James, S.L. Castle, C.D. Dingels, Z.V. Fox, J.T. Hamilton, E.B. Liu, Z. Roberts, N.L.S. Sylte, D.O. Henry, N.J. LeGrand, K.E. Abdelalim, A. Abdoli, A. Abdollahpour, I. Abdulkader, R.S. Abedi, A. Abosetugn, A.E. Abushouk, A.I. Adebayo, O.M. Agudelo-Botero, M. Ahmad, T. Ahmed, R. Ahmed, M.B. Aichour, M.T.E. Alahdab, F. Alamene, G.M. Alanezi, F.M. Alebel, A. Alema, N.M. Alghnam, S.A. Al-Hajj, S. Ali, B.A. Ali, S. Alikhani, M. Alinia, C. Alipour, V. Aljunid, S.M. Almasi-Hashiani, A. Almasri, N.A. Altirkawi, K. Amer, Y.S.A. Amini, S. Amit, A.M.L. Andrei, C.L. Ansari-Moghaddam, A. Antonio, C.A.T. Appiah, S.C.Y. Arabloo, J. Arab-Zozani, M. Arefi, Z. Aremu, O. Ariani, F. Arora, A. Asaad, M. Asghari, B. Awoke, N. Quintanilla, B.P.A. Ayano, G. Ayanore, M.A. Azari, S. Azarian, G. Badawi, A. Badiye, A.D. Bagli, E. Baig, A.A. Bairwa, M. Bakhtiari, A. Balachandran, A. Banach, M. Banerjee, S.K. Banik, P.C. Banstola, A. Barker-Collo, S.L. Bärnighausen, T.W. Barrero, L.H. Barzegar, A. Bayati, M. Baye, B.A. Bedi, N. Behzadifar, M. Bekuma, T.T. Belete, H. Benjet, C. Bennett, D.A. Bensenor, I.M. Berhe, K. Bhardwaj, P. Bhat, A.G. Bhattacharyya, K. Bibi, S. Bijani, A. Sayeed, M.S.B. Borges, G. Borzì, A.M. Boufous, S. Brazinova, A. Briko, N.I. Budhathoki, S.S. Car, J. Cárdenas, R. Carvalho, F. Castaldelli-Maia, J.M. Castañeda-Orjuela, C.A. Castelpietra, G. Catalá-López, F. Cerin, E. Chandan, J.S. Chanie, W.F. Chattu, S.K. Chattu, V.K. Chatziralli, I. Chaudhary, N. Cho, D.Y. Chowdhury, M.A.K. Chu, D.-T. Colquhoun, S.M. Constantin, M.-M. Costa, V.M. Damiani, G. Daryani, A. Dávila-Cervantes, C.A. Demeke, F.M. Demis, A.B. Demoz, G.T. Demsie, D.G. Derakhshani, A. Deribe, K. Desai, R. Nasab, M.D. Dias da Silva, D. Forooshani, Z.S.D. Doyle, K.E. Driscoll, T.R. Dubljanin, E. Adema, B.D. Eagan, A.W. Eftekhari, A. Ehsani-Chimeh, E. El Sayed Zaki, M. Elemineh, D.A. El-Jaafary, S.I. El-Khatib, Z. Ellingsen, C.L. Emamian, M.H. Endalew, D.A. Eskandarieh, S. Faris, P.S. Faro, A. Farzadfar, F. Fatahi, Y. and James, S.L. Castle, C.D. Dingels, Z.V. Fox, J.T. Hamilton, E.B. Liu, Z. Roberts, N.L.S. Sylte, D.O. Henry, N.J. LeGrand, K.E. Abdelalim, A. Abdoli, A. Abdollahpour, I. Abdulkader, R.S. Abedi, A. Abosetugn, A.E. Abushouk, A.I. Adebayo, O.M. Agudelo-Botero, M. Ahmad, T. Ahmed, R. Ahmed, M.B. Aichour, M.T.E. Alahdab, F. Alamene, G.M. Alanezi, F.M. Alebel, A. Alema, N.M. Alghnam, S.A. Al-Hajj, S. Ali, B.A. Ali, S. Alikhani, M. Alinia, C. Alipour, V. Aljunid, S.M. Almasi-Hashiani, A. Almasri, N.A. Altirkawi, K. Amer, Y.S.A. Amini, S. Amit, A.M.L. Andrei, C.L. Ansari-Moghaddam, A. Antonio, C.A.T. Appiah, S.C.Y. Arabloo, J. Arab-Zozani, M. Arefi, Z. Aremu, O. Ariani, F. Arora, A. Asaad, M. Asghari, B. Awoke, N. Quintanilla, B.P.A. Ayano, G. Ayanore, M.A. Azari, S. Azarian, G. Badawi, A. Badiye, A.D. Bagli, E. Baig, A.A. Bairwa, M. Bakhtiari, A. Balachandran, A. Banach, M. Banerjee, S.K. Banik, P.C. Banstola, A. Barker-Collo, S.L. Bärnighausen, T.W. Barrero, L.H. Barzegar, A. Bayati, M. Baye, B.A. Bedi, N. Behzadifar, M. Bekuma, T.T. Belete, H. Benjet, C. Bennett, D.A. Bensenor, I.M. Berhe, K. Bhardwaj, P. Bhat, A.G. Bhattacharyya, K. Bibi, S. Bijani, A. Sayeed, M.S.B. Borges, G. Borzì, A.M. Boufous, S. Brazinova, A. Briko, N.I. Budhathoki, S.S. Car, J. Cárdenas, R. Carvalho, F. Castaldelli-Maia, J.M. Castañeda-Orjuela, C.A. Castelpietra, G. Catalá-López, F. Cerin, E. Chandan, J.S. Chanie, W.F. Chattu, S.K. Chattu, V.K. Chatziralli, I. Chaudhary, N. Cho, D.Y. Chowdhury, M.A.K. Chu, D.-T. Colquhoun, S.M. Constantin, M.-M. Costa, V.M. Damiani, G. Daryani, A. Dávila-Cervantes, C.A. Demeke, F.M. Demis, A.B. Demoz, G.T. Demsie, D.G. Derakhshani, A. Deribe, K. Desai, R. Nasab, M.D. Dias da Silva, D. Forooshani, Z.S.D. Doyle, K.E. Driscoll, T.R. Dubljanin, E. Adema, B.D. Eagan, A.W. Eftekhari, A. Ehsani-Chimeh, E. El Sayed Zaki, M. Elemineh, D.A. El-Jaafary, S.I. El-Khatib, Z. Ellingsen, C.L. Emamian, M.H. Endalew, D.A. Eskandarieh, S. Faris, P.S. Faro, A. Farzadfar, F. Fatahi, Y.
Abstract: Background Past research in population health trends has shown that injuries form a substantial burden of population health loss. Regular updates to injury burden assessments are critical. We report Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 Study estimates on morbidity and mortality for all injuries. methods We reviewed results for injuries from the GBD 2017 study. GBD 2017 measured injury-specific mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) using the Cause of Death Ensemble model. To measure non-fatal injuries, GBD 2017 modelled injury-specific incidence and converted this to prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs). YLLs and YLDs were summed to calculate disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Findings In 1990, there were 4 260 493 (4 085 700 to 4 396 138) injury deaths, which increased to 4 484 722 (4 332 010 to 4 585 554) deaths in 2017, while age-standardised mortality decreased from 1079 (1073 to 1086) to 738 (730 to 745) per 100 000. In 1990, there were 354 064 302 (95% uncertainty interval: 338 174 876 to 371 610 802) new cases of injury globally, which increased to 520 710 288 (493 430 247 to 547 988 635) new cases in 2017. During this time, age-standardised incidence decreased non-significantly from 6824 (6534 to 7147) to 6763 (6412 to 7118) per 100 000. Between 1990 and 2017, age-standardised DALYs decreased from 4947 (4655 to 5233) per 100 000 to 3267 (3058 to 3505). Interpretation Injuries are an important cause of health loss globally, though mortality has declined between 1990 and 2017. Future research in injury burden should focus on prevention in high-burden populations, improving data collection and ensuring access to medical care. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY. Published by BMJ.
Published: 2020

16. Five insights from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Murray, C.J.L., Abbafati, C., Abbas, K.M., Abbasi, M., Abbasi-Kangevari, M., Abd-Allah, F., Abdollahi, M., Abedi, P., Abedi, A., Abolhassani, H., Aboyans, V., Abreu, L.G., Abrigo, M.R.M., Abu-Gharbieh, E., Abu Haimed, A.K., Abushouk, A.I., Acebedo, A., Ackerman, I.N., Adabi, M., Adamu, A.A., Adebayo, O.M., Adelson, J.D., Adetokunboh, O.O., Afarideh, M., Afshin, A., Agarwal, G., Agrawal, A., Ahmad, T., Ahmadi, K., Ahmadi, M., Ahmed, M.B., Aji, B., Akinyemiju, T., Akombi, B., Alahdab, F., Alam, K., Alanezi, F.M., Alanzi, T.M., Albertson, S.B., Alemu, B.W., Alemu, Y.M., Alhabib, K.F., Ali, M., Ali, S., Alicandro, G., Alipour, V., Alizade, H., Aljunid, S.M., Alla, F., Allebeck, P., Almadi, M.A.H., Almasi-Hashiani, A., Al-Mekhlafi, H.M., Almulhim, A.M., Alonso, J., Al-Raddadi, R.M., Altirkawi, K.A., Alvis-Guzman, N., Amare, B., Amare, A.T, Amini, S., Amit, A.M.L., Amugsi, D.A., Anbesu, E.W., Ancuceanu, R., Anderlini, D., Anderson, J.A., Andrei, T., Andrei, C.L., Anjomshoa, M., Ansari, F., Ansari-Moghaddam, A., Antonio, C.A.T., Antony, C.M., Anvari, D., Appiah, S.C.Y., Arabloo, J., Arab-Zozani, M., Aravkin, A.Y., Arba, A.A.K., Aripov, T., Ärnlöv, J., Arowosegbe, O.O., Asaad, M., Asadi-Aliabadi, M., Asadi-Pooya, A.A., Ashbaugh, C., Assmus, M., Atout, M.M.W., Ausloos, M., Ausloos, F., Ayala Quintanilla, B.P., Ayano, G., Ayanore, M.A., Azari, S., Azene, Z.N., Babaee, E., Badawi, A., Badiye, A.D., Bagherzadeh, M., Bairwa, M., Bakhtiari, A., Bakkannavar, S.M., Balachandran, A., Banach, M., Banerjee, S.K., Banik, P.C., Baraki, A.G., Barker-Collo, S.L., Basaleem, H., Basu, S., Baune, B.T., Bayati, M., Baye, B.A., Bedi, N., Beghi, E., Bell, M.L., Bensenor, I.M., Berhe, K., Berman, A.E., Bhagavathula, A.S., Bhala, N., Bhardwaj, P., Bhattacharyya, K., Bhattarai, S., Bhutta, Z.A., Bijani, A., Bikbov, B., Biondi, A., Bisignano, C., Biswas, R.K., Bjørge, T., Bohlouli, S., Bohluli, M., Bolla, S.R.R., Boloor, A., Bose, D., Boufous, S., Brady, O.J., Braithwaite, D., Brauer, M., Breitborde, N.J.K, Brenner, H., Breusov, A.V., Briant, P.S., Briggs, A.M., Britton, G.B., Brugha, T., Burugina Nagaraja, S., Busse, R., Butt, Z.A., Caetano dos Santos, F.L., Cámera, L.L.A., Campos-Nonato, I.R., Campuzano Rincon, J.C., Car, J., Cárdenas, R., Carreras, G., Carrero, J. 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Abstract: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 provides a rules-based synthesis of the available evidence on levels and trends in health outcomes, a diverse set of risk factors, and health system responses. GBD 2019 covered 204 countries and territories, as well as first administrative level disaggregations for 22 countries, from 1990 to 2019. Because GBD is highly standardised and comprehensive, spanning both fatal and non-fatal outcomes, and uses a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of hierarchical disease and injury causes, the study provides a powerful basis for detailed and broad insights on global health trends and emerging challenges. GBD 2019 incorporates data from 281 586 sources and provides more than 3·5 billion estimates of health outcome and health system measures of interest for global, national, and subnational policy dialogue. All GBD estimates are publicly available and adhere to the Guidelines on Accurate and Transparent Health Estimate Reporting. From this vast amount of information, five key insights that are important for health, social, and economic development strategies have been distilled. These insights are subject to the many limitations outlined in each of the component GBD capstone papers.
Published: 2020

17. Measuring universal health coverage based on an index of effective coverage of health services in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.

Author: Shetty B.S.K., Stein C., Stokes M.A., Sufiyan M.B., Suleria H.A.R., Sultan I., Szumowski L., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tabuchi T., Tadakamadla S.K., Taddele B.W., Tadesse D.B., Taherkhani A., Tamiru A.T., Tanser F.C., Tareque M.I., Tarigan I.U., Teagle W.L., Tediosi F., Tefera Y.G.G., Tela F.G., Tessema Z.T., Thakur B., Titova M.V., Tonelli M., Topor-Madry R., Topouzis F., Tovani-Palone M.R.R., Tran B.X., Travillian R., Troeger C.E., Tudor Car L., Uddin R., Ullah I., Umeokonkwo C.D., Unnikrishnan B., Upadhyay E., Uthman O.A., Vacante M., Valdez P.R., Varughese S., Vasankari T.J., Vasseghian Y., Venketasubramanian N., Violante F.S., Vlassov V., Vollset S.E., Vongpradith A., Vos T., Waheed Y., Walters M.K., Wamai R.G., Wang H., Wang Y.-P., Weintraub R.G., Weiss J., Werdecker A., Westerman R., Wilner L.B., Woldu G., Wolfe C.D.A., Wu A.-M., Wulf Hanson S., Xie Y., Yahyazadeh Jabbari S.H., Yamagishi K., Yano Y., Yaya S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi V., Yearwood J.A., Yeshitila Y.G., Yip P., Yonemoto N., Younis M.Z., Yousefi Z., Yousefinezhadi T., Yusefzadeh H., Zadey S., Zahirian Moghadam T., Zaidi S.S., Zaki L., Zaman S.B., Zamanian M., Zandian H., Zastrozhin M.S., Zewdie K.A., Zhang Y., Zhao X.-J.G., Zhao Y., Zheng P., Zhu C., Ziapour A., Zlavog B.S., Zodpey S., Murray C.J.L., Lozano R., Fullman N., Mumford J.E., Knight M., Barthelemy C.M., Abbafati C., Abbastabar H., Abd-Allah F., Abdollahi M., Abedi A., Abolhassani H., Abosetugn A.E., Abreu L.G., Abrigo M.R.M., Abu Haimed A.K., Abushouk A.I., Adabi M., Adebayo O.M., Adekanmbi V., Adelson J., Adetokunboh O.O., Adham D., Advani S.M., Afshin A., Agarwal G., Agasthi P., Aghamir S.M.K., Agrawal A., Ahmad T., Akinyemi R.O., Alahdab F., Al-Aly Z., Alam K., Albertson S.B., Alemu Y.M., Alhassan R.K., Ali M., Ali S., Alipour V., Aljunid S.M., Alla F., Almadi M.A.H., Almasi A., Almasi-Hashiani A., Almasri N.A., Al-Mekhlafi H.M., Almulhim A.M., Alonso J., Al-Raddadi R.M., Altirkawi K.A., Alvis-Guzman N., Alvis-Zakzuk N.J., Amini S., Amini-Rarani M., Amiri F., Amit A.M.L., Amugsi D.A., Ancuceanu R., Anderlini D., Andrei C.L., Androudi S., Ansari F., Ansari-Moghaddam A., Antonio C.A.T., Antony C.M., Antriyandarti E., Anvari D., Anwer R., Arabloo J., Arab-Zozani M., Aravkin A.Y., Aremu O., Arnlov J., Asaad M., Asadi-Aliabadi M., Asadi-Pooya A.A., Athari S.S., Atout M.M.W., Ausloos M., Avila-Burgos L., Ayala Quintanilla B.P., Ayano G., Ayanore M.A., Aynalem Y.A., Aynalem G.L., Ayza M.A., Azari S., Azzopardi P.S., B D.B., Babaee E., Badiye A.D., Bahrami M.A., Baig A.A., Bakhshaei M.H., Bakhtiari A., Bakkannavar S.M., Balachandran A., Banach M., Banerjee S.K., Banik P.C., Bante A.B., Bante S.A., Barker-Collo S.L., Barnighausen T.W., Barrero L.H., Bassat Q., Basu S., Baune B.T., Bayati M., Baye B.A., Bedi N., Beghi E., Behzadifar M., Bekuma T.T.T., Bell M.L., Bensenor I.M., Berman A.E., Bernabe E., Bernstein R.S., Bhagavathula A.S., Bhandari D., Bhardwaj P., Bhat A.G., Bhattacharyya K., Bhattarai S., Bhutta Z.A., Bijani A., Bikbov B., Bilano V., Biondi A., Birihane B.M., Bockarie M.J., Bohlouli S., Bojia H.A., Bolla S.R.R., Boloor A., Brady O.J., Braithwaite D., Briggs A.M., Briko N.I., Burugina Nagaraja S., Busse R., Butt Z.A., Caetano dos Santos F.L., Cahuana-Hurtado L., Camera L.A., Cardenas R., Carreras G., Carrero J.J., Carvalho F., Castaldelli-Maia J.M., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Castelpietra G., Castro F., Catala-Lopez F., Cederroth C.R., Cerin E., Chandan J.S., Chang A.Y., Charan J., Chattu V.K., Chaturvedi S., Chin K.L., Cho D.Y., Choi J.-Y.J., Christensen H., Chu D.-T., Chung M.T., Ciobanu L.G., Cirillo M., Compton K., Cortesi P.A., Costa V.M., Cousin E., Dahlawi S.M.A., Damiani G., Dandona L., Dandona R., Darega Gela J., Darwesh A.M., Daryani A., Dash A.P., Davey G., Davila-Cervantes C.A., Davletov K., De Neve J.-W., Denova-Gutierrez E., Deribe K., Dervenis N., Desai R., Dharmaratne S.D., Dhungana G.P., Dianatinasab M., Dias da Silva D., Diaz D., Dippenaar I.N., Do H.T., Dorostkar F., Doshmangir L., Duncan B.B., Duraes A.R., Eagan A.W., Edvardsson D., El Sayed I., El Tantawi M., Elgendy I.Y., Elyazar I.R., Eskandari K., Eskandarieh S., Esmaeilnejad S., Esteghamati A., Ezekannagha O., Farag T., Farahmand M., Faraon E.J.A., Farinha C.S.E.S., Farioli A., Faris P.S., Faro A., Fazlzadeh M., Feigin V.L., Fernandes E., Ferrara P., Feyissa G.T., Filip I., Fischer F., Fisher J.L., Flor L.S., Foigt N.A., Folayan M.O., Fomenkov A.A., Foroutan M., Francis J.M., Fu W., Fukumoto T., Furtado J.M., Gad M.M., Gaidhane A.M., Gakidou E., Galles N.C., Gallus S., Gardner W.M., Geberemariyam B.S., Gebrehiwot A.M., Gebremeskel L.G., Gebremeskel G.G., Gesesew H.A., Ghadiri K., Ghafourifard M., Ghashghaee A., Ghith N., Gholamian A., Gilani S.A., Gill P.S., Gill T.K., Ginindza T.G., Gitimoghaddam M., Giussani G., Glagn M., Gnedovskaya E.V., Godinho M.A., Goharinezhad S., Gopalani S.V., Goudarzian A.H., Goulart B.N.G., Gubari M.I.M., Guimaraes R.A., Guled R.A., Gultie T., Guo Y., Gupta R., Hafezi-Nejad N., Hafiz A., Haile T.G., Hamadeh R.R., Hameed S., Hamidi S., Han C., Han H., Handiso D.W., Hanif A., Hankey G.J., Haro J.M., Hasaballah A.I., Hasan M.M., Hashi A., Hassan S., Hassan A., Hassanipour S., Hassankhani H., Havmoeller R.J., Hay S.I., Hayat K., Heidari G., Heidari-Soureshjani R., Hendrie D., Herteliu C., Hird T.R., Ho H.C., Hole M.K., Holla R., Hoogar P., Hopf K.P., Horita N., Hossain N., Hosseini M., Hosseinzadeh M., Hostiuc M., Hostiuc S., Househ M., Hsieh V.C.-R., Hu G., Huda T.M., Humayun A., Hwang B.-F., Iavicoli I., Ibitoye S.E., Ikeda N., Ilesanmi O.S., Ilic M.D., Inbaraj L.R., Iqbal U., Irvani S.S.N., Irvine C.M.S., Islam M.M., Islam S.M.S., Islami F., Iso H., Iwu C.J., Jaafari J., Jadidi-Niaragh F., Jafarinia M., Jahagirdar D., Jahani M.A., Jahanmehr N., Jakovljevic M., Janjani H., Javaheri T., Jayatilleke A.U., Jenabi E., Jha R.P., Jha V., Ji J.S., Jia P., John-Akinola Y.O., Jonas J.B., Joukar F., Jozwiak J.J., Jurisson M., Kabir Z., Kalankesh L.R., Kalhor R., Kamath A.M., Kanchan T., Kapoor N., Karami Matin B., Karanikolos M., Karimi S.M., Kassebaum N.J., Katikireddi S.V., Kayode G.A., Keiyoro P.N., Khader Y.S., Khammarnia M., Khan M., Khan E.A., Khang Y.-H., Khatab K., Khater A.M., Khater M.M., Khatib M.N., Khayamzadeh M., Khubchandani J., Kianipour N., Kim Y.J., Kimokoti R.W., Kinfu Y., Kisa A., Kissimova-Skarbek K., Kivimaki M., Kneib C.J., Kocarnik J.M., Kochhar S., Kohler S., Kopec J.A., Korotkova A.V., Korshunov V.A., Kosen S., Kotlo A., Koul P.A., Koyanagi A., Krishan K., Krohn K.J., Kugbey N., Kulkarni V., Kumar G.A., Kumar N., Kumar M., Kurmi O.P., Kusuma D., Kyu H.H., La Vecchia C., Lacey B., Lal D.K., Lalloo R., Landires I., Lansingh V.C., Larsson A.O., Lasrado S., Lau K.M.-M., Lauriola P., Lazarus J.V., Ledesma J.R., Lee P.H., Lee S.W.H., Leever A.T., LeGrand K.E., Leigh J., Leonardi M., Li S., Lim S.S., Lim L.-L., Liu X., Logroscino G., Lopez A.D., Lopukhov P.D., Lotufo P.A., Lu A., Ma J., Madadin M., Mahasha P.W., Mahmoudi M., Majeed A., Malagon-Rojas J.N., Maleki S., Malta D.C., Mansouri B., Mansournia M.A., Martini S., Martins-Melo F.R., Martopullo I., Massenburg B.B., Mastrogiacomo C.I., Mathur M.R., McAlinden C., McKee M., Medina-Solis C.E., Meharie B.G., Mehndiratta M.M., Mehrabi Nasab E., Mehri F., Mehrotra R., Mekonnen T., Melese A., Memiah P.T.N., Mendoza W., Menezes R.G., Mensah G.A., Meretoja T.J., Meretoja A., Mestrovic T., Miazgowski B., Michalek I.M., Mirrakhimov E.M., Mirzaei M., Mirzaei-Alavijeh M., Mitchell P.B., Moazen B., Moghadaszadeh M., Mohamadi E., Mohammad Y., Mohammad D.K., Mohammad Gholi Mezerji N., Mohammadian-Hafshejani A., Mohammed S., Mohammed J.A., Mokdad A.H., Monasta L., Mondello S., Moradi M., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moradzadeh R., Moraga P., Morgado-da-Costa J., Morrison S.D., Mosapour A., Mosser J.F., Mousavi Khaneghah A., Muriithi M.K., Mustafa G., Nabhan A.F., Naderi M., Nagarajan A.J., Naghavi M., Naghshtabrizi B., Naimzada M.D., Nangia V., Nansseu J.R., Nayak V.C., Nazari J., Ndejjo R., Negoi I., Negoi R.I., Neupane S., Ngari K.N., Nguefack-Tsague G., Ngunjiri J.W., Nguyen C.T., Nguyen D.N., Nguyen H.L.T., Nnaji C.A., Nomura S., Norheim O.F., Noubiap J.J., Nowak C., Nunez-Samudio V., Otoiu A., Ogbo F.A., Oghenetega O.B., Oh I.-H., Okunga E.W., Oladnabi M., Olagunju A.T., Olusanya J.O., Olusanya B.O., Oluwasanu M.M., Omar Bali A., Omer M.O., Ong K.L., Onwujekwe O.E., Ortega-Altamirano D.V.V., Ortiz A., Ostojic S.M., Otstavnov N., Otstavnov S.S., Overland S., Owolabi M.O., Padubidri J.R., Pakhale S., Palladino R., Pana A., Panda-Jonas S., Pangaribuan H.U., Pathak M., Patton G.C., Paudel S., Pazoki Toroudi H., Pease S.A., Peden A.E., Pennini A., Peprah E.K., Pereira J., Pigott D.M., Pilgrim T., Pilz T.M., Pinheiro M., Piradov M.A., Pirsaheb M., Pokhrel K.N., Postma M.J., Pourjafar H., Pourmalek F., Pourmirza Kalhori R., Pourshams A., Prada S.I., Pribadi D.R.A., Pupillo E., Quazi Syed Z., Radfar A., Rafiee A., Rafiei A., Raggi A., Rahim F., Rahman M.A., Rajabpour-Sanati A., Rana S.M., Ranabhat C.L., Rao S.J., Rasella D., Rashedi V., Rath G.K., Rathi P., Rawaf S., Rawaf D.L., Rawal L., Rawassizadeh R., Razo C., Renjith V., Renzaho A.M.N., Reshmi B., Rezaei N., Riahi S.M., Ribeiro D.C., Rickard J., Roberts N.L.S., Roever L., Romoli M., Ronfani L., Roshandel G., Rubagotti E., Rwegerera G.M., Sabour S., Sachdev P.S., Saddik B., Sadeghi M., Sadeghi E., Safari Y., Sagar R., Sahebkar A., Sahraian M.A., Sajadi S.M., Salahshoor M.R., Salem M.R.R., Salem H., Salomon J., Samadi Kafil H., Samy A.M., Sanabria J., Santric-Milicevic M.M., Saraswathy S.Y.I., Sarmiento-Suarez R., Sartorius B., Sarveazad A., Sathian B., Sathish T., Sattin D., Savic M., Sawyer S.M., Saxena D., Sbarra A.N., Schaeffer L.E., Schiavolin S., Schmidt M.I., Schutte A.E., Schwebel D.C., Schwendicke F., Seedat S., Sha F., Shahabi S., Shaheen A.A., Shaikh M.A., Shamsizadeh M., Shannawaz M., Sharafi K., Sharara F., Sharifi H., Shaw D.H., Sheikh A., Sheikhtaheri A., Shibuya K., Shiferaw W.S., Shigematsu M., Shin J.I., Shiri R., Shirkoohi R., Shivakumar K.M., Shrime M.G., Shuval K., Siabani S., Sierpinski R., Sigfusdottir I.D., Sigurvinsdottir R., Silva D.A.S., Silva J.P., Simonetti B., Simpson K.E., Singh J.A., Singh P., Sinha D.N., Skryabin V.Y., Smith E.U.R., Soheili A., Soltani S., Soofi M., Sorensen R.J.D., Soriano J.B., Sorrie M.B., Soyiri I.N., Spurlock E.E., Sreeramareddy C.T., Stanaway J.D., Steel N., Shetty B.S.K., Stein C., Stokes M.A., Sufiyan M.B., Suleria H.A.R., Sultan I., Szumowski L., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tabuchi T., Tadakamadla S.K., Taddele B.W., Tadesse D.B., Taherkhani A., Tamiru A.T., Tanser F.C., Tareque M.I., Tarigan I.U., Teagle W.L., Tediosi F., Tefera Y.G.G., Tela F.G., Tessema Z.T., Thakur B., Titova M.V., Tonelli M., Topor-Madry R., Topouzis F., Tovani-Palone M.R.R., Tran B.X., Travillian R., Troeger C.E., Tudor Car L., Uddin R., Ullah I., Umeokonkwo C.D., Unnikrishnan B., Upadhyay E., Uthman O.A., Vacante M., Valdez P.R., Varughese S., Vasankari T.J., Vasseghian Y., Venketasubramanian N., Violante F.S., Vlassov V., Vollset S.E., Vongpradith A., Vos T., Waheed Y., Walters M.K., Wamai R.G., Wang H., Wang Y.-P., Weintraub R.G., Weiss J., Werdecker A., Westerman R., Wilner L.B., Woldu G., Wolfe C.D.A., Wu A.-M., Wulf Hanson S., Xie Y., Yahyazadeh Jabbari S.H., Yamagishi K., Yano Y., Yaya S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi V., Yearwood J.A., Yeshitila Y.G., Yip P., Yonemoto N., Younis M.Z., Yousefi Z., Yousefinezhadi T., Yusefzadeh H., Zadey S., Zahirian Moghadam T., Zaidi S.S., Zaki L., Zaman S.B., Zamanian M., Zandian H., Zastrozhin M.S., Zewdie K.A., Zhang Y., Zhao X.-J.G., Zhao Y., Zheng P., Zhu C., Ziapour A., Zlavog B.S., Zodpey S., Murray C.J.L., Lozano R., Fullman N., Mumford J.E., Knight M., Barthelemy C.M., Abbafati C., Abbastabar H., Abd-Allah F., Abdollahi M., Abedi A., Abolhassani H., Abosetugn A.E., Abreu L.G., Abrigo M.R.M., Abu Haimed A.K., Abushouk A.I., Adabi M., Adebayo O.M., Adekanmbi V., Adelson J., Adetokunboh O.O., Adham D., Advani S.M., Afshin A., Agarwal G., Agasthi P., Aghamir S.M.K., Agrawal A., Ahmad T., Akinyemi R.O., Alahdab F., Al-Aly Z., Alam K., Albertson S.B., Alemu Y.M., Alhassan R.K., Ali M., Ali S., Alipour V., Aljunid S.M., Alla F., Almadi M.A.H., Almasi A., Almasi-Hashiani A., Almasri N.A., Al-Mekhlafi H.M., Almulhim A.M., Alonso J., Al-Raddadi R.M., Altirkawi K.A., Alvis-Guzman N., Alvis-Zakzuk N.J., Amini S., Amini-Rarani M., Amiri F., Amit A.M.L., Amugsi D.A., Ancuceanu R., Anderlini D., Andrei C.L., Androudi S., Ansari F., Ansari-Moghaddam A., Antonio C.A.T., Antony C.M., Antriyandarti E., Anvari D., Anwer R., Arabloo J., Arab-Zozani M., Aravkin A.Y., Aremu O., Arnlov J., Asaad M., Asadi-Aliabadi M., Asadi-Pooya A.A., Athari S.S., Atout M.M.W., Ausloos M., Avila-Burgos L., Ayala Quintanilla B.P., Ayano G., Ayanore M.A., Aynalem Y.A., Aynalem G.L., Ayza M.A., Azari S., Azzopardi P.S., B D.B., Babaee E., Badiye A.D., Bahrami M.A., Baig A.A., Bakhshaei M.H., Bakhtiari A., Bakkannavar S.M., Balachandran A., Banach M., Banerjee S.K., Banik P.C., Bante A.B., Bante S.A., Barker-Collo S.L., Barnighausen T.W., Barrero L.H., Bassat Q., Basu S., Baune B.T., Bayati M., Baye B.A., Bedi N., Beghi E., Behzadifar M., Bekuma T.T.T., Bell M.L., Bensenor I.M., Berman A.E., Bernabe E., Bernstein R.S., Bhagavathula A.S., Bhandari D., Bhardwaj P., Bhat A.G., Bhattacharyya K., Bhattarai S., Bhutta Z.A., Bijani A., Bikbov B., Bilano V., Biondi A., Birihane B.M., Bockarie M.J., Bohlouli S., Bojia H.A., Bolla S.R.R., Boloor A., Brady O.J., Braithwaite D., Briggs A.M., Briko N.I., Burugina Nagaraja S., Busse R., Butt Z.A., Caetano dos Santos F.L., Cahuana-Hurtado L., Camera L.A., Cardenas R., Carreras G., Carrero J.J., Carvalho F., Castaldelli-Maia J.M., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Castelpietra G., Castro F., Catala-Lopez F., Cederroth C.R., Cerin E., Chandan J.S., Chang A.Y., Charan J., Chattu V.K., Chaturvedi S., Chin K.L., Cho D.Y., Choi J.-Y.J., Christensen H., Chu D.-T., Chung M.T., Ciobanu L.G., Cirillo M., Compton K., Cortesi P.A., Costa V.M., Cousin E., Dahlawi S.M.A., Damiani G., Dandona L., Dandona R., Darega Gela J., Darwesh A.M., Daryani A., Dash A.P., Davey G., Davila-Cervantes C.A., Davletov K., De Neve J.-W., Denova-Gutierrez E., Deribe K., Dervenis N., Desai R., Dharmaratne S.D., Dhungana G.P., Dianatinasab M., Dias da Silva D., Diaz D., Dippenaar I.N., Do H.T., Dorostkar F., Doshmangir L., Duncan B.B., Duraes A.R., Eagan A.W., Edvardsson D., El Sayed I., El Tantawi M., Elgendy I.Y., Elyazar I.R., Eskandari K., Eskandarieh S., Esmaeilnejad S., Esteghamati A., Ezekannagha O., Farag T., Farahmand M., Faraon E.J.A., Farinha C.S.E.S., Farioli A., Faris P.S., Faro A., Fazlzadeh M., Feigin V.L., Fernandes E., Ferrara P., Feyissa G.T., Filip I., Fischer F., Fisher J.L., Flor L.S., Foigt N.A., Folayan M.O., Fomenkov A.A., Foroutan M., Francis J.M., Fu W., Fukumoto T., Furtado J.M., Gad M.M., Gaidhane A.M., Gakidou E., Galles N.C., Gallus S., Gardner W.M., Geberemariyam B.S., Gebrehiwot A.M., Gebremeskel L.G., Gebremeskel G.G., Gesesew H.A., Ghadiri K., Ghafourifard M., Ghashghaee A., Ghith N., Gholamian A., Gilani S.A., Gill P.S., Gill T.K., Ginindza T.G., Gitimoghaddam M., Giussani G., Glagn M., Gnedovskaya E.V., Godinho M.A., Goharinezhad S., Gopalani S.V., Goudarzian A.H., Goulart B.N.G., Gubari M.I.M., Guimaraes R.A., Guled R.A., Gultie T., Guo Y., Gupta R., Hafezi-Nejad N., Hafiz A., Haile T.G., Hamadeh R.R., Hameed S., Hamidi S., Han C., Han H., Handiso D.W., Hanif A., Hankey G.J., Haro J.M., Hasaballah A.I., Hasan M.M., Hashi A., Hassan S., Hassan A., Hassanipour S., Hassankhani H., Havmoeller R.J., Hay S.I., Hayat K., Heidari G., Heidari-Soureshjani R., Hendrie D., Herteliu C., Hird T.R., Ho H.C., Hole M.K., Holla R., Hoogar P., Hopf K.P., Horita N., Hossain N., Hosseini M., Hosseinzadeh M., Hostiuc M., Hostiuc S., Househ M., Hsieh V.C.-R., Hu G., Huda T.M., Humayun A., Hwang B.-F., Iavicoli I., Ibitoye S.E., Ikeda N., Ilesanmi O.S., Ilic M.D., Inbaraj L.R., Iqbal U., Irvani S.S.N., Irvine C.M.S., Islam M.M., Islam S.M.S., Islami F., Iso H., Iwu C.J., Jaafari J., Jadidi-Niaragh F., Jafarinia M., Jahagirdar D., Jahani M.A., Jahanmehr N., Jakovljevic M., Janjani H., Javaheri T., Jayatilleke A.U., Jenabi E., Jha R.P., Jha V., Ji J.S., Jia P., John-Akinola Y.O., Jonas J.B., Joukar F., Jozwiak J.J., Jurisson M., Kabir Z., Kalankesh L.R., Kalhor R., Kamath A.M., Kanchan T., Kapoor N., Karami Matin B., Karanikolos M., Karimi S.M., Kassebaum N.J., Katikireddi S.V., Kayode G.A., Keiyoro P.N., Khader Y.S., Khammarnia M., Khan M., Khan E.A., Khang Y.-H., Khatab K., Khater A.M., Khater M.M., Khatib M.N., Khayamzadeh M., Khubchandani J., Kianipour N., Kim Y.J., Kimokoti R.W., Kinfu Y., Kisa A., Kissimova-Skarbek K., Kivimaki M., Kneib C.J., Kocarnik J.M., Kochhar S., Kohler S., Kopec J.A., Korotkova A.V., Korshunov V.A., Kosen S., Kotlo A., Koul P.A., Koyanagi A., Krishan K., Krohn K.J., Kugbey N., Kulkarni V., Kumar G.A., Kumar N., Kumar M., Kurmi O.P., Kusuma D., Kyu H.H., La Vecchia C., Lacey B., Lal D.K., Lalloo R., Landires I., Lansingh V.C., Larsson A.O., Lasrado S., Lau K.M.-M., Lauriola P., Lazarus J.V., Ledesma J.R., Lee P.H., Lee S.W.H., Leever A.T., LeGrand K.E., Leigh J., Leonardi M., Li S., Lim S.S., Lim L.-L., Liu X., Logroscino G., Lopez A.D., Lopukhov P.D., Lotufo P.A., Lu A., Ma J., Madadin M., Mahasha P.W., Mahmoudi M., Majeed A., Malagon-Rojas J.N., Maleki S., Malta D.C., Mansouri B., Mansournia M.A., Martini S., Martins-Melo F.R., Martopullo I., Massenburg B.B., Mastrogiacomo C.I., Mathur M.R., McAlinden C., McKee M., Medina-Solis C.E., Meharie B.G., Mehndiratta M.M., Mehrabi Nasab E., Mehri F., Mehrotra R., Mekonnen T., Melese A., Memiah P.T.N., Mendoza W., Menezes R.G., Mensah G.A., Meretoja T.J., Meretoja A., Mestrovic T., Miazgowski B., Michalek I.M., Mirrakhimov E.M., Mirzaei M., Mirzaei-Alavijeh M., Mitchell P.B., Moazen B., Moghadaszadeh M., Mohamadi E., Mohammad Y., Mohammad D.K., Mohammad Gholi Mezerji N., Mohammadian-Hafshejani A., Mohammed S., Mohammed J.A., Mokdad A.H., Monasta L., Mondello S., Moradi M., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moradzadeh R., Moraga P., Morgado-da-Costa J., Morrison S.D., Mosapour A., Mosser J.F., Mousavi Khaneghah A., Muriithi M.K., Mustafa G., Nabhan A.F., Naderi M., Nagarajan A.J., Naghavi M., Naghshtabrizi B., Naimzada M.D., Nangia V., Nansseu J.R., Nayak V.C., Nazari J., Ndejjo R., Negoi I., Negoi R.I., Neupane S., Ngari K.N., Nguefack-Tsague G., Ngunjiri J.W., Nguyen C.T., Nguyen D.N., Nguyen H.L.T., Nnaji C.A., Nomura S., Norheim O.F., Noubiap J.J., Nowak C., Nunez-Samudio V., Otoiu A., Ogbo F.A., Oghenetega O.B., Oh I.-H., Okunga E.W., Oladnabi M., Olagunju A.T., Olusanya J.O., Olusanya B.O., Oluwasanu M.M., Omar Bali A., Omer M.O., Ong K.L., Onwujekwe O.E., Ortega-Altamirano D.V.V., Ortiz A., Ostojic S.M., Otstavnov N., Otstavnov S.S., Overland S., Owolabi M.O., Padubidri J.R., Pakhale S., Palladino R., Pana A., Panda-Jonas S., Pangaribuan H.U., Pathak M., Patton G.C., Paudel S., Pazoki Toroudi H., Pease S.A., Peden A.E., Pennini A., Peprah E.K., Pereira J., Pigott D.M., Pilgrim T., Pilz T.M., Pinheiro M., Piradov M.A., Pirsaheb M., Pokhrel K.N., Postma M.J., Pourjafar H., Pourmalek F., Pourmirza Kalhori R., Pourshams A., Prada S.I., Pribadi D.R.A., Pupillo E., Quazi Syed Z., Radfar A., Rafiee A., Rafiei A., Raggi A., Rahim F., Rahman M.A., Rajabpour-Sanati A., Rana S.M., Ranabhat C.L., Rao S.J., Rasella D., Rashedi V., Rath G.K., Rathi P., Rawaf S., Rawaf D.L., Rawal L., Rawassizadeh R., Razo C., Renjith V., Renzaho A.M.N., Reshmi B., Rezaei N., Riahi S.M., Ribeiro D.C., Rickard J., Roberts N.L.S., Roever L., Romoli M., Ronfani L., Roshandel G., Rubagotti E., Rwegerera G.M., Sabour S., Sachdev P.S., Saddik B., Sadeghi M., Sadeghi E., Safari Y., Sagar R., Sahebkar A., Sahraian M.A., Sajadi S.M., Salahshoor M.R., Salem M.R.R., Salem H., Salomon J., Samadi Kafil H., Samy A.M., Sanabria J., Santric-Milicevic M.M., Saraswathy S.Y.I., Sarmiento-Suarez R., Sartorius B., Sarveazad A., Sathian B., Sathish T., Sattin D., Savic M., Sawyer S.M., Saxena D., Sbarra A.N., Schaeffer L.E., Schiavolin S., Schmidt M.I., Schutte A.E., Schwebel D.C., Schwendicke F., Seedat S., Sha F., Shahabi S., Shaheen A.A., Shaikh M.A., Shamsizadeh M., Shannawaz M., Sharafi K., Sharara F., Sharifi H., Shaw D.H., Sheikh A., Sheikhtaheri A., Shibuya K., Shiferaw W.S., Shigematsu M., Shin J.I., Shiri R., Shirkoohi R., Shivakumar K.M., Shrime M.G., Shuval K., Siabani S., Sierpinski R., Sigfusdottir I.D., Sigurvinsdottir R., Silva D.A.S., Silva J.P., Simonetti B., Simpson K.E., Singh J.A., Singh P., Sinha D.N., Skryabin V.Y., Smith E.U.R., Soheili A., Soltani S., Soofi M., Sorensen R.J.D., Soriano J.B., Sorrie M.B., Soyiri I.N., Spurlock E.E., Sreeramareddy C.T., Stanaway J.D., and Steel N.
Abstract: Background: Achieving universal health coverage (UHC) involves all people receiving the health services they need, of high quality, without experiencing financial hardship. Making progress towards UHC is a policy priority for both countries and global institutions, as highlighted by the agenda of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and WHO's Thirteenth General Programme of Work (GPW13). Measuring effective coverage at the health-system level is important for understanding whether health services are aligned with countries' health profiles and are of sufficient quality to produce health gains for populations of all ages. Method(s): Based on the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, we assessed UHC effective coverage for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. Drawing from a measurement framework developed through WHO's GPW13 consultation, we mapped 23 effective coverage indicators to a matrix representing health service types (eg, promotion, prevention, and treatment) and five population-age groups spanning from reproductive and newborn to older adults (>=65 years). Effective coverage indicators were based on intervention coverage or outcome-based measures such as mortality-to-incidence ratios to approximate access to quality care; outcome-based measures were transformed to values on a scale of 0-100 based on the 2.5th and 97.5th percentile of location-year values. We constructed the UHC effective coverage index by weighting each effective coverage indicator relative to its associated potential health gains, as measured by disability-adjusted life-years for each location-year and population-age group. For three tests of validity (content, known-groups, and convergent), UHC effective coverage index performance was generally better than that of other UHC service coverage indices from WHO (ie, the current metric for SDG indicator 3.8.1 on UHC service coverage), the World Bank, and GBD 2017. We quantified frontiers of UH
Published: 2020

18. Mapping child growth failure across low- and middle-income countries.

Author: Faro A., Renzaho A.M.N., Rios-Gonzalez C., Roever L., Ross J.M., Rostami A., Sadat N., Safari Y., Safdarian M., Sahebkar A., Salam N., Salamati P., Salimi Y., Salimzadeh H., Samy A.M., Sartorius B., Sathian B., Schipp M.F., Schwebel D.C., Senbeta A.M., Sepanlou S.G., Shaikh M.A., Levy T.S., Shamsi M., Sharafi K., Sharma R., Sheikh A., Shil A., Silva D.A.S., Singh J.A., Sinha D.N., Soofi M., Sudaryanto A., Sufiyan M.B., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tadesse B.T., Temsah M.-H., Terkawi A.S., Tessema Z.T., Thorne-Lyman A.L., Tovani-Palone M.R., Tran B.X., Tran K.B., Ullah I., Uthman O.A., Vaezghasemi M., Vaezi A., Valdez P.R., Vanderheide J., Veisani Y., Violante F.S., Vlassov V., Vu G.T., Vu L.G., Waheed Y., Walson J.L., Wang Y., Wang Y.-P., Wangia E.N., Werdecker A., Xu G., Yamada T., Yisma E., Yonemoto N., Younis M.Z., Yousefifard M., Yu C., Zaman S.B., Zamani M., Zhang Y., Kassebaum N.J., Hay S.I., Hamidi S., Kinyoki D.K., Osgood-Zimmerman A.E., Pickering B.V., Schaeffer L.E., Marczak L.B., Lazzar-Atwood A., Collison M.L., Henry N.J., Abebe Z., Adamu A.A., Adekanmbi V., Ahmadi K., Ajumobi O., Al-Eyadhy A., Al-Raddadi R.M., Alahdab F., Alijanzadeh M., Alipour V., Altirkawi K., Amini S., Andrei C.L., Antonio C.A.T., Arabloo J., Aremu O., Asadi-Aliabadi M., Atique S., Ausloos M., Avila M., Awasthi A., Quintanilla B.P.A., Azari S., Badawi A., Barnighausen T.W., Bassat Q., Baye K., Bedi N., Bekele B.B., Bell M.L., Bhattacharjee N.V., Bhattacharyya K., Bhattarai S., Bhutta Z.A., Biadgo B., Bikbov B., Briko A.N., Britton G., Burstein R., Butt Z.A., Car J., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Castro F., Cerin E., Chipeta M.G., Chu D.-T., Cork M.A., Cromwell E.A., Cuevas-Nasu L., Dandona L., Dandona R., Daoud F., Gupta R.D., Weaver N.D., Leo D.D., Neve J.-W.D., Deribe K., Desalegn B.B., Deshpande A., Desta M., Diaz D., Dinberu M.T., Doku D.T., Dubey M., Duraes A.R., Dwyer-Lindgren L., Earl L., Effiong A., Zaki M.E.S., Tantawi M.E., El-Khatib Z., Eshrati B., Fareed M., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Filip I., Fischer F., Foigt N.A., Folayan M.O., Fukumoto T., Gebrehiwot T.T., Gezae K.E., Ghajar A., Gill P.S., Gona P.N., Gopalani S.V., Grada A., Guo Y., Haj-Mirzaian A., Hall J.B., Henok A., Prado B.H., Herrero M., Herteliu C., Hoang C.L., Hole M.K., Hossain N., Hosseinzadeh M., Hu G., Islam S.M.S., Jakovljevic M., Jha R.P., Jonas J.B., Jozwiak J.J., Kahsay A., Kanchan T., Karami M., Kasaeian A., Khader Y.S., Khan E.A., Khater M.M., Kim Y.J., Kimokoti R.W., Kisa A., Kochhar S., Kosen S., Koyanagi A., Krishan K., Defo B.K., Kumar G.A., Kumar M., Lad S.D., Lami F.H., Lee P.H., Levine A.J., Li S., Linn S., Lodha R., El Razek H.M.A., Abd El Razek M.M., Majdan M., Majeed A., Malekzadeh R., Malta D.C., Mamun A.A., Mansournia M.A., Martins-Melo F.R., Masaka A., Massenburg B.B., Mayala B.K., Mejia-Rodriguez F., Melku M., Mendoza W., Mensah G.A., Miazgowski T., Miller T.R., Mini G.K., Mirrakhimov E.M., Moazen B., Darwesh A.M., Mohammed S., Mohebi F., Mokdad A.H., Moodley Y., Moradi G., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moraga P., Morrison S.D., Mosser J.F., Mousavi S.M., Mueller U.O., Murray C.J.L., Mustafa G., Naderi M., Naghavi M., Najafi F., Nangia V., Ndwandwe D.E., Negoi I., Ngunjiri J.W., Nguyen H.L.T., Nguyen L.H., Nguyen S.H., Nie J., Nnaji C.A., Noubiap J.J., Shiadeh M.N., Nyasulu P.S., Ogbo F.A., Olagunju A.T., Olusanya B.O., Olusanya J.O., Ortiz-Panozo E., Otstavnov S.S., P. A M., Pana A., Pandey A., Pati S., Patil S.T., Patton G.C., Perico N., Pigott D.M., Pirsaheb M., Piwoz E.G., Postma M.J., Pourshams A., Prakash S., Quintana H., Radfar A., Rafiei A., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rai R.K., Rajati F., Rawaf D.L., Rawaf S., Rawat R., Remuzzi G., Faro A., Renzaho A.M.N., Rios-Gonzalez C., Roever L., Ross J.M., Rostami A., Sadat N., Safari Y., Safdarian M., Sahebkar A., Salam N., Salamati P., Salimi Y., Salimzadeh H., Samy A.M., Sartorius B., Sathian B., Schipp M.F., Schwebel D.C., Senbeta A.M., Sepanlou S.G., Shaikh M.A., Levy T.S., Shamsi M., Sharafi K., Sharma R., Sheikh A., Shil A., Silva D.A.S., Singh J.A., Sinha D.N., Soofi M., Sudaryanto A., Sufiyan M.B., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tadesse B.T., Temsah M.-H., Terkawi A.S., Tessema Z.T., Thorne-Lyman A.L., Tovani-Palone M.R., Tran B.X., Tran K.B., Ullah I., Uthman O.A., Vaezghasemi M., Vaezi A., Valdez P.R., Vanderheide J., Veisani Y., Violante F.S., Vlassov V., Vu G.T., Vu L.G., Waheed Y., Walson J.L., Wang Y., Wang Y.-P., Wangia E.N., Werdecker A., Xu G., Yamada T., Yisma E., Yonemoto N., Younis M.Z., Yousefifard M., Yu C., Zaman S.B., Zamani M., Zhang Y., Kassebaum N.J., Hay S.I., Hamidi S., Kinyoki D.K., Osgood-Zimmerman A.E., Pickering B.V., Schaeffer L.E., Marczak L.B., Lazzar-Atwood A., Collison M.L., Henry N.J., Abebe Z., Adamu A.A., Adekanmbi V., Ahmadi K., Ajumobi O., Al-Eyadhy A., Al-Raddadi R.M., Alahdab F., Alijanzadeh M., Alipour V., Altirkawi K., Amini S., Andrei C.L., Antonio C.A.T., Arabloo J., Aremu O., Asadi-Aliabadi M., Atique S., Ausloos M., Avila M., Awasthi A., Quintanilla B.P.A., Azari S., Badawi A., Barnighausen T.W., Bassat Q., Baye K., Bedi N., Bekele B.B., Bell M.L., Bhattacharjee N.V., Bhattacharyya K., Bhattarai S., Bhutta Z.A., Biadgo B., Bikbov B., Briko A.N., Britton G., Burstein R., Butt Z.A., Car J., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Castro F., Cerin E., Chipeta M.G., Chu D.-T., Cork M.A., Cromwell E.A., Cuevas-Nasu L., Dandona L., Dandona R., Daoud F., Gupta R.D., Weaver N.D., Leo D.D., Neve J.-W.D., Deribe K., Desalegn B.B., Deshpande A., Desta M., Diaz D., Dinberu M.T., Doku D.T., Dubey M., Duraes A.R., Dwyer-Lindgren L., Earl L., Effiong A., Zaki M.E.S., Tantawi M.E., El-Khatib Z., Eshrati B., Fareed M., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Filip I., Fischer F., Foigt N.A., Folayan M.O., Fukumoto T., Gebrehiwot T.T., Gezae K.E., Ghajar A., Gill P.S., Gona P.N., Gopalani S.V., Grada A., Guo Y., Haj-Mirzaian A., Hall J.B., Henok A., Prado B.H., Herrero M., Herteliu C., Hoang C.L., Hole M.K., Hossain N., Hosseinzadeh M., Hu G., Islam S.M.S., Jakovljevic M., Jha R.P., Jonas J.B., Jozwiak J.J., Kahsay A., Kanchan T., Karami M., Kasaeian A., Khader Y.S., Khan E.A., Khater M.M., Kim Y.J., Kimokoti R.W., Kisa A., Kochhar S., Kosen S., Koyanagi A., Krishan K., Defo B.K., Kumar G.A., Kumar M., Lad S.D., Lami F.H., Lee P.H., Levine A.J., Li S., Linn S., Lodha R., El Razek H.M.A., Abd El Razek M.M., Majdan M., Majeed A., Malekzadeh R., Malta D.C., Mamun A.A., Mansournia M.A., Martins-Melo F.R., Masaka A., Massenburg B.B., Mayala B.K., Mejia-Rodriguez F., Melku M., Mendoza W., Mensah G.A., Miazgowski T., Miller T.R., Mini G.K., Mirrakhimov E.M., Moazen B., Darwesh A.M., Mohammed S., Mohebi F., Mokdad A.H., Moodley Y., Moradi G., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moraga P., Morrison S.D., Mosser J.F., Mousavi S.M., Mueller U.O., Murray C.J.L., Mustafa G., Naderi M., Naghavi M., Najafi F., Nangia V., Ndwandwe D.E., Negoi I., Ngunjiri J.W., Nguyen H.L.T., Nguyen L.H., Nguyen S.H., Nie J., Nnaji C.A., Noubiap J.J., Shiadeh M.N., Nyasulu P.S., Ogbo F.A., Olagunju A.T., Olusanya B.O., Olusanya J.O., Ortiz-Panozo E., Otstavnov S.S., P. A M., Pana A., Pandey A., Pati S., Patil S.T., Patton G.C., Perico N., Pigott D.M., Pirsaheb M., Piwoz E.G., Postma M.J., Pourshams A., Prakash S., Quintana H., Radfar A., Rafiei A., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rai R.K., Rajati F., Rawaf D.L., Rawaf S., Rawat R., and Remuzzi G.
Abstract: Childhood malnutrition is associated with high morbidity and mortality globally1. Undernourished children are more likely to experience cognitive, physical, and metabolic developmental impairments that can lead to later cardiovascular disease, reduced intellectual ability and school attainment, and reduced economic productivity in adulthood2. Child growth failure (CGF), expressed as stunting, wasting, and underweight in children under five years of age (0-59 months), is a specific subset of undernutrition characterized by insufficient height or weight against age-specific growth reference standards3-5. The prevalence of stunting, wasting, or underweight in children under five is the proportion of children with a height-for-age, weight-for-height, or weight-for-age z-score, respectively, that is more than two standard deviations below the World Health Organization's median growth reference standards for a healthy population6. Subnational estimates of CGF report substantial heterogeneity within countries, but are available primarily at the first administrative level (for example, states or provinces)7; the uneven geographical distribution of CGF has motivated further calls for assessments that can match the local scale of many public health programmes8. Building from our previous work mapping CGF in Africa9, here we provide the first, to our knowledge, mapped high-spatial-resolution estimates of CGF indicators from 2000 to 2017 across 105 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where 99% of affected children live1, aggregated to policy-relevant first and second (for example, districts or counties) administrative-level units and national levels. Despite remarkable declines over the study period, many LMICs remain far from the ambitious World Health Organization Global Nutrition Targets to reduce stunting by 40% and wasting to less than 5% by 2025. Large disparities in prevalence and progress exist across and within countries; our maps identify high-prevalence areas e
Published: 2020

19. Mapping geographical inequalities in oral rehydration therapy coverage in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000-17.

Author: Sathish T., Tesfay B.E., Tesfay F.H., Tessema B., Tessema Z.T., Thankappan K.R., Thomas N., Toma A., Topor-Madry R., Tovani-Palone M.R., Traini E., Tran B.X., Tran K.B., Ullah I., Unnikrishnan B., Usman M.S., Uzochukwu B.S.C., Valdez P.R., Varughese S., Violante F.S., Vollmer S., Whawariat F.G., Waheed Y., Wallin M.T., Wang Y., Wang Y.-P., Weaver M., Weji B.G., Weldesamuel G.T., Welgan C.A., Werdecker A., Westerman R., Wiangkham T., Wiysonge C.S., Wolde H.F., Wondafrash D.Z., Wonde T.E., Worku G.T., Wu A.-M., Xu G., Yadollahpour A., Yahyazadeh Jabbari S.H., Yamada T., Yatsuya H., Yeshaneh A., Yilgwan C.S., Yilma M.T., Yip P., Yisma E., Yonemoto N., Yoon S.-J., Younis M.Z., Yousefifard M., Yousof H.-A.S.A., Yu C., Yusefzadeh H., Zadey S., Zaidi Z., Zaman S.B., Zamani M., Zandian H., Zepro N.B., Zerfu T.A., Zhang Y., Zhao X.-J.G., Ziapour A., Zodpey S., Zuniga Y.M.H., Hay S.I., Reiner R.C., Singh A., Wiens K.E., Lindstedt P.A., Blacker B.F., Johnson K.B., Baumann M.M., Schaeffer L.E., Abbastabar H., Abd-Allah F., Abdelalim A., Abdollahpour I., Abegaz K.H., Abejie A.N., Abreu L.G., Abrigo M.R.M., Abualhasan A., Accrombessi M.M.K., Acharya D., Adabi M., Adamu A.A., Adebayo O.M., Adedoyin R.A., Adekanmbi V., Adetokunboh O.O., Adhena B.M., Afarideh M., Ahmad S., Ahmadi K., Ahmed A.E., Ahmed M.B., Ahmed R., Akalu T.Y., Alahdab F., Al-Aly Z., Alam N., Alam S., Alamene G.M., Alanzi T.M., Alcalde-Rabanal J.E., Ali B.A., Alijanzadeh M., Alipour V., Aljunid S.M., Almasi A., Almasi-Hashiani A., Al-Mekhlafi H.M., Altirkawi K.A., Alvis-Guzman N., Alvis-Zakzuk N.J., Amini S., Amit A.M.L., Andrei C.L., Anjomshoa M., Anoushiravani A., Ansari F., Antonio C.A.T., Antony B., Antriyandarti E., Arabloo J., Aref H.M.A., Aremu O., Armoon B., Arora A., Aryal K.K., Arzani A., Asadi-Aliabadi M., Atalay H.T., Athari S.S., Athari S.M., Atre S.R., Ausloos M., Awoke N., Ayala Quintanilla B.P., Ayano G., Ayanore M.A., Aynalem Y.A., Azari S., Azzopardi P.S., Babaee E., Babalola T.K., Badawi A., Bairwa M., Bakkannavar S.M., Balakrishnan S., Bali A.G., Banach M., Banoub J.A.M., Barac A., Barnighausen T.W., Basaleem H., Basu S., Bay V.D., Bayati M., Baye E., Bedi N., Beheshti M., Behzadifar M., Bekele B.B., Belayneh Y.M., Bell M.L., Bennett D.A., Berbada D.A., Bernstein R.S., Bhat A.G., Bhattacharyya K., Bhattarai S., Bhaumik S., Bhutta Z.A., Bijani A., Bikbov B., Birihane B.M., Biswas R.K., Bohlouli S., Bojia H.A., Boufous S., Brady O.J., Bragazzi N.L., Briko A.N., Briko N.I., Britton G.B., Burugina Nagaraja S., Busse R., Butt Z.A., Camera L.A., Campos-Nonato I.R., Cano J., Car J., Cardenas R., Carvalho F., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Castro F., Chanie W.F., Chatterjee P., Chattu V.K., Chichiabellu T.Y., Chin K.L., Christopher D.J., Chu D.-T., Cormier N.M., Costa V.M., Culquichicon C., Daba M.S., Damiani G., Dandona L., Dandona R., Dang A.K., Darwesh A.M., Darwish A.H., Daryani A., Das J.K., Das Gupta R.D., Dash A.P., Davey G., Davila-Cervantes C.A., Davis A.C., Davitoiu D.V., De la Hoz F.P., Demis A.B., Demissie D.B., Demissie G.D., Demoz G.T., Denova-Gutierrez E., Deribe K., Desalew A., Deshpande A., Dharmaratne S.D., Dhillon P., Dhimal M., Dhungana G.P., Diaz D., Dipeolu I.O., Djalalinia S., Doyle K.E., Dubljanin E., Duko B., Duraes A.R., Ebrahimi Kalan M., Edinur H.A., Effiong A., Eftekhari A., El Nahas N., El Sayed I., El Sayed Zaki M., El Tantawi M., Elema T.B., Elhabashy H.R., El-Jaafary S.I., Elkout H., Elsharkawy A., Elyazar I.R.F., Endalamaw A., Endalew D.A., Eskandarieh S., Esteghamati A., Esteghamati S., Etemadi A., Ezekannagha O., Fareed M., Faridnia R., Farzadfar F., Fazlzadeh M., Feigin V.L., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Fernandes E., Filip I., Fischer F., Foigt N.A., Folayan M.O., Foroutan M., Franklin R.C., Fukumoto T., Gad M.M., Gayesa R.T., Gebre T., Gebremedhin K.B., Gebremeskel G.G., Gesesew H.A., Gezae K.E., Ghadiri K., Ghashghaee A., Ghimire P.R., Gill P.S., Gill T.K., Ginindza T.G., Gomes N.G., Gopalani S.V., Goulart A.C., Goulart B.N.G., Grada A., Gubari M.I.M., Gugnani H.C., Guido D., Guimaraes R.A., Guo Y., Gupta R., Hafezi-Nejad N., Haile D.H., Hailu G.B., Haj-Mirzaian A., Hamadeh R.R., Hamidi S., Handiso D.W., Haririan H., Hariyani N., Hasaballah A.I., Hasan M.M., Hasanpoor E., Hasanzadeh A., Hassankhani H., Hassen H.Y., Hegazy M.I., Heibati B., Heidari B., Hendrie D., Henry N.J., Herteliu C., Heydarpour F., Hidru H.D.D., Hird T.R., Hoang C.L., Homaie Rad E.H., Hoogar P., Hoseini M., Hossain N., Hosseini M., Hosseinzadeh M., Househ M., Hsairi M., Hu G., Hussen M.M., Ibitoye S.E., Igumbor E.U., Ilesanmi O.S., Ilic M.D., Imani-Nasab M.H., Iqbal U., Irvani S.S.N., Islam S.M.S., Iwu C.J., Izadi N., Jaca A., Jahanmehr N., Jakovljevic M., Jalali A., Jayatilleke A.U., Jha R.P., Jha V., Ji J.S., Jonas J.B., Jozwiak J.J., Kabir A., Kabir Z., Kahsay A., Kalani H., Kanchan T., Karami Matin B., Karch A., Karim M.A., Karimi-Sari Surendra Karki H., Kasaeian A., Kasahun G.G., Kasahun Y.C., Kasaye H.K., Kassa G.G., Kassa G.M., Kayode G.A., Kazemi Karyani A., Kebede M.M., Keiyoro P.N., Kelbore A.G., Kengne A.P., Ketema D.B., Khader Y.S., Khafaie M.A., Khalid N., Khalilov R., Khan E.A., Khan J., Khan M.N., Khan M.S., Khatab K., Khater A.M., Khater M.M., Khayamzadeh M., Khazaei M., Khazaei S., Khosravi M.H., Khubchandani J., Kiadaliri A., Kim Y.J., Kimokoti R.W., Kisa A., Kisa S., Kissoon N., Shivakumar K.M., Kochhar S., Kolola T., Komaki H., Kosen S., Koul P.A., Koyanagi A., Kraemer M.U.G., Krishan K., Kugbey N., Kumar G.A., Kumar M., Kumar P., Kumar V., Kusuma D., La Vecchia C., Lacey B., Lad S.D., Lal D.K., Lam F., Lami F.H., Lamichhane P., Lansingh V.C., Lasrado S., Laxmaiah A., Lee P.H., LeGrand K.E., Leili M., Lenjebo T.L., Leshargie C.T., Levine A.J., Li S., Linn S., Liu S., Lodha R., Longbottom J., Lopez J.C.F., Magdy Abd El Razek H., Magdy Abd El Razek M., Mahadeshwara Prasad DR., Mahasha P.W., Mahotra N.B., Majeed A., Malekzadeh R., Malta D.C., Mamun A.A., Manafi N., Manda A.L., Manohar N.D.D., Mansournia M.A., Mapoma C.C., Maravilla J.C., Martinez G., Martini S., Martins-Melo F.R., Masaka A., Massenburg B.B., Mathur M.R., Mayala B.K., Mazidi M., McAlinden C., Meharie B.G., Mehndiratta M.M., Mehta K.M., Mekonnen T.C., Meles G.G., Memiah P.T.N., Memish Z.A., Mendoza W., Menezes R.G., Mereta S.T., Meretoja T.J., Mestrovic T., Miazgowski B., Mihretie K.M., Miller T.R., Mini G.K., Mirrakhimov E.M., Moazen B., Mohajer B., Mohamadi-Bolbanabad A., Mohammad D.K., Mohammad K.A., Mohammad Y., Mohammad Gholi Mezerji N., Mohammadibakhsh R., Mohammadifard N., Mohammed J.A., Mohammed S., Mohebi F., Mokdad A.H., Molokhia M., Monasta L., Moodley Y., Moore C.E., Moradi G., Moradi M., Moradi-Joo M., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moraga P., Morales L., Moreno Velasquez I., Mosapour A., Mouodi S., Mousavi S.M., Mozaffor M., Muchie K.F., Mulaw G.F., Munro S.B., Muriithi M.K., Murray C.J., Murthy G.V.S., Musa K.I., Mustafa G., Muthupandian S., Nabhan A.F., Naderi M., Nagarajan A.J., Naidoo K.S., Naik G., Najafi F., Nangia V., Nansseu J.R., Nascimento B.R., Nazari J., Ndwandwe D.E., Negoi I., Netsere H.B., Ngunjiri J.W., Nguyen C.T., Nguyen H.L.T., Nguyen T.H., Nigatu D., Nigatu S.G., Ningrum D.N.A., Nnaji C.A., Nojomi M., Nong V.M., Norheim O.F., Noubiap J.J., Nouraei Motlagh S., Oancea B., Ogah O.S., Ogbo F.A., Oh I.-H., Olagunju A.T., Olagunju T.O., Olusanya B.O., Olusanya J.O., Onwujekwe O.E., Oren E., Ortega-Altamirano D.V., Osarenotor O., Osei F.B., Owolabi M.O., P A M., Padubidri J.R., Pakhale S., Patel S.K., Paternina-Caicedo A.J., Pathak A., Patton G.C., Paudel D., Paulos K., Pepito V.C.F., Pereira A., Perico N., Pervaiz A., Pescarini J.M., Piroozi B., Pirsaheb M., Postma M.J., Pourjafar H., Pourmalek F., Pourshams A., Poustchi H., Prada S.I., Prasad N., Preotescu L., Quintana H., Rabiee N., Radfar A., Rafiei A., Rahim F., Rahimi-Movaghar A., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rahman M.H.U., Rahman M.A., Rahman S., Rajati F., Rana S.M., Ranabhat C.L., Rasella D., Rawaf D.L., Rawaf S., Rawal L., Rawasia W.F., Renjith V., Renzaho A.M.N., Resnikoff S., Reta M.A., Rezaei N., Rezai M.S., Riahi S.M., Ribeiro A.I., Rickard J., Rios-Blancas M., Roever L., Ronfani L., Roro E.M., Ross J.M., Rubagotti E., Rubino S., Saad A.M., Sabde Y.D., Sabour S., Sadeghi E., Safari Y., Safari-Faramani R., Sagar R., Sahebkar A., Sahraian M.A., Sajadi S.M., Salahshoor M.R., Salam N., Salamati P., Salem H., Salem M.R., Salimi Y., Salimzadeh H., Samy A.M., Sanabria J., Santric-Milicevic M.M., Sao Jose B.P., Saraswathy S.Y.I., Sarkar K., Sarker A.R., Sarrafzadegan N., Sartorius B., Sathian B., Sawhney M., Saxena S., Schwebel D.C., Senbeta A.M., Senthilkumaran S., Sepanlou S.G., Servan-Mori E., Shabaninejad H., Shafieesabet A., Shaikh M.A., Shalash A.S., Shallo S.A., Shams-Beyranvand M., Shamsi M.B., Shamsizadeh M., Shannawaz M., Sharafi K., Sharifi H., Shehata H.S., Sheikh A., Shetty B.S.K., Shibuya K., Shiferaw W.S., Shifti D.M., Shigematsu M., Shin J.I., Shiri R., Shirkoohi R., Siabani S., Siddiqi T.J., Silva D.A.S., Singh J.A., Singh N.P., Singh V., Sisay M.M., Skiadaresi E., Sobhiyeh M.R., Sokhan A., Soltani S., Somayaji R., Soofi M., Sorrie M.B., Soyiri I.N., Sreeramareddy C.T., Sudaryanto A., Sufiyan M.B., Suleria H.A.R., Sultana M., Sunguya B.F., Sykes B.L., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tabuchi T., Tadesse D.B., Tarigan I.U., Tasew A.A., Tefera Y.M., Tekle M.G., Temsah M., Sathish T., Tesfay B.E., Tesfay F.H., Tessema B., Tessema Z.T., Thankappan K.R., Thomas N., Toma A., Topor-Madry R., Tovani-Palone M.R., Traini E., Tran B.X., Tran K.B., Ullah I., Unnikrishnan B., Usman M.S., Uzochukwu B.S.C., Valdez P.R., Varughese S., Violante F.S., Vollmer S., Whawariat F.G., Waheed Y., Wallin M.T., Wang Y., Wang Y.-P., Weaver M., Weji B.G., Weldesamuel G.T., Welgan C.A., Werdecker A., Westerman R., Wiangkham T., Wiysonge C.S., Wolde H.F., Wondafrash D.Z., Wonde T.E., Worku G.T., Wu A.-M., Xu G., Yadollahpour A., Yahyazadeh Jabbari S.H., Yamada T., Yatsuya H., Yeshaneh A., Yilgwan C.S., Yilma M.T., Yip P., Yisma E., Yonemoto N., Yoon S.-J., Younis M.Z., Yousefifard M., Yousof H.-A.S.A., Yu C., Yusefzadeh H., Zadey S., Zaidi Z., Zaman S.B., Zamani M., Zandian H., Zepro N.B., Zerfu T.A., Zhang Y., Zhao X.-J.G., Ziapour A., Zodpey S., Zuniga Y.M.H., Hay S.I., Reiner R.C., Singh A., Wiens K.E., Lindstedt P.A., Blacker B.F., Johnson K.B., Baumann M.M., Schaeffer L.E., Abbastabar H., Abd-Allah F., Abdelalim A., Abdollahpour I., Abegaz K.H., Abejie A.N., Abreu L.G., Abrigo M.R.M., Abualhasan A., Accrombessi M.M.K., Acharya D., Adabi M., Adamu A.A., Adebayo O.M., Adedoyin R.A., Adekanmbi V., Adetokunboh O.O., Adhena B.M., Afarideh M., Ahmad S., Ahmadi K., Ahmed A.E., Ahmed M.B., Ahmed R., Akalu T.Y., Alahdab F., Al-Aly Z., Alam N., Alam S., Alamene G.M., Alanzi T.M., Alcalde-Rabanal J.E., Ali B.A., Alijanzadeh M., Alipour V., Aljunid S.M., Almasi A., Almasi-Hashiani A., Al-Mekhlafi H.M., Altirkawi K.A., Alvis-Guzman N., Alvis-Zakzuk N.J., Amini S., Amit A.M.L., Andrei C.L., Anjomshoa M., Anoushiravani A., Ansari F., Antonio C.A.T., Antony B., Antriyandarti E., Arabloo J., Aref H.M.A., Aremu O., Armoon B., Arora A., Aryal K.K., Arzani A., Asadi-Aliabadi M., Atalay H.T., Athari S.S., Athari S.M., Atre S.R., Ausloos M., Awoke N., Ayala Quintanilla B.P., Ayano G., Ayanore M.A., Aynalem Y.A., Azari S., Azzopardi P.S., Babaee E., Babalola T.K., Badawi A., Bairwa M., Bakkannavar S.M., Balakrishnan S., Bali A.G., Banach M., Banoub J.A.M., Barac A., Barnighausen T.W., Basaleem H., Basu S., Bay V.D., Bayati M., Baye E., Bedi N., Beheshti M., Behzadifar M., Bekele B.B., Belayneh Y.M., Bell M.L., Bennett D.A., Berbada D.A., Bernstein R.S., Bhat A.G., Bhattacharyya K., Bhattarai S., Bhaumik S., Bhutta Z.A., Bijani A., Bikbov B., Birihane B.M., Biswas R.K., Bohlouli S., Bojia H.A., Boufous S., Brady O.J., Bragazzi N.L., Briko A.N., Briko N.I., Britton G.B., Burugina Nagaraja S., Busse R., Butt Z.A., Camera L.A., Campos-Nonato I.R., Cano J., Car J., Cardenas R., Carvalho F., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Castro F., Chanie W.F., Chatterjee P., Chattu V.K., Chichiabellu T.Y., Chin K.L., Christopher D.J., Chu D.-T., Cormier N.M., Costa V.M., Culquichicon C., Daba M.S., Damiani G., Dandona L., Dandona R., Dang A.K., Darwesh A.M., Darwish A.H., Daryani A., Das J.K., Das Gupta R.D., Dash A.P., Davey G., Davila-Cervantes C.A., Davis A.C., Davitoiu D.V., De la Hoz F.P., Demis A.B., Demissie D.B., Demissie G.D., Demoz G.T., Denova-Gutierrez E., Deribe K., Desalew A., Deshpande A., Dharmaratne S.D., Dhillon P., Dhimal M., Dhungana G.P., Diaz D., Dipeolu I.O., Djalalinia S., Doyle K.E., Dubljanin E., Duko B., Duraes A.R., Ebrahimi Kalan M., Edinur H.A., Effiong A., Eftekhari A., El Nahas N., El Sayed I., El Sayed Zaki M., El Tantawi M., Elema T.B., Elhabashy H.R., El-Jaafary S.I., Elkout H., Elsharkawy A., Elyazar I.R.F., Endalamaw A., Endalew D.A., Eskandarieh S., Esteghamati A., Esteghamati S., Etemadi A., Ezekannagha O., Fareed M., Faridnia R., Farzadfar F., Fazlzadeh M., Feigin V.L., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Fernandes E., Filip I., Fischer F., Foigt N.A., Folayan M.O., Foroutan M., Franklin R.C., Fukumoto T., Gad M.M., Gayesa R.T., Gebre T., Gebremedhin K.B., Gebremeskel G.G., Gesesew H.A., Gezae K.E., Ghadiri K., Ghashghaee A., Ghimire P.R., Gill P.S., Gill T.K., Ginindza T.G., Gomes N.G., Gopalani S.V., Goulart A.C., Goulart B.N.G., Grada A., Gubari M.I.M., Gugnani H.C., Guido D., Guimaraes R.A., Guo Y., Gupta R., Hafezi-Nejad N., Haile D.H., Hailu G.B., Haj-Mirzaian A., Hamadeh R.R., Hamidi S., Handiso D.W., Haririan H., Hariyani N., Hasaballah A.I., Hasan M.M., Hasanpoor E., Hasanzadeh A., Hassankhani H., Hassen H.Y., Hegazy M.I., Heibati B., Heidari B., Hendrie D., Henry N.J., Herteliu C., Heydarpour F., Hidru H.D.D., Hird T.R., Hoang C.L., Homaie Rad E.H., Hoogar P., Hoseini M., Hossain N., Hosseini M., Hosseinzadeh M., Househ M., Hsairi M., Hu G., Hussen M.M., Ibitoye S.E., Igumbor E.U., Ilesanmi O.S., Ilic M.D., Imani-Nasab M.H., Iqbal U., Irvani S.S.N., Islam S.M.S., Iwu C.J., Izadi N., Jaca A., Jahanmehr N., Jakovljevic M., Jalali A., Jayatilleke A.U., Jha R.P., Jha V., Ji J.S., Jonas J.B., Jozwiak J.J., Kabir A., Kabir Z., Kahsay A., Kalani H., Kanchan T., Karami Matin B., Karch A., Karim M.A., Karimi-Sari Surendra Karki H., Kasaeian A., Kasahun G.G., Kasahun Y.C., Kasaye H.K., Kassa G.G., Kassa G.M., Kayode G.A., Kazemi Karyani A., Kebede M.M., Keiyoro P.N., Kelbore A.G., Kengne A.P., Ketema D.B., Khader Y.S., Khafaie M.A., Khalid N., Khalilov R., Khan E.A., Khan J., Khan M.N., Khan M.S., Khatab K., Khater A.M., Khater M.M., Khayamzadeh M., Khazaei M., Khazaei S., Khosravi M.H., Khubchandani J., Kiadaliri A., Kim Y.J., Kimokoti R.W., Kisa A., Kisa S., Kissoon N., Shivakumar K.M., Kochhar S., Kolola T., Komaki H., Kosen S., Koul P.A., Koyanagi A., Kraemer M.U.G., Krishan K., Kugbey N., Kumar G.A., Kumar M., Kumar P., Kumar V., Kusuma D., La Vecchia C., Lacey B., Lad S.D., Lal D.K., Lam F., Lami F.H., Lamichhane P., Lansingh V.C., Lasrado S., Laxmaiah A., Lee P.H., LeGrand K.E., Leili M., Lenjebo T.L., Leshargie C.T., Levine A.J., Li S., Linn S., Liu S., Lodha R., Longbottom J., Lopez J.C.F., Magdy Abd El Razek H., Magdy Abd El Razek M., Mahadeshwara Prasad DR., Mahasha P.W., Mahotra N.B., Majeed A., Malekzadeh R., Malta D.C., Mamun A.A., Manafi N., Manda A.L., Manohar N.D.D., Mansournia M.A., Mapoma C.C., Maravilla J.C., Martinez G., Martini S., Martins-Melo F.R., Masaka A., Massenburg B.B., Mathur M.R., Mayala B.K., Mazidi M., McAlinden C., Meharie B.G., Mehndiratta M.M., Mehta K.M., Mekonnen T.C., Meles G.G., Memiah P.T.N., Memish Z.A., Mendoza W., Menezes R.G., Mereta S.T., Meretoja T.J., Mestrovic T., Miazgowski B., Mihretie K.M., Miller T.R., Mini G.K., Mirrakhimov E.M., Moazen B., Mohajer B., Mohamadi-Bolbanabad A., Mohammad D.K., Mohammad K.A., Mohammad Y., Mohammad Gholi Mezerji N., Mohammadibakhsh R., Mohammadifard N., Mohammed J.A., Mohammed S., Mohebi F., Mokdad A.H., Molokhia M., Monasta L., Moodley Y., Moore C.E., Moradi G., Moradi M., Moradi-Joo M., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moraga P., Morales L., Moreno Velasquez I., Mosapour A., Mouodi S., Mousavi S.M., Mozaffor M., Muchie K.F., Mulaw G.F., Munro S.B., Muriithi M.K., Murray C.J., Murthy G.V.S., Musa K.I., Mustafa G., Muthupandian S., Nabhan A.F., Naderi M., Nagarajan A.J., Naidoo K.S., Naik G., Najafi F., Nangia V., Nansseu J.R., Nascimento B.R., Nazari J., Ndwandwe D.E., Negoi I., Netsere H.B., Ngunjiri J.W., Nguyen C.T., Nguyen H.L.T., Nguyen T.H., Nigatu D., Nigatu S.G., Ningrum D.N.A., Nnaji C.A., Nojomi M., Nong V.M., Norheim O.F., Noubiap J.J., Nouraei Motlagh S., Oancea B., Ogah O.S., Ogbo F.A., Oh I.-H., Olagunju A.T., Olagunju T.O., Olusanya B.O., Olusanya J.O., Onwujekwe O.E., Oren E., Ortega-Altamirano D.V., Osarenotor O., Osei F.B., Owolabi M.O., P A M., Padubidri J.R., Pakhale S., Patel S.K., Paternina-Caicedo A.J., Pathak A., Patton G.C., Paudel D., Paulos K., Pepito V.C.F., Pereira A., Perico N., Pervaiz A., Pescarini J.M., Piroozi B., Pirsaheb M., Postma M.J., Pourjafar H., Pourmalek F., Pourshams A., Poustchi H., Prada S.I., Prasad N., Preotescu L., Quintana H., Rabiee N., Radfar A., Rafiei A., Rahim F., Rahimi-Movaghar A., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rahman M.H.U., Rahman M.A., Rahman S., Rajati F., Rana S.M., Ranabhat C.L., Rasella D., Rawaf D.L., Rawaf S., Rawal L., Rawasia W.F., Renjith V., Renzaho A.M.N., Resnikoff S., Reta M.A., Rezaei N., Rezai M.S., Riahi S.M., Ribeiro A.I., Rickard J., Rios-Blancas M., Roever L., Ronfani L., Roro E.M., Ross J.M., Rubagotti E., Rubino S., Saad A.M., Sabde Y.D., Sabour S., Sadeghi E., Safari Y., Safari-Faramani R., Sagar R., Sahebkar A., Sahraian M.A., Sajadi S.M., Salahshoor M.R., Salam N., Salamati P., Salem H., Salem M.R., Salimi Y., Salimzadeh H., Samy A.M., Sanabria J., Santric-Milicevic M.M., Sao Jose B.P., Saraswathy S.Y.I., Sarkar K., Sarker A.R., Sarrafzadegan N., Sartorius B., Sathian B., Sawhney M., Saxena S., Schwebel D.C., Senbeta A.M., Senthilkumaran S., Sepanlou S.G., Servan-Mori E., Shabaninejad H., Shafieesabet A., Shaikh M.A., Shalash A.S., Shallo S.A., Shams-Beyranvand M., Shamsi M.B., Shamsizadeh M., Shannawaz M., Sharafi K., Sharifi H., Shehata H.S., Sheikh A., Shetty B.S.K., Shibuya K., Shiferaw W.S., Shifti D.M., Shigematsu M., Shin J.I., Shiri R., Shirkoohi R., Siabani S., Siddiqi T.J., Silva D.A.S., Singh J.A., Singh N.P., Singh V., Sisay M.M., Skiadaresi E., Sobhiyeh M.R., Sokhan A., Soltani S., Somayaji R., Soofi M., Sorrie M.B., Soyiri I.N., Sreeramareddy C.T., Sudaryanto A., Sufiyan M.B., Suleria H.A.R., Sultana M., Sunguya B.F., Sykes B.L., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tabuchi T., Tadesse D.B., Tarigan I.U., Tasew A.A., Tefera Y.M., Tekle M.G., and Temsah M.
Abstract: Background: Oral rehydration solution (ORS) is a form of oral rehydration therapy (ORT) for diarrhoea that has the potential to drastically reduce child mortality; yet, according to UNICEF estimates, less than half of children younger than 5 years with diarrhoea in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) received ORS in 2016. A variety of recommended home fluids (RHF) exist as alternative forms of ORT; however, it is unclear whether RHF prevent child mortality. Previous studies have shown considerable variation between countries in ORS and RHF use, but subnational variation is unknown. This study aims to produce high-resolution geospatial estimates of relative and absolute coverage of ORS, RHF, and ORT (use of either ORS or RHF) in LMICs. Method(s): We used a Bayesian geostatistical model including 15 spatial covariates and data from 385 household surveys across 94 LMICs to estimate annual proportions of children younger than 5 years of age with diarrhoea who received ORS or RHF (or both) on continuous continent-wide surfaces in 2000-17, and aggregated results to policy-relevant administrative units. Additionally, we analysed geographical inequality in coverage across administrative units and estimated the number of diarrhoeal deaths averted by increased coverage over the study period. Uncertainty in the mean coverage estimates was calculated by taking 250 draws from the posterior joint distribution of the model and creating uncertainty intervals (UIs) with the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles of those 250 draws. Finding(s): While ORS use among children with diarrhoea increased in some countries from 2000 to 2017, coverage remained below 50% in the majority (62.6%; 12 417 of 19 823) of second administrative-level units and an estimated 6 519 000 children (95% UI 5 254 000-7 733 000) with diarrhoea were not treated with any form of ORT in 2017. Increases in ORS use corresponded with declines in RHF in many locations, resulting in relatively constant overall ORT co
Published: 2020

20. Estimating global injuries morbidity and mortality: methods and data used in the Global Burden of Disease 2017 study.

Author: Sarveazad A., Ullah I., Ullah S., Unnikrishnan B., Upadhyay E., Uthman O.A., Valdez P.R., Vasankari T.J., Veisani Y., Venketasubramanian N., Violante F.S., Vlassov V., Waheed Y., Wang Y.-P., Wiangkham T., Wolde H.F., Woldeyes D.H., Wondmeneh T.G., Wondmieneh A.B., Wu A.-M., Wyper G.M.A., Yadav R., Yadollahpour A., Yano Y., Yaya S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi V., Ye P., Yip P., Yisma E., Yonemoto N., Yoon S.-J., Youm Y., Younis M.Z., Yousefi Z., Yu C., Yu Y., Moghadam T.Z., Zaidi Z., Zaman S.B., Zamani M., Zandian H., Zarei F., Zhang Z.-J., Zhang Y., Ziapour A., Zodpey S., Dandona R., Dharmaratne S.D., Hay S.I., Mokdad A.H., Pigott D.M., Reiner R.C., Vos T., James S.L., Castle C.D., Dingels Z.V., Fox J.T., Hamilton E.B., Liu Z., Roberts N.L.S., Sylte D.O., Bertolacci G.J., Cunningham M., Henry N.J., LeGrand K.E., Abdelalim A., Abdollahpour I., Abdulkader R.S., Abedi A., Abegaz K.H., Abosetugn A.E., Abushouk A.I., Adebayo O.M., Adsuar J.C., Advani S.M., Agudelo-Botero M., Ahmad T., Ahmed M.B., Ahmed R., Eddine Aichour M.T., Alahdab F., Alanezi F.M., Alema N.M., Alemu B.W., Alghnam S.A., Ali B.A., Ali S., Alinia C., Alipour V., Aljunid S.M., Almasi-Hashiani A., Almasri N.A., Altirkawi K., Abdeldayem Amer Y.S., Andrei C.L., Ansari-Moghaddam A., T Antonio C.A., Anvari D., Yaw Appiah S.C., Arabloo J., Arab-Zozani M., Arefi Z., Aremu O., Ariani F., Arora A., Asaad M., Ayala Quintanilla B.P., Ayano G., Ayanore M.A., Azarian G., Badawi A., Badiye A.D., Baig A.A., Bairwa M., Bakhtiari A., Balachandran A., Banach M., Banerjee S.K., Banik P.C., Banstola A., Barker-Collo S.L., Barnighausen T.W., Barzegar A., Bayati M., Bazargan-Hejazi S., Bedi N., Behzadifar M., Belete H., Bennett D.A., Bensenor I.M., Berhe K., Bhagavathula A.S., Bhardwaj P., Bhat A.G., Bhattacharyya K., Bhutta Z.A., Bibi S., Bijani A., Boloor A., Borges G., Borschmann R., Borzi A.M., Boufous S., Braithwaite D., Briko N.I., Brugha T., Budhathoki S.S., Car J., Cardenas R., Carvalho F., Castaldelli-Maia J.M., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Castelpietra G., Catala-Lopez F., Cerin E., Chandan J.S., Chapman J.R., Chattu V.K., Chattu S.K., Chatziralli I., Chaudhary N., Cho D.Y., Choi J.-Y.J., Kabir Chowdhury M.A., Christopher D.J., Chu D.-T., Cicuttini F.M., Coelho J.M., Costa V.M., Dahlawi S.M.A., Daryani A., Davila-Cervantes C.A., Leo D., Demeke F.M., Demoz G.T., Demsie D.G., Deribe K., Desai R., Nasab M.D., Silva D.D.D., Dibaji Forooshani Z.S., Do H.T., Doyle K.E., Driscoll T.R., Dubljanin E., Adema B.D., Eagan A.W., Elemineh D.A., El-Jaafary S.I., El-Khatib Z., Ellingsen C.L., Zaki M.E.S., Eskandarieh S., Eyawo O., Faris P.S., Faro A., Farzadfar F., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Fernandes E., Ferrara P., Fischer F., Folayan M.O., Fomenkov A.A., Foroutan M., Francis J.M., Franklin R.C., Fukumoto T., Geberemariyam B.S., Gebremariam H., Gebremedhin K.B., Gebremeskel L.G., Gebremeskel G.G., Gebremichael B., Gedefaw G.A., Geta B., Getenet A.B., Ghafourifard M., Ghamari F., Gheshlagh R.G., Gholamian A., Gilani S.A., Gill T.K., Goudarzian A.H., Goulart A.C., Grada A., Grivna M., Guimaraes R.A., Guo Y., Gupta G., Haagsma J.A., Hall B.J., Hamadeh R.R., Hamidi S., Handiso D.W., Haro J.M., Hasanzadeh A., Hassan S., Hassanipour S., Hassankhani H., Hassen H.Y., Havmoeller R., Hendrie D., Heydarpour F., Hijar M., Ho H.C., Hoang C.L., Hole M.K., Holla R., Hossain N., Hosseinzadeh M., Hostiuc S., Hu G., Ibitoye S.E., Ilesanmi O.S., Inbaraj L.R., Naghibi Irvani S.S., Mofizul Islam M., Shariful Islam S.M., Ivers R.Q., Jahani M.A., Jakovljevic M., Jalilian F., Jayaraman S., Jayatilleke A.U., Jha R.P., John-Akinola Y.O., Jonas J.B., Jones K.M., Joseph N., Joukar F., Jozwiak J.J., Jungari S.B., Jurisson M., Kabir A., Kahsay A., Kalankesh L.R., Kalhor R., Kamil T.A., Kanchan T., Kapoor N., Karami M., Kasaeian A., Kassaye H.G., Kavetskyy T., Kayode G.A., Keiyoro P.N., Kelbore A.G., Khader Y.S., Khafaie M.A., Khalid N., Khalil I.A., Khalilov R., Khan M., Khan E.A., Khan J., Khanna T., Khazaei S., Khazaie H., Khundkar R., Kiirithio D.N., Kim Y.-E., Kim Y.J., Kim D., Kisa S., Kisa A., Komaki H., Kondlahalli S.K.M., Koolivand A., Korshunov V.A., Koyanagi A., Kraemer M.U.G., Krishan K., Defo B.K., Bicer B.K., Kugbey N., Kumar M., Kumar V., Kumar N., Kumaresh G., Lami F.H., Lansingh V.C., Lasrado S., Latifi A., Lauriola P., Vecchia C., Leasher J.L., Huey Lee S.W., Li S., Liu X., Lopez A.D., Lotufo P.A., Lyons R.A., Machado D.B., Madadin M., Abd El Razek M.M., Mahotra N.B., Majdan M., Majeed A., Maled V., Malta D.C., Manafi N., Manafi A., Manda A.-L., Manjunatha N., Mansour-Ghanaei F., Mansournia M.A., Maravilla J.C., Mason-Jones A.J., Masoumi S.Z., Massenburg B.B., Maulik P.K., Mehndiratta M.M., Melketsedik Z.A., Memiah P.T.N., Mendoza W., Menezes R.G., Mengesha M.M., Meretoja T.J., Meretoja A., Merie H.E., Mestrovic T., Miazgowski B., Miazgowski T., Miller T.R., Mini G.K., Mirica A., Mirrakhimov E.M., Mirzaei-Alavijeh M., Mithra P., Moazen B., Moghadaszadeh M., Mohamadi E., Mohammad Y., Darwesh A.M., Mohammadian-Hafshejani A., Mohammadpourhodki R., Mohammed S., Mohammed J.A., Mohebi F., Mohseni Bandpei M.A., Molokhia M., Monasta L., Moodley Y., Moradi M., Moradi G., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moradzadeh R., Morawska L., Velasquez I.M., Morrison S.D., Mossie T.B., Muluneh A.G., Musa K.I., Mustafa G., Naderi M., Nagarajan A.J., Naik G., Naimzada M.D., Najafi F., Nangia V., Nascimento B.R., Naserbakht M., Nayak V., Nazari J., Ndwandwe D.E., Negoi I., Ngunjiri J.W., Nguyen T.H., Nguyen C.T., Nguyen D.N., Thi Nguyen H.L., Nikbakhsh R., Anggraini Ningrum D.N., Nnaji C.A., Ofori-Asenso R., Ogbo F.A., Oghenetega O.B., Oh I.-H., Olagunju A.T., Olagunju T.O., Bali A.O., Onwujekwe O.E., Orpana H.M., Ota E., Otstavnov N., Otstavnov S.S., P A M., Padubidri J.R., Pakhale S., Pakshir K., Panda-Jonas S., Park E.-K., Patel S.K., Pathak A., Pati S., Paulos K., Peden A.E., Filipino Pepito V.C., Pereira J., Phillips M.R., Polibin R.V., Polinder S., Pourmalek F., Pourshams A., Poustchi H., Prakash S., Angga Pribadi D.R., Puri P., Syed Z.Q., Rabiee N., Rabiee M., Radfar A., Rafay A., Rafiee A., Rafiei A., Rahim F., Rahimi S., Rahman M.A., Rajabpour-Sanati A., Rajati F., Rakovac I., Rao S.J., Rashedi V., Rastogi P., Rathi P., Rawaf S., Rawal L., Rawassizadeh R., Renjith V., Resnikoff S., Rezapour A., Ribeiro A.I., Rickard J., Rios Gonzalez C.M., Roever L., Ronfani L., Roshandel G., Saddik B., Safarpour H., Safdarian M., Mohammad Sajadi S., Salamati P., Rashad Salem M.R., Salem H., Salz I., Samy A.M., Sanabria J., Riera L.S., Santric Milicevic M.M., Sarker A.R., Sathian B., Sawhney M., Sayyah M., Schwebel D.C., Seedat S., Senthilkumaran S., Seyedmousavi S., Sha F., Shaahmadi F., Shahabi S., Shaikh M.A., Shams-Beyranvand M., Sheikh A., Shigematsu M., Shin J.I., Shiri R., Siabani S., Sigfusdottir I.D., Singh J.A., Singh P.K., Sinha D.N., Soheili A., Soriano J.B., Sorrie M.B., Soyiri I.N., Stokes M.A., Sufiyan M.B., Sykes B.L., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tabb K.M., Taddele B.W., Tefera Y.M., Tehrani-Banihashemi A., Tekulu G.H., Tesema Tesema A.K., Tesfay B.E., Thapar R., Titova M.V., Tlaye K.G., Tohidinik H.R., Topor-Madry R., Tran K.B., Tran B.X., Tripathy J.P., Tsai A.C., Tsatsakis A., Car L.T., Sarveazad A., Ullah I., Ullah S., Unnikrishnan B., Upadhyay E., Uthman O.A., Valdez P.R., Vasankari T.J., Veisani Y., Venketasubramanian N., Violante F.S., Vlassov V., Waheed Y., Wang Y.-P., Wiangkham T., Wolde H.F., Woldeyes D.H., Wondmeneh T.G., Wondmieneh A.B., Wu A.-M., Wyper G.M.A., Yadav R., Yadollahpour A., Yano Y., Yaya S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi V., Ye P., Yip P., Yisma E., Yonemoto N., Yoon S.-J., Youm Y., Younis M.Z., Yousefi Z., Yu C., Yu Y., Moghadam T.Z., Zaidi Z., Zaman S.B., Zamani M., Zandian H., Zarei F., Zhang Z.-J., Zhang Y., Ziapour A., Zodpey S., Dandona R., Dharmaratne S.D., Hay S.I., Mokdad A.H., Pigott D.M., Reiner R.C., Vos T., James S.L., Castle C.D., Dingels Z.V., Fox J.T., Hamilton E.B., Liu Z., Roberts N.L.S., Sylte D.O., Bertolacci G.J., Cunningham M., Henry N.J., LeGrand K.E., Abdelalim A., Abdollahpour I., Abdulkader R.S., Abedi A., Abegaz K.H., Abosetugn A.E., Abushouk A.I., Adebayo O.M., Adsuar J.C., Advani S.M., Agudelo-Botero M., Ahmad T., Ahmed M.B., Ahmed R., Eddine Aichour M.T., Alahdab F., Alanezi F.M., Alema N.M., Alemu B.W., Alghnam S.A., Ali B.A., Ali S., Alinia C., Alipour V., Aljunid S.M., Almasi-Hashiani A., Almasri N.A., Altirkawi K., Abdeldayem Amer Y.S., Andrei C.L., Ansari-Moghaddam A., T Antonio C.A., Anvari D., Yaw Appiah S.C., Arabloo J., Arab-Zozani M., Arefi Z., Aremu O., Ariani F., Arora A., Asaad M., Ayala Quintanilla B.P., Ayano G., Ayanore M.A., Azarian G., Badawi A., Badiye A.D., Baig A.A., Bairwa M., Bakhtiari A., Balachandran A., Banach M., Banerjee S.K., Banik P.C., Banstola A., Barker-Collo S.L., Barnighausen T.W., Barzegar A., Bayati M., Bazargan-Hejazi S., Bedi N., Behzadifar M., Belete H., Bennett D.A., Bensenor I.M., Berhe K., Bhagavathula A.S., Bhardwaj P., Bhat A.G., Bhattacharyya K., Bhutta Z.A., Bibi S., Bijani A., Boloor A., Borges G., Borschmann R., Borzi A.M., Boufous S., Braithwaite D., Briko N.I., Brugha T., Budhathoki S.S., Car J., Cardenas R., Carvalho F., Castaldelli-Maia J.M., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Castelpietra G., Catala-Lopez F., Cerin E., Chandan J.S., Chapman J.R., Chattu V.K., Chattu S.K., Chatziralli I., Chaudhary N., Cho D.Y., Choi J.-Y.J., Kabir Chowdhury M.A., Christopher D.J., Chu D.-T., Cicuttini F.M., Coelho J.M., Costa V.M., Dahlawi S.M.A., Daryani A., Davila-Cervantes C.A., Leo D., Demeke F.M., Demoz G.T., Demsie D.G., Deribe K., Desai R., Nasab M.D., Silva D.D.D., Dibaji Forooshani Z.S., Do H.T., Doyle K.E., Driscoll T.R., Dubljanin E., Adema B.D., Eagan A.W., Elemineh D.A., El-Jaafary S.I., El-Khatib Z., Ellingsen C.L., Zaki M.E.S., Eskandarieh S., Eyawo O., Faris P.S., Faro A., Farzadfar F., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Fernandes E., Ferrara P., Fischer F., Folayan M.O., Fomenkov A.A., Foroutan M., Francis J.M., Franklin R.C., Fukumoto T., Geberemariyam B.S., Gebremariam H., Gebremedhin K.B., Gebremeskel L.G., Gebremeskel G.G., Gebremichael B., Gedefaw G.A., Geta B., Getenet A.B., Ghafourifard M., Ghamari F., Gheshlagh R.G., Gholamian A., Gilani S.A., Gill T.K., Goudarzian A.H., Goulart A.C., Grada A., Grivna M., Guimaraes R.A., Guo Y., Gupta G., Haagsma J.A., Hall B.J., Hamadeh R.R., Hamidi S., Handiso D.W., Haro J.M., Hasanzadeh A., Hassan S., Hassanipour S., Hassankhani H., Hassen H.Y., Havmoeller R., Hendrie D., Heydarpour F., Hijar M., Ho H.C., Hoang C.L., Hole M.K., Holla R., Hossain N., Hosseinzadeh M., Hostiuc S., Hu G., Ibitoye S.E., Ilesanmi O.S., Inbaraj L.R., Naghibi Irvani S.S., Mofizul Islam M., Shariful Islam S.M., Ivers R.Q., Jahani M.A., Jakovljevic M., Jalilian F., Jayaraman S., Jayatilleke A.U., Jha R.P., John-Akinola Y.O., Jonas J.B., Jones K.M., Joseph N., Joukar F., Jozwiak J.J., Jungari S.B., Jurisson M., Kabir A., Kahsay A., Kalankesh L.R., Kalhor R., Kamil T.A., Kanchan T., Kapoor N., Karami M., Kasaeian A., Kassaye H.G., Kavetskyy T., Kayode G.A., Keiyoro P.N., Kelbore A.G., Khader Y.S., Khafaie M.A., Khalid N., Khalil I.A., Khalilov R., Khan M., Khan E.A., Khan J., Khanna T., Khazaei S., Khazaie H., Khundkar R., Kiirithio D.N., Kim Y.-E., Kim Y.J., Kim D., Kisa S., Kisa A., Komaki H., Kondlahalli S.K.M., Koolivand A., Korshunov V.A., Koyanagi A., Kraemer M.U.G., Krishan K., Defo B.K., Bicer B.K., Kugbey N., Kumar M., Kumar V., Kumar N., Kumaresh G., Lami F.H., Lansingh V.C., Lasrado S., Latifi A., Lauriola P., Vecchia C., Leasher J.L., Huey Lee S.W., Li S., Liu X., Lopez A.D., Lotufo P.A., Lyons R.A., Machado D.B., Madadin M., Abd El Razek M.M., Mahotra N.B., Majdan M., Majeed A., Maled V., Malta D.C., Manafi N., Manafi A., Manda A.-L., Manjunatha N., Mansour-Ghanaei F., Mansournia M.A., Maravilla J.C., Mason-Jones A.J., Masoumi S.Z., Massenburg B.B., Maulik P.K., Mehndiratta M.M., Melketsedik Z.A., Memiah P.T.N., Mendoza W., Menezes R.G., Mengesha M.M., Meretoja T.J., Meretoja A., Merie H.E., Mestrovic T., Miazgowski B., Miazgowski T., Miller T.R., Mini G.K., Mirica A., Mirrakhimov E.M., Mirzaei-Alavijeh M., Mithra P., Moazen B., Moghadaszadeh M., Mohamadi E., Mohammad Y., Darwesh A.M., Mohammadian-Hafshejani A., Mohammadpourhodki R., Mohammed S., Mohammed J.A., Mohebi F., Mohseni Bandpei M.A., Molokhia M., Monasta L., Moodley Y., Moradi M., Moradi G., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moradzadeh R., Morawska L., Velasquez I.M., Morrison S.D., Mossie T.B., Muluneh A.G., Musa K.I., Mustafa G., Naderi M., Nagarajan A.J., Naik G., Naimzada M.D., Najafi F., Nangia V., Nascimento B.R., Naserbakht M., Nayak V., Nazari J., Ndwandwe D.E., Negoi I., Ngunjiri J.W., Nguyen T.H., Nguyen C.T., Nguyen D.N., Thi Nguyen H.L., Nikbakhsh R., Anggraini Ningrum D.N., Nnaji C.A., Ofori-Asenso R., Ogbo F.A., Oghenetega O.B., Oh I.-H., Olagunju A.T., Olagunju T.O., Bali A.O., Onwujekwe O.E., Orpana H.M., Ota E., Otstavnov N., Otstavnov S.S., P A M., Padubidri J.R., Pakhale S., Pakshir K., Panda-Jonas S., Park E.-K., Patel S.K., Pathak A., Pati S., Paulos K., Peden A.E., Filipino Pepito V.C., Pereira J., Phillips M.R., Polibin R.V., Polinder S., Pourmalek F., Pourshams A., Poustchi H., Prakash S., Angga Pribadi D.R., Puri P., Syed Z.Q., Rabiee N., Rabiee M., Radfar A., Rafay A., Rafiee A., Rafiei A., Rahim F., Rahimi S., Rahman M.A., Rajabpour-Sanati A., Rajati F., Rakovac I., Rao S.J., Rashedi V., Rastogi P., Rathi P., Rawaf S., Rawal L., Rawassizadeh R., Renjith V., Resnikoff S., Rezapour A., Ribeiro A.I., Rickard J., Rios Gonzalez C.M., Roever L., Ronfani L., Roshandel G., Saddik B., Safarpour H., Safdarian M., Mohammad Sajadi S., Salamati P., Rashad Salem M.R., Salem H., Salz I., Samy A.M., Sanabria J., Riera L.S., Santric Milicevic M.M., Sarker A.R., Sathian B., Sawhney M., Sayyah M., Schwebel D.C., Seedat S., Senthilkumaran S., Seyedmousavi S., Sha F., Shaahmadi F., Shahabi S., Shaikh M.A., Shams-Beyranvand M., Sheikh A., Shigematsu M., Shin J.I., Shiri R., Siabani S., Sigfusdottir I.D., Singh J.A., Singh P.K., Sinha D.N., Soheili A., Soriano J.B., Sorrie M.B., Soyiri I.N., Stokes M.A., Sufiyan M.B., Sykes B.L., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tabb K.M., Taddele B.W., Tefera Y.M., Tehrani-Banihashemi A., Tekulu G.H., Tesema Tesema A.K., Tesfay B.E., Thapar R., Titova M.V., Tlaye K.G., Tohidinik H.R., Topor-Madry R., Tran K.B., Tran B.X., Tripathy J.P., Tsai A.C., Tsatsakis A., and Car L.T.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: While there is a long history of measuring death and disability from injuries, modern research methods must account for the wide spectrum of disability that can occur in an injury, and must provide estimates with sufficient demographic, geographical and temporal detail to be useful for policy makers. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 study used methods to provide highly detailed estimates of global injury burden that meet these criteria. METHOD(S): In this study, we report and discuss the methods used in GBD 2017 for injury morbidity and mortality burden estimation. In summary, these methods included estimating cause-specific mortality for every cause of injury, and then estimating incidence for every cause of injury. Non-fatal disability for each cause is then calculated based on the probabilities of suffering from different types of bodily injury experienced. RESULT(S): GBD 2017 produced morbidity and mortality estimates for 38 causes of injury. Estimates were produced in terms of incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability, cause-specific mortality, years of life lost and disability-adjusted life-years for a 28-year period for 22 age groups, 195 countries and both sexes. CONCLUSION(S): GBD 2017 demonstrated a complex and sophisticated series of analytical steps using the largest known database of morbidity and mortality data on injuries. GBD 2017 results should be used to help inform injury prevention policy making and resource allocation. We also identify important avenues for improving injury burden estimation in the future.Copyright © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY. Published by BMJ.
Published: 2020

21. Health sector spending and spending on HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria, and development assistance for health: progress towards Sustainable Development Goal 3

Author: Micah, A.E., Su, Y., Bachmeier, S.D, Chapin, A., Cogswell, I.E., Crosby, S.W., Cunningham, B., Harle, A.C., Maddison, E.R., Moitra, M., Sahu, M., Schneider, M.T., Simpson, K.E., Stutzman, H.N., Tsakalos, G., Zende, R.R., Zlavog, B.S., Abbafati, C., Abebo, Z.H., Abolhassani, H., Abrigo, M.R.M., Ahmed, M.B., Akinyemi, R.O., Alam, K., Ali, S., Alinia, C., Alipour, V., Aljunid, S.M., Almasi, A., Alvis-Guzman, N., Ancuceanu, R., Andrei, T., Andrei, C.L., Anjomshoa, M., Antonio, C.A.T., Arabloo, J., Arab-Zozani, M., Aremu, O., Atnafu, D.D., Ausloos, M., Avila-Burgos, L., Ayanore, M.A., Azari, S., Babalola, T.K., Bagherzadeh, M., Baig, A.A., Bakhtiari, A., Banach, M., Banerjee, S.K., Bärnighausen, T.W., Basu, S., Baune, B.T., Bayati, M., Berman, A.E., Bhageerathy, R., Bhardwaj, P., Bohluli, M., Busse, R., Cahuana-Hurtado, L., Cámera, L.L.A., Castañeda-Orjuela, C.A., Catalá-López, F., Cevik, M., Chattu, V.K., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Dianatinasab, M., Do, H.T., Doshmangir, L., El Tantawi, M., Eskandarieh, S., Esmaeilzadeh, F., Faraj, A., Farzadfar, F., Fischer, F., Foigt, N.A., Fullman, N., Gad, M.M., Ghafourifard, M., Ghashghaee, A., Gholamian, A., Goharinezhad, S., Grada, A., Haghparast Bidgoli, H., Hamidi, S., Harb, H.L., Hasanpoor, E., Hay, S.I., Hendrie, D., Henry, N.J., Herteliu, C., Hole, M.K., Hosseinzadeh, M., Hostiuc, S., Huda, T.M., Humayun, A., Hwang, B-F, Ilesanmi, O.S., Iqbal, U., Irvani, S.S.N., Islam, S.M.S., Islam, M.M., Jahani, M.A., Jakovljevic, M., James, S.L., Javaheri, Z., Jonas, J.B., Joukar, F., Jozwiak, J.J., Jürisson, M., Kalhor, R., Karami Matin, B., Karimi, S.E., Kayode, G.A., Kazemi Karyani, A., Kinfu, Y., Kisa, A., Kohler, S., Komaki, H., Kosen, S., Kotlo, A., Koyanagi, A., Kumar, G.A., Kusuma, D., Lansingh, V.C., Larsson, A.O., Lasrado, S., Lee, S.W.H., Lim, L-L, Lozano, R., Magdy Abd El Razek, H., Mahdavi, M.M., Maleki, S., Malekzadeh, R., Mansour-Ghanaei, F., Mansournia, M.A., Mantovani, L.G., Martinez, G., Masoumi, S.Z., Massenburg, B.B., Menezes, R.G., Mengesha, E.W., Meretoja, T.J, Meretoja, A., Mestrovic, T., Milevska Kostova, N., Miller, T.R., Mirica, A., Mirrakhimov, E.M., Moghadaszadeh, M., Mohajer, B., Mohamadi, E., Mohammad Darwesh, A., Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A., Mohammadpourhodki, R., Mohammed, S., Mohebi, F., Mokdad, A.H., Morrison, S.D., Mosser, J.F., Mousavi, S.M., Muriithi, Moses K, Muthupandian, S., Myint, C-Y, Naderi, M., Nagarajan, A.J., Nguyen, C.T., Nguyen, H.L.T., Nonvignon, J., Noubiap, J.J., Oh, I-H, Olagunju, A.T., Olusanya, J.O., Olusanya, B.O., Omar Bali, A., Onwujekwe, O.E., Otstavnov, S.S., Otstavnov, N., Owolabi, M.O., Padubidri, J.R., Palladino, R., Panda-Jonas, S., Pandey, A., Postma, M.J., Prada, S.I., Pribadi, D.R.A., Rabiee, M., Rabiee, N., Rahim, F., Ranabhat, C.L., Rao, S.J., Rathi, P., Rawaf, S., Rawaf, D.L., Rawal, L., Rawassizadeh, R., Rezapour, A., Sabour, S., Sahraian, M.A., Salman, O.M., Salomon, J.A., Samy, A.M., Sanabria, J., Santos, J.V., Santric Milicevic, M.M., Sao Jose, B.P., Savic, M., Schwendicke, F., Senthilkumaran, S., Sepanlou, S.G., Serván-Mori, E., Setayesh, H., Shaikh, M.A., Sheikh, A., Shibuya, K., Shrime, M.G., Simonetti, B., Singh, J.A., Singh, P., Skryabin, V.Y., Soheili, A., Soltani, S., Ștefan, S.C., Tabarés-Seisdedos, R., Topor-Madry, R., Tovani-Palone, M.R., Tran, B.X., Travillian, R., Undurraga, E.A., Valdez, P.R., van Boven, J.F.M., Vasankari, T.J., Violante, F.S., Vlassov, V., Vos, T., Wolfe, C.D.A., Wu, J., Yaya, S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V., Yip, P., Yonemoto, N., Younis, M.Z., Yu, C., Zaidi, Z., Zaman, S.B., Zastrozhin, M.S., Zhang, Z-J, Zhao, Y., Murray, C.J.L., Dieleman, J.L., Micah, A.E., Su, Y., Bachmeier, S.D, Chapin, A., Cogswell, I.E., Crosby, S.W., Cunningham, B., Harle, A.C., Maddison, E.R., Moitra, M., Sahu, M., Schneider, M.T., Simpson, K.E., Stutzman, H.N., Tsakalos, G., Zende, R.R., Zlavog, B.S., Abbafati, C., Abebo, Z.H., Abolhassani, H., Abrigo, M.R.M., Ahmed, M.B., Akinyemi, R.O., Alam, K., Ali, S., Alinia, C., Alipour, V., Aljunid, S.M., Almasi, A., Alvis-Guzman, N., Ancuceanu, R., Andrei, T., Andrei, C.L., Anjomshoa, M., Antonio, C.A.T., Arabloo, J., Arab-Zozani, M., Aremu, O., Atnafu, D.D., Ausloos, M., Avila-Burgos, L., Ayanore, M.A., Azari, S., Babalola, T.K., Bagherzadeh, M., Baig, A.A., Bakhtiari, A., Banach, M., Banerjee, S.K., Bärnighausen, T.W., Basu, S., Baune, B.T., Bayati, M., Berman, A.E., Bhageerathy, R., Bhardwaj, P., Bohluli, M., Busse, R., Cahuana-Hurtado, L., Cámera, L.L.A., Castañeda-Orjuela, C.A., Catalá-López, F., Cevik, M., Chattu, V.K., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Dianatinasab, M., Do, H.T., Doshmangir, L., El Tantawi, M., Eskandarieh, S., Esmaeilzadeh, F., Faraj, A., Farzadfar, F., Fischer, F., Foigt, N.A., Fullman, N., Gad, M.M., Ghafourifard, M., Ghashghaee, A., Gholamian, A., Goharinezhad, S., Grada, A., Haghparast Bidgoli, H., Hamidi, S., Harb, H.L., Hasanpoor, E., Hay, S.I., Hendrie, D., Henry, N.J., Herteliu, C., Hole, M.K., Hosseinzadeh, M., Hostiuc, S., Huda, T.M., Humayun, A., Hwang, B-F, Ilesanmi, O.S., Iqbal, U., Irvani, S.S.N., Islam, S.M.S., Islam, M.M., Jahani, M.A., Jakovljevic, M., James, S.L., Javaheri, Z., Jonas, J.B., Joukar, F., Jozwiak, J.J., Jürisson, M., Kalhor, R., Karami Matin, B., Karimi, S.E., Kayode, G.A., Kazemi Karyani, A., Kinfu, Y., Kisa, A., Kohler, S., Komaki, H., Kosen, S., Kotlo, A., Koyanagi, A., Kumar, G.A., Kusuma, D., Lansingh, V.C., Larsson, A.O., Lasrado, S., Lee, S.W.H., Lim, L-L, Lozano, R., Magdy Abd El Razek, H., Mahdavi, M.M., Maleki, S., Malekzadeh, R., Mansour-Ghanaei, F., Mansournia, M.A., Mantovani, L.G., Martinez, G., Masoumi, S.Z., Massenburg, B.B., Menezes, R.G., Mengesha, E.W., Meretoja, T.J, Meretoja, A., Mestrovic, T., Milevska Kostova, N., Miller, T.R., Mirica, A., Mirrakhimov, E.M., Moghadaszadeh, M., Mohajer, B., Mohamadi, E., Mohammad Darwesh, A., Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A., Mohammadpourhodki, R., Mohammed, S., Mohebi, F., Mokdad, A.H., Morrison, S.D., Mosser, J.F., Mousavi, S.M., Muriithi, Moses K, Muthupandian, S., Myint, C-Y, Naderi, M., Nagarajan, A.J., Nguyen, C.T., Nguyen, H.L.T., Nonvignon, J., Noubiap, J.J., Oh, I-H, Olagunju, A.T., Olusanya, J.O., Olusanya, B.O., Omar Bali, A., Onwujekwe, O.E., Otstavnov, S.S., Otstavnov, N., Owolabi, M.O., Padubidri, J.R., Palladino, R., Panda-Jonas, S., Pandey, A., Postma, M.J., Prada, S.I., Pribadi, D.R.A., Rabiee, M., Rabiee, N., Rahim, F., Ranabhat, C.L., Rao, S.J., Rathi, P., Rawaf, S., Rawaf, D.L., Rawal, L., Rawassizadeh, R., Rezapour, A., Sabour, S., Sahraian, M.A., Salman, O.M., Salomon, J.A., Samy, A.M., Sanabria, J., Santos, J.V., Santric Milicevic, M.M., Sao Jose, B.P., Savic, M., Schwendicke, F., Senthilkumaran, S., Sepanlou, S.G., Serván-Mori, E., Setayesh, H., Shaikh, M.A., Sheikh, A., Shibuya, K., Shrime, M.G., Simonetti, B., Singh, J.A., Singh, P., Skryabin, V.Y., Soheili, A., Soltani, S., Ștefan, S.C., Tabarés-Seisdedos, R., Topor-Madry, R., Tovani-Palone, M.R., Tran, B.X., Travillian, R., Undurraga, E.A., Valdez, P.R., van Boven, J.F.M., Vasankari, T.J., Violante, F.S., Vlassov, V., Vos, T., Wolfe, C.D.A., Wu, J., Yaya, S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V., Yip, P., Yonemoto, N., Younis, M.Z., Yu, C., Zaidi, Z., Zaman, S.B., Zastrozhin, M.S., Zhang, Z-J, Zhao, Y., Murray, C.J.L., and Dieleman, J.L.
Abstract: Background: Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3 aims to “ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages”. While a substantial effort has been made to quantify progress towards SDG3, less research has focused on tracking spending towards this goal. We used spending estimates to measure progress in financing the priority areas of SDG3, examine the association between outcomes and financing, and identify where resource gains are most needed to achieve the SDG3 indicators for which data are available. Methods: We estimated domestic health spending, disaggregated by source (government, out-of-pocket, and prepaid private) from 1995 to 2017 for 195 countries and territories. For disease-specific health spending, we estimated spending for HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis for 135 low-income and middle-income countries, and malaria in 106 malaria-endemic countries, from 2000 to 2017. We also estimated development assistance for health (DAH) from 1990 to 2019, by source, disbursing development agency, recipient, and health focus area, including DAH for pandemic preparedness. Finally, we estimated future health spending for 195 countries and territories from 2018 until 2030. We report all spending estimates in inflation-adjusted 2019 US$, unless otherwise stated. Findings: Since the development and implementation of the SDGs in 2015, global health spending has increased, reaching $7·9 trillion (95% uncertainty interval 7·8–8·0) in 2017 and is expected to increase to $11·0 trillion (10·7–11·2) by 2030. In 2017, in low-income and middle-income countries spending on HIV/AIDS was $20·2 billion (17·0–25·0) and on tuberculosis it was $10·9 billion (10·3–11·8), and in malaria-endemic countries spending on malaria was $5·1 billion (4·9–5·4). Development assistance for health was $40·6 billion in 2019 and HIV/AIDS has been the health focus area to receive the highest contribution since 2004. In 2019, $374 million of DAH was provided for pandemic preparedness, less than 1% of
Published: 2020

22. Mapping child growth failure across low- and middle-income countries

Author: Kinyoki, D.K. (Damaris K.), Osgood-Zimmerman, A.E. (Aaron E.), Pickering, B.V. (Brandon V.), Schaeffer, L.E. (Lauren E.), Marczak, L.B. (Laurie B.), Lazzar-Atwood, A. (Alice), Collison, M.L. (Michael L.), Henry, N.J. (Nathaniel J.), Abebe, Z. (Zegeye), Adamu, A.A. (Abdu A.), Adekanmbi, V. (Victor), Ahmadi, K. (Keivan), Ajumobi, O. (Olufemi), Al-Eyadhy, A. (Ayman), Al-Raddadi, R.M. (Rajaa M.), Alahdab, F. (Fares), Alijanzadeh, M. (Mehran), Alipour, V. (Vahid), Altirkawi, K. (Khalid), Amini, S. (Saeed), Andrei, C.L. (Catalina Liliana), Antonio, C.A.T. (Carl Abelardo T), Arabloo, J. (Jalal), Aremu, O. (Olatunde), Asadi-Aliabadi, M. (Mehran), Atique, S. (Suleman), Ausloos, M. (Marcel), Avila, M. (Marco), Awasthi, A. (Ashish), Quintanilla, B.P.A. (Beatriz Paulina Ayala), Azari, S. (Samad), Badawi, A. (Alaa), Bärnighausen, T. (Till), Bassat, Q. (Quique), Baye, K. (Kaleab), Bedi, N. (Neeraj), Bekele, B.B. (Bayu Begashaw), Bell, M.L. (Michelle L.), Bhattacharjee, N.V. (Natalia V.), Bhattacharyya, K. (Krittika), Bhattarai, S. (Suraj), Bhutta, Z.A. (Zulfiqar A), Biadgo, B. (Belete), Bikbov, B. (Boris), Briko, A.N. (Andrey Nikolaevich), Britton, G. (Gabrielle), Burstein, D. (David), Butt, Z.A. (Zahid A.), Car, J. (Josip), Castañeda-Orjuela, C.A. (Carlos A), Castro, F. (Franz), Cerin, E. (Ester), Chipeta, M.G. (Michael G.), Chu, D.-T. (Dinh-Toi), Cork, M.A. (Michael A.), Cromwell, E.A. (Elizabeth A.), Cuevas-Nasu, L. (Lucía), Dandona, L. (Lalit), Dandona, R. (Rakhi), Daoud, F. (Farah), Gupta, R.D. (Rajat Das), Weaver, N.D. (Nicole Davis), Leo, D.D. (Diego De), Neve, J.-W.D. (Jan-Walter De), Deribe, K. (Kebede), Desalegn, B.B. (Beruk Berhanu), Deshpande, A. (Aniruddha), Desta, M. (Melaku), Diaz, D. (Daniel), Dinberu, M.T. (Mesfin Tadese), Doku, D.T. (David Teye), Dubey, M. (Manisha), Durães, A.R. (Andre R.), Dwyer-Lindgren, L.A. (Laura), Earl, L. (Lucas), Effiong, A. (Andem), Zaki, M.E.S. (Maysaa El Sayed), Tantawi, M.E. (Maha El), El-Khatib, Z. (Ziad), Eshrati, B. (Babak), Fareed, M. (Mohammad), Faro, A. (Andre), Fereshtehnejad, S.-M. (Seyed-Mohammad), Filip, I. (Irina), Fischer, F. (Florian), Foigt, N.A. (Nataliya A.), Folayan, M.O. (Morenike Oluwatoyin), Fukumoto, T. (Takeshi), Gebrehiwot, T.T. (Tsegaye Tewelde), Gezae, K.E. (Kebede Embaye), Ghajar, A. (Alireza), Gill, P.S. (Paramjit Singh), Gona, P.N. (Philimon N.), Gopalani, S.V. (Sameer Vali), Grada, A. (Ayman), Guo, Y. (Yuming), Haj-Mirzaian, A. (Arvin), Haj-Mirzaian, A. (Arya), Hall, J.B. (Jason B.), Hamidi, S. (Samer), Henok, A. (Andualem), Prado, B.H. (Bernardo Hernández), Herrero, M. (Mario), Herteliu, C. (Claudiu), Hoang, C.L. (Chi Linh), Hole, M.K. (Michael K.), Hossain, N. (Naznin), Hosseinzadeh, M. (Mehdi), Hu, G. (Guoqing), Islam, S.M.S. (Sheikh Mohammed Shariful), Jakovljevic, M. (Mihajlo), Jha, R.P. (Ravi Prakash), Jonas, J.B. (Jost B.), Jozwiak, J.J. (Jacek Jerzy), Kahsay, A. (Amaha), Kanchan, T. (Tanuj), Karami, M. (Manoochehr), Kasaeian, A. (Amir), Khader, Y.S. (Yousef Saleh), Khan, E.A. (Ejaz Ahmad), Khater, M.M. (Mona M.), Kim, Y.J. (Yun Jin), Kimokoti, R.W. (Ruth W.), Kisa, A. (Adnan), Kochhar, S. (Sonali), Kosen, S. (Soewarta), Koyanagi, A. (Ai), Krishan, K. (Kewal), Defo, B.K. (Barthelemy Kuate), Kumar, G.A. (G. Anil), Kumar, M. (Manasi), Lad, S.D. (Sheetal D.), Lami, F.H. (Faris Hasan), Lee, P.H. (Paul H.), Levine, A.J. (Aubrey J.), Li, S. (Shanshan), Linn, S. (Shai), Lodha, R. (Rakesh), El Razek, H.M.A. (Hassan Magdy Abd), Abd El Razek, M.M. (Muhammed Magdy), Hosgood, H.D. (H Dean), Majeed, A. (Azeem), Malekzadeh, R. (Reza), Malta, D.C. (Deborah Carvalho), Mamun, A.A. (Abdullah A.), Mansournia, M.A. (Mohammad Ali), Martins-Melo, F.R. (Francisco Rogerlândio), Masaka, A. (Anthony), Massenburg, B.B. (Benjamin Ballard), Mayala, B.K. (Benjamin K.), Mejia-Rodriguez, F. (Fabiola), Melku, M. (Mulugeta), Mendoza, W. (Walter), Mensah, G.A. (George A.), Miazgowski, T. (T.), Miller, T.R. (Ted R.), Mini, G.K. (G. K.), Mirrakhimov, E.M. (Erkin M.), Moazen, B. (Babak), Darwesh, A.M. (Aso Mohammad), Mohammed, S. (Shafiu), Mohebi, F. (Farnam), Mokdad, A.H. (Ali H.), Moodley, Y. (Yoshan), Moradi, G. (Ghobad), Moradi-Lakeh, M. (Maziar), Moraga, P. (Paula), Morrison, S.D. (Shane Douglas), Mosser, J.F. (Jonathan F.), Mousavi, S.M. (Seyyed Meysam), Mueller, U.O. (Ulrich Otto), Murray, C.J.L. (Christopher J. L.), Mustafa, G. (Ghulam), Naderi, M. (Mehdi), Naghavi, M. (Morteza), Najafi, F. (Farid), Nangia, V. (Vinay), Ndwandwe, D.E. (Duduzile Edith), Negoi, I. (Ionut), Ngunjiri, J.W. (Josephine W.), Nguyen, H.L.T. (Huong Lan Thi), Nguyen, L.H. (Long Hoang), Nguyen, S.H. (Son Hoang), Nie, J. (Jing), Nnaji, C.A. (Chukwudi A.), Noubiap, J.J. (Jean Jacques), Shiadeh, M.N. (Malihe Nourollahpour), Nyasulu, P.S. (Peter S.), Ogbo, F.A. (Felix Akpojene), Olagunju, A.T. (Andrew T.), Olusanya, B.O. (Bolajoko O), Olusanya, J.O. (Jacob Olusegun), Ortiz-Panozo, E. (Eduardo), Otstavnov, S.S. (Stanislav S.), P. A, M. (Mahesh), Pana, A. (Adrian), Pandey, A. (Anamika), Pati, S. (Sanghamitra), Patil, S.T. (Snehal T.), Patton, G.C. (George C.), Perico, N. (Norberto), Pigott, D.M. (David M.), Pirsaheb, M. (Meghdad), Piwoz, E.G. (Ellen G.), Postma, M.J. (Maarten), Pourshams, A. (Akram), Prakash, S. (Swayam), Quintana, H. (Hedley), Radfar, A. (Amir), Rafiei, A. (Alireza), Rahimi-Movaghar, V. (Vafa), Rai, R.K. (Rajesh Kumar), Rajati, F. (Fatemeh), Rawaf, D.L. (David Laith), Rawaf, S. (Salman), Rawat, R. (Rahul), Remuzzi, G. (Giuseppe), Renzaho, A.M.N. (Andre M. N.), Rios-González, C. (Carlos), Roever, L. (Leonardo), Ross, J.M. (Jennifer M.), Rostami, A. (Ali), Sadat, N. (Nafis), Safari, Y. (Yahya), Safdarian, M. (Mahdi), Sahebkar, A. (Amirhossein), Salam, N. (Nasir), Salamati, P. (Payman), Salimi, Y. (Yahya), Salimzadeh, H. (Hamideh), Samy, A.M. (Abdallah M.), Sartorius, B. (Benn), Sathian, B. (Brijesh), Schipp, M.F. (Megan F.), Schwebel, D.C. (David C), Senbeta, A.M. (Anbissa Muleta), Sepanlou, S.G. (Sadaf G), Shaikh, M.A. (Masood Ali), Levy, T.S. (Teresa Shamah), Shamsi, M. (Mohammadbagher), Sharafi, K. (Kiomars), Sharma, R. (Rajesh), Sheikh, A. (Aziz), Shil, A. (Apurba), Silva, D.A.S. (Diego Augusto Santos), Singh, J.A. (Jasvinder A.), Sinha, D.N. (Dhirendra Narain), Soofi, M. (Moslem), Sudaryanto, A. (Agus), Sufiyan, M.B. (Muawiyyah Babale), Tabarés-Seisdedos, R. (Rafael), Tadesse, B.T. (Birkneh Tilahun), Temsah, M.-H. (Mohamad-Hani), Terkawi, A.S. (Abdullah Sulieman), Tessema, Z.T. (Zemenu Tadesse), Thorne-Lyman, A.L. (Andrew L.), Tovani-Palone, M.R. (Marcos Roberto), Tran, B.X. (Bach Xuan), Tran, K.B. (Khanh Bao), Ullah, I. (Irfan), Uthman, O.A. (Olalekan A.), Vaezghasemi, M. (Masoud), Vaezi, A. (Afsane), Valdez, P.R. (Pascual R.), Vanderheide, J. (John), Veisani, Y. (Yousef), Violante, F.S. (Francesco S), Vlassov, V. (Vasily), Vu, G.T. (Giang Thu), Vu, L.G. (Linh Gia), Waheed, Y. (Yasir), Walson, J.L. (Judd L.), Wang, Y. (Yafeng), Wang, Y.-P. (Yuan-Pang), Wangia, E.N. (Elizabeth N.), Werdecker, A. (Andrea), Xu, G. (Gelin), Yamada, T. (Tomohide), Yisma, E. (Engida), Yonemoto, N. (Naohiro), Younis, M.Z. (Mustafa Z.), Yousefifard, M. (Mahmoud), Yu, C. (Chuanhua), Zaman, S.B. (Sojib Bin), Zamani, M. (Mohammad), Zhang, Y. (Yunquan), Kassebaum, N.J. (Nicholas J.), Hay, S.I. (Simon), Kinyoki, D.K. (Damaris K.), Osgood-Zimmerman, A.E. (Aaron E.), Pickering, B.V. (Brandon V.), Schaeffer, L.E. (Lauren E.), Marczak, L.B. (Laurie B.), Lazzar-Atwood, A. (Alice), Collison, M.L. (Michael L.), Henry, N.J. (Nathaniel J.), Abebe, Z. (Zegeye), Adamu, A.A. (Abdu A.), Adekanmbi, V. (Victor), Ahmadi, K. (Keivan), Ajumobi, O. (Olufemi), Al-Eyadhy, A. (Ayman), Al-Raddadi, R.M. (Rajaa M.), Alahdab, F. (Fares), Alijanzadeh, M. (Mehran), Alipour, V. (Vahid), Altirkawi, K. (Khalid), Amini, S. (Saeed), Andrei, C.L. (Catalina Liliana), Antonio, C.A.T. (Carl Abelardo T), Arabloo, J. (Jalal), Aremu, O. (Olatunde), Asadi-Aliabadi, M. (Mehran), Atique, S. (Suleman), Ausloos, M. (Marcel), Avila, M. (Marco), Awasthi, A. (Ashish), Quintanilla, B.P.A. (Beatriz Paulina Ayala), Azari, S. (Samad), Badawi, A. (Alaa), Bärnighausen, T. (Till), Bassat, Q. (Quique), Baye, K. (Kaleab), Bedi, N. (Neeraj), Bekele, B.B. (Bayu Begashaw), Bell, M.L. (Michelle L.), Bhattacharjee, N.V. (Natalia V.), Bhattacharyya, K. (Krittika), Bhattarai, S. (Suraj), Bhutta, Z.A. (Zulfiqar A), Biadgo, B. (Belete), Bikbov, B. (Boris), Briko, A.N. (Andrey Nikolaevich), Britton, G. (Gabrielle), Burstein, D. (David), Butt, Z.A. (Zahid A.), Car, J. (Josip), Castañeda-Orjuela, C.A. (Carlos A), Castro, F. (Franz), Cerin, E. (Ester), Chipeta, M.G. (Michael G.), Chu, D.-T. (Dinh-Toi), Cork, M.A. (Michael A.), Cromwell, E.A. (Elizabeth A.), Cuevas-Nasu, L. (Lucía), Dandona, L. (Lalit), Dandona, R. (Rakhi), Daoud, F. (Farah), Gupta, R.D. (Rajat Das), Weaver, N.D. (Nicole Davis), Leo, D.D. (Diego De), Neve, J.-W.D. (Jan-Walter De), Deribe, K. (Kebede), Desalegn, B.B. (Beruk Berhanu), Deshpande, A. (Aniruddha), Desta, M. (Melaku), Diaz, D. (Daniel), Dinberu, M.T. (Mesfin Tadese), Doku, D.T. (David Teye), Dubey, M. (Manisha), Durães, A.R. (Andre R.), Dwyer-Lindgren, L.A. (Laura), Earl, L. (Lucas), Effiong, A. (Andem), Zaki, M.E.S. (Maysaa El Sayed), Tantawi, M.E. (Maha El), El-Khatib, Z. (Ziad), Eshrati, B. (Babak), Fareed, M. (Mohammad), Faro, A. (Andre), Fereshtehnejad, S.-M. (Seyed-Mohammad), Filip, I. (Irina), Fischer, F. (Florian), Foigt, N.A. (Nataliya A.), Folayan, M.O. (Morenike Oluwatoyin), Fukumoto, T. (Takeshi), Gebrehiwot, T.T. (Tsegaye Tewelde), Gezae, K.E. (Kebede Embaye), Ghajar, A. (Alireza), Gill, P.S. (Paramjit Singh), Gona, P.N. (Philimon N.), Gopalani, S.V. (Sameer Vali), Grada, A. (Ayman), Guo, Y. (Yuming), Haj-Mirzaian, A. (Arvin), Haj-Mirzaian, A. (Arya), Hall, J.B. (Jason B.), Hamidi, S. (Samer), Henok, A. (Andualem), Prado, B.H. (Bernardo Hernández), Herrero, M. (Mario), Herteliu, C. (Claudiu), Hoang, C.L. (Chi Linh), Hole, M.K. (Michael K.), Hossain, N. (Naznin), Hosseinzadeh, M. (Mehdi), Hu, G. (Guoqing), Islam, S.M.S. (Sheikh Mohammed Shariful), Jakovljevic, M. (Mihajlo), Jha, R.P. (Ravi Prakash), Jonas, J.B. (Jost B.), Jozwiak, J.J. (Jacek Jerzy), Kahsay, A. (Amaha), Kanchan, T. (Tanuj), Karami, M. (Manoochehr), Kasaeian, A. (Amir), Khader, Y.S. (Yousef Saleh), Khan, E.A. (Ejaz Ahmad), Khater, M.M. (Mona M.), Kim, Y.J. (Yun Jin), Kimokoti, R.W. (Ruth W.), Kisa, A. (Adnan), Kochhar, S. (Sonali), Kosen, S. (Soewarta), Koyanagi, A. (Ai), Krishan, K. (Kewal), Defo, B.K. (Barthelemy Kuate), Kumar, G.A. (G. Anil), Kumar, M. (Manasi), Lad, S.D. (Sheetal D.), Lami, F.H. (Faris Hasan), Lee, P.H. (Paul H.), Levine, A.J. (Aubrey J.), Li, S. (Shanshan), Linn, S. (Shai), Lodha, R. (Rakesh), El Razek, H.M.A. (Hassan Magdy Abd), Abd El Razek, M.M. (Muhammed Magdy), Hosgood, H.D. (H Dean), Majeed, A. (Azeem), Malekzadeh, R. (Reza), Malta, D.C. (Deborah Carvalho), Mamun, A.A. (Abdullah A.), Mansournia, M.A. (Mohammad Ali), Martins-Melo, F.R. (Francisco Rogerlândio), Masaka, A. (Anthony), Massenburg, B.B. (Benjamin Ballard), Mayala, B.K. (Benjamin K.), Mejia-Rodriguez, F. (Fabiola), Melku, M. (Mulugeta), Mendoza, W. (Walter), Mensah, G.A. (George A.), Miazgowski, T. (T.), Miller, T.R. (Ted R.), Mini, G.K. (G. K.), Mirrakhimov, E.M. (Erkin M.), Moazen, B. (Babak), Darwesh, A.M. (Aso Mohammad), Mohammed, S. (Shafiu), Mohebi, F. (Farnam), Mokdad, A.H. (Ali H.), Moodley, Y. (Yoshan), Moradi, G. (Ghobad), Moradi-Lakeh, M. (Maziar), Moraga, P. (Paula), Morrison, S.D. (Shane Douglas), Mosser, J.F. (Jonathan F.), Mousavi, S.M. (Seyyed Meysam), Mueller, U.O. (Ulrich Otto), Murray, C.J.L. (Christopher J. L.), Mustafa, G. (Ghulam), Naderi, M. (Mehdi), Naghavi, M. (Morteza), Najafi, F. (Farid), Nangia, V. (Vinay), Ndwandwe, D.E. (Duduzile Edith), Negoi, I. (Ionut), Ngunjiri, J.W. (Josephine W.), Nguyen, H.L.T. (Huong Lan Thi), Nguyen, L.H. (Long Hoang), Nguyen, S.H. (Son Hoang), Nie, J. (Jing), Nnaji, C.A. (Chukwudi A.), Noubiap, J.J. (Jean Jacques), Shiadeh, M.N. (Malihe Nourollahpour), Nyasulu, P.S. (Peter S.), Ogbo, F.A. (Felix Akpojene), Olagunju, A.T. (Andrew T.), Olusanya, B.O. (Bolajoko O), Olusanya, J.O. (Jacob Olusegun), Ortiz-Panozo, E. (Eduardo), Otstavnov, S.S. (Stanislav S.), P. A, M. (Mahesh), Pana, A. (Adrian), Pandey, A. (Anamika), Pati, S. (Sanghamitra), Patil, S.T. (Snehal T.), Patton, G.C. (George C.), Perico, N. (Norberto), Pigott, D.M. (David M.), Pirsaheb, M. (Meghdad), Piwoz, E.G. (Ellen G.), Postma, M.J. (Maarten), Pourshams, A. (Akram), Prakash, S. (Swayam), Quintana, H. (Hedley), Radfar, A. (Amir), Rafiei, A. (Alireza), Rahimi-Movaghar, V. (Vafa), Rai, R.K. (Rajesh Kumar), Rajati, F. (Fatemeh), Rawaf, D.L. (David Laith), Rawaf, S. (Salman), Rawat, R. (Rahul), Remuzzi, G. (Giuseppe), Renzaho, A.M.N. (Andre M. N.), Rios-González, C. (Carlos), Roever, L. (Leonardo), Ross, J.M. (Jennifer M.), Rostami, A. (Ali), Sadat, N. (Nafis), Safari, Y. (Yahya), Safdarian, M. (Mahdi), Sahebkar, A. (Amirhossein), Salam, N. (Nasir), Salamati, P. (Payman), Salimi, Y. (Yahya), Salimzadeh, H. (Hamideh), Samy, A.M. (Abdallah M.), Sartorius, B. (Benn), Sathian, B. (Brijesh), Schipp, M.F. (Megan F.), Schwebel, D.C. (David C), Senbeta, A.M. (Anbissa Muleta), Sepanlou, S.G. (Sadaf G), Shaikh, M.A. (Masood Ali), Levy, T.S. (Teresa Shamah), Shamsi, M. (Mohammadbagher), Sharafi, K. (Kiomars), Sharma, R. (Rajesh), Sheikh, A. (Aziz), Shil, A. (Apurba), Silva, D.A.S. (Diego Augusto Santos), Singh, J.A. (Jasvinder A.), Sinha, D.N. (Dhirendra Narain), Soofi, M. (Moslem), Sudaryanto, A. (Agus), Sufiyan, M.B. (Muawiyyah Babale), Tabarés-Seisdedos, R. (Rafael), Tadesse, B.T. (Birkneh Tilahun), Temsah, M.-H. (Mohamad-Hani), Terkawi, A.S. (Abdullah Sulieman), Tessema, Z.T. (Zemenu Tadesse), Thorne-Lyman, A.L. (Andrew L.), Tovani-Palone, M.R. (Marcos Roberto), Tran, B.X. (Bach Xuan), Tran, K.B. (Khanh Bao), Ullah, I. (Irfan), Uthman, O.A. (Olalekan A.), Vaezghasemi, M. (Masoud), Vaezi, A. (Afsane), Valdez, P.R. (Pascual R.), Vanderheide, J. (John), Veisani, Y. (Yousef), Violante, F.S. (Francesco S), Vlassov, V. (Vasily), Vu, G.T. (Giang Thu), Vu, L.G. (Linh Gia), Waheed, Y. (Yasir), Walson, J.L. (Judd L.), Wang, Y. (Yafeng), Wang, Y.-P. (Yuan-Pang), Wangia, E.N. (Elizabeth N.), Werdecker, A. (Andrea), Xu, G. (Gelin), Yamada, T. (Tomohide), Yisma, E. (Engida), Yonemoto, N. (Naohiro), Younis, M.Z. (Mustafa Z.), Yousefifard, M. (Mahmoud), Yu, C. (Chuanhua), Zaman, S.B. (Sojib Bin), Zamani, M. (Mohammad), Zhang, Y. (Yunquan), Kassebaum, N.J. (Nicholas J.), and Hay, S.I. (Simon)
Abstract: Childhood malnutrition is associated with high morbidity and mortality globally1. Undernourished children are more likely to experience cognitive, physical, and metabolic developmental impairments that can lead to later cardiovascular disease, reduced intellectual ability and school attainment, and reduced economic productivity in adulthood2. Child growth failure (CGF), expressed as stunting, wasting, and underweight in children under five years of age (0–59 months), is a specific subset of undernutrition characterized by insufficient height or weight against age-specific growth reference standards3–5. The prevalence of stunting, wasting, or underweight in children under five is the proportion of children with a height-for-age, weight-for-height, or weight-for-age z-score, respectively, that is more than two standard deviations below the World Health Organization’s median growth reference standards for a healthy population6. Subnational estimates of CGF report substantial heterogeneity within countries, but are available primarily at the first administrative level (for example, states or provinces)7; the uneven geographical distribution of CGF has motivated further calls for assessments that can match the local scale of many public health programmes8. Building from our previous work mapping CGF in Africa9, here we provide the first, to our knowledge, mapped high-spatial-resolution estimates of CGF indicators from 2000 to 2017 across 105 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where 99% of affected children live1, aggregated to policy-relevant first and second (for example, districts or counties) administrative-level units and national levels. Despite remarkable declines over the study period, many LMICs remain far from the ambitious World Health Organization Global Nutrition Targets to reduce stunting by 40% and wasting to less than 5% by 2025. Large disparities in prevalence and progress exist across and within countries; our maps identify high-prevalence areas e
Published: 2020
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23. Global, regional, and national cancer incidence, mortality, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-Adjusted life-years for 29 cancer groups, 1990 to 2017: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study

Author: Fitzmaurice, C. Abate, D. Abbasi, N. Abbastabar, H. Abd-Allah, F. Abdel-Rahman, O. Abdelalim, A. Abdoli, A. Abdollahpour, I. Abdulle, A.S.M. Abebe, N.D. Abraha, H.N. Abu-Raddad, L.J. Abualhasan, A. Adedeji, I.A. Advani, S.M. Afarideh, M. Afshari, M. Aghaali, M. Agius, D. Agrawal, S. Ahmadi, A. Ahmadian, E. Ahmadpour, E. Ahmed, M.B. Akbari, M.E. Akinyemiju, T. Al-Aly, Z. Alabdulkader, A.M. Alahdab, F. Alam, T. Alamene, G.M. Alemnew, B.T.T. Alene, K.A. Alinia, C. Alipour, V. Aljunid, S.M. Bakeshei, F.A. Almadi, M.A.H. Almasi-Hashiani, A. Alsharif, U. Alsowaidi, S. Alvis-Guzman, N. Amini, E. Amini, S. Amoako, Y.A. Anbari, Z. Anber, N.H. Andrei, C.L. Anjomshoa, M. Ansari, F. Ansariadi, A. Appiah, S.C.Y. Arab-Zozani, M. Arabloo, J. Arefi, Z. Aremu, O. Areri, H.A. Artaman, A. Asayesh, H. Asfaw, E.T. Ashagre, A.F. Assadi, R. Ataeinia, B. Atalay, H.T. Ataro, Z. Atique, S. Ausloos, M. Avila-Burgos, L. Avokpaho, E.F.G.A. Awasthi, A. Awoke, N. Ayala Quintanilla, B.P. Ayanore, M.A. Ayele, H.T. Babaee, E. Bacha, U. Badawi, A. Bagherzadeh, M. Bagli, E. Balakrishnan, S. Balouchi, A. Barnighausen, T.W. Battista, R.J. Behzadifar, M. Behzadifar, M. Bekele, B.B. Belay, Y.B. Belayneh, Y.M. Berfield, K.K.S. Berhane, A. Bernabe, E. Beuran, M. Bhakta, N. Bhattacharyya, K. Biadgo, B. Bijani, A. Bin Sayeed, M.S. Birungi, C. Bisignano, C. Bitew, H. Bjorge, T. Bleyer, A. Bogale, K.A. Bojia, H.A. Borzi, A.M. Bosetti, C. Bou-Orm, I.R. Brenner, H. Brewer, J.D. Briko, A.N. Briko, N.I. Bustamante-Teixeira, M.T. Butt, Z.A. Carreras, G. Carrero, J.J. Carvalho, F. Castro, C. Castro, F. Catala-Lopez, F. Cerin, E. Chaiah, Y. Chanie, W.F. Chattu, V.K. Chaturvedi, P. Chauhan, N.S. Chehrazi, M. Chiang, P.P.-C. Chichiabellu, T.Y. Chido-Amajuoyi, O.G. Chimed-Ochir, O. Choi, J.-Y.J. Christopher, D.J. Chu, D.-T. Constantin, M.-M. Costa, V.M. Crocetti, E. Crowe, C.S. Curado, M.P. Dahlawi, S.M.A. Damiani, G. Darwish, A.H. Daryani, A. Das Neves, J. Demeke, F.M. Demis, A.B. Demissie, B.W. Demoz, G.T. Denova-Gutierrez, E. Derakhshani, A. Deribe, K.S. Desai, R. Desalegn, B.B. Desta, M. Dey, S. Dharmaratne, S.D. Dhimal, M. Diaz, D. Dinberu, M.T.T. Djalalinia, S. Doku, D.T. Drake, T.M. Dubey, M. Dubljanin, E. Duken, E.E. Ebrahimi, H. Effiong, A. Eftekhari, A. El Sayed, I. Zaki, M.E.S. El-Jaafary, S.I. El-Khatib, Z. Elemineh, D.A. Elkout, H. Ellenbogen, R.G. Elsharkawy, A. Emamian, M.H. Endalew, D.A. Endries, A.Y. Eshrati, B. Fadhil, I. Fallah, V. Faramarzi, M. Farhangi, M.A. Farioli, A. Farzadfar, F. Fentahun, N. Fernandes, E. Feyissa, G.T. Filip, I. Fischer, F. Fisher, J.L. Force, L.M. Foroutan, M. Freitas, M. Fukumoto, T. Futran, N.D. Gallus, S. Gankpe, F.G. Gayesa, R.T. Gebrehiwot, T.T. Gebremeskel, G.G. Gedefaw, G.A. Gelaw, B.K. Geta, B. Getachew, S. Gezae, K.E. Ghafourifard, M. Ghajar, A. Ghashghaee, A. Gholamian, A. Gill, P.S. Ginindza, T.T.G. Girmay, A. Gizaw, M. Gomez, R.S. Gopalani, S.V. Gorini, G. Goulart, B.N.G. Grada, A. Ribeiro Guerra, M. Guimaraes, A.L.S. Gupta, P.C. Gupta, R. Hadkhale, K. Haj-Mirzaian, A. Haj-Mirzaian, A. Hamadeh, R.R. Hamidi, S. Hanfore, L.K. Haro, J.M. Hasankhani, M. Hasanzadeh, A. Hassen, H.Y. Hay, R.J. Hay, S.I. Henok, A. Henry, N.J. Herteliu, C. Hidru, H.D. Hoang, C.L. Hole, M.K. Hoogar, P. Horita, N. Hosgood, H.D. Hosseini, M. Hosseinzadeh, M. Hostiuc, M. Hostiuc, S. Househ, M. Hussen, M.M. Ileanu, B. Ilic, M.D. Innos, K. Irvani, S.S.N. Iseh, K.R. Islam, S.M.S. Islami, F. Jafari Balalami, N. Jafarinia, M. Jahangiry, L. Jahani, M.A. Jahanmehr, N. Jakovljevic, M. James, S.L. Javanbakht, M. Jayaraman, S. Jee, S.H. Jenabi, E. Jha, R.P. Jonas, J.B. Jonnagaddala, J. Joo, T. Jungari, S.B. Jurisson, M. Kabir, A. Kamangar, F. Karch, A. Karimi, N. Karimian, A. Kasaeian, A. Kasahun, G.G. Kassa, B. Kassa, T.D. Kassaw, M.W. Kaul, A. Keiyoro, P.N. Kelbore, A.G. Kerbo, A.A. Khader, Y.S. Khalilarjmandi, M. Khan, E.A. Khan, G. Khang, Y.-H. Khatab, K. Khater, A. Khayamzadeh, M. Khazaee-Pool, M. Khazaei, S. Khoja, A.T. Khosravi, M.H. Khubchandani, J. Kianipour, N. Kim, D. Kim, Y.J. Kisa, A. Kisa, S. Kissimova-Skarbek, K. Komaki, H. Koyanagi, A. Krohn, K.J. Bicer, B.K. Kugbey, N. Kumar, V. Kuupiel, D. La Vecchia, C. Lad, D.P. Lake, E.A. Lakew, A.M. Lal, D.K. Lami, F.H. Lan, Q. Lasrado, S. Lauriola, P. Lazarus, J.V. Leigh, J. Leshargie, C.T. Liao, Y. Limenih, M.A. Listl, S. Lopez, A.D. Lopukhov, P.D. Lunevicius, R. Madadin, M. Magdeldin, S. El Razek, H.M.A. Majeed, A. Maleki, A. Malekzadeh, R. Manafi, A. Manafi, N. Manamo, W.A. Mansourian, M. Mansournia, M.A. Mantovani, L.G. Maroufizadeh, S. Martini, S.M.S. Mashamba-Thompson, T.P. Massenburg, B.B. Maswabi, M.T. Mathur, M.R. McAlinden, C. McKee, M. Meheretu, H.A.A. Mehrotra, R. Mehta, V. Meier, T. Melaku, Y.A. Meles, G.G. Meles, H.G. Melese, A. Melku, M. Memiah, P.T.N. Mendoza, W. Menezes, R.G. Merat, S. Meretoja, T.J. Mestrovic, T. Miazgowski, B. Miazgowski, T. Mihretie, K.M.M. Miller, T.R. Mills, E.J. Mir, S.M. Mirzaei, H. Mirzaei, H.R. Mishra, R. Moazen, B. Mohammad, D.K. Mohammad, K.A. Mohammad, Y. Darwesh, A.M. Mohammadbeigi, A. Mohammadi, H. Mohammadi, M. Mohammadian, M. Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A. Mohammadoo-Khorasani, M. Mohammadpourhodki, R. Mohammed, A.S. Mohammed, J.A. Mohammed, S. Mohebi, F. Mokdad, A.H. Monasta, L. Moodley, Y. Moosazadeh, M. Moossavi, M. Moradi, G. Moradi-Joo, M. Moradi-Lakeh, M. Moradpour, F. Morawska, L. Morgado-Da-costa, J. Morisaki, N. Morrison, S.D. Mosapour, A. Mousavi, S.M. Muche, A.A. Muhammed, O.S.S. Musa, J. Nabhan, A.R. Naderi, M. Nagarajan, A.J. Nagel, G. Nahvijou, A. Naik, G. Najafi, F. Naldi, L. Nam, H.S. Nasiri, N. Nazari, J. Negoi, I. Neupane, S. Newcomb, P.A. Nggada, H.A. Ngunjiri, J.W. Nguyen, C.T. Nikniaz, L. Ningrum, D.N.A. Nirayo, Y.L. Nixon, M.R. Nnaji, C.A. Nojomi, M. Nosratnejad, S. Shiadeh, M.N. Obsa, M.S. Ofori-Asenso, R. Ogbo, F.A. Oh, I.-H. Olagunju, A.T. Olagunju, T.O. Oluwasanu, M.M. Omonisi, A.E. Onwujekwe, O.E. Oommen, A.M. Oren, E. Ortega-Altamirano, D.D.V. Ota, E. Otstavnov, S.S. Owolabi, M.O. P A, M. Padubidri, J.R. Pakhale, S. Pakpour, A.H. Pana, A. Park, E.-K. Parsian, H. Pashaei, T. Patel, S. Patil, S.T. Pennini, A. Pereira, D.M. Piccinelli, C. Pillay, J.D. Pirestani, M. Pishgar, F. Postma, M.J. Pourjafar, H. Pourmalek, F. Pourshams, A. Prakash, S. Prasad, N. Qorbani, M. Rabiee, M. Rabiee, N. Radfar, A. Rafiei, A. Rahim, F. Rahimi, M. Rahman, M.A. Rajati, F. Rana, S.M. Raoofi, S. Rath, G.K. Rawaf, D.L. Rawaf, S. Reiner, R.C. Renzaho, A.M.N. Rezaei, N. Rezapour, A. Ribeiro, A.I. Ribeiro, D. Ronfani, L. Roro, E.M. Roshandel, G. Rostami, A. Saad, R.S. Sabbagh, P. Sabour, S. Saddik, B. Safiri, S. Sahebkar, A. Salahshoor, M.R. Salehi, F. Salem, H. Salem, M.R. Salimzadeh, H. Salomon, J.A. Samy, A.M. Sanabria, J. Santric Milicevic, M.M. Sartorius, B. Sarveazad, A. Sathian, B. Satpathy, M. Savic, M. Sawhney, M. Sayyah, M. Schneider, I.J.C. Schottker, B. Sekerija, M. Sepanlou, S.G. Sepehrimanesh, M. Seyedmousavi, S. Shaahmadi, F. Shabaninejad, H. Shahbaz, M. Shaikh, M.A. Shamshirian, A. Shamsizadeh, M. Sharafi, H. Sharafi, Z. Sharif, M. Sharifi, A. Sharifi, H. Sharma, R. Sheikh, A. Shirkoohi, R. Shukla, S.R. Si, S. Siabani, S. Silva, D.A.S. Silveira, D.G.A. Singh, A. Singh, J.A. Sisay, S. Sitas, F. Sobngwi, E. Soofi, M. Soriano, J.B. Stathopoulou, V. Sufiyan, M.B. Tabares-Seisdedos, R. Tabuchi, T. Takahashi, K. Tamtaji, O.R. Tarawneh, M.R. Tassew, S.G. Taymoori, P. Tehrani-Banihashemi, A. Temsah, M.-H. Temsah, O. Tesfay, B.E. Tesfay, F.H. Teshale, M.Y. Tessema, G.A. Thapa, S. Tlaye, K.G. Topor-Madry, R. Tovani-Palone, M.R. Traini, E. Tran, B.X. Tran, K.B. Tsadik, A.G. Ullah, I. Uthman, O.A. Vacante, M. Vaezi, M. Varona Perez, P. Veisani, Y. Vidale, S. Violante, F.S. Vlassov, V. Vollset, S.E. Vos, T. Vosoughi, K. Vu, G.T. Vujcic, I.S. Wabinga, H. Wachamo, T.M. Wagnew, F.S. Waheed, Y. Weldegebreal, F. Weldesamuel, G.T. Wijeratne, T. Wondafrash, D.Z. Wonde, T.E. Wondmieneh, A.B. Workie, H.M. Yadav, R. Yadegar, A. Yadollahpour, A. Yaseri, M. Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V. Yeshaneh, A. Yimam, M.A. Yimer, E.M. Yisma, E. Yonemoto, N. Younis, M.Z. Yousefi, B. Yousefifard, M. Yu, C. Zabeh, E. Zadnik, V. Moghadam, T.Z. Zaidi, Z. Zamani, M. Zandian, H. Zangeneh, A. Zaki, L. Zendehdel, K. Zenebe, Z.M. Zewale, T.A. Ziapour, A. Zodpey, S. Murray, C.J.L. Global Burden of Disease Cancer Collaboration
Abstract: Importance: Cancer and other noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are now widely recognized as a threat to global development. The latest United Nations high-level meeting on NCDs reaffirmed this observation and also highlighted the slow progress in meeting the 2011 Political Declaration on the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases and the third Sustainable Development Goal. Lack of situational analyses, priority setting, and budgeting have been identified as major obstacles in achieving these goals. All of these have in common that they require information on the local cancer epidemiology. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study is uniquely poised to provide these crucial data. Objective: To describe cancer burden for 29 cancer groups in 195 countries from 1990 through 2017 to provide data needed for cancer control planning. Evidence Review: We used the GBD study estimation methods to describe cancer incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-Adjusted life-years (DALYs). Results are presented at the national level as well as by Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income, educational attainment, and total fertility rate. We also analyzed the influence of the epidemiological vs the demographic transition on cancer incidence. Findings: In 2017, there were 24.5 million incident cancer cases worldwide (16.8 million without nonmelanoma skin cancer [NMSC]) and 9.6 million cancer deaths. The majority of cancer DALYs came from years of life lost (97%), and only 3% came from years lived with disability. The odds of developing cancer were the lowest in the low SDI quintile (1 in 7) and the highest in the high SDI quintile (1 in 2) for both sexes. In 2017, the most common incident cancers in men were NMSC (4.3 million incident cases); tracheal, bronchus, and lung (TBL) cancer (1.5 million incident cases); and prostate cancer (1.3 million incident cases). The most common causes of cancer deaths and DALYs for men were TBL cancer (1.3 million deaths and 28.4 million DALYs), liver cancer (572000 deaths and 15.2 million DALYs), and stomach cancer (542000 deaths and 12.2 million DALYs). For women in 2017, the most common incident cancers were NMSC (3.3 million incident cases), breast cancer (1.9 million incident cases), and colorectal cancer (819000 incident cases). The leading causes of cancer deaths and DALYs for women were breast cancer (601000 deaths and 17.4 million DALYs), TBL cancer (596000 deaths and 12.6 million DALYs), and colorectal cancer (414000 deaths and 8.3 million DALYs). Conclusions and Relevance: The national epidemiological profiles of cancer burden in the GBD study show large heterogeneities, which are a reflection of different exposures to risk factors, economic settings, lifestyles, and access to care and screening. The GBD study can be used by policy makers and other stakeholders to develop and improve national and local cancer control in order to achieve the global targets and improve equity in cancer care. © 2019 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.
Published: 2019

24. Erratum: Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 (The Lancet (2018) 392(10159) (1923–1994), (S0140673618322256), (10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32225-6))

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Andrei, C.L. Androudi, S. Animut, M.D. Anjomshoa, M. Ansha, M.G. Antó, J.M. Antonio, C.A.T. Anwari, P. Appiah, L.T. Appiah, S.C.Y. Arabloo, J. Aremu, O. Ärnlöv, J. Artaman, A. Aryal, K.K. Asayesh, H. Ataro, Z. Ausloos, M. Avokpaho, E.F.G.A. Awasthi, A. Ayala Quintanilla, B.P. Ayer, R. Ayuk, T.B. Azzopardi, P.S. Babazadeh, A. Badali, H. Badawi, A. Balakrishnan, K. Bali, A.G. Ball, K. Ballew, S.H. Banach, M. Banoub, J.A.M. Barac, A. Barker-Collo, S.L. Bärnighausen, T.W. Barrero, L.H. Basu, S. Baune, B.T. Bazargan-Hejazi, S. Bedi, N. Beghi, E. Behzadifar, M. Behzadifar, M. Béjot, Y. Bekele, B.B. Bekru, E.T. Belay, E. Belay, Y.A. Bell, M.L. Bello, A.K. Bennett, D.A. Bensenor, I.M. Bergeron, G. Berhane, A. Bernabe, E. Bernstein, R.S. Beuran, M. Beyranvand, T. Bhala, N. Bhalla, A. Bhattarai, S. Bhutta, Z.A. Biadgo, B. Bijani, A. Bikbov, B. Bilano, V. Bililign, N. Bin Sayeed, M.S. Bisanzio, D. Biswas, T. Bjørge, T. Blacker, B.F. Bleyer, A. Borschmann, R. Bou-Orm, I.R. Boufous, S. Bourne, R. 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Mohebi, F. Mokdad, A.H. Molokhia, M. Momeniha, F. Monasta, L. Moodley, Y. Moradi, G. Moradi-Lakeh, M. Moradinazar, M. Moraga, P. Morawska, L. Morgado-Da-Costa, J. Morrison, S.D. Moschos, M.M. Mouodi, S. Mousavi, S.M. Mozaffarian, D. Mruts, K.B. Muche, A.A. Muchie, K.F. Mueller, U.O. Muhammed, O.S. Mukhopadhyay, S. Muller, K. Musa, K.I. Mustafa, G. Nabhan, A.F. Naghavi, M. Naheed, A. Nahvijou, A. Naik, G. Naik, N. Najafi, F. Nangia, V. Nansseu, J.R. Nascimento, B.R. Neal, B. Neamati, N. Negoi, I. Negoi, R.I. Neupane, S. Newton, C.R.J. Ngunjiri, J.W. Nguyen, A.Q. Nguyen, G. Nguyen, H.T. Nguyen, H.L.T. Nguyen, H.T. Nguyen, M. Nguyen, N.B. Nichols, E. Nie, J. Ningrum, D.N.A. Nirayo, Y.L. Nishi, N. Nixon, M.R. Nojomi, M. Nomura, S. Norheim, O.F. Noroozi, M. Norrving, B. Noubiap, J.J. Nouri, H.R. Nourollahpour Shiadeh, M. Nowroozi, M.R. Nsoesie, E.O. Nyasulu, P.S. Obermeyer, C.M. Odell, C.M. Ofori-Asenso, R. Ogbo, F.A. Oh, I.-H. Oladimeji, O. Olagunju, A.T. Olagunju, T.O. Olivares, P.R. Olsen, H.E. Olusanya, B.O. Olusanya, J.O. Ong, K.L. Ong, S.K. Oren, E. Orpana, H.M. Ortiz, A. Ota, E. Otstavnov, S.S. Øverland, S. Owolabi, M.O. Mahesh, P.A. Pacella, R. Pakhare, A.P. Pakpour, A.H. Pana, A. Panda-Jonas, S. Park, E.-K. Parry, C.D.H. Parsian, H. Patel, S. Pati, S. Patil, S.T. Patle, A. Patton, G.C. Paudel, D. Paulson, K.R. Paz Ballesteros, W.C. Pearce, N. Pereira, A. Pereira, D.M. Perico, N. Pesudovs, K. Petzold, M. Pham, H.Q. Phillips, M.R. Pillay, J.D. Piradov, M.A. Pirsaheb, M. Pischon, T. Pishgar, F. Plana-Ripoll, O. Plass, D. Polinder, S. Polkinghorne, K.R. Postma, M.J. Poulton, R. Pourshams, A. Poustchi, H. Prabhakaran, D. Prakash, S. Prasad, N. Purcell, C.A. Purwar, M.B. Qorbani, M. Radfar, A. Rafay, A. Rafiei, A. Rahim, F. Rahimi, Z. Rahimi-Movaghar, A. Rahimi-Movaghar, V. Rahman, M. Rahman, M.H.U. Rahman, M.A. Rai, R.K. Rajati, F. Rajsic, S. Raju, S.B. Ram, U. Ranabhat, C.L. Ranjan, P. Rath, G.K. Rawaf, D.L. Rawaf, S. Reddy, K.S. Rehm, C.D. Rehm, J. Reiner, R.C. Reitsma, M.B. Remuzzi, G. Renzaho, A.M.N. Resnikoff, S. Reynales-Shigematsu, L.M. Rezaei, S. Ribeiro, A.L.P. Rivera, J.A. Roba, K.T. Rodríguez-Ramírez, S. Roever, L. Román, Y. Ronfani, L. Roshandel, G. Rostami, A. Roth, G.A. Rothenbacher, D. Roy, A. Rubagotti, E. Rushton, L. Sabanayagam, C. Sachdev, P.S. Saddik, B. Sadeghi, E. Saeedi Moghaddam, S. Safari, H. Safari, Y. Safari-Faramani, R. Safdarian, M. Safi, S. Safiri, S. Sagar, R. Sahebkar, A. Sahraian, M.A. Sajadi, H.S. Salam, N. Salamati, P. Saleem, Z. Salimi, Y. Salimzadeh, H. Salomon, J.A. Salvi, D.D. Salz, I. Samy, A.M. Sanabria, J. Sanchez-Niño, M.D. Sánchez-Pimienta, T.G. Sanders, T. Sang, Y. Santomauro, D.F. Santos, I.S. Santos, J.V. Santric Milicevic, M.M. Sao Jose, B.P. Sardana, M. Sarker, A.R. Sarmiento-Suárez, R. Sarrafzadegan, N. Sartorius, B. Sarvi, S. Sathian, B. Satpathy, M. Sawant, A.R. Sawhney, M. Saylan, M. Sayyah, M. Schaeffner, E. Schmidt, M.I. Schneider, I.J.C. Schöttker, B. Schutte, A.E. Schwebel, D.C. Schwendicke, F. Scott, J.G. Seedat, S. Sekerija, M. Sepanlou, S.G. Serre, M.L. Serván-Mori, E. Seyedmousavi, S. Shabaninejad, H. Shaddick, G. Shafieesabet, A. Shahbazi, M. Shaheen, A.A. Shaikh, M.A. Shamah Levy, T. Shams-Beyranvand, M. Shamsi, M. Sharafi, H. Sharafi, K. Sharif, M. Sharif-Alhoseini, M. Sharifi, H. Sharma, J. Sharma, M. Sharma, R. She, J. Sheikh, A. Shi, P. Shibuya, K. Shiferaw, M.S. Shigematsu, M. Shin, M.-J. Shiri, R. Shirkoohi, R. Shiue, I. Shokraneh, F. Shoman, H. Shrime, M.G. Shupler, M.S. Si, S. Siabani, S. Sibai, A.M. Siddiqi, T.J. Sigfusdottir, I.D. Sigurvinsdottir, R. Silva, D.A.S. Silva, J.P. Silveira, D.G.A. Singh, J.A. Singh, N.P. Singh, V. Sinha, D.N. Skiadaresi, E. Skirbekk, V. Smith, D.L. Smith, M. Sobaih, B.H. Sobhani, S. Somayaji, R. Soofi, M. Sorensen, R.J.D. Soriano, J.B. Soyiri, I.N. Spinelli, A. Sposato, L.A. Sreeramareddy, C.T. Srinivasan, V. Starodubov, V.I. Steckling, N. Stein, D.J. Stein, M.B. Stevanovic, G. Stockfelt, L. Stokes, M.A. Sturua, L. Subart, M.L. Sudaryanto, A. Sufiyan, M.B. Sulo, G. Sunguya, B.F. Sur, P.J. Sykes, B.L. Szoeke, C.E.I. Tabarés-Seisdedos, R. Tabuchi, T. Tadakamadla, S.K. Takahashi, K. Tandon, N. Tassew, S.G. Tavakkoli, M. Taveira, N. Tehrani-Banihashemi, A. Tekalign, T.G. Tekelemedhin, S.W. Tekle, M.G. Temesgen, H. Temsah, M.-H. Temsah, O. Terkawi, A.S. Tessema, B. Teweldemedhin, M. Thankappan, K.R. Theis, A. Thirunavukkarasu, S. Thomas, H.J. Thomas, M.L. Thomas, N. Thurston, G.D. Tilahun, B. Tillmann, T. To, Q.G. Tobollik, M. Tonelli, M. Topor-Madry, R. Torre, A.E. Tortajada-Girbés, M. Touvier, M. Tovani-Palone, M.R. Towbin, J.A. Tran, B.X. Tran, K.B. Truelsen, T.C. Truong, N.T. Tsadik, A.G. Tudor Car, L. Tuzcu, E.M. Tymeson, H.D. Tyrovolas, S. Ukwaja, K.N. Ullah, I. Updike, R.L. Usman, M.S. Uthman, O.A. Vaduganathan, M. Vaezi, A. Valdez, P.R. Van Donkelaar, A. Varavikova, E. Varughese, S. Vasankari, T.J. Venkateswaran, V. Venketasubramanian, N. Villafaina, S. Violante, F.S. Vladimirov, S.K. Vlassov, V. Vollset, S.E. Vos, T. Vosoughi, K. Vu, G.T. Vujcic, I.S. Wagnew, F.S. Waheed, Y. Waller, S.G. Walson, J.L. Wang, Y. Wang, Y. Wang, Y.-P. Weiderpass, E. Weintraub, R.H. Weldegebreal, F. Werdecker, A. Werkneh, A.A. West, J.J. Westerman, R. Whiteford, H.A. Widecka, J. Wijeratne, T. Winkler, A.S. Wiyeh, A.B. Wiysonge, C.S. Wolfe, C.D.A. Wong, T.Y. Wu, S. Xavier, D. Xu, G. Yadgir, S. Yadollahpour, A. Yahyazadeh Jabbari, S.H. Yamada, T. Yan, L.L. Yano, Y. Yaseri, M. Yasin, Y.J. Yeshaneh, A. Yimer, E.M. Yip, P. Yisma, E. Yonemoto, N. Yoon, S.-J. Yotebieng, M. Younis, M.Z. Yousefifard, M. Yu, C. Zaidi, Z. Zaman, S.B. Zamani, M. Zavala-Arciniega, L. Zhang, A.L. Zhang, H. Zhang, K. Zhou, M. Zimsen, S.R.M. Zodpey, S. Murray, C.J.L. GBD 2017 Risk Factor Collaborators
Abstract: Background The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 comparative risk assessment (CRA) is a comprehensive approach to risk factor quantification that offers a useful tool for synthesising evidence on risks and risk–outcome associations. With each annual GBD study, we update the GBD CRA to incorporate improved methods, new risks and risk–outcome pairs, and new data on risk exposure levels and risk–outcome associations. Methods We used the CRA framework developed for previous iterations of GBD to estimate levels and trends in exposure, attributable deaths, and attributable disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), by age group, sex, year, and location for 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or groups of risks from 1990 to 2017. This study included 476 risk–outcome pairs that met the GBD study criteria for convincing or probable evidence of causation. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from 46 749 randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL), we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We explored the relationship between development and risk exposure by modelling the relationship between the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and risk-weighted exposure prevalence and estimated expected levels of exposure and risk-attributable burden by SDI. Finally, we explored temporal changes in risk-attributable DALYs by decomposing those changes into six main component drivers of change as follows: (1) population growth; (2) changes in population age structures; (3) changes in exposure to environmental and occupational risks; (4) changes in exposure to behavioural risks; (5) changes in exposure to metabolic risks; and (6) changes due to all other factors, approximated as the risk-deleted death and DALY rates, where the risk-deleted rate is the rate that would be observed had we reduced the exposure levels to the TMREL for all risk factors included in GBD 2017. Findings In 2017, 34·1 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 33·3–35·0) deaths and 1·21 billion (1·14–1·28) DALYs were attributable to GBD risk factors. Globally, 61·0% (59·6–62·4) of deaths and 48·3% (46·3–50·2) of DALYs were attributed to the GBD 2017 risk factors. When ranked by risk-attributable DALYs, high systolic blood pressure (SBP) was the leading risk factor, accounting for 10·4 million (9·39–11·5) deaths and 218 million (198–237) DALYs, followed by smoking (7·10 million [6·83–7·37] deaths and 182 million [173–193] DALYs), high fasting plasma glucose (6·53 million [5·23–8·23] deaths and 171 million [144–201] DALYs), high body-mass index (BMI; 4·72 million [2·99–6·70] deaths and 148 million [98·6–202] DALYs), and short gestation for birthweight (1·43 million [1·36–1·51] deaths and 139 million [131–147] DALYs). In total, risk-attributable DALYs declined by 4·9% (3·3–6·5) between 2007 and 2017. In the absence of demographic changes (ie, population growth and ageing), changes in risk exposure and risk-deleted DALYs would have led to a 23·5% decline in DALYs during that period. Conversely, in the absence of changes in risk exposure and risk-deleted DALYs, demographic changes would have led to an 18·6% increase in DALYs during that period. The ratios of observed risk exposure levels to exposure levels expected based on SDI (O/E ratios) increased globally for unsafe drinking water and household air pollution between 1990 and 2017. This result suggests that development is occurring more rapidly than are changes in the underlying risk structure in a population. Conversely, nearly universal declines in O/E ratios for smoking and alcohol use indicate that, for a given SDI, exposure to these risks is declining. In 2017, the leading Level 4 risk factor for age-standardised DALY rates was high SBP in four super-regions: central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia; north Africa and Middle East; south Asia; and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania. The leading risk factor in the high-income super-region was smoking, in Latin America and Caribbean was high BMI, and in sub-Saharan Africa was unsafe sex. O/E ratios for unsafe sex in sub-Saharan Africa were notably high, and those for alcohol use in north Africa and the Middle East were notably low. Interpretation By quantifying levels and trends in exposures to risk factors and the resulting disease burden, this assessment offers insight into where past policy and programme efforts might have been successful and highlights current priorities for public health action. Decreases in behavioural, environmental, and occupational risks have largely offset the effects of population growth and ageing, in relation to trends in absolute burden. Conversely, the combination of increasing metabolic risks and population ageing will probably continue to drive the increasing trends in non-communicable diseases at the global level, which presents both a public health challenge and opportunity. We see considerable spatiotemporal heterogeneity in levels of risk exposure and risk-attributable burden. Although levels of development underlie some of this heterogeneity, O/E ratios show risks for which countries are overperforming or underperforming relative to their level of development. As such, these ratios provide a benchmarking tool to help to focus local decision making. Our findings reinforce the importance of both risk exposure monitoring and epidemiological research to assess causal connections between risks and health outcomes, and they highlight the usefulness of the GBD study in synthesising data to draw comprehensive and robust conclusions that help to inform good policy and strategic health planning. Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Published: 2019

25. Global, regional, and national burden of traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury, 1990-2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author: James, S.L. Bannick, M.S. Montjoy-Venning, W.C. Lucchesi, L.R. Dandona, L. Dandona, R. Hawley, C. Hay, S.I. Jakovljevic, M. Khalil, I. Krohn, K.J. Mokdad, A.H. Naghavi, M. Nichols, E. Reiner, R.C. Smith, M. Feigin, V.L. Vos, T. Murray, C.J.L. Sunshine, J.E. Yost, M.G. Ellenbogen, R.G. Kalani, R. Morrison, S.D. Crowe, C.S. Massenburg, B.B. Theadom, A. Te Ao, B.J. Balalla, S. Jones, K.M. Ofori-Asenso, R. Li, S. Sobhani, S. Hosseini, S.M. Mansournia, M.A. Yaseri, M. Anjomshoa, M. Mousavi, S.M. Haj-Mirzaian, A. Haj-Mirzaian, A. Malekzadeh, R. Poustchi, H. Roshandel, G. Sepanlou, S.G. Afarideh, M. Esteghamati, A. Esteghamati, S. Ganji, M. Kasaeian, A. Rahimi-Movaghar, A. Eskandarieh, S. Sahraian, M.A. Shams-Beyranvand, M. Abbasi, N. Farzadfar, F. Irvani, S.N. Rahimi-Movaghar, V. Salamati, P. Sharif-Alhoseini, M. Fereshtehnejad, S.-M. Mate, K.K.V. Abdulkader, R. Abraha, H.N. Kassa, T.D. Nirayo, Y.L. Weldegwergs, K.G. Gezae, K.E. Zenebe, Z.M. Degefa, M.G. Kahsay, A. Asgedom, S.W. Gebre, A.K. Yimer, E.M. Belachew, A.B. Meles, H. Adsuar, J.C. Zodpey, S. Agrawal, S. Awasthi, A. Kumar, G.A. Ahmadi, A. Najafi, F. Rajati, F. Khazaie, H. Farzaei, M.H. Moradi, M. Rezaei, S. Soofi, M. Siabani, S. Rezaeian, S. Ahmed, M.B. Gebrehiwot, T.T. Feyissa, G.T. Hussen, M.A. Aichour, A. Aichour, I. Aichour, M.T.E. Akinyemi, R.O. Owolabi, M.O. Akseer, N. Bhutta, Z.A. Badawi, A. Alahdab, F. Kassa, G.M. Alebel, A. Wagnew, F.W.S. Belay, Y.A. Leshargie, C.T. Alghnam, S.A. Ali, B.A. Alsharif, U. Temsah, M.-H. Altirkawi, K. Davitoiu, D.V. Hostiuc, S. Beuran, M. Negoi, I. Andrei, C.L. Ansari, H. Ansha, M.G. Antonio, C.A.T. Appiah, S.C.Y. Levi, M. Ariani, F. Biffino, M. Asefa, N.G. Atique, S. Rahman, M.A. Wijeratne, T. Ayala Quintanilla, B.P. Ayuk, T.B. Azzopardi, P.S. Rafiei, A. Badali, H. Mohammadi, M. Moosazadeh, M. Daryani, A. Banstola, A. Tran, K.B. Barker-Collo, S.L. Bärnighausen, T.W. Bedi, N. Tehrani-Banihashemi, A. Shabaninejad, H. Behzadifar, Ma. Kabir, A. Yousefifard, M. Moradi-Lakeh, M. Behzadifar, Me. Bekele, B. Hassen, H.Y. Henok, A. Biadgo, B. Bennett, D.A. Goulart, A.C. Bensenor, I.M. Lotufo, P.A. Wang, Y.P. Yisma, E. Berhane, A. Deribe, K. Yasin, Y.J. Demoz, G.T. Bhalla, A. Bhaumik, S. Bijani, A. Zamani, M. Bililign, N. Kumar, M. Birungi, C. Boufous, S. Brazinova, A. Brown, A.W. Car, M. Majeed, A. Rawaf, S. Rawaf, D.L. Shoman, H. Cárdenas, R. Carrero, J.J. El-Khatib, Z. Roy, N. Carvalho, F. Santos, J.V. Fernandes, E. Silva, J.P. Castañeda-Orjuela, C.A. Hoffman, H.J. Catalá-López, F. Chaiah, Y. Temsah, O. Champs, A.P. Chang, J.-C. Choi, J.-Y.J. Christopher, D.J. Cooper, C. Djalalinia, S. Do, H.P. Nguyen, T.H. Doku, D.T. Drake, T.M. Sheikh, A. Soyiri, I.N. Dubey, M. Santric Milicevic, M.M.M. Dubljanin, E. Faro, A. Filip, I. Radfar, A. Fischer, F. Fukumoto, T. Gankpe, F.G. Gopalkrishna, G. Haagsma, J.A. Polinder, S. Khoja, A.T. Pinilla-Monsalve, G.D. Hamadeh, R.R. Hamidi, S. Haro, J.M. Hassankhani, H. Havmoeller, R. Hegazy, M.I. Hendrie, D. Miller, T.R. Hibstu, D.T. Kassa, Z.Y. Hole, M.K. Homaie Rad, E. Hu, G. Ilesanmi, O.S. Jayaraman, S. Jha, R.P. Jonas, J.B. Moazen, B. Jorjoran Shushtari, Z. Jozwiak, J.J. Jürisson, M. Kahssay, M. Liben, M.L. Karch, A. Kengne, A.P. Khader, Y.S. Safari, H. Khafaie, M.A. Khalid, N. Khan, E.A. Khan, M.S. Usman, M.S. Siddiqi, T.J. Khang, Y.-H. Khubchandani, J. Kiadaliri, A.A. Kim, D. Kim, Y.-E. Yoon, S.-J. Kisa, A. Winkler, A.S. Koyanagi, A. Kuate Defo, B. Kucuk Bicer, B. Lalloo, R. Moradinazar, M. Lami, F.H. Lansingh, V.C. Laryea, D.O. Latifi, A. Safiri, S. Lunevicius, R. Mahotra, N.B. Majdan, M. Manda, A.-L. Mehndiratta, M.M. Mehta, V. Melese, A. Memiah, P.T.N. Mendoza, W. Mengistu, G. Shiferaw, M.S. Tekle, M.G. Meretoja, T.J. Meretoja, A. Szoeke, C.E.I. Mestrovich, T. Miazgowski, T. Mini, G.K. Mirica, A. Mirrakhimov, E.M. Molokhia, M. Monast, L. Ronfani, L. Mondello, S. Moradi, G. Moschos, M.M. Murthy, S. Musa, K.I. Mustafa, G. Naik, G. Schwebel, D.C. Nangia, V. Nascimento, B.R. Ningrum, D.N.A. Nyasulu, P.S. Renzaho, A.M.N. Ogbo, F.A. Oh, I.-H. Okoro, A. Olagunju, A.T. Olagunju, T.O. Olivares, P.R. Otstavnov, S.S. Dnb, M.P.A. Pakhale, S. Pandey, A.R. Pesudovs, K. Prakash, S. Qorbani, M. Rafay, A. Rahman, M. Stokes, M.A. Shariful Islam, S.M. Rai, R.K. Ram, U. Reis, C. Resnikoff, S. Roever, L. Sunguy, B.F. Ruhago, G.M. Saddik, B. Saldanha, R.D.F. Samy, A.M. Sanabria, J. Sartorius, B. Satpathy, M. Schneider, I.J.C. Shaikh, M.A.A. Sharif, M. She, J. Shen, J. Sheth, K.N. Shibuya, K. Shigematsu, M. Shiri, R. Shiue, I. Silveira, D.A. Soares Filho, A.M. Sinha, D.N. Soriano, J.B. Stein, D.J. Sufiyan, M.B. Sykes, B.L. Tabarés-Seisdedos, R. Tortajada-Girbés, M. Topor-Madry, R. Tran, B.X. Tudor Car, L. Ukwaja, K.N. Ullah, I. Uthman, O.A. Valdez, P.R. Vasankari, T.J. Venketasubramanian, N. Violante, F.S. Waheed, Y. Werdecker, A. Wyper, G.M.A. Yano, Y. Ye, P. Yip, P. Yonemoto, N. Younis, M.Z. Yu, C. Zaidi, Z. Zaman, S.B. GBD 2016 Traumatic Brain Injury Spinal Cord Injury Collaborators
Abstract: Background Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and spinal cord injury (SCI) are increasingly recognised as global health priorities in view of the preventability of most injuries and the complex and expensive medical care they necessitate. We aimed to measure the incidence, prevalence, and years of life lived with disability (YLDs) for TBI and SCI from all causes of injury in every country, to describe how these measures have changed between 1990 and 2016, and to estimate the proportion of TBI and SCI cases caused by different types of injury. Methods We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors (GBD) Study 2016 to measure the global, regional, and national burden of TBI and SCI by age and sex. We measured the incidence and prevalence of all causes of injury requiring medical care in inpatient and outpatient records, literature studies, and survey data. By use of clinical record data, we estimated the proportion of each cause of injury that required medical care that would result in TBI or SCI being considered as the nature of injury. We used literature studies to establish standardised mortality ratios and applied differential equations to convert incidence to prevalence of long-term disability. Finally, we applied GBD disability weights to calculate YLDs. We used a Bayesian meta-regression tool for epidemiological modelling, used causespecific mortality rates for non-fatal estimation, and adjusted our results for disability experienced with comorbid conditions. We also analysed results on the basis of the Socio-demographic Index, a compound measure of income per capita, education, and fertility. Findings In 2016, there were 27.08 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 24.30-30.30 million) new cases of TBI and 0.93 million (0.78-1.16 million) new cases of SCI, with age-standardised incidence rates of 369 (331-412) per 100 000 population for TBI and 13 (11-16) per 100 000 for SCI. In 2016, the number of prevalent cases of TBI was 55.50 million (53.40-57.62 million) and of SCI was 27.04 million (24.98-30.15 million). From 1990 to 2016, the agestandardised prevalence of TBI increased by 8.4% (95% UI 7.7 to 9.2), whereas that of SCI did not change significantly (-0.2% [-2.1 to 2.7]). Age-standardised incidence rates increased by 3.6% (1.8 to 5.5) for TBI, but did not change significantly for SCI (-3.6% [-7.4 to 4.0]). TBI caused 8.1 million (95% UI 6.0-10.4 million) YLDs and SCI caused 9.5 million (6.7-12.4 million) YLDs in 2016, corresponding to age-standardised rates of 111 (82-141) per 100 000 for TBI and 130 (90-170) per 100 000 for SCI. Falls and road injuries were the leading causes of new cases of TBI and SCI in most regions. Interpretation TBI and SCI constitute a considerable portion of the global injury burden and are caused primarily by falls and road injuries. The increase in incidence of TBI over time might continue in view of increases in population density, population ageing, and increasing use of motor vehicles, motorcycles, and bicycles. The number of individuals living with SCI is expected to increase in view of population growth, which is concerning because of the specialised care that people with SCI can require. Our study was limited by data sparsity in some regions, and it will be important to invest greater resources in collection of data for TBI and SCI to improve the accuracy of future assessments. © 2018 The Author(s).
Published: 2019

26. HYPERTENSION - A MISLEADING CONDITION

Author: Andrei, C.L., primary, Avram, A., additional, Avram, N., additional, Baltag, G., additional, Brezeanu, R., additional, Chioncel, V., additional, Dimitriu, I., additional, Calangea, I., additional, Guberna, S., additional, Lacraru, A., additional, Teasa, A., additional, Catana, A., additional, Berescu, A., additional, Linca, M., additional, and Sinescu, C.J., additional
Published: 2019
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27. Global, regional, and national burden of traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury, 1990-2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author: James, S.L. Bannick, M.S. Montjoy-Venning, W.C. Lucchesi, L.R. Dandona, L. Dandona, R. Hawley, C. Hay, S.I. Jakovljevic, M. Khalil, I. Krohn, K.J. Mokdad, A.H. Naghavi, M. Nichols, E. Reiner, R.C. Smith, M. Feigin, V.L. Vos, T. Murray, C.J.L. Sunshine, J.E. Yost, M.G. Ellenbogen, R.G. Kalani, R. Morrison, S.D. Crowe, C.S. Massenburg, B.B. Theadom, A. Te Ao, B.J. Balalla, S. Jones, K.M. Ofori-Asenso, R. Li, S. Sobhani, S. Hosseini, S.M. Mansournia, M.A. Yaseri, M. Anjomshoa, M. Mousavi, S.M. Haj-Mirzaian, A. Haj-Mirzaian, A. Malekzadeh, R. Poustchi, H. Roshandel, G. Sepanlou, S.G. Afarideh, M. Esteghamati, A. Esteghamati, S. Ganji, M. Kasaeian, A. Rahimi-Movaghar, A. Eskandarieh, S. Sahraian, M.A. Shams-Beyranvand, M. Abbasi, N. Farzadfar, F. Irvani, S.N. Rahimi-Movaghar, V. Salamati, P. Sharif-Alhoseini, M. Fereshtehnejad, S.-M. Mate, K.K.V. Abdulkader, R. Abraha, H.N. Kassa, T.D. Nirayo, Y.L. Weldegwergs, K.G. Gezae, K.E. Zenebe, Z.M. Degefa, M.G. Kahsay, A. Asgedom, S.W. Gebre, A.K. Yimer, E.M. Belachew, A.B. Meles, H. Adsuar, J.C. Zodpey, S. Agrawal, S. Awasthi, A. Kumar, G.A. Ahmadi, A. Najafi, F. Rajati, F. Khazaie, H. Farzaei, M.H. Moradi, M. Rezaei, S. Soofi, M. Siabani, S. Rezaeian, S. Ahmed, M.B. Gebrehiwot, T.T. Feyissa, G.T. Hussen, M.A. Aichour, A. Aichour, I. Aichour, M.T.E. Akinyemi, R.O. Owolabi, M.O. Akseer, N. Bhutta, Z.A. Badawi, A. Alahdab, F. Kassa, G.M. Alebel, A. Wagnew, F.W.S. Belay, Y.A. Leshargie, C.T. Alghnam, S.A. Ali, B.A. Alsharif, U. Temsah, M.-H. Altirkawi, K. Davitoiu, D.V. Hostiuc, S. Beuran, M. Negoi, I. Andrei, C.L. Ansari, H. Ansha, M.G. Antonio, C.A.T. Appiah, S.C.Y. Levi, M. Ariani, F. Biffino, M. Asefa, N.G. Atique, S. Rahman, M.A. Wijeratne, T. Ayala Quintanilla, B.P. Ayuk, T.B. Azzopardi, P.S. Rafiei, A. Badali, H. Mohammadi, M. Moosazadeh, M. Daryani, A. Banstola, A. Tran, K.B. Barker-Collo, S.L. Bärnighausen, T.W. Bedi, N. Tehrani-Banihashemi, A. Shabaninejad, H. Behzadifar, Ma. Kabir, A. Yousefifard, M. Moradi-Lakeh, M. Be and James, S.L. Bannick, M.S. Montjoy-Venning, W.C. Lucchesi, L.R. Dandona, L. Dandona, R. Hawley, C. Hay, S.I. Jakovljevic, M. Khalil, I. Krohn, K.J. Mokdad, A.H. Naghavi, M. Nichols, E. Reiner, R.C. Smith, M. Feigin, V.L. Vos, T. Murray, C.J.L. Sunshine, J.E. Yost, M.G. Ellenbogen, R.G. Kalani, R. Morrison, S.D. Crowe, C.S. Massenburg, B.B. Theadom, A. Te Ao, B.J. Balalla, S. Jones, K.M. Ofori-Asenso, R. Li, S. Sobhani, S. Hosseini, S.M. Mansournia, M.A. Yaseri, M. Anjomshoa, M. Mousavi, S.M. Haj-Mirzaian, A. Haj-Mirzaian, A. Malekzadeh, R. Poustchi, H. Roshandel, G. Sepanlou, S.G. Afarideh, M. Esteghamati, A. Esteghamati, S. Ganji, M. Kasaeian, A. Rahimi-Movaghar, A. Eskandarieh, S. Sahraian, M.A. Shams-Beyranvand, M. Abbasi, N. Farzadfar, F. Irvani, S.N. Rahimi-Movaghar, V. Salamati, P. Sharif-Alhoseini, M. Fereshtehnejad, S.-M. Mate, K.K.V. Abdulkader, R. Abraha, H.N. Kassa, T.D. Nirayo, Y.L. Weldegwergs, K.G. Gezae, K.E. Zenebe, Z.M. Degefa, M.G. Kahsay, A. Asgedom, S.W. Gebre, A.K. Yimer, E.M. Belachew, A.B. Meles, H. Adsuar, J.C. Zodpey, S. Agrawal, S. Awasthi, A. Kumar, G.A. Ahmadi, A. Najafi, F. Rajati, F. Khazaie, H. Farzaei, M.H. Moradi, M. Rezaei, S. Soofi, M. Siabani, S. Rezaeian, S. Ahmed, M.B. Gebrehiwot, T.T. Feyissa, G.T. Hussen, M.A. Aichour, A. Aichour, I. Aichour, M.T.E. Akinyemi, R.O. Owolabi, M.O. Akseer, N. Bhutta, Z.A. Badawi, A. Alahdab, F. Kassa, G.M. Alebel, A. Wagnew, F.W.S. Belay, Y.A. Leshargie, C.T. Alghnam, S.A. Ali, B.A. Alsharif, U. Temsah, M.-H. Altirkawi, K. Davitoiu, D.V. Hostiuc, S. Beuran, M. Negoi, I. Andrei, C.L. Ansari, H. Ansha, M.G. Antonio, C.A.T. Appiah, S.C.Y. Levi, M. Ariani, F. Biffino, M. Asefa, N.G. Atique, S. Rahman, M.A. Wijeratne, T. Ayala Quintanilla, B.P. Ayuk, T.B. Azzopardi, P.S. Rafiei, A. Badali, H. Mohammadi, M. Moosazadeh, M. Daryani, A. Banstola, A. Tran, K.B. Barker-Collo, S.L. Bärnighausen, T.W. Bedi, N. Tehrani-Banihashemi, A. Shabaninejad, H. Behzadifar, Ma. Kabir, A. Yousefifard, M. Moradi-Lakeh, M. Be
Abstract: Background Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and spinal cord injury (SCI) are increasingly recognised as global health priorities in view of the preventability of most injuries and the complex and expensive medical care they necessitate. We aimed to measure the incidence, prevalence, and years of life lived with disability (YLDs) for TBI and SCI from all causes of injury in every country, to describe how these measures have changed between 1990 and 2016, and to estimate the proportion of TBI and SCI cases caused by different types of injury. Methods We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors (GBD) Study 2016 to measure the global, regional, and national burden of TBI and SCI by age and sex. We measured the incidence and prevalence of all causes of injury requiring medical care in inpatient and outpatient records, literature studies, and survey data. By use of clinical record data, we estimated the proportion of each cause of injury that required medical care that would result in TBI or SCI being considered as the nature of injury. We used literature studies to establish standardised mortality ratios and applied differential equations to convert incidence to prevalence of long-term disability. Finally, we applied GBD disability weights to calculate YLDs. We used a Bayesian meta-regression tool for epidemiological modelling, used causespecific mortality rates for non-fatal estimation, and adjusted our results for disability experienced with comorbid conditions. We also analysed results on the basis of the Socio-demographic Index, a compound measure of income per capita, education, and fertility. Findings In 2016, there were 27.08 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 24.30-30.30 million) new cases of TBI and 0.93 million (0.78-1.16 million) new cases of SCI, with age-standardised incidence rates of 369 (331-412) per 100 000 population for TBI and 13 (11-16) per 100 000 for SCI. In 2016, the number of prevalent cases of TBI was 55.50 mil
Published: 2019

28. Erratum: Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 (The Lancet (2018) 392(10159) (1923–1994), (S0140673618322256), (10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32225-6))

Author: Stanaway, J.D. Afshin, A. Gakidou, E. Lim, S.S. Abate, D. Abate, K.H. Abbafati, C. Abbasi, N. Abbastabar, H. Abd-Allah, F. Abdela, J. Abdelalim, A. Abdollahpour, I. Abdulkader, R.S. Abebe, M. Abebe, Z. Abera, S.F. Abil, O.Z. Abraha, H.N. Abrham, A.R. Abu-Raddad, L.J. Abu-Rmeileh, N.M.E. Accrombessi, M.M.K. Acharya, D. Acharya, P. Adamu, A.A. Adane, A.A. Adebayo, O.M. Adedoyin, R.A. Adekanmbi, V. Ademi, Z. Adetokunboh, O.O. Adib, M.G. Admasie, A. Adsuar, J.C. Afanvi, K.A. Afarideh, M. Agarwal, G. Aggarwal, A. Aghayan, S.A. Agrawal, A. Agrawal, S. Ahmadi, A. Ahmadi, M. Ahmadieh, H. Ahmed, M.B. Aichour, A.N. Aichour, I. Aichour, M.T.E. Akbari, M.E. Akinyemiju, T. Akseer, N. Al-Aly, Z. Al-Eyadhy, A. Al-Mekhlafi, H.M. Alahdab, F. Alam, K. Alam, S. Alam, T. Alashi, A. Alavian, S.M. Alene, K.A. Ali, K. Ali, S.M. Alijanzadeh, M. Alizadeh-Navaei, R. Aljunid, S.M. Alkerwi, A. Alla, F. Alsharif, U. Altirkawi, K. Alvis-Guzman, N. Amare, A.T. Ammar, W. Anber, N.H. Anderson, J.A. Andrei, C.L. Androudi, S. Animut, M.D. Anjomshoa, M. Ansha, M.G. Antó, J.M. Antonio, C.A.T. Anwari, P. Appiah, L.T. Appiah, S.C.Y. Arabloo, J. Aremu, O. Ärnlöv, J. Artaman, A. Aryal, K.K. Asayesh, H. Ataro, Z. Ausloos, M. Avokpaho, E.F.G.A. Awasthi, A. Ayala Quintanilla, B.P. Ayer, R. Ayuk, T.B. Azzopardi, P.S. Babazadeh, A. Badali, H. Badawi, A. Balakrishnan, K. Bali, A.G. Ball, K. Ballew, S.H. Banach, M. Banoub, J.A.M. Barac, A. Barker-Collo, S.L. Bärnighausen, T.W. Barrero, L.H. Basu, S. Baune, B.T. Bazargan-Hejazi, S. Bedi, N. Beghi, E. Behzadifar, M. Behzadifar, M. Béjot, Y. Bekele, B.B. Bekru, E.T. Belay, E. Belay, Y.A. Bell, M.L. Bello, A.K. Bennett, D.A. Bensenor, I.M. Bergeron, G. Berhane, A. Bernabe, E. Bernstein, R.S. Beuran, M. Beyranvand, T. Bhala, N. Bhalla, A. Bhattarai, S. Bhutta, Z.A. Biadgo, B. Bijani, A. Bikbov, B. Bilano, V. Bililign, N. Bin Sayeed, M.S. Bisanzio, D. Biswas, T. Bjørge, T. Blacker, B.F. Bleyer, A. Borschmann, R. Bou-Orm, I.R. Boufous, S. Bourne, R. Brady, O.J. Brauer and Stanaway, J.D. Afshin, A. Gakidou, E. Lim, S.S. Abate, D. Abate, K.H. Abbafati, C. Abbasi, N. Abbastabar, H. Abd-Allah, F. Abdela, J. Abdelalim, A. Abdollahpour, I. Abdulkader, R.S. Abebe, M. Abebe, Z. Abera, S.F. Abil, O.Z. Abraha, H.N. Abrham, A.R. Abu-Raddad, L.J. Abu-Rmeileh, N.M.E. Accrombessi, M.M.K. Acharya, D. Acharya, P. Adamu, A.A. Adane, A.A. Adebayo, O.M. Adedoyin, R.A. Adekanmbi, V. Ademi, Z. Adetokunboh, O.O. Adib, M.G. Admasie, A. Adsuar, J.C. Afanvi, K.A. Afarideh, M. Agarwal, G. Aggarwal, A. Aghayan, S.A. Agrawal, A. Agrawal, S. Ahmadi, A. Ahmadi, M. Ahmadieh, H. Ahmed, M.B. Aichour, A.N. Aichour, I. Aichour, M.T.E. Akbari, M.E. Akinyemiju, T. Akseer, N. Al-Aly, Z. Al-Eyadhy, A. Al-Mekhlafi, H.M. Alahdab, F. Alam, K. Alam, S. Alam, T. Alashi, A. Alavian, S.M. Alene, K.A. Ali, K. Ali, S.M. Alijanzadeh, M. Alizadeh-Navaei, R. Aljunid, S.M. Alkerwi, A. Alla, F. Alsharif, U. Altirkawi, K. Alvis-Guzman, N. Amare, A.T. Ammar, W. Anber, N.H. Anderson, J.A. Andrei, C.L. Androudi, S. Animut, M.D. Anjomshoa, M. Ansha, M.G. Antó, J.M. Antonio, C.A.T. Anwari, P. Appiah, L.T. Appiah, S.C.Y. Arabloo, J. Aremu, O. Ärnlöv, J. Artaman, A. Aryal, K.K. Asayesh, H. Ataro, Z. Ausloos, M. Avokpaho, E.F.G.A. Awasthi, A. Ayala Quintanilla, B.P. Ayer, R. Ayuk, T.B. Azzopardi, P.S. Babazadeh, A. Badali, H. Badawi, A. Balakrishnan, K. Bali, A.G. Ball, K. Ballew, S.H. Banach, M. Banoub, J.A.M. Barac, A. Barker-Collo, S.L. Bärnighausen, T.W. Barrero, L.H. Basu, S. Baune, B.T. Bazargan-Hejazi, S. Bedi, N. Beghi, E. Behzadifar, M. Behzadifar, M. Béjot, Y. Bekele, B.B. Bekru, E.T. Belay, E. Belay, Y.A. Bell, M.L. Bello, A.K. Bennett, D.A. Bensenor, I.M. Bergeron, G. Berhane, A. Bernabe, E. Bernstein, R.S. Beuran, M. Beyranvand, T. Bhala, N. Bhalla, A. Bhattarai, S. Bhutta, Z.A. Biadgo, B. Bijani, A. Bikbov, B. Bilano, V. Bililign, N. Bin Sayeed, M.S. Bisanzio, D. Biswas, T. Bjørge, T. Blacker, B.F. Bleyer, A. Borschmann, R. Bou-Orm, I.R. Boufous, S. Bourne, R. Brady, O.J. Brauer
Abstract: Background The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 comparative risk assessment (CRA) is a comprehensive approach to risk factor quantification that offers a useful tool for synthesising evidence on risks and risk–outcome associations. With each annual GBD study, we update the GBD CRA to incorporate improved methods, new risks and risk–outcome pairs, and new data on risk exposure levels and risk–outcome associations. Methods We used the CRA framework developed for previous iterations of GBD to estimate levels and trends in exposure, attributable deaths, and attributable disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), by age group, sex, year, and location for 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or groups of risks from 1990 to 2017. This study included 476 risk–outcome pairs that met the GBD study criteria for convincing or probable evidence of causation. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from 46 749 randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL), we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We explored the relationship between development and risk exposure by modelling the relationship between the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and risk-weighted exposure prevalence and estimated expected levels of exposure and risk-attributable burden by SDI. Finally, we explored temporal changes in risk-attributable DALYs by decomposing those changes into six main component drivers of change as follows: (1) population growth; (2) changes in population age structures; (3) changes in exposure to environmental and occupational risks; (4) changes in exposure to behavioural risks; (5) changes in exposure to metabolic risks; and (6) changes du
Published: 2019

29. Global, regional, and national cancer incidence, mortality, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-Adjusted life-years for 29 cancer groups, 1990 to 2017: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study

Author: Fitzmaurice, C. Abate, D. Abbasi, N. Abbastabar, H. Abd-Allah, F. Abdel-Rahman, O. Abdelalim, A. Abdoli, A. Abdollahpour, I. Abdulle, A.S.M. Abebe, N.D. Abraha, H.N. Abu-Raddad, L.J. Abualhasan, A. Adedeji, I.A. Advani, S.M. Afarideh, M. Afshari, M. Aghaali, M. Agius, D. Agrawal, S. Ahmadi, A. Ahmadian, E. Ahmadpour, E. Ahmed, M.B. Akbari, M.E. Akinyemiju, T. Al-Aly, Z. Alabdulkader, A.M. Alahdab, F. Alam, T. Alamene, G.M. Alemnew, B.T.T. Alene, K.A. Alinia, C. Alipour, V. Aljunid, S.M. Bakeshei, F.A. Almadi, M.A.H. Almasi-Hashiani, A. Alsharif, U. Alsowaidi, S. Alvis-Guzman, N. Amini, E. Amini, S. Amoako, Y.A. Anbari, Z. Anber, N.H. Andrei, C.L. Anjomshoa, M. Ansari, F. Ansariadi, A. Appiah, S.C.Y. Arab-Zozani, M. Arabloo, J. Arefi, Z. Aremu, O. Areri, H.A. Artaman, A. Asayesh, H. Asfaw, E.T. Ashagre, A.F. Assadi, R. Ataeinia, B. Atalay, H.T. Ataro, Z. Atique, S. Ausloos, M. Avila-Burgos, L. Avokpaho, E.F.G.A. Awasthi, A. Awoke, N. Ayala Quintanilla, B.P. Ayanore, M.A. Ayele, H.T. Babaee, E. Bacha, U. Badawi, A. Bagherzadeh, M. Bagli, E. Balakrishnan, S. Balouchi, A. Barnighausen, T.W. Battista, R.J. Behzadifar, M. Behzadifar, M. Bekele, B.B. Belay, Y.B. Belayneh, Y.M. Berfield, K.K.S. Berhane, A. Bernabe, E. Beuran, M. Bhakta, N. Bhattacharyya, K. Biadgo, B. Bijani, A. Bin Sayeed, M.S. Birungi, C. Bisignano, C. Bitew, H. Bjorge, T. Bleyer, A. Bogale, K.A. Bojia, H.A. Borzi, A.M. Bosetti, C. Bou-Orm, I.R. Brenner, H. Brewer, J.D. Briko, A.N. Briko, N.I. Bustamante-Teixeira, M.T. Butt, Z.A. Carreras, G. Carrero, J.J. Carvalho, F. Castro, C. Castro, F. Catala-Lopez, F. Cerin, E. Chaiah, Y. Chanie, W.F. Chattu, V.K. Chaturvedi, P. Chauhan, N.S. Chehrazi, M. Chiang, P.P.-C. Chichiabellu, T.Y. Chido-Amajuoyi, O.G. Chimed-Ochir, O. Choi, J.-Y.J. Christopher, D.J. Chu, D.-T. Constantin, M.-M. Costa, V.M. Crocetti, E. Crowe, C.S. Curado, M.P. Dahlawi, S.M.A. Damiani, G. Darwish, A.H. Daryani, A. Das Neves, J. Demeke, F.M. Demis, A.B. Demissie, B.W. Demoz, G.T. Denova-Gutie and Fitzmaurice, C. Abate, D. Abbasi, N. Abbastabar, H. Abd-Allah, F. Abdel-Rahman, O. Abdelalim, A. Abdoli, A. Abdollahpour, I. Abdulle, A.S.M. Abebe, N.D. Abraha, H.N. Abu-Raddad, L.J. Abualhasan, A. Adedeji, I.A. Advani, S.M. Afarideh, M. Afshari, M. Aghaali, M. Agius, D. Agrawal, S. Ahmadi, A. Ahmadian, E. Ahmadpour, E. Ahmed, M.B. Akbari, M.E. Akinyemiju, T. Al-Aly, Z. Alabdulkader, A.M. Alahdab, F. Alam, T. Alamene, G.M. Alemnew, B.T.T. Alene, K.A. Alinia, C. Alipour, V. Aljunid, S.M. Bakeshei, F.A. Almadi, M.A.H. Almasi-Hashiani, A. Alsharif, U. Alsowaidi, S. Alvis-Guzman, N. Amini, E. Amini, S. Amoako, Y.A. Anbari, Z. Anber, N.H. Andrei, C.L. Anjomshoa, M. Ansari, F. Ansariadi, A. Appiah, S.C.Y. Arab-Zozani, M. Arabloo, J. Arefi, Z. Aremu, O. Areri, H.A. Artaman, A. Asayesh, H. Asfaw, E.T. Ashagre, A.F. Assadi, R. Ataeinia, B. Atalay, H.T. Ataro, Z. Atique, S. Ausloos, M. Avila-Burgos, L. Avokpaho, E.F.G.A. Awasthi, A. Awoke, N. Ayala Quintanilla, B.P. Ayanore, M.A. Ayele, H.T. Babaee, E. Bacha, U. Badawi, A. Bagherzadeh, M. Bagli, E. Balakrishnan, S. Balouchi, A. Barnighausen, T.W. Battista, R.J. Behzadifar, M. Behzadifar, M. Bekele, B.B. Belay, Y.B. Belayneh, Y.M. Berfield, K.K.S. Berhane, A. Bernabe, E. Beuran, M. Bhakta, N. Bhattacharyya, K. Biadgo, B. Bijani, A. Bin Sayeed, M.S. Birungi, C. Bisignano, C. Bitew, H. Bjorge, T. Bleyer, A. Bogale, K.A. Bojia, H.A. Borzi, A.M. Bosetti, C. Bou-Orm, I.R. Brenner, H. Brewer, J.D. Briko, A.N. Briko, N.I. Bustamante-Teixeira, M.T. Butt, Z.A. Carreras, G. Carrero, J.J. Carvalho, F. Castro, C. Castro, F. Catala-Lopez, F. Cerin, E. Chaiah, Y. Chanie, W.F. Chattu, V.K. Chaturvedi, P. Chauhan, N.S. Chehrazi, M. Chiang, P.P.-C. Chichiabellu, T.Y. Chido-Amajuoyi, O.G. Chimed-Ochir, O. Choi, J.-Y.J. Christopher, D.J. Chu, D.-T. Constantin, M.-M. Costa, V.M. Crocetti, E. Crowe, C.S. Curado, M.P. Dahlawi, S.M.A. Damiani, G. Darwish, A.H. Daryani, A. Das Neves, J. Demeke, F.M. Demis, A.B. Demissie, B.W. Demoz, G.T. Denova-Gutie
Abstract: Importance: Cancer and other noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are now widely recognized as a threat to global development. The latest United Nations high-level meeting on NCDs reaffirmed this observation and also highlighted the slow progress in meeting the 2011 Political Declaration on the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases and the third Sustainable Development Goal. Lack of situational analyses, priority setting, and budgeting have been identified as major obstacles in achieving these goals. All of these have in common that they require information on the local cancer epidemiology. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study is uniquely poised to provide these crucial data. Objective: To describe cancer burden for 29 cancer groups in 195 countries from 1990 through 2017 to provide data needed for cancer control planning. Evidence Review: We used the GBD study estimation methods to describe cancer incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-Adjusted life-years (DALYs). Results are presented at the national level as well as by Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income, educational attainment, and total fertility rate. We also analyzed the influence of the epidemiological vs the demographic transition on cancer incidence. Findings: In 2017, there were 24.5 million incident cancer cases worldwide (16.8 million without nonmelanoma skin cancer [NMSC]) and 9.6 million cancer deaths. The majority of cancer DALYs came from years of life lost (97%), and only 3% came from years lived with disability. The odds of developing cancer were the lowest in the low SDI quintile (1 in 7) and the highest in the high SDI quintile (1 in 2) for both sexes. In 2017, the most common incident cancers in men were NMSC (4.3 million incident cases); tracheal, bronchus, and lung (TBL) cancer (1.5 million incident cases); and prostate cancer (1.3 million incident cases). The most common causes of cancer deaths and DALYs fo
Published: 2019

30. Past, present, and future of global health financing: a review of development assistance, government, out-of-pocket, and other private spending on health for 195 countries, 1995–2050

Author: Chang, A.Y., Cowling, K., Micah, A.E., Chapin, A., Chen, C.S., Ikilezi, G., Sadat, N., Tsakalos, G., Wu, J., Younker, T., Zhao, Y., Zlavog, B.S., Abbafati, C., Ahmed, A.E, Alam, K., Alipour, V., Aljunid, S.M., Almalki, M.J., Alvis-Guzman, N., Ammar, W., Andrei, C.L., Anjomshoa, M., Antonio, C.A.T., Arabloo, J., Aremu, O., Ausloos, M., Avila-Burgos, L., Awasthi, A., Ayanore, M.A., Azari, S., Azzopardi-Muscat, N., Bagherzadeh, M., Bärnighausen, T.W., Baune, B.T., Bayati, M., Belay, Y.B., Belay, Y.A., Belete, H., Berbada, D.A., Berman, A.E., Beuran, M., Bijani, A., Busse, R., Cahuana-Hurtado, L., Cámera, L.A., Catalá-López, F., Chauhan, B.G., Constantin, M-M, Crowe, C.S., Cucu, A., Dalal, K., De Neve, J-W, Deiparine, S., Demeke, F.M., Do, H.P., Dubey, M., El Tantawi, M., Eskandarieh, S., Esmaeili, R., Fakhar, M., Fazaeli, A.A., Fischer, F., Foigt, N.A., Fukumoto, T., Fullman, N., Galan, A., Gamkrelidze, A., Gezae, K.E., Ghajar, A., Ghashghaee, A., Goginashvili, K., Haakenstad, A., Haghparast Bidgoli, H., Hamidi, S., Harb, H.L., Hasanpoor, E., Hassen, H.Y., Hay, S.I., Hendrie, D., Henok, A., Heredia-Pi, I., Herteliu, C., Hoang, C.L., Hole, M.K., Homaie Rad, E., Hossain, N., Hosseinzadeh, M., Hostiuc, S., Ilesanmi, O.S., Irvani, S.S.N., Jakovljevic, M., Jalali, A., James, S.L., Jonas, J.B., Jürisson, M., Kadel, R., Karami Matin, B., Kasaeian, A., Kasaye, H.K., Kassaw, M.W., Kazemi Karyani, A., Khabiri, R., Khan, J., Khan, M.N., Khang, Y-H, Kisa, A., Kissimova-Skarbek, K., Kohler, S., Koyanagi, A., Krohn, K.J., Leung, R., Lim, L-L, Lorkowski, S., Majeed, A., Malekzadeh, R., Mansourian, M., Mantovani, L.G., Massenburg, B.B., McKee, M., Mehta, V., Meretoja, A., Meretoja, T.J., Milevska Kostova, N., Miller, T.R., Mirrakhimov, E.M., Mohajer, B., Mohammad Darwesh, A., Mohammed, S., Mohebi, F., Mokdad, A.H., Morrison, S.D., Mousavi, S.M., Muthupandian, S., Nagarajan, A.J., Nangia, V., Negoi, I., Nguyen, C.T., Nguyen, H.L.T., Nguyen, S.H., Nosratnejad, S., Oladimeji, O., Olgiati, S., Olusanya, J.O., Onwujekwe, O.E., Otstavnov, S.S., Pana, A., Pereira, D.M., Piroozi, B., Prada, S.I., Qorbani, M., Rabiee, M., Rabiee, N., Rafiei, A., Rahim, F., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Ram, U., Ranabhat, C.L., Ranta, A., Rawaf, D.L., Rawaf, S., Rezaei, S., Roro, E.M., Rostami, A., Rubino, S., Salahshoor, M., Samy, A.M., Sanabria, J., Santos, J.V., Santric Milicevic, M.M., Sao Jose, B.P., Savic, M., Schwendicke, F., Sepanlou, S.G., Sepehrimanesh, M., Sheikh, A., Shrime, M.G, Sisay, S., Soltani, S., Soofi, M., Srinivasan, V., Tabarés-Seisdedos, R., Torre, A., Tovani-Palone, M.R., Tran, B.X., Tran, K.B., Undurraga, E.A., Valdez, P.R., van Boven, J.F.M., Vargas, V., Veisani, Y., Violante, F.S., Vladimirov, S.K., Vlassov, V., Vollmer, S., Vu, G.T., Wolfe, C.D.A., Yonemoto, N., Younis, M.Z., Yousefifard, M., Zaman, S.B., Zangeneh, A., Zegeye, El.A., Ziapour, A., Chew, A., Murray, C.J.L., Dieleman, J.L., Chang, A.Y., Cowling, K., Micah, A.E., Chapin, A., Chen, C.S., Ikilezi, G., Sadat, N., Tsakalos, G., Wu, J., Younker, T., Zhao, Y., Zlavog, B.S., Abbafati, C., Ahmed, A.E, Alam, K., Alipour, V., Aljunid, S.M., Almalki, M.J., Alvis-Guzman, N., Ammar, W., Andrei, C.L., Anjomshoa, M., Antonio, C.A.T., Arabloo, J., Aremu, O., Ausloos, M., Avila-Burgos, L., Awasthi, A., Ayanore, M.A., Azari, S., Azzopardi-Muscat, N., Bagherzadeh, M., Bärnighausen, T.W., Baune, B.T., Bayati, M., Belay, Y.B., Belay, Y.A., Belete, H., Berbada, D.A., Berman, A.E., Beuran, M., Bijani, A., Busse, R., Cahuana-Hurtado, L., Cámera, L.A., Catalá-López, F., Chauhan, B.G., Constantin, M-M, Crowe, C.S., Cucu, A., Dalal, K., De Neve, J-W, Deiparine, S., Demeke, F.M., Do, H.P., Dubey, M., El Tantawi, M., Eskandarieh, S., Esmaeili, R., Fakhar, M., Fazaeli, A.A., Fischer, F., Foigt, N.A., Fukumoto, T., Fullman, N., Galan, A., Gamkrelidze, A., Gezae, K.E., Ghajar, A., Ghashghaee, A., Goginashvili, K., Haakenstad, A., Haghparast Bidgoli, H., Hamidi, S., Harb, H.L., Hasanpoor, E., Hassen, H.Y., Hay, S.I., Hendrie, D., Henok, A., Heredia-Pi, I., Herteliu, C., Hoang, C.L., Hole, M.K., Homaie Rad, E., Hossain, N., Hosseinzadeh, M., Hostiuc, S., Ilesanmi, O.S., Irvani, S.S.N., Jakovljevic, M., Jalali, A., James, S.L., Jonas, J.B., Jürisson, M., Kadel, R., Karami Matin, B., Kasaeian, A., Kasaye, H.K., Kassaw, M.W., Kazemi Karyani, A., Khabiri, R., Khan, J., Khan, M.N., Khang, Y-H, Kisa, A., Kissimova-Skarbek, K., Kohler, S., Koyanagi, A., Krohn, K.J., Leung, R., Lim, L-L, Lorkowski, S., Majeed, A., Malekzadeh, R., Mansourian, M., Mantovani, L.G., Massenburg, B.B., McKee, M., Mehta, V., Meretoja, A., Meretoja, T.J., Milevska Kostova, N., Miller, T.R., Mirrakhimov, E.M., Mohajer, B., Mohammad Darwesh, A., Mohammed, S., Mohebi, F., Mokdad, A.H., Morrison, S.D., Mousavi, S.M., Muthupandian, S., Nagarajan, A.J., Nangia, V., Negoi, I., Nguyen, C.T., Nguyen, H.L.T., Nguyen, S.H., Nosratnejad, S., Oladimeji, O., Olgiati, S., Olusanya, J.O., Onwujekwe, O.E., Otstavnov, S.S., Pana, A., Pereira, D.M., Piroozi, B., Prada, S.I., Qorbani, M., Rabiee, M., Rabiee, N., Rafiei, A., Rahim, F., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Ram, U., Ranabhat, C.L., Ranta, A., Rawaf, D.L., Rawaf, S., Rezaei, S., Roro, E.M., Rostami, A., Rubino, S., Salahshoor, M., Samy, A.M., Sanabria, J., Santos, J.V., Santric Milicevic, M.M., Sao Jose, B.P., Savic, M., Schwendicke, F., Sepanlou, S.G., Sepehrimanesh, M., Sheikh, A., Shrime, M.G, Sisay, S., Soltani, S., Soofi, M., Srinivasan, V., Tabarés-Seisdedos, R., Torre, A., Tovani-Palone, M.R., Tran, B.X., Tran, K.B., Undurraga, E.A., Valdez, P.R., van Boven, J.F.M., Vargas, V., Veisani, Y., Violante, F.S., Vladimirov, S.K., Vlassov, V., Vollmer, S., Vu, G.T., Wolfe, C.D.A., Yonemoto, N., Younis, M.Z., Yousefifard, M., Zaman, S.B., Zangeneh, A., Zegeye, El.A., Ziapour, A., Chew, A., Murray, C.J.L., and Dieleman, J.L.
Abstract: Background Comprehensive and comparable estimates of health spending in each country are a key input for health policy and planning, and are necessary to support the achievement of national and international health goals. Previous studies have tracked past and projected future health spending until 2040 and shown that, with economic development, countries tend to spend more on health per capita, with a decreasing share of spending from development assistance and out-of-pocket sources. We aimed to characterise the past, present, and predicted future of global health spending, with an emphasis on equity in spending across countries. Methods We estimated domestic health spending for 195 countries and territories from 1995 to 2016, split into three categories—government, out-of-pocket, and prepaid private health spending—and estimated development assistance for health (DAH) from 1990 to 2018. We estimated future scenarios of health spending using an ensemble of linear mixed-effects models with time series specifications to project domestic health spending from 2017 through 2050 and DAH from 2019 through 2050. Data were extracted from a broad set of sources tracking health spending and revenue, and were standardised and converted to inflation-adjusted 2018 US dollars. Incomplete or low-quality data were modelled and uncertainty was estimated, leading to a complete data series of total, government, prepaid private, and out-of-pocket health spending, and DAH. Estimates are reported in 2018 US dollars, 2018 purchasing-power parity-adjusted dollars, and as a percentage of gross domestic product. We used demographic decomposition methods to assess a set of factors associated with changes in government health spending between 1995 and 2016 and to examine evidence to support the theory of the health financing transition. We projected two alternative future scenarios based on higher government health spending to assess the potential ability of governments to generate more resour
Published: 2019

31. Erratum: Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 (The Lancet (2018) 392(10159) (1736–1788)(S0140673618322037)(10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32203-7))

Author: GBD 2017 Causes of Death Collaborators Roth, G.A. Abate, D. Abate, K.H. Abay, S.M. Abbafati, C. Abbasi, N. Abbastabar, H. Abd-Allah, F. Abdela, J. Abdelalim, A. Abdollahpour, I. Abdulkader, R.S. Abebe, H.T. Abebe, M. Abebe, Z. Abejie, A.N. Abera, S.F. Abil, O.Z. Abraha, H.N. Abrham, A.R. Abu-Raddad, L.J. Accrombessi, M.M.K. Acharya, D. Adamu, A.A. Adebayo, O.M. Adedoyin, R.A. Adekanmbi, V. Adetokunboh, O.O. Adhena, B.M. Adib, M.G. Admasie, A. Afshin, A. Agarwal, G. Agesa, K.M. Agrawal, A. Agrawal, S. Ahmadi, A. Ahmadi, M. Ahmed, M.B. Ahmed, S. Aichour, A.N. Aichour, I. Aichour, M.T.E. Akbari, M.E. Akinyemi, R.O. Akseer, N. Al-Aly, Z. Al-Eyadhy, A. Al-Raddadi, R.M. Alahdab, F. Alam, K. Alam, T. Alebel, A. Alene, K.A. Alijanzadeh, M. Alizadeh-Navaei, R. Aljunid, S.M. Alkerwi, A. Alla, F. Allebeck, P. Alonso, J. Altirkawi, K. Alvis-Guzman, N. Amare, A.T. Aminde, L.N. Amini, E. Ammar, W. Amoako, Y.A. Anber, N.H. Andrei, C.L. Androudi, S. Animut, M.D. Anjomshoa, M. Ansari, H. Ansha, M.G. Antonio, C.A.T. Anwari, P. Aremu, O. Arnlov, J. Arora, A. Arora, M. Artaman, A. Aryal, K.K. Asayesh, H. Asfaw, E.T. Ataro, Z. Atique, S. Atre, S.R. Ausloos, M. Avokpaho, E.F.G.A. Awasthi, A. Ayala Quintanilla, B.P. Ayele, Y. Ayer, R. Azzopardi, P.S. Babazadeh, A. Bacha, U. Badali, H. Badawi, A. Bali, A.G. Ballesteros, K.E. Banach, M. Banerjee, K. Bannick, M.S. Banoub, J.A.M. Barboza, M.A. Barker-Collo, S.L. Barnighausen, T.W. Barquera, S. Barrero, L.H. Bassat, Q. Basu, S. Baune, B.T. Baynes, H.W. Bazargan-Hejazi, S. Bedi, N. Beghi, E. Behzadifar, M. Behzadifar, M. Bejot, Y. Bekele, B.B. Belachew, A.B. Belay, E. Belay, Y.A. Bell, M.L. Bello, A.K. Bennett, D.A. Bensenor, I.M. Berman, A.E. Bernabe, E. Bernstein, R.S. Bertolacci, G.J. Beuran, M. Beyranvand, T. Bhalla, A. Bhattarai, S. Bhaumik, S. Bhutta, Z.A. Biadgo, B. Biehl, M.H. Bijani, A. Bikbov, B. Bilano, V. Bililign, N. Bin Sayeed, M.S. Bisanzio, D. Biswas, T. Blacker, B.F. Basara, B.B. Borschmann, R. Bosetti, C. Bozorgmehr, K. Brady, O.J. Brant, L.C. Brayne, C. Brazinova, A. Breitborde, N.J.K. Brenner, H. Briant, P.S. Britton, G. Brugha, T. Busse, R. Butt, Z.A. Callender, C.S.K.H. Campos-Nonato, I.R. Campuzano Rincon, J.C. Cano, J. Car, M. Cardenas, R. Carreras, G. Carrero, J.J. Carter, A. Carvalho, F. Castaneda-Orjuela, C.A. Castillo Rivas, J. Castle, C.D. Castro, C. Castro, F. Catala-Lopez, F. Cerin, E. Chaiah, Y. Chang, J.-C. Charlson, F.J. Chaturvedi, P. Chiang, P.P.-C. Chimed-Ochir, O. Chisumpa, V.H. Chitheer, A. Chowdhury, R. Christensen, H. Christopher, D.J. Chung, S.-C. Cicuttini, F.M. Ciobanu, L.G. Cirillo, M. Cohen, A.J. Cooper, L.T. Cortesi, P.A. Cortinovis, M. Cousin, E. Cowie, B.C. Criqui, M.H. Cromwell, E.A. Crowe, C.S. Crump, J.A. Cunningham, M. Daba, A.K. Dadi, A.F. Dandona, L. Dandona, R. Dang, A.K. Dargan, P.I. Daryani, A. Das, S.K. Gupta, R.D. Neves, J.D. Dasa, T.T. Dash, A.P. Davis, A.C. Davis Weaver, N. Davitoiu, D.V. Davletov, K. De La Hoz, F.P. De Neve, J.-W. Degefa, M.G. Degenhardt, L. Degfie, T.T. Deiparine, S. Demoz, G.T. Demtsu, B.B. Denova-Gutierrez, E. Deribe, K. Dervenis, N. Des Jarlais, D.C. Dessie, G.A. Dey, S. Dharmaratne, S.D. Dicker, D. Dinberu, M.T. Ding, E.L. Dirac, M.A. Djalalinia, S. Dokova, K. Doku, D.T. Donnelly, C.A. Dorsey, E.R. Doshi, P.P. Douwes-Schultz, D. Doyle, K.E. Driscoll, T.R. Dubey, M. Dubljanin, E. Duken, E.E. Duncan, B.B. Duraes, A.R. Ebrahimi, H. Ebrahimpour, S. Edessa, D. Edvardsson, D. Eggen, A.E. El Bcheraoui, C. El Sayed Zaki, M. El-Khatib, Z. Elkout, H. Ellingsen, C.L. Endres, M. Endries, A.Y. Er, B. Erskine, H.E. Eshrati, B. Eskandarieh, S. Esmaeili, R. Esteghamati, A. Fakhar, M. Fakhim, H. Faramarzi, M. Fareed, M. Farhadi, F. Farinha, C.S.E. Faro, A. Farvid, M.S. Farzadfar, F. Farzaei, M.H. Feigin, V.L. Feigl, A.B. Fentahun, N. Fereshtehnejad, S.-M. Fernandes, E. Fernandes, J.C. Ferrari, A.J. Feyissa, G.T. Filip, I. Finegold, S. Fischer, F. Fitzmaurice, C. Foigt, N.A. Foreman, K.J. Fornari, C. Frank, T.D. Fukumoto, T. Fuller, J.E. Fullman, N. Furst, T. Furtado, J.M. Futran, N.D. Gallus, S. Garcia-Basteiro, A.L. Garcia-Gordillo, M.A. Gardner, W.M. Gebre, A.K. Gebrehiwot, T.T. Gebremedhin, A.T. Gebremichael, B. Gebremichael, T.G. Gelano, T.F. Geleijnse, J.M. Genova-Maleras, R. Geramo, Y.C.D. Gething, P.W. Gezae, K.E. Ghadami, M.R. Ghadimi, R. Ghasemi Falavarjani, K. Ghasemi-Kasman, M. Ghimire, M. Gibney, K.B. Gill, P.S. Gill, T.K. Gillum, R.F. Ginawi, I.A. Giroud, M. Giussani, G. Goenka, S. Goldberg, E.M. Goli, S. Gomez-Dantes, H. Gona, P.N. Gopalani, S.V. Gorman, T.M. Goto, A. Goulart, A.C. Gnedovskaya, E.V. Grada, A. Grosso, G. Gugnani, H.C. Guimaraes, A.L.S. Guo, Y. Gupta, P.C. Gupta, R. Gupta, R. Gupta, T. Gutierrez, R.A. Gyawali, B. Haagsma, J.A. Hafezi-Nejad, N. Hagos, T.B. Hailegiyorgis, T.T. Hailu, G.B. Haj-Mirzaian, A. Haj-Mirzaian, A. Hamadeh, R.R. Hamidi, S. Handal, A.J. Hankey, G.J. Harb, H.L. Harikrishnan, S. Haro, J.M. Hasan, M. Hassankhani, H. Hassen, H.Y. Havmoeller, R. Hay, R.J. Hay, S.I. He, Y. Hedayatizadeh-Omran, A. Hegazy, M.I. Heibati, B. Heidari, M. Hendrie, D. Henok, A. Henry, N.J. Herteliu, C. Heydarpour, F. Heydarpour, P. Heydarpour, S. Hibstu, D.T. Hoek, H.W. Hole, M.K. Homaie Rad, E. Hoogar, P. Hosgood, H.D. Hosseini, S.M. Hosseinzadeh, M. Hostiuc, M. Hostiuc, S. Hotez, P.J. Hoy, D.G. Hsiao, T. Hu, G. Huang, J.J. Husseini, A. Hussen, M.M. Hutfless, S. Idrisov, B. Ilesanmi, O.S. Iqbal, U. Irvani, S.S.N. Irvine, C.M.S. Islam, N. Islam, S.M.S. Islami, F. Jacobsen, K.H. Jahangiry, L. Jahanmehr, N. Jain, S.K. Jakovljevic, M. Jalu, M.T. James, S.L. Javanbakht, M. Jayatilleke, A.U. Jeemon, P. Jenkins, K.J. Jha, R.P. Jha, V. Johnson, C.O. Johnson, S.C. Jonas, J.B. Joshi, A. Jozwiak, J.J. Jungari, S.B. Jurisson, M. Kabir, Z. Kadel, R. Kahsay, A. Kalani, R. Karami, M. Karami Matin, B. Karch, A. Karema, C. Karimi-Sari, H. Kasaeian, A. Kassa, D.H. Kassa, G.M. Kassa, T.D. Kassebaum, N.J. Katikireddi, S.V. Kaul, A. Kazemi, Z. Kazemi Karyani, A. Kazi, D.S. Kefale, A.T. Keiyoro, P.N. Kemp, G.R. Kengne, A.P. Keren, A. Kesavachandran, C.N. Khader, Y.S. Khafaei, B. Khafaie, M.A. Khajavi, A. Khalid, N. Khalil, I.A. Khan, E.A. Khan, M.S. Khan, M.A. Khang, Y.-H. Khater, M.M. Khoja, A.T. Khosravi, A. Khosravi, M.H. Khubchandani, J. Kiadaliri, A.A. Kibret, G.D. Kidanemariam, Z.T. Kiirithio, D.N. Kim, D. Kim, Y.-E. Kim, Y.J. Kimokoti, R.W. Kinfu, Y. Kisa, A. Kissimova-Skarbek, K. Kivimaki, M. Knudsen, A.K.S. Kocarnik, J.M. Kochhar, S. Kokubo, Y. Kolola, T. Kopec, J.A. Koul, P.A. Koyanagi, A. Kravchenko, M.A. Krishan, K. Kuate Defo, B. Kucuk Bicer, B. Kumar, G.A. Kumar, M. Kumar, P. Kutz, M.J. Kuzin, I. Kyu, H.H. Lad, D.P. Lad, S.D. Lafranconi, A. Lal, D.K. Lalloo, R. Lallukka, T. Lam, J.O. Lami, F.H. Lansingh, V.C. Lansky, S. Larson, H.J. Latifi, A. Lau, K.M.-M. Lazarus, J.V. Lebedev, G. Lee, P.H. Leigh, J. Leili, M. Leshargie, C.T. Li, S. Li, Y. Liang, J. Lim, L.-L. Lim, S.S. Limenih, M.A. Linn, S. Liu, S. Liu, Y. Lodha, R. Lonsdale, C. Lopez, A.D. Lorkowski, S. Lotufo, P.A. Lozano, R. Lunevicius, R. Ma, S. Macarayan, E.R.K. Mackay, M.T. MacLachlan, J.H. Maddison, E.R. Madotto, F. Magdy Abd El Razek, H. Magdy Abd El Razek, M. Maghavani, D.P. Majdan, M. Majdzadeh, R. Majeed, A. Malekzadeh, R. Malta, D.C. Manda, A.-L. Mandarano-Filho, L.G. Manguerra, H. Mansournia, M.A. Mapoma, C.C. Marami, D. Maravilla, J.C. Marcenes, W. Marczak, L. Marks, A. Marks, G.B. Martinez, G. Martins-Melo, F.R. Martopullo, I. Marz, W. Marzan, M.B. Masci, J.R. Massenburg, B.B. Mathur, M.R. Mathur, P. Matzopoulos, R. Maulik, P.K. Mazidi, M. McAlinden, C. McGrath, J.J. McKee, M. McMahon, B.J. Mehata, S. Mehndiratta, M.M. Mehrotra, R. Mehta, K.M. Mehta, V. Mekonnen, T.C. Melese, A. Melku, M. Memiah, P.T.N. Memish, Z.A. Mendoza, W. Mengistu, D.T. Mengistu, G. Mensah, G.A. Mereta, S.T. Meretoja, A. Meretoja, T.J. Mestrovic, T. Mezgebe, H.B. Miazgowski, B. Miazgowski, T. Millear, A.I. Miller, T.R. Miller-Petrie, M.K. Mini, G.K. Mirabi, P. Mirarefin, M. Mirica, A. Mirrakhimov, E.M. Misganaw, A.T. Mitiku, H. Moazen, B. Mohammad, K.A. Mohammadi, M. Mohammadifard, N. Mohammed, M.A. Mohammed, S. Mohan, V. Mokdad, A.H. Molokhia, M. Monasta, L. Moradi, G. Moradi-Lakeh, M. Moradinazar, M. Moraga, P. Morawska, L. Velasquez, I.M. Morgado-Da-Costa, J. Morrison, S.D. Moschos, M.M. Mouodi, S. Mousavi, S.M. Muchie, K.F. Mueller, U.O. Mukhopadhyay, S. Muller, K. Mumford, J.E. Musa, J. Musa, K.I. Mustafa, G. Muthupandian, S. Nachega, J.B. Nagel, G. Naheed, A. Nahvijou, A. Naik, G. Nair, S. Najafi, F. Naldi, L. Nam, H.S. Nangia, V. Nansseu, J.R. Nascimento, B.R. Natarajan, G. Neamati, N. Negoi, I. Negoi, R.I. Neupane, S. Newton, C.R.J. Ngalesoni, F.N. Ngunjiri, J.W. Nguyen, A.Q. Nguyen, G. Nguyen, H.T. Nguyen, H.T. Nguyen, L.H. Nguyen, M. Nguyen, T.H. Nichols, E. Ningrum, D.N.A. Nirayo, Y.L. Nixon, M.R. Nolutshungu, N. Nomura, S. Norheim, O.F. Noroozi, M. Norrving, B. Noubiap, J.J. Nouri, H.R. Shiadeh, M.N. Nowroozi, M.R. 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Abstract: GBD 2017 Causes of Death Collaborators. Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 2018; 392: 1736–88—The bottom row in figure 7 was cut off. This correction has been made to the online version as of Nov 9, 2018, and has been made to the printed Article. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
Published: 2018

32. Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality and life expectancy, 1950-2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author: Dicker, D. Nguyen, G. Abate, D. Abate, K.H. Abay, S.M. Abbafati, C. Abbasi, N. Abbastabar, H. Abd-Allah, F. Abdela, J. Abdelalim, A. Abdel-Rahman, O. Abdi, A. Abdollahpour, I. Abdulkader, R.S. Abdurahman, A.A. Abebe, H.T. Abebe, M. Abebe, Z. Abebo, T.A. Aboyans, V. Abraha, H.N. Abrham, A.R. Abu-Raddad, L.J. Abu-Rmeileh, N.M.E. Accrombessi, M.M.K. Acharya, P. Adebayo, O.M. Adedeji, I.A. Adedoyin, R.A. Adekanmbi, V. Adetokunboh, O.O. Adhena, B.M. Adhikari, T.B. Adib, M.G. Adou, A.K. Adsuar, J.C. Afarideh, M. Afshin, A. Agarwal, G. Aggarwal, R. Aghayan, S.A. Agrawal, S. Agrawal, A. Ahmadi, M. Ahmadi, A. Ahmadieh, H. Ahmed, M.L.C.B. Ahmed, S. Ahmed, M.B. Aichour, A.N. Aichour, I. Aichour, M.T.E. Akanda, A.S. Akbari, M.E. Akibu, M. Akinyemi, R.O. Akinyemiju, T. Akseer, N. Alahdab, F. Al-Aly, Z. Alam, K. Alebel, A. Aleman, A.V. Alene, K.A. Al-Eyadhy, A. Ali, R. Alijanzadeh, M. Alizadeh-Navaei, R. Aljunid, S.M. Alkerwi, A. Alla, F. Allebeck, P. Allen, C.A. Alonso, J. Al-Raddadi, R.M. 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Horino, M. Hosgood, H.D. Hosseini, S.M. Hosseinzadeh, M. Hostiuc, S. Hostiuc, M. Hotez, P.J. Hoy, D.G. Hsairi, M. Htet, A.S. Hu, G. Huang, J.J. Husseini, A. Hussen, M.M. Hutfless, S. Iburg, K.M. Igumbor, E.U. Ikeda, C.T. Ilesanmi, O.S. Iqbal, U. Irvani, S.S.N. Isehunwa, O.O. Islam, S.M.S. Islami, F. Jahangiry, L. Jahanmehr, N. Jain, R. Jain, S.K. Jakovljevic, M. James, S.L. Javanbakht, M. Jayaraman, S. Jayatilleke, A.U. Jee, S.H. Jeemon, P. Jha, R.P. Jha, V. Ji, J.S. Johnson, S.C. Jonas, J.B. Joshi, A. Jozwiak, J.J. Jungari, S.B. JÃ¼risson, M. Madhanraj, K. Kabir, Z. Kadel, R. Kahsay, A. Kahssay, M. Kalani, R. Kapil, U. Karami, M. Karami Matin, B. Karch, A. Karema, C. Karimi, N. Karimi, S.M. Karimi-Sari, H. Kasaeian, A. Kassa, G.M. Kassa, T.D. Kassa, Z.Y. Kassebaum, N.J. Katibeh, M. Katikireddi, S.V. Kaul, A. Kawakami, N. Kazemeini, H. Kazemi, Z. Kazemi Karyani, A. Prakash, K.C. Kebede, S. Keiyoro, P.N. Kemp, G.R. Kengne, A.P. Keren, A. Kereselidze, M. Khader, Y.S. Khafaie, M.A. Khajavi, A. Khalid, N. Khalil, I.A. Khan, E.A. Khan, G. Khan, M.S. Khan, M.A. Khang, Y.-H. Khanna, T. Khater, M.M. Khatony, A. Khazaie, H. Khoja, A.T. Khosravi, A. Khosravi, M.H. Khubchandani, J. Kiadaliri, A.A. Kibret, G.D.D. Kim, C.-I. Kim, D. Kim, J.Y. Kim, Y.-E. Kimokoti, R.W. Kinfu, Y. Kinra, S. Kisa, A. Kissimova-Skarbek, K. Kissoon, N. KivimÃ¤ki, M. Kleber, M.E. Knibbs, L.D. Knudsen, A.K.S. Kochhar, S. Kokubo, Y. Kolola, T. Kopec, J.A. Kosek, M.N. Kosen, S. Koul, P.A. Koyanagi, A. Kravchenko, M.A. Krishan, K. Krishnaswami, S. Kuate Defo, B. Kucuk Bicer, B. Kudom, A.A. Kuipers, E.J. Kulikoff, X.R. Kumar, G.A. Kumar, M. Kumar, P. Kumsa, F.A. Kutz, M.J. Lad, S.D. Lafranconi, A. Lal, D.K. Lalloo, R. Lam, H. Lami, F.H. Lan, Q. Langan, S.M. Lansingh, V.C. Lansky, S. Larson, H.J. Laryea, D.O. Lassi, Z.S. Latifi, A. Lavados, P.M. Laxmaiah, A. Lazarus, J.V. Lebedev, G. Lee, P.H. Leigh, J. Leshargie, C.T. Leta, S. Levi, M. Li, S. Li, Y. Li, X. Liang, J. Liang, X. Liben, M.L. Lim, L.-L. Lim, S.S. Limenih, M.A. Linn, S. Liu, S. Liu, Y. Lodha, R. Logroscino, G. Lonsdale, C. Lorch, S.A. Lorkowski, S. Lotufo, P.A. Lozano, R. Lucas, T.C.D. Lunevicius, R. Lyons, R.A. Ma, S. Mabika, C. Macarayan, E.R.K. Mackay, M.T. Maddison, E.R. Maddison, R. Madotto, F. Magdy Abd El Razek, H. Magdy Abd El Razek, M. Maghavani, D.P. Majdan, M. Majdzadeh, R. Majeed, A. Malekzadeh, R. Malik, M.A. Malta, D.C. Mamun, A.A. Manamo, W.A. Manda, A.-L. Mansournia, M.A. Mantovani, L.G. Mapoma, C.C. Marami, D. Maravilla, J.C. Marcenes, W. Marina, S. Martinez-Raga, J. Martins, S.C.O. Martins-Melo, F.R. MÃ¤rz, W. Marzan, M.B. Mashamba-Thompson, T.P. Masiye, F. Massenburg, B.B. Maulik, P.K. Mazidi, M. McGrath, J.J. McKee, M. Mehata, S. Mehendale, S.M. Mehndiratta, M.M. Mehrotra, R. Mehta, K.M. Mehta, V. Mekonen, T. Mekonnen, T.C. Meles, H.G. Meles, K.G. Melese, A. Melku, M. Memiah, P.T.N. Memish, Z.A. Mendoza, W. Mengistu, D.T. Mengistu, G. Mensah, G.A. Mereta, S.T. Meretoja, A. Meretoja, T.J. Mestrovic, T. Mezgebe, H.B. Miangotar, Y. Miazgowski, B. Miazgowski, T. Miller, T.R. Mini, G.K. Mirica, A. Mirrakhimov, E.M. Misganaw, A.T. Moazen, B. Moges, N.A. Mohammad, K.A. Mohammadi, M. Mohammadifard, N. Mohammadi-Khanaposhtani, M. Mohammadnia-Afrouzi, M. Mohammed, S. Mohammed, M.A. Mohan, V. Mokdad, A.H. Molokhia, M. Monasta, L. Moradi, G. Moradi, M. Moradi-Lakeh, M. Moradinazar, M. Moraga, P. Morawska, L. Moreno VelÃ¡squez, I. Morgado-Da-costa, J. Morrison, S.D. Mosapour, A. Moschos, M.M. Mousavi, S.M. Muche, A.A. Muchie, K.F. Mueller, U.O. Mukhopadhyay, S. Mullany, E.C. Muller, K. Murhekar, M. Murphy, T.B. Murthy, G.V.S. Murthy, S. Musa, J. Musa, K.I. Mustafa, G. Muthupandian, S. Nachega, J.B. Nagel, G. Naghavi, M. Naheed, A. Nahvijou, A. Naik, G. Nair, S. Najafi, F. Nangia, V. Nansseu, J.R. Nascimento, B.R. Nawaz, H. Ncama, B.P. Neamati, N. Negoi, I. Negoi, R.I. Neupane, S. Newton, C.R.J. Ngalesoni, F.N. Ngunjiri, J.W. Nguyen, H.T. Nguyen, H.T. Nguyen, L.H. Nguyen, M. Nguyen, T.H. Ningrum, D.N.A. Nirayo, Y.L. Nisar, M.I. Nixon, M.R. Nolutshungu, N. Nomura, S. Norheim, O.F. Noroozi, M. Norrving, B. Noubiap, J.J. Nouri, H.R. Nourollahpour Shiadeh, M. Nowroozi, M.R. Nsoesie, E.O. Nyasulu, P.S. Ofori-Asenso, R. Ogah, O.S. Ogbo, F.A. Oh, I.-H. Okoro, A. Oladimeji, O. Olagunju, A.T. Olagunju, T.O. Olivares, P.R. Olusanya, B.O. Olusanya, J.O. Ong, S.K. Opio, J.N. Oren, E. Ortiz, J.R. Ortiz, A. Ota, E. Otstavnov, S.S. Ã˜verland, S. Owolabi, M.O. Oyekale, A.S. Mahesh, P.A. Pacella, R. Pakhale, S. Pakhare, A.P. Pana, A. Panda, B.K. Panda-Jonas, S. Pandey, A.R. Pandian, J.D. Parisi, A. Park, E.-K. Parry, C.D.H. Parsian, H. Patel, S. Patle, A. Patten, S.B. Patton, G.C. Paudel, D. Pearce, N. Peprah, E.K. Pereira, A. Pereira, D.M. Perez, K.M. Perico, N. Pervaiz, A. Pesudovs, K. Petri, W.A. Petzold, M. Phillips, M.R. Pigott, D.M. Pillay, J.D. Pirsaheb, M. Pishgar, F. Plass, D. Polinder, S. Pond, C.D. Popova, S. Postma, M.J. Pourmalek, F. Pourshams, A. Poustchi, H. Prabhakaran, D. Prakash, V. Prakash, S. Prasad, N. Qorbani, M. Quistberg, D.A. Radfar, A. Rafay, A. Rafiei, A. Rahim, F. Rahimi, K. Rahimi-Movaghar, A. Rahimi-Movaghar, V. Rahman, M. Ur Rahman, M.H. Rahman, M.A. Ur Rahman, S. Rai, R.K. Rajati, F. Rajsic, S. Raju, S.B. Ram, U. Ranabhat, C.L. Ranjan, P. Ranta, A. Rasella, D. Rawaf, D.L. Rawaf, S. Ray, S.E. Razo-GarcÃa, C. Rego, M.A.S. Rehm, J. Reiner, R.C. Reinig, N. Reis, C. Remuzzi, G. Renzaho, A.M.N. Resnikoff, S. Rezaei, S. Rezaeian, S. Rezai, M.S. Riahi, S.M. Ribeiro, A.L.P. Riojas, H. Rios-Blancas, M.J. Roba, K.T. Robinson, S.R. Roever, L. Ronfani, L. Roshandel, G. Roshchin, D.O. Rostami, A. Rothenbacher, D. Rubagotti, E. Ruhago, G.M. Saadat, S. Sabde, Y.D. Sachdev, P.S. Saddik, B. Sadeghi, E. Saeedi Moghaddam, S. Safari, H. Safari, Y. Safari-Faramani, R. Safdarian, M. Safi, S. Safiri, S. Sagar, R. Sahebkar, A. Sahraian, M.A. Sajadi, H.S. Salahshoor, M. Salam, N. Salama, J.S. Salamati, P. Saldanha, R.F. Salimi, Y. Salimzadeh, H. Salz, I. Sambala, E.Z. Samy, A.M. Sanabria, J. Sanchez-NiÃ±o, M.D. Santos, I.S. Santos, J.V. Santric Milicevic, M.M. Sao Jose, B.P. Sardana, M. Sarker, A.R. Sarrafzadegan, N. Sartorius, B. Sarvi, S. Sathian, B. Satpathy, M. Savic, M. Sawant, A.R. Sawhney, M. Saxena, S. Sayyah, M. Scaria, V. Schaeffner, E. Schelonka, K. Schmidt, M.I. Schneider, I.J.C. SchÃ¶ttker, B. Schutte, A.E. Schwebel, D.C. Schwendicke, F. Scott, J.G. Sekerija, M. Sepanlou, S.G. ServÃ¡n-Mori, E. Shabaninejad, H. Shackelford, K.A. Shafieesabet, A. Shaheen, A.A. Shaikh, M.A. Shakir, R.A. Shams-Beyranvand, M. Shamsi, M. Shamsizadeh, M. Sharafi, H. Sharafi, K. Sharif, M. Sharif-Alhoseini, M. Sharma, M. Sharma, J. Sharma, R. She, J. Sheikh, A. Sheth, K.N. Shi, P. Shibuya, K. Shifa, G.T. Shiferaw, M.S. Shigematsu, M. Shiri, R. Shirkoohi, R. Shiue, I. Shokraneh, F. Shrime, M.G. Shukla, S.R. Si, S. Siabani, S. Siddiqi, T.J. Sigfusdottir, I.D. Sigurvinsdottir, R. Silpakit, N. Silva, D.A.S. Silva, J.P. Silveira, D.G.A. Singam, N.S.V. Singh, J.A. Singh, V. Sinha, A.P. Sinha, D.N. Sitas, F. Skirbekk, V. Sliwa, K. Soares Filho, A.M. Sobaih, B.H. Sobhani, S. Soofi, M. Soriano, J.B. Soyiri, I.N. Sposato, L.A. Sreeramareddy, C.T. Srinivasan, V. Srivastava, R.K. Starodubov, V.I. Stathopoulou, V. Steel, N. Stein, D.J. Steiner, C. Stewart, L.G. Stokes, M.A. Sudaryanto, A. Sufiyan, M.B. Sulo, G. Sunguya, B.F. Sur, P.J. Sutradhar, I. Sykes, B.L. Sylaja, P.N. Sylte, D.O. Szoeke, C.E.I. TabarÃ©s-Seisdedos, R. Tabuchi, T. Tadakamadla, S.K. Takahashi, K. Tandon, N. Tassew, A.A. Tassew, S.G. Tavakkoli, M. Taveira, N. Tawye, N.Y. Tehrani-Banihashemi, A. Tekalign, T.G. Tekle, M.G. Temesgen, H. Temsah, M.-H. Temsah, O. Terkawi, A.S. Teshale, M.Y. Tessema, B. Teweldemedhin, M. Thakur, J.S. Thankappan, K.R. Thirunavukkarasu, S. Thomas, L.A. Thomas, N. Thrift, A.G. Tilahun, B. To, Q.G. Tobe-Gai, R. Tonelli, M. Topor-Madry, R. Topouzis, F. Torre, A.E. Tortajada-GirbÃ©s, M. Tovani-Palone, M.R. Towbin, J.A. Tran, B.X. Tran, K.B. Tripathi, S. Tripathy, S.P. Truelsen, T.C. Truong, N.T. Tsadik, A.G. Tsilimparis, N. Tudor Car, L. Tuzcu, E.M. Tyrovolas, S. Ukwaja, K.N. Ullah, I. Usman, M.S. Uthman, O.A. Uzun, S.B. Vaduganathan, M. Vaezi, A. Vaidya, G. Valdez, P.R. Varavikova, E. Varughese, S. Vasankari, T.J. Vasconcelos, A.M.N. Venketasubramanian, N. Vidavalur, R. Villafaina, S. Violante, F.S. Vladimirov, S.K. Vlassov, V. Vollset, S.E. Vos, T. Vosoughi, K. Vujcic, I.S. Wagner, G.R. Wagnew, F.W.S. Waheed, Y. Wang, Y. Wang, Y.-P. Wassie, M.M. Weiderpass, E. Weintraub, R.G. Weiss, D.J. Weiss, J. Weldegebreal, F. Weldegwergs, K.G. Werdecker, A. Westerman, R. Whiteford, H.A. Widecka, J. Widecka, K. Wijeratne, T. Winkler, A.S. Wiysonge, C.S. Wolfe, C.D.A. Wondemagegn, S.A. Wu, S. Wyper, G.M.A. Xu, G. Yadav, R. Yakob, B. Yamada, T. Yan, L.L. Yano, Y. Yaseri, M. Yasin, Y.J. Ye, P. Yearwood, J.A. YentÃ¼r, G.K. Yeshaneh, A. Yimer, E.M. Yip, P. Yisma, E. Yonemoto, N. Yoon, S.-J. York, H.W. Yotebieng, M. Younis, M.Z. Yousefifard, M. Yu, C. Zachariah, G. Zadnik, V. Zafar, S. Zaidi, Z. Zaman, S.B. Zamani, M. Zare, Z. Zeeb, H. Zeleke, M.M. Zenebe, Z.M. Zerfu, T.A. Zhang, K. Zhang, X. Zhou, M. Zhu, J. Zodpey, S. Zucker, I. Zuhlke, L.J.J. Lopez, A.D. Gakidou, E. Murray, C.J.L. GBD 2017 Mortality Collaborators
Abstract: Background: Assessments of age-specifc mortality and life expectancy have been done by the UN Population Division, Department of Economics and Social Afairs (UNPOP), the United States Census Bureau, WHO, and as part of previous iterations of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD). Previous iterations of the GBD used population estimates from UNPOP, which were not derived in a way that was internally consistent with the estimates of the numbers of deaths in the GBD. The present iteration of the GBD, GBD 2017, improves on previous assessments and provides timely estimates of the mortality experience of populations globally. Methods: The GBD uses all available data to produce estimates of mortality rates between 1950 and 2017 for 23 age groups, both sexes, and 918 locations, including 195 countries and territories and subnational locations for 16 countries. Data used include vital registration systems, sample registration systems, household surveys (complete birth histories, summary birth histories, sibling histories), censuses (summary birth histories, household deaths), and Demographic Surveillance Sites. In total, this analysis used 8259 data sources. Estimates of the probability of death between birth and the age of 5 years and between ages 15 and 60 years are generated and then input into a model life table system to produce complete life tables for all locations and years. Fatal discontinuities and mortality due to HIV/AIDS are analysed separately and then incorporated into the estimation. We analyse the relationship between age-specifc mortality and development status using the Socio-demographic Index, a composite measure based on fertility under the age of 25 years, education, and income. There are four main methodological improvements in GBD 2017 compared with GBD 2016: 622 additional data sources have been incorporated; new estimates of population, generated by the GBD study, are used; statistical methods used in diferent components of the analysis have been further standardised and improved; and the analysis has been extended backwards in time by two decades to start in 1950. Findings: Globally, 18·7% (95% uncertainty interval 18·4-19·0) of deaths were registered in 1950 and that proportion has been steadily increasing since, with 58·8% (58·2-59·3) of all deaths being registered in 2015. At the global level, between 1950 and 2017, life expectancy increased from 48·1 years (46·5-49·6) to 70·5 years (70·1-70·8) for men and from 52·9 years (51·7-54·0) to 75·6 years (75·3-75·9) for women. Despite this overall progress, there remains substantial variation in life expectancy at birth in 2017, which ranges from 49·1 years (46·5-51·7) for men in the Central African Republic to 87·6 years (86·9-88·1) among women in Singapore. The greatest progress across age groups was for children younger than 5 years; under-5 mortality dropped from 216·0 deaths (196·3-238·1) per 1000 livebirths in 1950 to 38·9 deaths (35·6-42·83) per 1000 livebirths in 2017, with huge reductions across countries. Nevertheless, there were still 5·4 million (5·2-5·6) deaths among children younger than 5 years in the world in 2017. Progress has been less pronounced and more variable for adults, especially for adult males, who had stagnant or increasing mortality rates in several countries. The gap between male and female life expectancy between 1950 and 2017, while relatively stable at the global level, shows distinctive patterns across super-regions and has consistently been the largest in central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia, and smallest in south Asia. Performance was also variable across countries and time in observed mortality rates compared with those expected on the basis of development. Interpretation: This analysis of age-sex-specifc mortality shows that there are remarkably complex patterns in population mortality across countries. The fndings of this study highlight global successes, such as the large decline in under-5 mortality, which refects signifcant local, national, and global commitment and investment over several decades. However, they also bring attention to mortality patterns that are a cause for concern, particularly among adult men and, to a lesser extent, women, whose mortality rates have stagnated in many countries over the time period of this study, and in some cases are increasing. © 2018 The Author(s).
Published: 2018

33. Measuring progress from 1990 to 2017 and projecting attainment to 2030 of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals for 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author: Lozano, R. Fullman, N. Abate, D. Abay, S.M. Abbafati, C. Abbasi, N. Abbastabar, H. Abd-Allah, F. Abdela, J. Abdelalim, A. Abdel-Rahman, O. Abdi, A. Abdollahpour, I. Abdulkader, R.S. Abebe, N.D. Abebe, Z. Abejie, A.N. Abera, S.F. Abil, O.Z. Aboyans, V. Abraha, H.N. Abrham, A.R. Abu-Raddad, L.J. Abu-Rmeileh, N.M. Abyu, G.Y. Accrombessi, M.M.K. Acharya, D. Acharya, P. Adamu, A.A. Adebayo, O.M. Adedeji, I.A. Adedoyin, R.A. Adekanmbi, V. Adetokunboh, O.O. Adhena, B.M. Adhikari, T.B. Adib, M.G. Adou, A.K. Adsuar, J.C. Afarideh, M. Afshari, M. Afshin, A. Agarwal, G. Aghayan, S.A. Agius, D. Agrawal, A. Agrawal, S. Ahmadi, A. Ahmadi, M. Ahmadieh, H. Ahmed, M.B. Ahmed, S. Akalu, T.Y. Akanda, A.S. Akbari, M.E. Akibu, M. Akinyemi, R.O. Akinyemiju, T. Akseer, N. Alahdab, F. Al-Aly, Z. Alam, K. Alam, T. Albujeer, A. Alebel, A. Alene, K.A. Al-Eyadhy, A. Alhabib, S. Ali, R. Alijanzadeh, M. Alizadeh-Navaei, R. Aljunid, S.M. Alkerwi, A. Alla, F. Allebeck, P. Allen, C.A. Almasi, A. Al-Maskari, F. Al-Mekhlafi, H.M. Alonso, J. Al-Raddadi, R.M. Alsharif, U. Altirkawi, K. Alvis-Guzman, N. Amare, A.T. Amenu, K. Amini, E. Ammar, W. Anber, N.H. Anderson, J.A. Andrei, C.L. Androudi, S. Animut, M.D. Anjomshoa, M. Ansari, H. Ansariadi, A. Ansha, M.G. Antonio, C.A.T. Anwari, P. Appiah, L.T. Aremu, O. Areri, H.A. Ärnlöv, J. Arora, M. Aryal, K.K. Asayesh, H. Asfaw, E.T. Asgedom, S.W. Asghar, R.J. Assadi, R. Ataro, Z. Atique, S. Atre, S.R. Atteraya, M.S. Ausloos, M. Avila-Burgos, L. Avokpaho, E.F.G.A. Awasthi, A. Quintanilla, B.P.A. Ayele, H.T. Ayele, Y. Ayer, R. Azarpazhooh, M.R. Azzopardi, P.S. Azzopardi-Muscat, N. Babalola, T.K. Babazadeh, A. Badali, H. Badawi, A. Balakrishnan, K. Bali, A.G. Banach, M. Banerjee, A. Banoub, J.A.M. Banstola, A. Barac, A. Barboza, M.A. Barker-Collo, S.L. Bärnighausen, T.W. Barrero, L.H. Barthelemy, C.M. Bassat, Q. Basu, A. Basu, S. Battista, R.J. Baune, B.T. Baynes, H.W. Bazargan-Hejazi, S. Bedi, N. Beghi, E. Behzadifar, M. Behzadifar, M. Béjot, Y. Bekele, B.B. Belachew, A.B. Belay, A.G. Belay, S.A. Belay, Y.A. Bell, M.L. Bello, A.K. Bennett, D.A. Bensenor, I.M. Benzian, H. Berhane, A. Berhe, A.K. Berman, A.E. Bernabe, E. Bernstein, R.S. Bertolacci, G.J. Beuran, M. Beyranvand, T. Bhala, N. Bhalla, A. Bhansali, A. Bhattarai, S. Bhaumik, S. Bhutta, Z.A. Biadgo, B. Biehl, M.H. Bijani, A. Bikbov, B. Bililign, N. Sayeed, M.S.B. Birlik, S.M. Birungi, C. Bisanzio, D. Biswas, T. Bitew, H. Bizuneh, H. Bjertness, E. Bobasa, E.M. Boufous, S. Bourne, R. Bozorgmehr, K. Bragazzi, N.L. Brainin, M. Brant, L.C. Brauer, M. Brazinova, A. Breitborde, N.J.K. Briant, P.S. Britton, G. Brugha, T. Bukhman, G. Busse, R. Butt, Z.A. Cahuana-Hurtado, L. Callender, C.S.K.H. Campos-Nonato, I.R. Rincon, J.C.C. Cano, J. Car, J. Car, M. Cárdenas, R. Carrero, J.J. Carter, A. Carvalho, F. Castañeda-Orjuela, C.A. Rivas, J.C. Castro, F. Causey, K. Çavlin, A. Cercy, K.M. Cerin, E. Chaiah, Y. Chalek, J. Chang, H.-Y. Chang, J.-C. Chattopadhyay, A. Chattu, V.K. Chaturvedi, P. Chiang, P.P.-C. Chin, K.L. Chisumpa, V.H. Chitheer, A. Choi, J.-Y.J. Chowdhury, R. Christensen, H. Christopher, D.J. Chung, S.-C. Cicuttini, F.M. Ciobanu, L.G. Cirillo, M. Claro, R.M. Claßen, T.K.D. Cohen, A.J. Collado-Mateo, D. Cooper, C. Cooper, L.T. Cornaby, L. Cortinovis, M. Costa, M. Cousin, E. Cromwell, E.A. Crowe, C.S. Cunningham, M. Daba, A.K. Dadi, A.F. Dandona, L. Dandona, R. Dang, A.K. Dargan, P.I. Daryani, A. Das, S.K. Das Gupta, R. Das Neves, J. Dasa, T.T. Dash, A.P. Davis, A.C. Davitoiu, D.V. Davletov, K. Dayama, A. De Courten, B. De Leo, D. Neve, J.W.D. De Steur, H. Degefa, M.G. Degenhardt, L. Degfie, T.T. Deiparine, S. Dellavalle, R.P. Demoz, G.T. Demtsu, B. Denova-Gutiérrez, E. Deribe, K. Dervenis, N. Dessie, G.A. Dey, S. Dharmaratne, S.D. Dhimal, M. Dicker, D. Dinberu, M.T. Ding, E.L. Djalalinia, S. Do, H.P. Dokova, K. Doku, D.T. Douwes-Schultz, D. Driscoll, T.R. Duan, L. Dubey, M. Dubljanin, E. Duken, E.E. Duncan, B.B. Duraes, A.R. Ebrahimpour, S. Edvardsson, D. El Bcheraoui, C. Eldrenkamp, E. El-Khatib, Z. Elyazar, I.R.F. Enayati, A. Endries, A.Y. Eshrati, B. Eskandarieh, S. Esteghamati, A. Esteghamati, S. Estep, K. Fakhar, M. Fakhim, H. Fanzo, J. Faramarzi, M. Fareed, M. Farhadi, F. Farid, T.A. Farinha, C.S.E.S. Farioli, A. Faro, A. Farvid, M.S. Farzadfar, F. Farzaei, M.H. Farzam, H. Fazaeli, A.A. Fazeli, M.S. Feigin, V.L. Feigl, A.B. Fekadu, W. Feldman, R. Fentahun, N. Fereshtehnejad, S.-M. Fernandes, E. Fernandes, J.C. Feyissa, G.T. Fijabi, D.O. Filip, I. Finegold, S. Finger, J.D. Fischer, F. Fitzmaurice, C. Flor, L.S. Foigt, N.A. Foreman, K.J. Frank, T.D. Franklin, R.C. Fukumoto, T. Fukutaki, K. Fuller, J.E. Fürst, T. Furtado, J.M. Gakidou, E. Gallus, S. Gankpe, F.G. Gansevoort, R.T. Garcia, A.C. Garcia-Basteiro, A.L. Garcia-Gordillo, M.A. Gardner, W.M. Gebre, A.K. Gebre, T. Gebregergs, G.B. Gebrehiwot, T.T. Gebremedhin, A.T. Gebremichael, B. Gebremichael, T.G. Gelano, T.F. Geleijnse, J.M. Geramo, Y.C.D. Getachew, S. Gething, P.W. Gezae, K.E. Ghadami, M.R. Ghadimi, R. Ghadiri, K. Ghasemi-Kasman, M. Ghiasvand, H. Ghimire, M. Ghoshal, A.G. Giampaoli, S. Gill, P.S. Gill, T.K. Giussani, G. Gnedovskaya, E.V. Goldberg, E.M. Goli, S. Gona, P.N. Goodridge, A. Gopalani, S.V. Gorman, T.M. Goto, A. Goulart, A.C. Goulart, B.N.G. Grada, A. Griswold, M.G. Grosso, G. Gugnani, H.C.C. Guillemin, F. Guimaraes, A.L.S. Guo, Y. Gupta, P.C. Gupta, R. Gupta, R. Gupta, T. Ha, G.H. Haagsma, J.A. Hachinski, V. Hafezi-Nejad, N. Bidgoli, H.H. Hagos, T.B. Haile, M.T. Hailegiyorgis, T.T. Hailu, G.B. Haj-Mirzaian, A. Haj-Mirzaian, A. Hamadeh, R.R. Hamidi, S. Hankey, G.J. Harb, H.L. Harikrishnan, S. Haririan, H. Haro, J.M. Hasan, M. Hassankhani, H. Hassen, H.Y. Havmoeller, R. Hawley, C.N. Hay, S.I. He, Y. Hedayatizadeh-Omran, A. Hegazy, M.I. Heibati, B. Heidari, B. Heidari, M. Hendrie, D. Henok, A. Heredia-Pi, I. Herteliu, C. Heydarpour, B. Heydarpour, F. Heydarpour, S. Hibstu, D.T. Híjar, M. Hoek, H.W. Hoffman, D.J. Hole, M.K. Homaie Rad, E. Hoogar, P. Horita, N. Hosgood, H.D. Hosseini, S.M. Hosseinzadeh, M. Hostiuc, M. Hostiuc, S. Hotez, P.J. Hoy, D.G. Hsairi, M. Hsiao, T. Hu, G. Huang, J.J. Hughes, C. Huynh, C.K. Igumbor, E.U. Ikeda, C.T. Ilesanmi, O.S. Iqbal, U. Irvani, S.S.N. Irvine, C.M.S. Islam, S.M.S. Islami, F. Ivers, R.Q. Izadi, N. Jacobsen, K.H. Jahangiry, L. Jahanmehr, N. Jain, S.K. Jakovljevic, M. Jalu, M.T. Jamal, A.A. James, S.L. Jassal, S.K. Javanbakht, M. Jayatilleke, A.U. Jeemon, P. Jha, R.P. Jha, V. Ji, J.S. Johnson, C.O. Johnson, S.C. Jonas, J.B. Jonnagaddala, J. Shushtari, Z.J. Joshi, A. Jozwiak, J.J. Jungari, S.B. Jürisson, M. Madhanraj, K. Kabir, Z. Kadel, R. Kahsay, A. Kahssay, M. Kalani, R. Kapil, U. Karami, M. Matin, B.K. Karanikolos, M. Karimi, N. Karimi, S.M. Karimi-Sari, H. Kasaeian, A. Kassa, D.H. Kassa, G.M. Kassa, T.D. Kassa, Z.Y. Kassebaum, N.J. Katikireddi, S.V. Kaul, A. Kawakami, N. Kazemi, Z. Karyani, A.K. Kazi, D.S. Prakash, K.C. Kebede, S. Keiyoro, P.N. Kemmer, L. Kemp, G.R. Kengne, A.P. Keren, A. Kesavachandran, C.N. Khader, Y.S. Khafaei, B. Khafaie, M.A. Khajavi, A. Khalid, N. Khalil, I.A. Khan, E.A. Khan, M.S. Khan, M.A. Khang, Y.-H. Khanna, T. Khater, M.M. Khatony, A. Khazaeipour, Z. Khazaie, H. Khoja, A.T. Khosravi, A. Khosravi, M.H. Khubchandani, J. Kiadaliri, A.A. Kiarie, H.W. Kibret, G.D. Kiirithio, D.N. Kim, D. Kim, J.Y. Kim, Y.-E. Kim, Y.J. Kimokoti, R.W. Kinfu, Y. Kinra, S. Kisa, A. Kissimova-Skarbek, K. Kissoon, N. Kivimäki, M. Kocarnik, J.M. Kochhar, S. Kokubo, Y. Kolola, T. Kopec, J.A. Kosek, M.N. Kosen, S. Koul, P.A. Koyanagi, A. Kravchenko, M.A. Krishan, K. Krohn, K.J. Defo, B.K. Kucuk Bicer, B. Kudom, A.A. Kulikoff, X.R. Kumar, G.A. Kumar, M. Kumar, P. Kutz, M.J. Kyu, H.H. Lachat, C. Lad, D.P. Lad, S.D. Lafranconi, A. Lagat, A.K. Lal, D.K. Lalloo, R. Lam, H. Lami, F.H. Lamichhane, P. Lan, Q. Lang, J.J. Lansingh, V.C. Lansky, S. Larson, H.J. Larsson, A.O. Laryea, D.O. Lassi, Z.S. Latifi, A. Lau, K.M.-M. Laxmaiah, A. Lazarus, J.V. Leasher, J.L. Lebedev, G. Ledesma, J.R. Lee, J.B. Lee, P.H. Leever, A.T. Leigh, J. Leinsalu, M. Leshargie, C.T. Leung, J. Lewycka, S. Li, S. Li, X. Li, Y. Liang, J. Liang, X. Liben, M.L. Lim, L.-L. Limenih, M.A. Linn, S. Liu, S. Liu, Y. Lodha, R. Logroscino, G. Lopez, A.D. Lorkowski, S. Lotufo, P.A. Lucchesi, L.R. Lyons, R.A. Macarayan, E.R.K. Mackay, M.T. Maddison, E.R. Madotto, F. Maghavani, D.P. Magis-Rodriguez, C. Mahotra, N.B. Majdan, M. Majdzadeh, R. Majeed, A. Malekzadeh, R. Malta, D.C. Mamun, A.A. Manda, A.-L. Mandarano-Filho, L.G. Mangalam, S. Manguerra, H. Mansournia, M.A. Mapoma, C.C. Maravilla, J.C. Marcenes, W. Marks, A. Martin, R.V. Martins, S.C.O. Martins-Melo, F.R. Martopullo, I. Mashamba-Thompson, T.P. Massenburg, B.B. Mathur, M.R. Maulik, P.K. Mazidi, M. McAlinden, C. McGrath, J.J. McKee, M. McMahon, B.J. Mehata, S. Mehndiratta, M.M. Mehrotra, R. Mehta, K.M. Mehta, V. Mejia-Rodriguez, F. Mekonen, T. Mekonnen, T.C.C. Meles, H.G. Melese, A. Melku, M. Memiah, P.T.N. Memish, Z.A. Mendoza, W. Mengistu, D.T. Mengistu, G. Mensah, G.A. Mensink, G.B.M. Mereta, S.T. Meretoja, A. Meretoja, T.J. Mestrovic, T. Mezgebe, H.B. Miazgowski, B. Miazgowski, T. Millear, A.I. Miller, T.R. Miller-Petrie, M.K. Milne, G.J. Mini, G.K. Minnig, S.P. Mirabi, P. Mirarefin, M. Mirrakhimov, E.M. Misganaw, A.T. Mitchell, P.B. Moazen, B. Moghadamnia, A.A. Mohajer, B. Mohammad, K.A. Mohammadi, M. Mohammadifard, N. Mohammadnia-Afrouzi, M. Mohammed, M.A. Mohammed, S. Mohan, M.B.V. Mohan, V. Mohebi, F. Moitra, M. Mokdad, A.H. Molokhia, M. Monasta, L. Montañez, J.C. Moosazadeh, M. Moradi, G. Moradi, M. Moradi-Lakeh, M. Moradinazar, M. Moraga, P. Morawska, L. Morgado-da-Costa, J. Morisaki, N. Morrison, S.D. Mosapour, A. Moschos, M.M. Mountjoy-Venning, W.C. Mouodi, S. Mousavi, S.M. Muche, A.A. Muchie, K.F. Mueller, U.O. Muhammed, O.S.S. Mukhopadhyay, S. Mullany, E.C. Muller, K. Mumford, J.E. Murhekar, M. Murthy, G.V.S. Murthy, S. Musa, J. Musa, K.I. Mustafa, G. Muthupandian, S. Nabhan, A.F. Nachega, J.B. Nagarajan, A.J. Nagel, G. Naghavi, M. Naheed, A. Nahvijou, A. Naidoo, K. Naik, G. Naik, N. Najafi, F. Naldi, L. Nam, H.S. Nangia, V. Nansseu, J.R. Nascimento, B.R. Nawaz, H. Neamati, N. Negoi, I. Negoi, R.I. Neupane, S. Newton, C.R.J. Ngalesoni, F.N. Ngunjiri, J.W. Nguyen, A. Nguyen, G. Nguyen, H. Nguyen, H.L.T. Nguyen, H.T. Nguyen, M. Nichols, E. Nigatu, S.G. Ningrum, D.N.A. Nirayo, Y.L. Nisar, M.I. Nixon, M.R. Nolutshungu, N. Nomura, M. Norheim, O.F. Noroozi, M. Norrving, B. Noubiap, J.J. Nouri, H.R. Shiadeh, M.N. Nowroozi, M.R. Nyasulu, P.S. Obermeyer, C.M. Ofori-Asenso, R. Ogah, O.S. Ogbo, F.A. Oh, I.-H. Okoro, A. Oladimeji, K.E. Oladimeji, O. Olagunju, A.T. Olagunju, T.O. Olivares, P.R. Olsen, H.E. Olusanya, B.O. Olusanya, J.O. Ong, K.L. Ong, S.K. Oommen, A.M. Opio, J.N. Oren, E. Oros, A. Ortega-Altamirano, D.D.V. Ortiz, A. Ortiz, J.R. Ortiz-Panozo, E. Ota, E. Otstavnov, S.S. Owolabi, M.O. Mahesh, P.A. Pakhale, S. Pakhare, A.P. Pan, W.-H. Pana, A. Panda, B.K. Panda-Jonas, S. Pandian, J.D. Papantoniou, N. Park, E.-K. Parry, C.D.H. Parsian, H. Patel, S. Pati, S. Patle, A. Patton, G.C. Paturi, V.R. Paudel, D. Paulson, K.R. Pearce, N. Peprah, E.K. Pereira, D.M. Perico, N. Pervaiz, A. Pesudovs, K. Petri, W.A. Petzold, M. Phillips, M.R. Pigott, D.M. Pillay, J.D. Pirsaheb, M. Pletcher, M. Pond, C.D. Postma, M.J. Pourshams, A. Poustchi, H. Prabhakaran, D. Prakash, S. Prasad, N. Purcell, C.A. Pyakurel, M. Qorbani, M. Quansah, R. Radfar, A. Rafay, A. Rafiei, A. Rahim, F. Rahimi, K. Rahimi-Movaghar, A. Rahimi-Movaghar, V. Rahman, M. Rahman, M.S. Rahman, M.H.U. Rahman, M.A. Rahman, S.U. Rai, R.K. Rajati, F. Rajsic, S. Ram, U. Rana, S.M. Ranabhat, C.L. Ranjan, P. Rasella, D. Rawaf, D.L. Rawaf, S. Razo-García, C. Reddy, K.S. Reiner, R.C. Reis, C. Reitsma, M.B. Remuzzi, G. Renzaho, A.M.N. Resnikoff, S. Reynales-Shigematsu, L.M. Rezaei, S. Rezaeian, S. Rezai, M.S. Riahi, S.M. Ribeiro, A.L.P. Rios-Blancas, M.J. Roba, K.T. Roberts, N.L.S. Roever, L. Ronfani, L. Roshandel, G. Rostami, A. Roth, G.A. Roy, A. Rubagotti, E. Ruhago, G.M. Sabde, Y.D. Sachdev, P.S. Saddik, B. Sadeghi, E. Safari, H. Safari, Y. Safari-Faramani, R. Safdarian, M. Safi, S. Safiri, S. Sagar, R. Sahebkar, A. Sahraian, M.A. Sajadi, H.S. Salam, N. Salama, J.S. Salamati, P. De Freitas Saldanha, R. Saleem, Z. Salimi, Y. Salimzadeh, H. Salomon, J.A. Salvi, S.S. Salz, I. Sambala, E.Z. Samy, A.M. Sanabria, J. Sanchez-Niño, M.D. Santos, I.S. Milicevic, M.M.S. Jose, B.P.S. Sardana, M. Sarker, A.R. Sarrafzadegan, N. Sartorius, B. Sarvi, S. Sathian, B. Satpathy, M. Savic, M. Sawant, A.R. Sawhney, M. Saxena, S. Saylan, M. Sayyah, M. Schaeffner, E. Schmidt, M.I. Schneider, I.J.C. Schöttker, B. Schutte, A.E. Schwebel, D.C. Schwendicke, F. Seedat, S. Sekerija, M. Sepanlou, S.G. Serván-Mori, E. Seyedmousavi, S. Shabaninejad, H. Shackelford, K.A. Shafieesabet, A. Shaheen, A.A. Shaikh, M.A. Shams-Beyranvand, M. Shamsi, M.B. Shamsizadeh, M. Sharafi, H. Sharafi, K. Sharif, M. Sharif-Alhoseini, M. Sharma, J. Sharma, R. Sharma, S.K. She, J. Sheikh, A. Shey, M.S. Shi, P. Shibuya, K. Shields, C. Shifa, G.T. Shiferaw, M.S. Shigematsu, M. Shiri, R. Shirkoohi, R. Shirude, S. Shishani, K. Shiue, I. Shokraneh, F. Shoman, H. Shrime, M.G. Shukla, S.R. Si, S. Siabani, S. Sibai, A.M. Siddiqi, T.J. Sigfusdottir, I.D. Silpakit, N. Silva, D.A.S. Silva, J.P. Da Silva, N.T. Silveira, D.G.A. Singh, J.A. Singh, N.P. Singh, O.P. Singh, P.K. Singh, V. Sinha, D.N. Skiadaresi, E. Sliwa, K. Smith, A.E. Smith, M. Filho, A.M.S. Sobaih, B.H. Sobhani, S. Soljak, M. Soofi, M. Soosaraei, M. Sorensen, R.J.D. Soriano, J.B. Soshnikov, S. Soyiri, I.N. Spinelli, A. Sposato, L.A. Sreeramareddy, C.T. Srinivasan, R.G. Srinivasan, V. Stanaway, J.D. Starodubov, V.I. Stathopoulou, V. Steckling, N. Stein, D.J. Stewart, L.G. Stockfelt, L. Stokes, M.A. Straif, K. Sudaryanto, A. Sufiyan, M.B. Sunguya, B.F. Sur, P.J. Sutradhar, I. Sykes, B.L. Sylaja, P.N. Sylte, D.O. 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Vujcic, I.S. Wagner, G.R. Wagnew, F.S. Waheed, Y. Walson, J.L. Wang, Y. Wang, Y.-P. Wassie, M.M. Weiderpass, E. Weintraub, R.G. Weiss, J. Weldegebreal, F. Weldegwergs, K.G. Werdecker, A. Werkneh, A.A. West, T.E. Westerman, R. Whisnant, J.L. Whiteford, H.A. Widecka, J. Widecka, K. Wijeratne, T. Wilner, L.B. Winkler, A.S. Wiyeh, A.B. Wiysonge, C.S. Wolde, H.F. Wolfe, C.D.A. Wu, S. Xavier, D. Xu, G. Xu, R. Yadollahpour, A. Jabbari, S.H.Y. Yakob, B. Yamada, T. Yan, L.L. Yano, Y. Yaseri, M. Yasin, Y.J. Ye, P. Yearwood, J.A. Yeshaneh, A. Yimer, E.M. Yip, P. Yirsaw, B.D. Yisma, E. Yonemoto, N. Yonga, G. Yoon, S.-J. Yotebieng, M. Younis, M.Z. Yousefifard, M. Yu, C. Zaman, S.B. Zamani, M. Zare, Z. Zavala-Arciniega, L. Zegeye, D.T. Zegeye, E.A. Zeleke, A.J. Zendehdel, K. Zerfu, T.A. Zhang, A.L. Zhang, X. Zhou, M. Zhu, J. Zimsen, S.R.M. Zodpey, S. Zoeckler, L. Zucker, I. Zuhlke, L.J.J. Lim, S.S. Murray, C.J.L. GBD 2017 SDG Collaborators
Abstract: Background: Efforts to establish the 2015 baseline and monitor early implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) highlight both great potential for and threats to improving health by 2030. To fully deliver on the SDG aim of “leaving no one behind”, it is increasingly important to examine the health-related SDGs beyond national-level estimates. As part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017), we measured progress on 41 of 52 health-related SDG indicators and estimated the health-related SDG index for 195 countries and territories for the period 1990–2017, projected indicators to 2030, and analysed global attainment. Methods: We measured progress on 41 health-related SDG indicators from 1990 to 2017, an increase of four indicators since GBD 2016 (new indicators were health worker density, sexual violence by non-intimate partners, population census status, and prevalence of physical and sexual violence [reported separately]). We also improved the measurement of several previously reported indicators. We constructed national-level estimates and, for a subset of health-related SDGs, examined indicator-level differences by sex and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile. We also did subnational assessments of performance for selected countries. To construct the health-related SDG index, we transformed the value for each indicator on a scale of 0–100, with 0 as the 2·5th percentile and 100 as the 97·5th percentile of 1000 draws calculated from 1990 to 2030, and took the geometric mean of the scaled indicators by target. To generate projections through 2030, we used a forecasting framework that drew estimates from the broader GBD study and used weighted averages of indicator-specific and country-specific annualised rates of change from 1990 to 2017 to inform future estimates. We assessed attainment of indicators with defined targets in two ways: first, using mean values projected for 2030, and then using the probability of attainment in 2030 calculated from 1000 draws. We also did a global attainment analysis of the feasibility of attaining SDG targets on the basis of past trends. Using 2015 global averages of indicators with defined SDG targets, we calculated the global annualised rates of change required from 2015 to 2030 to meet these targets, and then identified in what percentiles the required global annualised rates of change fell in the distribution of country-level rates of change from 1990 to 2015. We took the mean of these global percentile values across indicators and applied the past rate of change at this mean global percentile to all health-related SDG indicators, irrespective of target definition, to estimate the equivalent 2030 global average value and percentage change from 2015 to 2030 for each indicator. Findings: The global median health-related SDG index in 2017 was 59·4 (IQR 35·4–67·3), ranging from a low of 11·6 (95% uncertainty interval 9·6–14·0) to a high of 84·9 (83·1–86·7). SDG index values in countries assessed at the subnational level varied substantially, particularly in China and India, although scores in Japan and the UK were more homogeneous. Indicators also varied by SDI quintile and sex, with males having worse outcomes than females for non-communicable disease (NCD) mortality, alcohol use, and smoking, among others. Most countries were projected to have a higher health-related SDG index in 2030 than in 2017, while country-level probabilities of attainment by 2030 varied widely by indicator. Under-5 mortality, neonatal mortality, maternal mortality ratio, and malaria indicators had the most countries with at least 95% probability of target attainment. Other indicators, including NCD mortality and suicide mortality, had no countries projected to meet corresponding SDG targets on the basis of projected mean values for 2030 but showed some probability of attainment by 2030. For some indicators, including child malnutrition, several infectious diseases, and most violence measures, the annualised rates of change required to meet SDG targets far exceeded the pace of progress achieved by any country in the recent past. We found that applying the mean global annualised rate of change to indicators without defined targets would equate to about 19% and 22% reductions in global smoking and alcohol consumption, respectively; a 47% decline in adolescent birth rates; and a more than 85% increase in health worker density per 1000 population by 2030. Interpretation: The GBD study offers a unique, robust platform for monitoring the health-related SDGs across demographic and geographic dimensions. Our findings underscore the importance of increased collection and analysis of disaggregated data and highlight where more deliberate design or targeting of interventions could accelerate progress in attaining the SDGs. Current projections show that many health-related SDG indicators, NCDs, NCD-related risks, and violence-related indicators will require a concerted shift away from what might have driven past gains—curative interventions in the case of NCDs—towards multisectoral, prevention-oriented policy action and investments to achieve SDG aims. Notably, several targets, if they are to be met by 2030, demand a pace of progress that no country has achieved in the recent past. The future is fundamentally uncertain, and no model can fully predict what breakthroughs or events might alter the course of the SDGs. What is clear is that our actions—or inaction—today will ultimately dictate how close the world, collectively, can get to leaving no one behind by 2030. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
Published: 2018

34. Population and fertility by age and sex for 195 countries and territories, 1950–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author: Murray, C.J.L. Callender, C.S.K.H. Kulikoff, X.R. Srinivasan, V. Abate, D. Abate, K.H. Abay, S.M. Abbasi, N. Abbastabar, H. Abdela, J. Abdelalim, A. Abdel-Rahman, O. Abdi, A. Abdoli, N. Abdollahpour, I. Abdulkader, R.S. Abebe, H.T. Abebe, M. Abebe, Z. Abebo, T.A. Abejie, A.N. Aboyans, V. Abraha, H.N. Abreu, D.M.X. Abrham, A.R. Abu-Raddad, L.J. Abu-Rmeileh, N.M.E. Accrombessi, M.M.K. Acharya, P. Adamu, A.A. Adebayo, O.M. Adedeji, I.A. Adekanmbi, V. Adetokunboh, O.O. Adhena, B.M. Adhikari, T.B. Adib, M.G. Adou, A.K. Adsuar, J.C. Afarideh, M. Afshin, A. Agarwal, G. Agesa, K.M. Aghayan, S.A. Agrawal, S. Ahmadi, A. Ahmadi, M. Ahmed, M.B. Ahmed, S. Aichour, A.N. Aichour, I. Aichour, M.T.E. Akanda, A.S. Akbari, M.E. Akibu, M. Akinyemi, R.O. Akinyemiju, T. Akseer, N. Alahdab, F. Al-Aly, Z. Alam, K. Alebel, A. Aleman, A.V. Alene, K.A. Al-Eyadhy, A. Ali, R. Alijanzadeh, M. Alizadeh-Navaei, R. Aljunid, S.M. Alkerwi, A. Alla, F. Allebeck, P. Almasi, A. Alonso, J. Al-Raddadi, R.M. Alsharif, U. Altirkawi, K. Alvis-Guzman, N. Amare, A.T. Ammar, W. Anber, N.H. Andrei, C.L. Androudi, S. Animut, M.D. Ansari, H. Ansha, M.G. Antonio, C.A.T. Appiah, S.C.Y. Aremu, O. Areri, H.A. Arian, N. Ärnlöv, J. Artaman, A. Aryal, K.K. Asayesh, H. Asfaw, E.T. Asgedom, S.W. Assadi, R. Atey, T.M.M. Atique, S. Atteraya, M.S. Ausloos, M. Avokpaho, E.F.G.A. Awasthi, A. Ayala Quintanilla, B.P. Ayele, Y. Ayer, R. Ayuk, T.B. Azzopardi, P.S. Babalola, T.K. Babazadeh, A. Badali, H. Badawi, A. Bali, A.G. Banach, M. Barker-Collo, S.L. Bärnighausen, T.W. Barrero, L.H. Basaleem, H. Bassat, Q. Basu, A. Baune, B.T. Baynes, H.W. Beghi, E. Behzadifar, M. Behzadifar, M. Bekele, B.B. Belachew, A.B. Belay, A.G. Belay, E. Belay, S.A. Belay, Y.A. Bell, M.L. Bello, A.K. Bennett, D.A. Bensenor, I.M. Bergeron, G. Berhane, A. Berman, A.E. Bernabe, E. Bernstein, R.S. Bertolacci, G.J. Beuran, M. Bhattarai, S. Bhaumik, S. Bhutta, Z.A. Biadgo, B. Bijani, A. Bikbov, B. Bililign, N. Bin Sayeed, M.S. Birlik, S.M. Birungi, C. Biswas, T. Bizuneh, H. Bleyer, A. Basara, B.B. Bosetti, C. Boufous, S. Brady, O.J. Bragazzi, N.L. Brainin, M. Brazinova, A. Breitborde, N.J.K. Brenner, H. Brewer, J.D. Briant, P.S. Britton, G. Burstein, R. Busse, R. Butt, Z.A. Cahuana-Hurtado, L. Campos-Nonato, I.R. Campuzano Rincon, J.C. Cano, J. Car, M. Cárdenas, R. Carrero, J.J. Carvalho, F. Castañeda-Orjuela, C.A. Rivas, J.C. Castro, F. Catalá-López, F. Çavlin, A. Cerin, E. Chalek, J. Chang, H.-Y. Chang, J.-C. Chattopadhyay, A. Chaturvedi, P. Chiang, P.P.-C. Chin, K.L. Chisumpa, V.H. Chitheer, A. Choi, J.-Y.J. Chowdhury, R. Christopher, D.J. Cicuttini, F.M. Ciobanu, L.G. Cirillo, M. Claro, R.M. Collado-Mateo, D. Constantin, M.-M. Conti, S. Cooper, C. Cooper, L.T. Cornaby, L. Cortesi, P.A. Cortinovis, M. Costa, M. Cromwell, E.A. Crowe, C.S. Cukelj, P. Cunningham, M. Daba, A.K. Dachew, B.A. Dandona, L. Dandona, R. Dargan, P.I. Daryani, A. Gupta, R.D. Neves, J.D. Dasa, T.T. Dash, A.P. Davis Weaver, N. Davitoiu, D.V. Davletov, K. De Leo, D. De Neve, J.-W. Degefa, M.G. Degenhardt, L. Degfie, T.T. Deiparine, S. Demoz, G.T. Demtsu, B. Denova-Gutiérrez, E. Deribe, K. Dervenis, N. Des Jarlais, D.C. Dessie, G.A. Dharmaratne, S.D. Dhimal, M. Dicker, D. Ding, E.L. Dinsa, G.D. Djalalinia, S. Do, H.P. Dokova, K. Doku, D.T. Dolan, K.A. Doyle, K.E. Driscoll, T.R. Dubey, M. Dubljanin, E. Duken, E.E. Duraes, A.R. Ebrahimpour, S. Edvardsson, D. El Bcheraoui, C. El-Khatib, Z. Elyazar, I.R. Enayati, A. Endries, A.Y. Ermakov, S.P. Eshrati, B. Eskandarieh, S. Esmaeili, R. Esteghamati, A. Esteghamati, S. Estep, K. Fakhim, H. Farag, T. Faramarzi, M. Fareed, M. SáFarinha, C.S.E. Faro, A. Farvid, M.S. Farzadfar, F. Farzaei, M.H. Fay, K.A. Fazeli, M.S. Feigin, V.L. Feigl, A.B. Feizy, F. Fenny, A.P. Fentahun, N. Fereshtehnejad, S.-M. Fernandes, E. Feyissa, G.T. Filip, I. Finegold, S. Fischer, F. Flor, L.S. Foigt, N.A. Foreman, K.J. Fornari, C. Fürst, T. Fukumoto, T. Fuller, J.E. Fullman, N. Gakidou, E. Gallus, S. Gamkrelidze, A. Ganji, M. Gankpe, F.G. Garcia, G.M. Garcia-Gordillo, M.Á. Gebre, A.K. Gebre, T. Gebregergs, G.B. Gebrehiwot, T.T. Gebremedhin, A.T. Gelano, T.F. Gelaw, Y.A. Geleijnse, J.M. Genova-Maleras, R. Gething, P. Gezae, K.E. Ghadami, M.R. Ghadimi, R. Ghadiri, K. Falavarjani, K.G. Ghasemi-Kasman, M. Ghiasvand, H. Ghimire, M. Ghoshal, A.G. Gill, P.S. Gill, T.K. Giussani, G. Gnedovskaya, E.V. Goli, S. Gomez, R.S. Gómez-Dantés, H. Gona, P.N. Goodridge, A. Gopalani, S.V. Goulart, A.C. Goulart, B.N.G. Grada, A. Grosso, G. Gugnani, H.C.C. Guo, J. Guo, Y. Gupta, P.C. Gupta, R. Gupta, R. Gupta, T. Haagsma, J.A. Hachinski, V. Hafezi-Nejad, N. Hagos, T.B. Hailegiyorgis, T.T. Hailu, G.B. Haj-Mirzaian, A. Haj-Mirzaian, A. Hamadeh, R.R. Hamidi, S. Handal, A.J. Hankey, G.J. Hao, Y. Harb, H.L. Haririan, H. Haro, J.M. Hasan, M. Hassankhani, H. Hassen, H.Y. Havmoeller, R. Hay, S.I. He, Y. Hedayatizadeh-Omran, A. Hegazy, M.I. Heibati, B. Heidari, B. Hendrie, D. Henok, A. Henry, N.J. Herteliu, C. Heydarpour, F. Hibstu, D.T. Hole, M.K. Rad, E.H. Hoogar, P. Hosgood, H.D. Hosseini, S.M. Hosseini Chavoshi, M.M. Hosseinzadeh, M. Hostiuc, M. Hostiuc, S. Hsairi, M. Hsiao, T. Hu, G. Huang, J.J. Iburg, K.M. Igumbor, E.U. Ikeda, C.T. Ilesanmi, O.S. Iqbal, U. Irenso, A.A. Irvani, S.S.N. Isehunwa, O.O. Islam, S.M.S. Jahangiry, L. Jahanmehr, N. Jain, S.K. Jakovljevic, M. Jalu, M.T. James, S.L. Jassal, S.K. Javanbakht, M. Jayatilleke, A.U. Jeemon, P. Jha, R.P. Jha, V. Ji, J.S. Jonas, J.B. Jozwiak, J.J. Jungari, S.B. Jürisson, M. Kabir, Z. Kadel, R. Kahsay, A. Kalani, R. Kapil, U. Karami, M. Karami Matin, B. Karch, A. Karema, C. Karimi, S.M. Kasaeian, A. Kassa, D.H. Kassa, G.M. Kassa, T.D. Kassa, Z.Y. Kassebaum, N.J. Kastor, A. Katikireddi, S.V. Kaul, A. Kawakami, N. Kazemi Karyani, A. Kebede, S. Keiyoro, P.N. Kemp, G.R. Kengne, A.P. Keren, A. Kereselidze, M. Khader, Y.S. Khafaie, M.A. Khajavi, A. Khalid, N. Khalil, I.A. Khan, E.A. Khan, M.S. Khang, Y.-H. Khanna, T. Khater, M.M. Khatony, A. Khazaeipour, Z. Khazaie, H. Khoja, A.T. Khosravi, A. Khosravi, M.H. Kibret, G.D. Kidanemariam, Z.T. Kiirithio, D.N. Kilgore, P.E. Kim, D. Kim, J.Y. Kim, Y.-E. Kim, Y.J. Kimokoti, R.W. Kinfu, Y. Kinra, S. Kisa, A. Kivimäki, M. Kochhar, S. Kokubo, Y. Kolola, T. Kopec, J.A. Kosek, M.N. Kosen, S. Koul, P.A. Koyanagi, A. Krishan, K. Krishnaswami, S. Krohn, K.J. Defo, B.K. Bicer, B.K. Kumar, G.A. Kumar, M. Kumar, P. Kumsa, F.A. Kutz, M.J. Lad, S.D. Lafranconi, A. Lal, D.K. Lalloo, R. Lam, H. Lami, F.H. Lang, J.J. Lansky, S. Lansingh, V.C. Laryea, D.O. Lassi, Z.S. Latifi, A. Laxmaiah, A. Lazarus, J.V. Lee, J.B. Lee, P.H. Leigh, J. Leshargie, C.T. Leta, S. Levi, M. Li, S. Li, X. Li, Y. Liang, J. Liang, X. Liben, M.L. Lim, L.-L. Limenih, M.A. Linn, S. Liu, S. Lorkowski, S. Lotufo, P.A. Lozano, R. Lunevicius, R. Mabika, C.M. Macarayan, E.R.K. Mackay, M.T. Madotto, F. Mahmood, T.A.E. Mahotra, N.B. Majdan, M. Majdzadeh, R. Majeed, A. Malekzadeh, R. Malik, M.A. Mamun, A.A. Manamo, W.A. Manda, A.-L. Mangalam, S. Mansournia, M.A. Mantovani, L.G. Mapoma, C.C. Marami, D. Maravilla, J.C. Marcenes, W. Marina, S. Martins-Melo, F.R. März, W. Marzan, M.B. Mashamba-Thompson, T.P. Masiye, F. Mason-Jones, A.J. Massenburg, B.B. Mathur, M.R. Maulik, P.K. Mazidi, M. McGrath, J.J. Mehata, S. Mehendale, S.M. Mehndiratta, M.M. Mehrotra, R. Mehrzadi, S. Mehta, K.M. Mehta, V. Mekonnen, T.C. Meles, H.G. Meles, K.G. Melese, A. Melku, M. Memiah, P.T.N. Memish, Z.A. Mendoza, W. Mengesha, M.M. Mengistu, D.T. Mengistu, G. Mensah, G.A. Mereta, S.T. Meretoja, A. Meretoja, T.J. Mestrovic, T. Mezgebe, H.B. Miangotar, Y. Miazgowski, B. Miazgowski, T. Miller, T.R. Miller-Petrie, M.K. Mini, G.K. Mirabi, P. Mirica, A. Mirrakhimov, E.M. Misganaw, A.T. Moazen, B. Mohammad, K.A. Mohammadi, M. Mohammadifard, N. Mohammadi-Khanaposhtani, M. Mohammed, M.A. Mohammed, S. Mokdad, A.H. Mola, G.D. Molokhia, M. Monasta, L. Montañez, J.C. Moradi, G. Moradi, M. Moradi-Lakeh, M. Moradinazar, M. Moraga, P. Morgado-Da-Costa, J. Mori, R. Morrison, S.D. Mosapour, A. Moschos, M.M. Mousavi, S.M. Muche, A.A. Muchie, K.F. Mueller, U.O. Mukhopadhyay, S. Murphy, T.B. Muller, K. Murthy, G.V.S. Musa, J. Musa, K.I. Mustafa, G. Muthupandian, S. Nachega, J.B. Nagel, G. Naghavi, M. Naheed, A. Nahvijou, A. Naik, G. Naik, P. Najafi, F. Naldi, L. Nangia, V. Nansseu, J.R. Nascimento, B.R. Nawaz, H. Ncama, B.P. Neamati, N. Negoi, I. Negoi, R.I. Neupane, S. Newton, C.R.J. Ngalesoni, F.N. Ngunjiri, J.W. Nguyen, G. Nguyen, L.H. Nguyen, T.H. Ningrum, D.N.A. Nirayo, Y.L. Nisar, M.I. Nixon, M.R. Nomura, S. Noroozi, M. Noubiap, J.J. Nouri, H.R. Nourollahpour Shiadeh, M. Nowroozi, M.R. Nyandwi, A. Nyasulu, P.S. Odell, C.M. Ofori-Asenso, R. Ogah, O.S. Ogbo, F.A. Oh, I.-H. Okoro, A. Oladimeji, O. Olagunju, A.T. Olagunju, T.O. Olivares, P.R. Olusanya, B.O. Olusanya, J.O. Ong, S.K. Ortiz, A. Osgood-Zimmerman, A. Ota, E. Otieno, B.A. Otstavnov, S.S. Owolabi, M.O. Oyekale, A.S. Mahesh, P.A. Pakhale, S. Pakhare, A.P. Pana, A. Panda, B.K. Panda-Jonas, S. Pandey, A.R. Park, E.-K. Parsian, H. Patel, S. Patil, S.T. Patle, A. Patton, G.C. Paturi, V.R. Paudel, D. Pedroso, M.M. Peprah, E.K. Pereira, D.M. Perico, N. Pesudovs, K. Petri, W.A. Petzold, M. Pierce, M. Pigott, D.M. Pillay, J.D. Pirsaheb, M. Polanczyk, G.V. Postma, M.J. Pourmalek, F. Pourshams, A. Poustchi, H. Prakash, S. Prasad, N. Purcell, C.A. Purwar, M.B. Qorbani, M. Quansah, R. Radfar, A. Rafay, A. Rafiei, A. Rahim, F. Rahimi-Movaghar, A. Rahimi-Movaghar, V. Rahman, M. Rahman, M.S. Ur Rahman, M.H. Rahman, M.A. Ur Rahman, S. Rai, R.K. Rajati, F. Rajsic, S. Ram, U. Ranabhat, C.L. Ranjan, P. Rawaf, D.L. Rawaf, S. Ray, S.E. Razo-García, C. Reiner, R.C. Reis, C. Remuzzi, G. Renzaho, A.M.N. Resnikoff, S. Rezaei, S. Rezaeian, S. Rezai, M.S. Riahi, S.M. Rios-Blancas, M.J. Roba, K.T. Roberts, N.L.S. Roever, L. Ronfani, L. Roshandel, G. Rostami, A. Rubagotti, E. Ruhago, G.M. Sabde, Y.D. Sachdev, P.S. Saddik, B. Moghaddam, S.S. Safari, H. Safari, Y. Safari-Faramani, R. Safdarian, M. Safi, S. Safiri, S. Sagar, R. Sahebkar, A. Sahraian, M.A. Sajadi, H.S. Salahshoor, M. Salam, N. Salama, J.S. Salamati, P. Saldanha, R.D.F. Saleem, Z. Salimi, Y. Salimzadeh, H. Salomon, J.A. Salvi, S.S. Salz, I. Sambala, E.Z. Samy, A.M. Sanabria, J. Sanchez-Niño, M.D. Santos, I.S. Santric Milicevic, M.M. Sao Jose, B.P. Sardana, M. Sarker, A.R. Sarmiento-Suárez, R. Saroshe, S. Sarrafzadegan, N. Sartorius, B. Sarvi, S. Sathian, B. Satpathy, M. Sawant, A.R. Sawhney, M. Saxena, S. Schaeffner, E. Schelonka, K. Schneider, I.J.C. Schwebel, D.C. Schwendicke, F. Seedat, S. Sekerija, M. Sepanlou, S.G. Serván-Mori, E. Shabaninejad, H. Shackelford, K.A. Shafieesabet, A. Shaheen, A.A. Shaikh, M.A. Shakir, R.A. Shams-Beyranvand, M. Shamsi, M. Shamsizadeh, M. Sharafi, H. Sharafi, K. Sharif, M. Sharif-Alhoseini, M. Sharma, J. Sharma, R. She, J. Sheikh, A. Shi, P. Shibuya, K. Shigematsu, M. Shiri, R. Shirkoohi, R. Shiue, I. Shokraneh, F. Shukla, S.R. Si, S. Siabani, S. 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Tsegay, A. Tsilimparis, N. Car, L.T. Ukwaja, K.N. Ullah, I. Usman, M.S. Uthman, O.A. Uzun, S.B. Vaduganathan, M. Vaezi, A. Vaidya, G. Valdez, P.R. Varavikova, E. Varughese, S. Vasankari, T.J. Vasconcelos, A.M.N. Venketasubramanian, N. Villafaina, S. Violante, F.S. Vladimirov, S.K. Vlassov, V. Vollset, S.E. Vos, T. Vosoughi, K. Vujcic, I.S. Wagnew, F.S. Waheed, Y. Walson, J.L. Wang, Y. Wang, Y.-P. Weiderpass, E. Weintraub, R.G. Weldegwergs, K.G. Werdecker, A. Westerman, R. Whiteford, H. Widecka, J. Widecka, K. Wijeratne, T. Winkler, A.S. Wiysonge, C.S. Wolfe, C.D.A. Wu, S. Wyper, G.M.A. Xu, G. Yamada, T. Yano, Y. Yaseri, M. Yasin, Y.J. Ye, P. Yentür, G.K. Yeshaneh, A. Yimer, E.M. Yip, P. Yisma, E. Yonemoto, N. Yoon, S.-J. Yotebieng, M. Younis, M.Z. Yousefifard, M. Yu, C. Zadnik, V. Zaidi, Z. Zaman, S.B. Zamani, M. Zare, Z. Zeleke, M.M. Zenebe, Z.M. Zerfu, T.A. Zhang, X. Zhao, X.-J. Zhou, M. Zhu, J. Zimsen, S.R.M. Zodpey, S. Zoeckler, L. Lopez, A.D. Lim, S.S. GBD 2017 Population Fertility Collaborators
Abstract: Background: Population estimates underpin demographic and epidemiological research and are used to track progress on numerous international indicators of health and development. To date, internationally available estimates of population and fertility, although useful, have not been produced with transparent and replicable methods and do not use standardised estimates of mortality. We present single-calendar year and single-year of age estimates of fertility and population by sex with standardised and replicable methods. Methods: We estimated population in 195 locations by single year of age and single calendar year from 1950 to 2017 with standardised and replicable methods. We based the estimates on the demographic balancing equation, with inputs of fertility, mortality, population, and migration data. Fertility data came from 7817 location-years of vital registration data, 429 surveys reporting complete birth histories, and 977 surveys and censuses reporting summary birth histories. We estimated age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs; the annual number of livebirths to women of a specified age group per 1000 women in that age group) by use of spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression and used the ASFRs to estimate total fertility rates (TFRs; the average number of children a woman would bear if she survived through the end of the reproductive age span [age 10–54 years] and experienced at each age a particular set of ASFRs observed in the year of interest). Because of sparse data, fertility at ages 10–14 years and 50–54 years was estimated from data on fertility in women aged 15–19 years and 45–49 years, through use of linear regression. Age-specific mortality data came from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 estimates. Data on population came from 1257 censuses and 761 population registry location-years and were adjusted for underenumeration and age misreporting with standard demographic methods. Migration was estimated with the GBD Bayesian demographic balancing model, after incorporating information about refugee migration into the model prior. Final population estimates used the cohort-component method of population projection, with inputs of fertility, mortality, and migration data. Population uncertainty was estimated by use of out-of-sample predictive validity testing. With these data, we estimated the trends in population by age and sex and in fertility by age between 1950 and 2017 in 195 countries and territories. Findings: From 1950 to 2017, TFRs decreased by 49·4% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 46·4–52·0). The TFR decreased from 4·7 livebirths (4·5–4·9) to 2·4 livebirths (2·2–2·5), and the ASFR of mothers aged 10–19 years decreased from 37 livebirths (34–40) to 22 livebirths (19–24) per 1000 women. Despite reductions in the TFR, the global population has been increasing by an average of 83·8 million people per year since 1985. The global population increased by 197·2% (193·3–200·8) since 1950, from 2·6 billion (2·5–2·6) to 7·6 billion (7·4–7·9) people in 2017; much of this increase was in the proportion of the global population in south Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. The global annual rate of population growth increased between 1950 and 1964, when it peaked at 2·0%; this rate then remained nearly constant until 1970 and then decreased to 1·1% in 2017. Population growth rates in the southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania GBD super-region decreased from 2·5% in 1963 to 0·7% in 2017, whereas in sub-Saharan Africa, population growth rates were almost at the highest reported levels ever in 2017, when they were at 2·7%. The global average age increased from 26·6 years in 1950 to 32·1 years in 2017, and the proportion of the population that is of working age (age 15–64 years) increased from 59·9% to 65·3%. At the national level, the TFR decreased in all countries and territories between 1950 and 2017; in 2017, TFRs ranged from a low of 1·0 livebirths (95% UI 0·9–1·2) in Cyprus to a high of 7·1 livebirths (6·8–7·4) in Niger. The TFR under age 25 years (TFU25; number of livebirths expected by age 25 years for a hypothetical woman who survived the age group and was exposed to current ASFRs) in 2017 ranged from 0·08 livebirths (0·07–0·09) in South Korea to 2·4 livebirths (2·2–2·6) in Niger, and the TFR over age 30 years (TFO30; number of livebirths expected for a hypothetical woman ageing from 30 to 54 years who survived the age group and was exposed to current ASFRs) ranged from a low of 0·3 livebirths (0·3–0·4) in Puerto Rico to a high of 3·1 livebirths (3·0–3·2) in Niger. TFO30 was higher than TFU25 in 145 countries and territories in 2017. 33 countries had a negative population growth rate from 2010 to 2017, most of which were located in central, eastern, and western Europe, whereas population growth rates of more than 2·0% were seen in 33 of 46 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. In 2017, less than 65% of the national population was of working age in 12 of 34 high-income countries, and less than 50% of the national population was of working age in Mali, Chad, and Niger. Interpretation: Population trends create demographic dividends and headwinds (ie, economic benefits and detriments) that affect national economies and determine national planning needs. Although TFRs are decreasing, the global population continues to grow as mortality declines, with diverse patterns at the national level and across age groups. To our knowledge, this is the first study to provide transparent and replicable estimates of population and fertility, which can be used to inform decision making and to monitor progress. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
Published: 2018

35. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 359 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author: Kyu, H.H. Abate, D. Abate, K.H. Abay, S.M. Abbafati, C. Abbasi, N. Abbastabar, H. Abd-Allah, F. Abdela, J. Abdelalim, A. Abdollahpour, I. Abdulkader, R.S. Abebe, M. Abebe, Z. Abil, O.Z. Aboyans, V. Abrham, A.R. Abu-Raddad, L.J. Abu-Rmeileh, N.M.E. Accrombessi, M.M.K. Acharya, D. Acharya, P. Ackerman, I.N. Adamu, A.A. Adebayo, O.M. Adekanmbi, V. Ademi, Z. Adetokunboh, O.O. Adib, M.G. Adsuar, J.C. Afanvi, K.A. Afarideh, M. Afshin, A. Agarwal, G. Agesa, K.M. Aggarwal, R. Aghayan, S.A. Agrawal, A. Ahmadi, A. Ahmadi, M. Ahmadieh, H. Ahmed, M.B. Ahmed, S. Aichour, A.N. Aichour, I. Aichour, M.T.E. Akinyemiju, T. Akseer, N. Al-Aly, Z. Al-Eyadhy, A. Al-Mekhlafi, H.M. Al-Raddadi, R.M. Alahdab, F. Alam, K. Alam, T. Alashi, A. Alavian, S.M. Alene, K.A. Alijanzadeh, M. Alizadeh-Navaei, R. Aljunid, S.M. Alkerwi, A. Alla, F. Allebeck, P. Alonso, J. Alsharif, U. Altirkawi, K. Alvis-Guzman, N. Aminde, L.N. Amini, E. Amiresmaili, M. Ammar, W. Amoako, Y.A. Anber, N.H. Andrei, C.L. Androudi, S. 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Skirbekk, V. Sliwa, K. Smith, D.L. Smith, M. Filho, A.M.S. Sobaih, B.H. Sobhani, S. Soofi, M. Sorensen, R.J.D. Soyiri, I.N. Sposato, L.A. Sreeramareddy, C.T. Srinivasan, V. Stanaway, J.D. Starodubov, V.I. Stein, D.J. Steiner, C. Steiner, T.J. Stokes, M.A. Stovner, L.J. Subart, M.L. Sudaryanto, A. Sufiyan, M.B. Sulo, G. Sunguya, B.F. Sur, P.J. Sykes, B.L. Sylaja, P.N. Sylte, D.O. Szoeke, C.E.I. Tabarés-Seisdedos, R. Tabuchi, T. Tadakamadla, S.K. Tandon, N. Tassew, S.G. Tavakkoli, M. Taveira, N. Taylor, H.R. Tehrani-Banihashemi, A. Tekalign, T.G. Tekelemedhin, S.W. Tekle, M.G. Temsah, M.-H. Temsah, O. Terkawi, A.S. Tessema, B. Teweldemedhin, M. Thankappan, K.R. Theis, A. Thirunavukkarasu, S. Thomas, N. Tilahun, B. To, Q.G. Tonelli, M. Topor-Madry, R. Torre, A.E. Tortajada-Girbés, M. Touvier, M. Tovani-Palone, M.R. Towbin, J.A. Tran, B.X. Tran, K.B. Troeger, C.E. Tsadik, A.G. Tsoi, D. Tudor Car, L. Tyrovolas, S. Ukwaja, K.N. Ullah, I. Undurraga, E.A. Updike, R.L. Usman, M.S. Uthman, O.A. Vaduganathan, M. Vaezi, A. Valdez, P.R. Varavikova, E. Varughese, S. Vasankari, T.J. Venketasubramanian, N. Villafaina, S. Violante, F.S. Vladimirov, S.K. Vlassov, V. Vollset, S.E. Vos, T. Vosoughi, K. Vujcic, I.S. Wagnew, F.S. Waheed, Y. Wang, Y. Wang, Y.-P. Weiderpass, E. Weintraub, R.G. Weiss, D.J. Weldegebreal, F. Weldegwergs, K.G. Werdecker, A. West, T.E. Westerman, R. Whiteford, H.A. Widecka, J. Wijeratne, T. Williams, H.C. Wilner, L.B. Wilson, S. Winkler, A.S. Wiyeh, A.B. Wiysonge, C.S. Wolfe, C.D.A. Woolf, A.D. Wyper, G.M.A. Xavier, D. Xu, G. Yadgir, S. Yahyazadeh Jabbari, S.H. Yamada, T. Yan, L.L. Yano, Y. Yaseri, M. Yasin, Y.J. Yeshaneh, A. Yimer, E.M. Yip, P. Yisma, E. Yonemoto, N. Yoon, S.-J. Yotebieng, M. Younis, M.Z. Yousefifard, M. Yu, C. Zadnik, V. Zaidi, Z. Zaman, S.B. Zamani, M. Zandian, H. Zar, H.J. Zenebe, Z.M. Zipkin, B. Zhou, M. Zodpey, S. Zucker, I. Zuhlke, L.J. Murray, C.J.L. GBD 2017 DALYs HALE Collaborators
Abstract: Background: How long one lives, how many years of life are spent in good and poor health, and how the population's state of health and leading causes of disability change over time all have implications for policy, planning, and provision of services. We comparatively assessed the patterns and trends of healthy life expectancy (HALE), which quantifies the number of years of life expected to be lived in good health, and the complementary measure of disability-adjusted lifeyears (DALYs), a composite measure of disease burden capturing both premature mortality and prevalence and severityof ill health, for 359 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories over the past 28 years. Methods We used data for age-speci?c mortality rates, years of life lost (YLLs) due to premature mortality, and years lived with disability (YLDs) from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 to calculate HALE and DALYs from 1990 to 2017. We calculated HALE using age-specific mortality rates and YLDs per capita for each location, age, sex, and year. We calculated DALYs for 359 causes as the sum of YLLs and YLDs. We assessed how observed HALE and DALYs differed by country and sex from expected trends based on Sociodemographic Index (SDI). We also analysed HALE by decomposing years of life gained into years spent in good health and in poor health, between 1990 and 2017, and extra years lived by females compared with males. Findings Globally, from 1990 to 2017, life expectancy at birth increased by 7·4 years (95% uncertainty interval 7·1-7·8), from 65·6 years (65·3-65·8) in 1990 to 73·0 years (72·7-73·3) in 2017. The increase in years of life varied from 5·1 years (5·0-5·3) in high SDI countries to 12·0 years (11·3-12·8) in low SDI countries. Of the additional years of life expected at birth, 26·3% (20·1-33·1) were expected to be spent in poor health in high SDI countries compared with 11·7% (8·8-15·1) in low-middle SDI countries. HALE at birth increased by 6·3 years (5·9-6·7), from 57·0 years (54·6-59·1) in 1990 to 63·3 years (60·5-65·7) in 2017. The increase varied from 3·8 years (3·4-4·1) in high SDI countries to 10·5 years (9·8-11·2) in low SDI countries. Even larger variations in HALE than these were observed between countries, ranging from 1·0 year (0·4-1·7) in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (62·4 years [59·9-64·7] in 1990 to 63·5 years [60·9-65·8] in 2017) to 23·7 years (21·9-25·6) in Eritrea (30·7 years [28·9-32·2] in 1990 to 54·4 years [51·5-57·1] in 2017). In most countries, the increase in HALE was smaller than the increase in overall life expectancy, indicating more years lived in poor health. In 180 of 195 countries and territories, females were expected to live longer than males in 2017, with extra years lived varying from 1·4 years (0·6-2·3) in Algeria to 11·9 years (10·9-12·9) in Ukraine. Of the extra years gained, the proportion spent in poor health varied largely across countries, with less than 20% of additional years spent in poor health in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Burundi, and Slovakia, whereas in Bahrain all the extra years were spent in poor health. In 2017, the highest estimate of HALE at birth was in Singapore for both females (75·8 years [72·4-78·7]) and males (72·6 years [69·8-75·0]) and the lowest estimates were in Central African Republic (47·0 years [43·7-50·2] for females and 42·8 years [40·1-45·6] for males). Globally, in 2017, the ?ve leading causes of DALYs were neonatal disorders, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, lower respiratory infections, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Between 1990 and 2017, age-standardised DALY rates decreased by 41·3% (38·8-43·5) for communicable diseases and by 49·8% (47·9-51·6) for neonatal disorders. For non-communicable diseases, global DALYs increased by 40·1% (36·8-43·0), although age-standardised DALY rates decreased by 18·1% (16·0-20·2). Interpretation With increasing life expectancy in most countries, the question of whether the additional years of life gained are spent in good health or poor health has been increasingly relevant because of the potential policy implications, such as health-care provisions and extending retirement ages. In some locations, a large proportion of those additional years are spent in poor health. Large inequalities in HALE and disease burden exist across countries in different SDI quintiles and between sexes. The burden of disabling conditions has serious implications for health system planning and health-related expenditures. Despite the progress made in reducing the burden of communicable diseases and neonatal disorders in low SDI countries, the speed of this progress could be increased by scaling up proven interventions. The global trends among non-communicable diseases indicate that more effort is needed to maximise HALE, such as risk prevention and attention to upstream determinants of health. Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Published: 2018

36. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 Diseases and Injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author: James, S.L. Abate, D. Abate, K.H. Abay, S.M. Abbafati, C. Abbasi, N. Abbastabar, H. Abd-Allah, F. Abdela, J. Abdelalim, A. Abdollahpour, I. Abdulkader, R.S. Abebe, Z. Abera, S.F. Abil, O.Z. Abraha, H.N. Abu-Raddad, L.J. Abu-Rmeileh, N.M.E. Accrombessi, M.M.K. Acharya, D. Acharya, P. Ackerman, I.N. Adamu, A.A. Adebayo, O.M. Adekanmbi, V. Adetokunboh, O.O. Adib, M.G. Adsuar, J.C. Afanvi, K.A. Afarideh, M. Afshin, A. Agarwal, G. Agesa, K.M. Aggarwal, R. Aghayan, S.A. Agrawal, S. Ahmadi, A. Ahmadi, M. Ahmadieh, H. Ahmed, M.B. Aichour, A.N. Aichour, I. Aichour, M.T.E. Akinyemiju, T. Akseer, N. Al-Aly, Z. Al-Eyadhy, A. Al-Mekhlafi, H.M. Al-Raddadi, R.M. Alahdab, F. Alam, K. Alam, T. Alashi, A. Alavian, S.M. Alene, K.A. Alijanzadeh, M. Alizadeh-Navaei, R. Aljunid, S.M. Alkerwi, A. Alla, F. Allebeck, P. Alouani, M.M.L. Altirkawi, K. Alvis-Guzman, N. Amare, A.T. Aminde, L.N. Ammar, W. Amoako, Y.A. Anber, N.H. Andrei, C.L. Androudi, S. Animut, M.D. Anjomshoa, M. Ansha, M.G. Antonio, C.A.T. Anwari, P. Arabloo, J. Arauz, A. Aremu, O. Ariani, F. Armoon, B. Ärnlöv, J. Arora, A. Artaman, A. Aryal, K.K. Asayesh, H. Asghar, R.J. Ataro, Z. Atre, S.R. Ausloos, M. Avila-Burgos, L. Avokpaho, E.F.G.A. Awasthi, A. Ayala Quintanilla, B.P. Ayer, R. Azzopardi, P.S. Babazadeh, A. Badali, H. Badawi, A. Bali, A.G. Ballesteros, K.E. Ballew, S.H. Banach, M. Banoub, J.A.M. Banstola, A. Barac, A. Barboza, M.A. Barker-Collo, S.L. Bärnighausen, T.W. Barrero, L.H. Baune, B.T. Bazargan-Hejazi, S. Bedi, N. Beghi, E. Behzadifar, M. Behzadifar, M. Béjot, Y. Belachew, A.B. Belay, Y.A. Bell, M.L. Bello, A.K. Bensenor, I.M. Bernabe, E. Bernstein, R.S. Beuran, M. Beyranvand, T. Bhala, N. Bhattarai, S. Bhaumik, S. Bhutta, Z.A. Biadgo, B. Bijani, A. Bikbov, B. Bilano, V. Bililign, N. Bin Sayeed, M.S. Bisanzio, D. Blacker, B.F. Blyth, F.M. Bou-Orm, I.R. Boufous, S. Bourne, R. Brady, O.J. Brainin, M. Brant, L.C. Brazinova, A. Breitborde, N.J.K. Brenner, H. Briant, P.S. Briggs, A.M. 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Parry, C.D.H. Patel, S. Pati, S. Patil, S.T. Patle, A. Patton, G.C. Paturi, V.R. Paulson, K.R. Pearce, N. Pereira, D.M. Perico, N. Pesudovs, K. Pham, H.Q. Phillips, M.R. Pigott, D.M. Pillay, J.D. Piradov, M.A. Pirsaheb, M. Pishgar, F. Plana-Ripoll, O. Plass, D. Polinder, S. Popova, S. Postma, M.J. Pourshams, A. Poustchi, H. Prabhakaran, D. Prakash, S. Prakash, V. Purcell, C.A. Purwar, M.B. Qorbani, M. Quistberg, D.A. Radfar, A. Rafay, A. Rafiei, A. Rahim, F. Rahimi, K. Rahimi-Movaghar, A. Rahimi-Movaghar, V. Rahman, M. Ur Rahman, M.H. Rahman, M.A. Rahman, S.U. Rai, R.K. Rajati, F. Ram, U. Ranjan, P. Ranta, A. Rao, P.C. Rawaf, D.L. Rawaf, S. Reddy, K.S. Reiner, R.C. Reinig, N. Reitsma, M.B. Remuzzi, G. Renzaho, A.M.N. Resnikoff, S. Rezaei, S. Rezai, M.S. Ribeiro, A.L.P. Robinson, S.R. Roever, L. Ronfani, L. Roshandel, G. Rostami, A. Roth, G.A. Roy, A. Rubagotti, E. Sachdev, P.S. Sadat, N. Saddik, B. Sadeghi, E. Saeedi Moghaddam, S. Safari, H. Safari, Y. Safari-Faramani, R. Safdarian, M. Safi, S. Safiri, S. Sagar, R. Sahebkar, A. Sahraian, M.A. Sajadi, H.S. Salam, N. Salama, J.S. Salamati, P. Saleem, K. Saleem, Z. Salimi, Y. Salomon, J.A. Salvi, S.S. Salz, I. Samy, A.M. Sanabria, J. Sang, Y. Santomauro, D.F. Santos, I.S. Santos, J.V. Santric Milicevic, M.M. Sao Jose, B.P. Sardana, M. Sarker, A.R. Sarrafzadegan, N. Sartorius, B. Sarvi, S. Sathian, B. Satpathy, M. Sawant, A.R. Sawhney, M. Saxena, S. Saylan, M. Schaeffner, E. Schmidt, M.I. Schneider, I.J.C. Schöttker, B. Schwebel, D.C. Schwendicke, F. Scott, J.G. Sekerija, M. Sepanlou, S.G. Serván-Mori, E. Seyedmousavi, S. Shabaninejad, H. Shafieesabet, A. Shahbazi, M. Shaheen, A.A. Shaikh, M.A. Shams-Beyranvand, M. Shamsi, M. Shamsizadeh, M. Sharafi, H. Sharafi, K. Sharif, M. Sharif-Alhoseini, M. Sharma, M. Sharma, R. She, J. Sheikh, A. Shi, P. Shibuya, K. Shigematsu, M. Shiri, R. Shirkoohi, R. Shishani, K. Shiue, I. Shokraneh, F. Shoman, H. Shrime, M.G. Si, S. Siabani, S. Siddiqi, T.J. Sigfusdottir, I.D. Sigurvinsdottir, R. Silva, J.P. Silveira, D.G.A. Singam, N.S.V. Singh, J.A. Singh, N.P. Singh, V. Sinha, D.N. Skiadaresi, E. Slepak, E.L.N. Sliwa, K. Smith, D.L. Smith, M. Soares Filho, A.M. Sobaih, B.H. Sobhani, S. Sobngwi, E. Soneji, S.S. Soofi, M. Soosaraei, M. Sorensen, R.J.D. Soriano, J.B. Soyiri, I.N. Sposato, L.A. Sreeramareddy, C.T. Srinivasan, V. Stanaway, J.D. Stein, D.J. Steiner, C. Steiner, T.J. Stokes, M.A. Stovner, L.J. Subart, M.L. Sudaryanto, A. Sufiyan, M.B. Sunguya, B.F. Sur, P.J. Sutradhar, I. Sykes, B.L. Sylte, D.O. Tabarés-Seisdedos, R. Tadakamadla, S.K. Tadesse, B.T. Tandon, N. Tassew, S.G. Tavakkoli, M. Taveira, N. Taylor, H.R. Tehrani-Banihashemi, A. Tekalign, T.G. Tekelemedhin, S.W. Tekle, M.G. Temesgen, H. Temsah, M.-H. Temsah, O. Terkawi, A.S. Teweldemedhin, M. Thankappan, K.R. Thomas, N. Tilahun, B. To, Q.G. Tonelli, M. Topor-Madry, R. Topouzis, F. Torre, A.E. Tortajada-Girbés, M. Touvier, M. Tovani-Palone, M.R. Towbin, J.A. Tran, B.X. Tran, K.B. Troeger, C.E. Truelsen, T.C. Tsilimbaris, M.K. Tsoi, D. Tudor Car, L. Tuzcu, E.M. Ukwaja, K.N. Ullah, I. Undurraga, E.A. Unutzer, J. Updike, R.L. Usman, M.S. Uthman, O.A. Vaduganathan, M. Vaezi, A. Valdez, P.R. Varughese, S. Vasankari, T.J. Venketasubramanian, N. Villafaina, S. Violante, F.S. Vladimirov, S.K. Vlassov, V. Vollset, S.E. Vosoughi, K. Vujcic, I.S. Wagnew, F.S. Waheed, Y. Waller, S.G. Wang, Y. Wang, Y.-P. Weiderpass, E. Weintraub, R.G. Weiss, D.J. Weldegebreal, F. Weldegwergs, K.G. Werdecker, A. West, T.E. Whiteford, H.A. Widecka, J. Wijeratne, T. Wilner, L.B. Wilson, S. Winkler, A.S. Wiyeh, A.B. Wiysonge, C.S. Wolfe, C.D.A. Woolf, A.D. Wu, S. Wu, Y.-C. Wyper, G.M.A. Xavier, D. Xu, G. Yadgir, S. Yadollahpour, A. Yahyazadeh Jabbari, S.H. Yamada, T. Yan, L.L. Yano, Y. Yaseri, M. Yasin, Y.J. Yeshaneh, A. Yimer, E.M. Yip, P. Yisma, E. Yonemoto, N. Yoon, S.-J. Yotebieng, M. Younis, M.Z. Yousefifard, M. Yu, C. Zadnik, V. Zaidi, Z. Zaman, S.B. Zamani, M. Zare, Z. Zeleke, A.J. Zenebe, Z.M. Zhang, K. Zhao, Z. Zhou, M. Zodpey, S. Zucker, I. Vos, T. Murray, C.J.L. GBD 2017 Disease Injury Incidence Prevalence Collaborators
Abstract: Background: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017) includes a comprehensive assessment of incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for 354 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2017. Previous GBD studies have shown how the decline of mortality rates from 1990 to 2016 has led to an increase in life expectancy, an ageing global population, and an expansion of the non-fatal burden of disease and injury. These studies have also shown how a substantial portion of the world's population experiences non-fatal health loss with considerable heterogeneity among different causes, locations, ages, and sexes. Ongoing objectives of the GBD study include increasing the level of estimation detail, improving analytical strategies, and increasing the amount of high-quality data. Methods: We estimated incidence and prevalence for 354 diseases and injuries and 3484 sequelae. We used an updated and extensive body of literature studies, survey data, surveillance data, inpatient admission records, outpatient visit records, and health insurance claims, and additionally used results from cause of death models to inform estimates using a total of 68 781 data sources. Newly available clinical data from India, Iran, Japan, Jordan, Nepal, China, Brazil, Norway, and Italy were incorporated, as well as updated claims data from the USA and new claims data from Taiwan (province of China) and Singapore. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, as the main method of estimation, ensuring consistency between rates of incidence, prevalence, remission, and cause of death for each condition. YLDs were estimated as the product of a prevalence estimate and a disability weight for health states of each mutually exclusive sequela, adjusted for comorbidity. We updated the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary development indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and total fertility rate. Additionally, we calculated differences between male and female YLDs to identify divergent trends across sexes. GBD 2017 complies with the Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting. Findings: Globally, for females, the causes with the greatest age-standardised prevalence were oral disorders, headache disorders, and haemoglobinopathies and haemolytic anaemias in both 1990 and 2017. For males, the causes with the greatest age-standardised prevalence were oral disorders, headache disorders, and tuberculosis including latent tuberculosis infection in both 1990 and 2017. In terms of YLDs, low back pain, headache disorders, and dietary iron deficiency were the leading Level 3 causes of YLD counts in 1990, whereas low back pain, headache disorders, and depressive disorders were the leading causes in 2017 for both sexes combined. All-cause age-standardised YLD rates decreased by 3·9% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3·1-4·6) from 1990 to 2017; however, the all-age YLD rate increased by 7·2% (6·0-8·4) while the total sum of global YLDs increased from 562 million (421-723) to 853 million (642-1100). The increases for males and females were similar, with increases in all-age YLD rates of 7·9% (6·6-9·2) for males and 6·5% (5·4-7·7) for females. We found significant differences between males and females in terms of age-standardised prevalence estimates for multiple causes. The causes with the greatest relative differences between sexes in 2017 included substance use disorders (3018 cases [95% UI 2782-3252] per 100 000 in males vs 1400 [1279-1524] per 100 000 in females), transport injuries (3322 [3082-3583] vs 2336 [2154-2535]), and self-harm and interpersonal violence (3265 [2943-3630] vs 5643 [5057-6302]). Interpretation: Global all-cause age-standardised YLD rates have improved only slightly over a period spanning nearly three decades. However, the magnitude of the non-fatal disease burden has expanded globally, with increasing numbers of people who have a wide spectrum of conditions. A subset of conditions has remained globally pervasive since 1990, whereas other conditions have displayed more dynamic trends, with different ages, sexes, and geographies across the globe experiencing varying burdens and trends of health loss. This study emphasises how global improvements in premature mortality for select conditions have led to older populations with complex and potentially expensive diseases, yet also highlights global achievements in certain domains of disease and injury. Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Published: 2018

37. Population and fertility by age and sex for 195 countries and territories, 1950–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author: Murray, C.J.L. Callender, C.S.K.H. Kulikoff, X.R. Srinivasan, V. Abate, D. Abate, K.H. Abay, S.M. Abbasi, N. Abbastabar, H. Abdela, J. Abdelalim, A. Abdel-Rahman, O. Abdi, A. Abdoli, N. Abdollahpour, I. Abdulkader, R.S. Abebe, H.T. Abebe, M. Abebe, Z. Abebo, T.A. Abejie, A.N. Aboyans, V. Abraha, H.N. Abreu, D.M.X. Abrham, A.R. Abu-Raddad, L.J. Abu-Rmeileh, N.M.E. Accrombessi, M.M.K. Acharya, P. Adamu, A.A. Adebayo, O.M. Adedeji, I.A. Adekanmbi, V. Adetokunboh, O.O. Adhena, B.M. Adhikari, T.B. Adib, M.G. Adou, A.K. Adsuar, J.C. Afarideh, M. Afshin, A. Agarwal, G. Agesa, K.M. Aghayan, S.A. Agrawal, S. Ahmadi, A. Ahmadi, M. Ahmed, M.B. Ahmed, S. Aichour, A.N. Aichour, I. Aichour, M.T.E. Akanda, A.S. Akbari, M.E. Akibu, M. Akinyemi, R.O. Akinyemiju, T. Akseer, N. Alahdab, F. Al-Aly, Z. Alam, K. Alebel, A. Aleman, A.V. Alene, K.A. Al-Eyadhy, A. Ali, R. Alijanzadeh, M. Alizadeh-Navaei, R. Aljunid, S.M. Alkerwi, A. Alla, F. Allebeck, P. Almasi, A. Alonso, J. Al-Raddadi, R.M. Alsharif, U. Altirkawi, K. Alvis-Guzman, N. Amare, A.T. Ammar, W. Anber, N.H. Andrei, C.L. Androudi, S. Animut, M.D. Ansari, H. Ansha, M.G. Antonio, C.A.T. Appiah, S.C.Y. Aremu, O. Areri, H.A. Arian, N. Ärnlöv, J. Artaman, A. Aryal, K.K. Asayesh, H. Asfaw, E.T. Asgedom, S.W. Assadi, R. Atey, T.M.M. Atique, S. Atteraya, M.S. Ausloos, M. Avokpaho, E.F.G.A. Awasthi, A. Ayala Quintanilla, B.P. Ayele, Y. Ayer, R. Ayuk, T.B. Azzopardi, P.S. Babalola, T.K. Babazadeh, A. Badali, H. Badawi, A. Bali, A.G. Banach, M. Barker-Collo, S.L. Bärnighausen, T.W. Barrero, L.H. Basaleem, H. Bassat, Q. Basu, A. Baune, B.T. Baynes, H.W. Beghi, E. Behzadifar, M. Behzadifar, M. Bekele, B.B. Belachew, A.B. Belay, A.G. Belay, E. Belay, S.A. Belay, Y.A. Bell, M.L. Bello, A.K. Bennett, D.A. Bensenor, I.M. Bergeron, G. Berhane, A. Berman, A.E. Bernabe, E. Bernstein, R.S. Bertolacci, G.J. Beuran, M. Bhattarai, S. Bhaumik, S. Bhutta, Z.A. Biadgo, B. Bijani, A. Bikbov, B. Bililign, N. Bin Sayeed, M.S. Birlik, S.M. Birungi, C. Biswas and Murray, C.J.L. Callender, C.S.K.H. Kulikoff, X.R. Srinivasan, V. Abate, D. Abate, K.H. Abay, S.M. Abbasi, N. Abbastabar, H. Abdela, J. Abdelalim, A. Abdel-Rahman, O. Abdi, A. Abdoli, N. Abdollahpour, I. Abdulkader, R.S. Abebe, H.T. Abebe, M. Abebe, Z. Abebo, T.A. Abejie, A.N. Aboyans, V. Abraha, H.N. Abreu, D.M.X. Abrham, A.R. Abu-Raddad, L.J. Abu-Rmeileh, N.M.E. Accrombessi, M.M.K. Acharya, P. Adamu, A.A. Adebayo, O.M. Adedeji, I.A. Adekanmbi, V. Adetokunboh, O.O. Adhena, B.M. Adhikari, T.B. Adib, M.G. Adou, A.K. Adsuar, J.C. Afarideh, M. Afshin, A. Agarwal, G. Agesa, K.M. Aghayan, S.A. Agrawal, S. Ahmadi, A. Ahmadi, M. Ahmed, M.B. Ahmed, S. Aichour, A.N. Aichour, I. Aichour, M.T.E. Akanda, A.S. Akbari, M.E. Akibu, M. Akinyemi, R.O. Akinyemiju, T. Akseer, N. Alahdab, F. Al-Aly, Z. Alam, K. Alebel, A. Aleman, A.V. Alene, K.A. Al-Eyadhy, A. Ali, R. Alijanzadeh, M. Alizadeh-Navaei, R. Aljunid, S.M. Alkerwi, A. Alla, F. Allebeck, P. Almasi, A. Alonso, J. Al-Raddadi, R.M. Alsharif, U. Altirkawi, K. Alvis-Guzman, N. Amare, A.T. Ammar, W. Anber, N.H. Andrei, C.L. Androudi, S. Animut, M.D. Ansari, H. Ansha, M.G. Antonio, C.A.T. Appiah, S.C.Y. Aremu, O. Areri, H.A. Arian, N. Ärnlöv, J. Artaman, A. Aryal, K.K. Asayesh, H. Asfaw, E.T. Asgedom, S.W. Assadi, R. Atey, T.M.M. Atique, S. Atteraya, M.S. Ausloos, M. Avokpaho, E.F.G.A. Awasthi, A. Ayala Quintanilla, B.P. Ayele, Y. Ayer, R. Ayuk, T.B. Azzopardi, P.S. Babalola, T.K. Babazadeh, A. Badali, H. Badawi, A. Bali, A.G. Banach, M. Barker-Collo, S.L. Bärnighausen, T.W. Barrero, L.H. Basaleem, H. Bassat, Q. Basu, A. Baune, B.T. Baynes, H.W. Beghi, E. Behzadifar, M. Behzadifar, M. Bekele, B.B. Belachew, A.B. Belay, A.G. Belay, E. Belay, S.A. Belay, Y.A. Bell, M.L. Bello, A.K. Bennett, D.A. Bensenor, I.M. Bergeron, G. Berhane, A. Berman, A.E. Bernabe, E. Bernstein, R.S. Bertolacci, G.J. Beuran, M. Bhattarai, S. Bhaumik, S. Bhutta, Z.A. Biadgo, B. Bijani, A. Bikbov, B. Bililign, N. Bin Sayeed, M.S. Birlik, S.M. Birungi, C. Biswas
Abstract: Background: Population estimates underpin demographic and epidemiological research and are used to track progress on numerous international indicators of health and development. To date, internationally available estimates of population and fertility, although useful, have not been produced with transparent and replicable methods and do not use standardised estimates of mortality. We present single-calendar year and single-year of age estimates of fertility and population by sex with standardised and replicable methods. Methods: We estimated population in 195 locations by single year of age and single calendar year from 1950 to 2017 with standardised and replicable methods. We based the estimates on the demographic balancing equation, with inputs of fertility, mortality, population, and migration data. Fertility data came from 7817 location-years of vital registration data, 429 surveys reporting complete birth histories, and 977 surveys and censuses reporting summary birth histories. We estimated age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs; the annual number of livebirths to women of a specified age group per 1000 women in that age group) by use of spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression and used the ASFRs to estimate total fertility rates (TFRs; the average number of children a woman would bear if she survived through the end of the reproductive age span [age 10–54 years] and experienced at each age a particular set of ASFRs observed in the year of interest). Because of sparse data, fertility at ages 10–14 years and 50–54 years was estimated from data on fertility in women aged 15–19 years and 45–49 years, through use of linear regression. Age-specific mortality data came from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 estimates. Data on population came from 1257 censuses and 761 population registry location-years and were adjusted for underenumeration and age misreporting with standard demographic methods. Migration was estimated with th
Published: 2018

38. Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality and life expectancy, 1950-2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author: Dicker, D. Nguyen, G. Abate, D. Abate, K.H. Abay, S.M. Abbafati, C. Abbasi, N. Abbastabar, H. Abd-Allah, F. Abdela, J. Abdelalim, A. Abdel-Rahman, O. Abdi, A. Abdollahpour, I. Abdulkader, R.S. Abdurahman, A.A. Abebe, H.T. Abebe, M. Abebe, Z. Abebo, T.A. Aboyans, V. Abraha, H.N. Abrham, A.R. Abu-Raddad, L.J. Abu-Rmeileh, N.M.E. Accrombessi, M.M.K. Acharya, P. Adebayo, O.M. Adedeji, I.A. Adedoyin, R.A. Adekanmbi, V. Adetokunboh, O.O. Adhena, B.M. Adhikari, T.B. Adib, M.G. Adou, A.K. Adsuar, J.C. Afarideh, M. Afshin, A. Agarwal, G. Aggarwal, R. Aghayan, S.A. Agrawal, S. Agrawal, A. Ahmadi, M. Ahmadi, A. Ahmadieh, H. Ahmed, M.L.C.B. Ahmed, S. Ahmed, M.B. Aichour, A.N. Aichour, I. Aichour, M.T.E. Akanda, A.S. Akbari, M.E. Akibu, M. Akinyemi, R.O. Akinyemiju, T. Akseer, N. Alahdab, F. Al-Aly, Z. Alam, K. Alebel, A. Aleman, A.V. Alene, K.A. Al-Eyadhy, A. Ali, R. Alijanzadeh, M. Alizadeh-Navaei, R. Aljunid, S.M. Alkerwi, A. Alla, F. Allebeck, P. Allen, C.A. Alonso, J. Al-Raddadi, R.M. Alsharif, U. Altirkawi, K. Alvis-Guzman, N. Amare, A.T. Amini, E. Ammar, W. Amoako, Y.A. Anber, N.H. Andrei, C.L. Androudi, S. Animut, M.D. Anjomshoa, M. Anlay, D.Z. Ansari, H. Ansariadi, A. Ansha, M.G. Antonio, C.A.T. Appiah, S.C.Y. Aremu, O. Areri, H.A. Ã„rnlÃ¶v, J. Arora, M. Artaman, A. Aryal, K.K. Asadi-Lari, M. Asayesh, H. Asfaw, E.T. Asgedom, S.W. Assadi, R. Ataro, Z. Atey, T.M.M. Athari, S.S. Atique, S. Atre, S.R. Atteraya, M.S. Attia, E.F. Ausloos, M. Avila-Burgos, L. Avokpaho, E.F.G.A. Awasthi, A. Awuah, B. Ayala Quintanilla, B.P. Ayele, H.T. Ayele, Y. Ayer, R. Ayuk, T.B. Azzopardi, P.S. Azzopardi-Muscat, N. Badali, H. Badawi, A. Balakrishnan, K. Bali, A.G. Banach, M. Banstola, A. Barac, A. Barboza, M.A. Barquera, S. Barrero, L.H. Basaleem, H. Bassat, Q. Basu, A. Basu, S. Baune, B.T. Bazargan-Hejazi, S. Bedi, N. Beghi, E. Behzadifar, M. Behzadifar, M. BÃ©jot, Y. Bekele, B.B. Belachew, A.B. Belay, A.G. Belay, E. Belay, S.A. Belay, Y.A. Bell, M.L. Bello, A.K. Bennett, D.A. Bensenor, I.M and Dicker, D. Nguyen, G. Abate, D. Abate, K.H. Abay, S.M. Abbafati, C. Abbasi, N. Abbastabar, H. Abd-Allah, F. Abdela, J. Abdelalim, A. Abdel-Rahman, O. Abdi, A. Abdollahpour, I. Abdulkader, R.S. Abdurahman, A.A. Abebe, H.T. Abebe, M. Abebe, Z. Abebo, T.A. Aboyans, V. Abraha, H.N. Abrham, A.R. Abu-Raddad, L.J. Abu-Rmeileh, N.M.E. Accrombessi, M.M.K. Acharya, P. Adebayo, O.M. Adedeji, I.A. Adedoyin, R.A. Adekanmbi, V. Adetokunboh, O.O. Adhena, B.M. Adhikari, T.B. Adib, M.G. Adou, A.K. Adsuar, J.C. Afarideh, M. Afshin, A. Agarwal, G. Aggarwal, R. Aghayan, S.A. Agrawal, S. Agrawal, A. Ahmadi, M. Ahmadi, A. Ahmadieh, H. Ahmed, M.L.C.B. Ahmed, S. Ahmed, M.B. Aichour, A.N. Aichour, I. Aichour, M.T.E. Akanda, A.S. Akbari, M.E. Akibu, M. Akinyemi, R.O. Akinyemiju, T. Akseer, N. Alahdab, F. Al-Aly, Z. Alam, K. Alebel, A. Aleman, A.V. Alene, K.A. Al-Eyadhy, A. Ali, R. Alijanzadeh, M. Alizadeh-Navaei, R. Aljunid, S.M. Alkerwi, A. Alla, F. Allebeck, P. Allen, C.A. Alonso, J. Al-Raddadi, R.M. Alsharif, U. Altirkawi, K. Alvis-Guzman, N. Amare, A.T. Amini, E. Ammar, W. Amoako, Y.A. Anber, N.H. Andrei, C.L. Androudi, S. Animut, M.D. Anjomshoa, M. Anlay, D.Z. Ansari, H. Ansariadi, A. Ansha, M.G. Antonio, C.A.T. Appiah, S.C.Y. Aremu, O. Areri, H.A. Ã„rnlÃ¶v, J. Arora, M. Artaman, A. Aryal, K.K. Asadi-Lari, M. Asayesh, H. Asfaw, E.T. Asgedom, S.W. Assadi, R. Ataro, Z. Atey, T.M.M. Athari, S.S. Atique, S. Atre, S.R. Atteraya, M.S. Attia, E.F. Ausloos, M. Avila-Burgos, L. Avokpaho, E.F.G.A. Awasthi, A. Awuah, B. Ayala Quintanilla, B.P. Ayele, H.T. Ayele, Y. Ayer, R. Ayuk, T.B. Azzopardi, P.S. Azzopardi-Muscat, N. Badali, H. Badawi, A. Balakrishnan, K. Bali, A.G. Banach, M. Banstola, A. Barac, A. Barboza, M.A. Barquera, S. Barrero, L.H. Basaleem, H. Bassat, Q. Basu, A. Basu, S. Baune, B.T. Bazargan-Hejazi, S. Bedi, N. Beghi, E. Behzadifar, M. Behzadifar, M. BÃ©jot, Y. Bekele, B.B. Belachew, A.B. Belay, A.G. Belay, E. Belay, S.A. Belay, Y.A. Bell, M.L. Bello, A.K. Bennett, D.A. Bensenor, I.M
Abstract: Background: Assessments of age-specifc mortality and life expectancy have been done by the UN Population Division, Department of Economics and Social Afairs (UNPOP), the United States Census Bureau, WHO, and as part of previous iterations of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD). Previous iterations of the GBD used population estimates from UNPOP, which were not derived in a way that was internally consistent with the estimates of the numbers of deaths in the GBD. The present iteration of the GBD, GBD 2017, improves on previous assessments and provides timely estimates of the mortality experience of populations globally. Methods: The GBD uses all available data to produce estimates of mortality rates between 1950 and 2017 for 23 age groups, both sexes, and 918 locations, including 195 countries and territories and subnational locations for 16 countries. Data used include vital registration systems, sample registration systems, household surveys (complete birth histories, summary birth histories, sibling histories), censuses (summary birth histories, household deaths), and Demographic Surveillance Sites. In total, this analysis used 8259 data sources. Estimates of the probability of death between birth and the age of 5 years and between ages 15 and 60 years are generated and then input into a model life table system to produce complete life tables for all locations and years. Fatal discontinuities and mortality due to HIV/AIDS are analysed separately and then incorporated into the estimation. We analyse the relationship between age-specifc mortality and development status using the Socio-demographic Index, a composite measure based on fertility under the age of 25 years, education, and income. There are four main methodological improvements in GBD 2017 compared with GBD 2016: 622 additional data sources have been incorporated; new estimates of population, generated by the GBD study, are used; statistical methods used in diferent compon
Published: 2018

39. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 Diseases and Injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author: James, S.L. Abate, D. Abate, K.H. Abay, S.M. Abbafati, C. Abbasi, N. Abbastabar, H. Abd-Allah, F. Abdela, J. Abdelalim, A. Abdollahpour, I. Abdulkader, R.S. Abebe, Z. Abera, S.F. Abil, O.Z. Abraha, H.N. Abu-Raddad, L.J. Abu-Rmeileh, N.M.E. Accrombessi, M.M.K. Acharya, D. Acharya, P. Ackerman, I.N. Adamu, A.A. Adebayo, O.M. Adekanmbi, V. Adetokunboh, O.O. Adib, M.G. Adsuar, J.C. Afanvi, K.A. Afarideh, M. Afshin, A. Agarwal, G. Agesa, K.M. Aggarwal, R. Aghayan, S.A. Agrawal, S. Ahmadi, A. Ahmadi, M. Ahmadieh, H. Ahmed, M.B. Aichour, A.N. Aichour, I. Aichour, M.T.E. Akinyemiju, T. Akseer, N. Al-Aly, Z. Al-Eyadhy, A. Al-Mekhlafi, H.M. Al-Raddadi, R.M. Alahdab, F. Alam, K. Alam, T. Alashi, A. Alavian, S.M. Alene, K.A. Alijanzadeh, M. Alizadeh-Navaei, R. Aljunid, S.M. Alkerwi, A. Alla, F. Allebeck, P. Alouani, M.M.L. Altirkawi, K. Alvis-Guzman, N. Amare, A.T. Aminde, L.N. Ammar, W. Amoako, Y.A. Anber, N.H. Andrei, C.L. Androudi, S. Animut, M.D. Anjomshoa, M. Ansha, M.G. Antonio, C.A.T. Anwari, P. Arabloo, J. Arauz, A. Aremu, O. Ariani, F. Armoon, B. Ärnlöv, J. Arora, A. Artaman, A. Aryal, K.K. Asayesh, H. Asghar, R.J. Ataro, Z. Atre, S.R. Ausloos, M. Avila-Burgos, L. Avokpaho, E.F.G.A. Awasthi, A. Ayala Quintanilla, B.P. Ayer, R. Azzopardi, P.S. Babazadeh, A. Badali, H. Badawi, A. Bali, A.G. Ballesteros, K.E. Ballew, S.H. Banach, M. Banoub, J.A.M. Banstola, A. Barac, A. Barboza, M.A. Barker-Collo, S.L. Bärnighausen, T.W. Barrero, L.H. Baune, B.T. Bazargan-Hejazi, S. Bedi, N. Beghi, E. Behzadifar, M. Behzadifar, M. Béjot, Y. Belachew, A.B. Belay, Y.A. Bell, M.L. Bello, A.K. Bensenor, I.M. Bernabe, E. Bernstein, R.S. Beuran, M. Beyranvand, T. Bhala, N. Bhattarai, S. Bhaumik, S. Bhutta, Z.A. Biadgo, B. Bijani, A. Bikbov, B. Bilano, V. Bililign, N. Bin Sayeed, M.S. Bisanzio, D. Blacker, B.F. Blyth, F.M. Bou-Orm, I.R. Boufous, S. Bourne, R. Brady, O.J. Brainin, M. Brant, L.C. Brazinova, A. Breitborde, N.J.K. Brenner, H. Briant, P.S. Briggs, A.M. Briko, A.N. Britton, G. Brugha and James, S.L. Abate, D. Abate, K.H. Abay, S.M. Abbafati, C. Abbasi, N. Abbastabar, H. Abd-Allah, F. Abdela, J. Abdelalim, A. Abdollahpour, I. Abdulkader, R.S. Abebe, Z. Abera, S.F. Abil, O.Z. Abraha, H.N. Abu-Raddad, L.J. Abu-Rmeileh, N.M.E. Accrombessi, M.M.K. Acharya, D. Acharya, P. Ackerman, I.N. Adamu, A.A. Adebayo, O.M. Adekanmbi, V. Adetokunboh, O.O. Adib, M.G. Adsuar, J.C. Afanvi, K.A. Afarideh, M. Afshin, A. Agarwal, G. Agesa, K.M. Aggarwal, R. Aghayan, S.A. Agrawal, S. Ahmadi, A. Ahmadi, M. Ahmadieh, H. Ahmed, M.B. Aichour, A.N. Aichour, I. Aichour, M.T.E. Akinyemiju, T. Akseer, N. Al-Aly, Z. Al-Eyadhy, A. Al-Mekhlafi, H.M. Al-Raddadi, R.M. Alahdab, F. Alam, K. Alam, T. Alashi, A. Alavian, S.M. Alene, K.A. Alijanzadeh, M. Alizadeh-Navaei, R. Aljunid, S.M. Alkerwi, A. Alla, F. Allebeck, P. Alouani, M.M.L. Altirkawi, K. Alvis-Guzman, N. Amare, A.T. Aminde, L.N. Ammar, W. Amoako, Y.A. Anber, N.H. Andrei, C.L. Androudi, S. Animut, M.D. Anjomshoa, M. Ansha, M.G. Antonio, C.A.T. Anwari, P. Arabloo, J. Arauz, A. Aremu, O. Ariani, F. Armoon, B. Ärnlöv, J. Arora, A. Artaman, A. Aryal, K.K. Asayesh, H. Asghar, R.J. Ataro, Z. Atre, S.R. Ausloos, M. Avila-Burgos, L. Avokpaho, E.F.G.A. Awasthi, A. Ayala Quintanilla, B.P. Ayer, R. Azzopardi, P.S. Babazadeh, A. Badali, H. Badawi, A. Bali, A.G. Ballesteros, K.E. Ballew, S.H. Banach, M. Banoub, J.A.M. Banstola, A. Barac, A. Barboza, M.A. Barker-Collo, S.L. Bärnighausen, T.W. Barrero, L.H. Baune, B.T. Bazargan-Hejazi, S. Bedi, N. Beghi, E. Behzadifar, M. Behzadifar, M. Béjot, Y. Belachew, A.B. Belay, Y.A. Bell, M.L. Bello, A.K. Bensenor, I.M. Bernabe, E. Bernstein, R.S. Beuran, M. Beyranvand, T. Bhala, N. Bhattarai, S. Bhaumik, S. Bhutta, Z.A. Biadgo, B. Bijani, A. Bikbov, B. Bilano, V. Bililign, N. Bin Sayeed, M.S. Bisanzio, D. Blacker, B.F. Blyth, F.M. Bou-Orm, I.R. Boufous, S. Bourne, R. Brady, O.J. Brainin, M. Brant, L.C. Brazinova, A. Breitborde, N.J.K. Brenner, H. Briant, P.S. Briggs, A.M. Briko, A.N. Britton, G. Brugha
Abstract: Background: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017) includes a comprehensive assessment of incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for 354 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2017. Previous GBD studies have shown how the decline of mortality rates from 1990 to 2016 has led to an increase in life expectancy, an ageing global population, and an expansion of the non-fatal burden of disease and injury. These studies have also shown how a substantial portion of the world's population experiences non-fatal health loss with considerable heterogeneity among different causes, locations, ages, and sexes. Ongoing objectives of the GBD study include increasing the level of estimation detail, improving analytical strategies, and increasing the amount of high-quality data. Methods: We estimated incidence and prevalence for 354 diseases and injuries and 3484 sequelae. We used an updated and extensive body of literature studies, survey data, surveillance data, inpatient admission records, outpatient visit records, and health insurance claims, and additionally used results from cause of death models to inform estimates using a total of 68 781 data sources. Newly available clinical data from India, Iran, Japan, Jordan, Nepal, China, Brazil, Norway, and Italy were incorporated, as well as updated claims data from the USA and new claims data from Taiwan (province of China) and Singapore. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, as the main method of estimation, ensuring consistency between rates of incidence, prevalence, remission, and cause of death for each condition. YLDs were estimated as the product of a prevalence estimate and a disability weight for health states of each mutually exclusive sequela, adjusted for comorbidity. We updated the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary development indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and total fertility rate. Additionally
Published: 2018

40. Measuring progress from 1990 to 2017 and projecting attainment to 2030 of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals for 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author: Lozano, R. Fullman, N. Abate, D. Abay, S.M. Abbafati, C. Abbasi, N. Abbastabar, H. Abd-Allah, F. Abdela, J. Abdelalim, A. Abdel-Rahman, O. Abdi, A. Abdollahpour, I. Abdulkader, R.S. Abebe, N.D. Abebe, Z. Abejie, A.N. Abera, S.F. Abil, O.Z. Aboyans, V. Abraha, H.N. Abrham, A.R. Abu-Raddad, L.J. Abu-Rmeileh, N.M. Abyu, G.Y. Accrombessi, M.M.K. Acharya, D. Acharya, P. Adamu, A.A. Adebayo, O.M. Adedeji, I.A. Adedoyin, R.A. Adekanmbi, V. Adetokunboh, O.O. Adhena, B.M. Adhikari, T.B. Adib, M.G. Adou, A.K. Adsuar, J.C. Afarideh, M. Afshari, M. Afshin, A. Agarwal, G. Aghayan, S.A. Agius, D. Agrawal, A. Agrawal, S. Ahmadi, A. Ahmadi, M. Ahmadieh, H. Ahmed, M.B. Ahmed, S. Akalu, T.Y. Akanda, A.S. Akbari, M.E. Akibu, M. Akinyemi, R.O. Akinyemiju, T. Akseer, N. Alahdab, F. Al-Aly, Z. Alam, K. Alam, T. Albujeer, A. Alebel, A. Alene, K.A. Al-Eyadhy, A. Alhabib, S. Ali, R. Alijanzadeh, M. Alizadeh-Navaei, R. Aljunid, S.M. Alkerwi, A. Alla, F. Allebeck, P. Allen, C.A. Almasi, A. Al-Maskari, F. Al-Mekhlafi, H.M. Alonso, J. Al-Raddadi, R.M. Alsharif, U. Altirkawi, K. Alvis-Guzman, N. Amare, A.T. Amenu, K. Amini, E. Ammar, W. Anber, N.H. Anderson, J.A. Andrei, C.L. Androudi, S. Animut, M.D. Anjomshoa, M. Ansari, H. Ansariadi, A. Ansha, M.G. Antonio, C.A.T. Anwari, P. Appiah, L.T. Aremu, O. Areri, H.A. Ärnlöv, J. Arora, M. Aryal, K.K. Asayesh, H. Asfaw, E.T. Asgedom, S.W. Asghar, R.J. Assadi, R. Ataro, Z. Atique, S. Atre, S.R. Atteraya, M.S. Ausloos, M. Avila-Burgos, L. Avokpaho, E.F.G.A. Awasthi, A. Quintanilla, B.P.A. Ayele, H.T. Ayele, Y. Ayer, R. Azarpazhooh, M.R. Azzopardi, P.S. Azzopardi-Muscat, N. Babalola, T.K. Babazadeh, A. Badali, H. Badawi, A. Balakrishnan, K. Bali, A.G. Banach, M. Banerjee, A. Banoub, J.A.M. Banstola, A. Barac, A. Barboza, M.A. Barker-Collo, S.L. Bärnighausen, T.W. Barrero, L.H. Barthelemy, C.M. Bassat, Q. Basu, A. Basu, S. Battista, R.J. Baune, B.T. Baynes, H.W. Bazargan-Hejazi, S. Bedi, N. Beghi, E. Behzadifar, M. Behzadifar, M. Béjot, Y. Bekele, B.B. Bel and Lozano, R. Fullman, N. Abate, D. Abay, S.M. Abbafati, C. Abbasi, N. Abbastabar, H. Abd-Allah, F. Abdela, J. Abdelalim, A. Abdel-Rahman, O. Abdi, A. Abdollahpour, I. Abdulkader, R.S. Abebe, N.D. Abebe, Z. Abejie, A.N. Abera, S.F. Abil, O.Z. Aboyans, V. Abraha, H.N. Abrham, A.R. Abu-Raddad, L.J. Abu-Rmeileh, N.M. Abyu, G.Y. Accrombessi, M.M.K. Acharya, D. Acharya, P. Adamu, A.A. Adebayo, O.M. Adedeji, I.A. Adedoyin, R.A. Adekanmbi, V. Adetokunboh, O.O. Adhena, B.M. Adhikari, T.B. Adib, M.G. Adou, A.K. Adsuar, J.C. Afarideh, M. Afshari, M. Afshin, A. Agarwal, G. Aghayan, S.A. Agius, D. Agrawal, A. Agrawal, S. Ahmadi, A. Ahmadi, M. Ahmadieh, H. Ahmed, M.B. Ahmed, S. Akalu, T.Y. Akanda, A.S. Akbari, M.E. Akibu, M. Akinyemi, R.O. Akinyemiju, T. Akseer, N. Alahdab, F. Al-Aly, Z. Alam, K. Alam, T. Albujeer, A. Alebel, A. Alene, K.A. Al-Eyadhy, A. Alhabib, S. Ali, R. Alijanzadeh, M. Alizadeh-Navaei, R. Aljunid, S.M. Alkerwi, A. Alla, F. Allebeck, P. Allen, C.A. Almasi, A. Al-Maskari, F. Al-Mekhlafi, H.M. Alonso, J. Al-Raddadi, R.M. Alsharif, U. Altirkawi, K. Alvis-Guzman, N. Amare, A.T. Amenu, K. Amini, E. Ammar, W. Anber, N.H. Anderson, J.A. Andrei, C.L. Androudi, S. Animut, M.D. Anjomshoa, M. Ansari, H. Ansariadi, A. Ansha, M.G. Antonio, C.A.T. Anwari, P. Appiah, L.T. Aremu, O. Areri, H.A. Ärnlöv, J. Arora, M. Aryal, K.K. Asayesh, H. Asfaw, E.T. Asgedom, S.W. Asghar, R.J. Assadi, R. Ataro, Z. Atique, S. Atre, S.R. Atteraya, M.S. Ausloos, M. Avila-Burgos, L. Avokpaho, E.F.G.A. Awasthi, A. Quintanilla, B.P.A. Ayele, H.T. Ayele, Y. Ayer, R. Azarpazhooh, M.R. Azzopardi, P.S. Azzopardi-Muscat, N. Babalola, T.K. Babazadeh, A. Badali, H. Badawi, A. Balakrishnan, K. Bali, A.G. Banach, M. Banerjee, A. Banoub, J.A.M. Banstola, A. Barac, A. Barboza, M.A. Barker-Collo, S.L. Bärnighausen, T.W. Barrero, L.H. Barthelemy, C.M. Bassat, Q. Basu, A. Basu, S. Battista, R.J. Baune, B.T. Baynes, H.W. Bazargan-Hejazi, S. Bedi, N. Beghi, E. Behzadifar, M. Behzadifar, M. Béjot, Y. Bekele, B.B. Bel
Abstract: Background: Efforts to establish the 2015 baseline and monitor early implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) highlight both great potential for and threats to improving health by 2030. To fully deliver on the SDG aim of “leaving no one behind”, it is increasingly important to examine the health-related SDGs beyond national-level estimates. As part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017), we measured progress on 41 of 52 health-related SDG indicators and estimated the health-related SDG index for 195 countries and territories for the period 1990–2017, projected indicators to 2030, and analysed global attainment. Methods: We measured progress on 41 health-related SDG indicators from 1990 to 2017, an increase of four indicators since GBD 2016 (new indicators were health worker density, sexual violence by non-intimate partners, population census status, and prevalence of physical and sexual violence [reported separately]). We also improved the measurement of several previously reported indicators. We constructed national-level estimates and, for a subset of health-related SDGs, examined indicator-level differences by sex and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile. We also did subnational assessments of performance for selected countries. To construct the health-related SDG index, we transformed the value for each indicator on a scale of 0–100, with 0 as the 2·5th percentile and 100 as the 97·5th percentile of 1000 draws calculated from 1990 to 2030, and took the geometric mean of the scaled indicators by target. To generate projections through 2030, we used a forecasting framework that drew estimates from the broader GBD study and used weighted averages of indicator-specific and country-specific annualised rates of change from 1990 to 2017 to inform future estimates. We assessed attainment of indicators with defined targets in two ways: first, using mean values projected for 2030, and then using the probab
Published: 2018

41. Erratum: Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 (The Lancet (2018) 392(10159) (1736–1788)(S0140673618322037)(10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32203-7))

Author: GBD 2017 Causes of Death Collaborators Roth, G.A. Abate, D. Abate, K.H. Abay, S.M. Abbafati, C. Abbasi, N. Abbastabar, H. Abd-Allah, F. Abdela, J. Abdelalim, A. Abdollahpour, I. Abdulkader, R.S. Abebe, H.T. Abebe, M. Abebe, Z. Abejie, A.N. Abera, S.F. Abil, O.Z. Abraha, H.N. Abrham, A.R. Abu-Raddad, L.J. Accrombessi, M.M.K. Acharya, D. Adamu, A.A. Adebayo, O.M. Adedoyin, R.A. Adekanmbi, V. Adetokunboh, O.O. Adhena, B.M. Adib, M.G. Admasie, A. Afshin, A. Agarwal, G. Agesa, K.M. Agrawal, A. Agrawal, S. Ahmadi, A. Ahmadi, M. Ahmed, M.B. Ahmed, S. Aichour, A.N. Aichour, I. Aichour, M.T.E. Akbari, M.E. Akinyemi, R.O. Akseer, N. Al-Aly, Z. Al-Eyadhy, A. Al-Raddadi, R.M. Alahdab, F. Alam, K. Alam, T. Alebel, A. Alene, K.A. Alijanzadeh, M. Alizadeh-Navaei, R. Aljunid, S.M. Alkerwi, A. Alla, F. Allebeck, P. Alonso, J. Altirkawi, K. Alvis-Guzman, N. Amare, A.T. Aminde, L.N. Amini, E. Ammar, W. Amoako, Y.A. Anber, N.H. Andrei, C.L. Androudi, S. Animut, M.D. Anjomshoa, M. Ansari, H. Ansha, M.G. Antonio, C.A.T. Anwari, P. Aremu, O. Arnlov, J. Arora, A. Arora, M. Artaman, A. Aryal, K.K. Asayesh, H. Asfaw, E.T. Ataro, Z. Atique, S. Atre, S.R. Ausloos, M. Avokpaho, E.F.G.A. Awasthi, A. Ayala Quintanilla, B.P. Ayele, Y. Ayer, R. Azzopardi, P.S. Babazadeh, A. Bacha, U. Badali, H. Badawi, A. Bali, A.G. Ballesteros, K.E. Banach, M. Banerjee, K. Bannick, M.S. Banoub, J.A.M. Barboza, M.A. Barker-Collo, S.L. Barnighausen, T.W. Barquera, S. Barrero, L.H. Bassat, Q. Basu, S. Baune, B.T. Baynes, H.W. Bazargan-Hejazi, S. Bedi, N. Beghi, E. Behzadifar, M. Behzadifar, M. Bejot, Y. Bekele, B.B. Belachew, A.B. Belay, E. Belay, Y.A. Bell, M.L. Bello, A.K. Bennett, D.A. Bensenor, I.M. Berman, A.E. Bernabe, E. Bernstein, R.S. Bertolacci, G.J. Beuran, M. Beyranvand, T. Bhalla, A. Bhattarai, S. Bhaumik, S. Bhutta, Z.A. Biadgo, B. Biehl, M.H. Bijani, A. Bikbov, B. Bilano, V. Bililign, N. Bin Sayeed, M.S. Bisanzio, D. Biswas, T. Blacker, B.F. Basara, B.B. Borschmann, R. Bosetti, C. Bozorgmehr, K. Brady and GBD 2017 Causes of Death Collaborators Roth, G.A. Abate, D. Abate, K.H. Abay, S.M. Abbafati, C. Abbasi, N. Abbastabar, H. Abd-Allah, F. Abdela, J. Abdelalim, A. Abdollahpour, I. Abdulkader, R.S. Abebe, H.T. Abebe, M. Abebe, Z. Abejie, A.N. Abera, S.F. Abil, O.Z. Abraha, H.N. Abrham, A.R. Abu-Raddad, L.J. Accrombessi, M.M.K. Acharya, D. Adamu, A.A. Adebayo, O.M. Adedoyin, R.A. Adekanmbi, V. Adetokunboh, O.O. Adhena, B.M. Adib, M.G. Admasie, A. Afshin, A. Agarwal, G. Agesa, K.M. Agrawal, A. Agrawal, S. Ahmadi, A. Ahmadi, M. Ahmed, M.B. Ahmed, S. Aichour, A.N. Aichour, I. Aichour, M.T.E. Akbari, M.E. Akinyemi, R.O. Akseer, N. Al-Aly, Z. Al-Eyadhy, A. Al-Raddadi, R.M. Alahdab, F. Alam, K. Alam, T. Alebel, A. Alene, K.A. Alijanzadeh, M. Alizadeh-Navaei, R. Aljunid, S.M. Alkerwi, A. Alla, F. Allebeck, P. Alonso, J. Altirkawi, K. Alvis-Guzman, N. Amare, A.T. Aminde, L.N. Amini, E. Ammar, W. Amoako, Y.A. Anber, N.H. Andrei, C.L. Androudi, S. Animut, M.D. Anjomshoa, M. Ansari, H. Ansha, M.G. Antonio, C.A.T. Anwari, P. Aremu, O. Arnlov, J. Arora, A. Arora, M. Artaman, A. Aryal, K.K. Asayesh, H. Asfaw, E.T. Ataro, Z. Atique, S. Atre, S.R. Ausloos, M. Avokpaho, E.F.G.A. Awasthi, A. Ayala Quintanilla, B.P. Ayele, Y. Ayer, R. Azzopardi, P.S. Babazadeh, A. Bacha, U. Badali, H. Badawi, A. Bali, A.G. Ballesteros, K.E. Banach, M. Banerjee, K. Bannick, M.S. Banoub, J.A.M. Barboza, M.A. Barker-Collo, S.L. Barnighausen, T.W. Barquera, S. Barrero, L.H. Bassat, Q. Basu, S. Baune, B.T. Baynes, H.W. Bazargan-Hejazi, S. Bedi, N. Beghi, E. Behzadifar, M. Behzadifar, M. Bejot, Y. Bekele, B.B. Belachew, A.B. Belay, E. Belay, Y.A. Bell, M.L. Bello, A.K. Bennett, D.A. Bensenor, I.M. Berman, A.E. Bernabe, E. Bernstein, R.S. Bertolacci, G.J. Beuran, M. Beyranvand, T. Bhalla, A. Bhattarai, S. Bhaumik, S. Bhutta, Z.A. Biadgo, B. Biehl, M.H. Bijani, A. Bikbov, B. Bilano, V. Bililign, N. Bin Sayeed, M.S. Bisanzio, D. Biswas, T. Blacker, B.F. Basara, B.B. Borschmann, R. Bosetti, C. Bozorgmehr, K. Brady
Abstract: GBD 2017 Causes of Death Collaborators. Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 2018; 392: 1736–88—The bottom row in figure 7 was cut off. This correction has been made to the online version as of Nov 9, 2018, and has been made to the printed Article. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
Published: 2018

42. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 359 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author: Kyu, H.H. Abate, D. Abate, K.H. Abay, S.M. Abbafati, C. Abbasi, N. Abbastabar, H. Abd-Allah, F. Abdela, J. Abdelalim, A. Abdollahpour, I. Abdulkader, R.S. Abebe, M. Abebe, Z. Abil, O.Z. Aboyans, V. Abrham, A.R. Abu-Raddad, L.J. Abu-Rmeileh, N.M.E. Accrombessi, M.M.K. Acharya, D. Acharya, P. Ackerman, I.N. Adamu, A.A. Adebayo, O.M. Adekanmbi, V. Ademi, Z. Adetokunboh, O.O. Adib, M.G. Adsuar, J.C. Afanvi, K.A. Afarideh, M. Afshin, A. Agarwal, G. Agesa, K.M. Aggarwal, R. Aghayan, S.A. Agrawal, A. Ahmadi, A. Ahmadi, M. Ahmadieh, H. Ahmed, M.B. Ahmed, S. Aichour, A.N. Aichour, I. Aichour, M.T.E. Akinyemiju, T. Akseer, N. Al-Aly, Z. Al-Eyadhy, A. Al-Mekhlafi, H.M. Al-Raddadi, R.M. Alahdab, F. Alam, K. Alam, T. Alashi, A. Alavian, S.M. Alene, K.A. Alijanzadeh, M. Alizadeh-Navaei, R. Aljunid, S.M. Alkerwi, A. Alla, F. Allebeck, P. Alonso, J. Alsharif, U. Altirkawi, K. Alvis-Guzman, N. Aminde, L.N. Amini, E. Amiresmaili, M. Ammar, W. Amoako, Y.A. Anber, N.H. Andrei, C.L. Androudi, S. Animut, M.D. Anjomshoa, M. Ansha, M.G. Antonio, C.A.T. Anwari, P. Arabloo, J. Aremu, O. Ärnlöv, J. Arora, A. Arora, M. Artaman, A. Aryal, K.K. Asayesh, H. Ataro, Z. Ausloos, M. Avila-Burgos, L. Avokpaho, E.F.G.A. Awasthi, A. Ayala Quintanilla, B.P. Ayer, R. Azzopardi, P.S. Babazadeh, A. Badali, H. Balakrishnan, K. Bali, A.G. Banach, M. Banoub, J.A.M. Barac, A. Barboza, M.A. Barker-Collo, S.L. Bärnighausen, T.W. Barquera, S. Barrero, L.H. Bazargan-Hejazi, S. Bedi, N. Beghi, E. Behzadifar, M. Behzadifar, M. Bekele, B.B. Bekru, E.T. Belachew, A.B. Belay, Y.A. Bell, M.L. Bello, A.K. Bennett, D.A. Bensenor, I.M. Berhane, A. Bernabe, E. Bernstein, R.S. Beuran, M. Beyranvand, T. Bhala, N. Bhatt, S. Bhaumik, S. Bhutta, Z.A. Biadgo, B. Biehl, M.H. Bijani, A. Bikbov, B. Bilano, V. Bililign, N. Bin Sayeed, M.S. Bisanzio, D. Bjorge, T. Bleyer, A. Bobasa, E.M. Bou-Orm, I.R. Boufous, S. Bourne, R. Brady, O.J. Brant, L.C. Brayne, C. Brazinova, A. Breitborde, N.J.K. Brenner, H. Briant, P.S. Briko, A.N. Britton and Kyu, H.H. Abate, D. Abate, K.H. Abay, S.M. Abbafati, C. Abbasi, N. Abbastabar, H. Abd-Allah, F. Abdela, J. Abdelalim, A. Abdollahpour, I. Abdulkader, R.S. Abebe, M. Abebe, Z. Abil, O.Z. Aboyans, V. Abrham, A.R. Abu-Raddad, L.J. Abu-Rmeileh, N.M.E. Accrombessi, M.M.K. Acharya, D. Acharya, P. Ackerman, I.N. Adamu, A.A. Adebayo, O.M. Adekanmbi, V. Ademi, Z. Adetokunboh, O.O. Adib, M.G. Adsuar, J.C. Afanvi, K.A. Afarideh, M. Afshin, A. Agarwal, G. Agesa, K.M. Aggarwal, R. Aghayan, S.A. Agrawal, A. Ahmadi, A. Ahmadi, M. Ahmadieh, H. Ahmed, M.B. Ahmed, S. Aichour, A.N. Aichour, I. Aichour, M.T.E. Akinyemiju, T. Akseer, N. Al-Aly, Z. Al-Eyadhy, A. Al-Mekhlafi, H.M. Al-Raddadi, R.M. Alahdab, F. Alam, K. Alam, T. Alashi, A. Alavian, S.M. Alene, K.A. Alijanzadeh, M. Alizadeh-Navaei, R. Aljunid, S.M. Alkerwi, A. Alla, F. Allebeck, P. Alonso, J. Alsharif, U. Altirkawi, K. Alvis-Guzman, N. Aminde, L.N. Amini, E. Amiresmaili, M. Ammar, W. Amoako, Y.A. Anber, N.H. Andrei, C.L. Androudi, S. Animut, M.D. Anjomshoa, M. Ansha, M.G. Antonio, C.A.T. Anwari, P. Arabloo, J. Aremu, O. Ärnlöv, J. Arora, A. Arora, M. Artaman, A. Aryal, K.K. Asayesh, H. Ataro, Z. Ausloos, M. Avila-Burgos, L. Avokpaho, E.F.G.A. Awasthi, A. Ayala Quintanilla, B.P. Ayer, R. Azzopardi, P.S. Babazadeh, A. Badali, H. Balakrishnan, K. Bali, A.G. Banach, M. Banoub, J.A.M. Barac, A. Barboza, M.A. Barker-Collo, S.L. Bärnighausen, T.W. Barquera, S. Barrero, L.H. Bazargan-Hejazi, S. Bedi, N. Beghi, E. Behzadifar, M. Behzadifar, M. Bekele, B.B. Bekru, E.T. Belachew, A.B. Belay, Y.A. Bell, M.L. Bello, A.K. Bennett, D.A. Bensenor, I.M. Berhane, A. Bernabe, E. Bernstein, R.S. Beuran, M. Beyranvand, T. Bhala, N. Bhatt, S. Bhaumik, S. Bhutta, Z.A. Biadgo, B. Biehl, M.H. Bijani, A. Bikbov, B. Bilano, V. Bililign, N. Bin Sayeed, M.S. Bisanzio, D. Bjorge, T. Bleyer, A. Bobasa, E.M. Bou-Orm, I.R. Boufous, S. Bourne, R. Brady, O.J. Brant, L.C. Brayne, C. Brazinova, A. Breitborde, N.J.K. Brenner, H. Briant, P.S. Briko, A.N. Britton
Abstract: Background: How long one lives, how many years of life are spent in good and poor health, and how the population's state of health and leading causes of disability change over time all have implications for policy, planning, and provision of services. We comparatively assessed the patterns and trends of healthy life expectancy (HALE), which quantifies the number of years of life expected to be lived in good health, and the complementary measure of disability-adjusted lifeyears (DALYs), a composite measure of disease burden capturing both premature mortality and prevalence and severityof ill health, for 359 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories over the past 28 years. Methods We used data for age-speci?c mortality rates, years of life lost (YLLs) due to premature mortality, and years lived with disability (YLDs) from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 to calculate HALE and DALYs from 1990 to 2017. We calculated HALE using age-specific mortality rates and YLDs per capita for each location, age, sex, and year. We calculated DALYs for 359 causes as the sum of YLLs and YLDs. We assessed how observed HALE and DALYs differed by country and sex from expected trends based on Sociodemographic Index (SDI). We also analysed HALE by decomposing years of life gained into years spent in good health and in poor health, between 1990 and 2017, and extra years lived by females compared with males. Findings Globally, from 1990 to 2017, life expectancy at birth increased by 7·4 years (95% uncertainty interval 7·1-7·8), from 65·6 years (65·3-65·8) in 1990 to 73·0 years (72·7-73·3) in 2017. The increase in years of life varied from 5·1 years (5·0-5·3) in high SDI countries to 12·0 years (11·3-12·8) in low SDI countries. Of the additional years of life expected at birth, 26·3% (20·1-33·1) were expected to be spent in poor health in high SDI countries compared with 11·7% (8·8-15·1) in low-middle SDI countries. HALE at birth incr
Published: 2018

43. Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016.

Author: Shen J., Sorensen R.J.D., Soriano J.B., Sreeramareddy C.T., Steckling N., Stein D.J., Sufiyan M.B., Sur P.J., Sykes B.L., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tabuchi T., Tavakkoli M., Tehrani-Banihashemi A., Tekle M.G., Thapa S., Thomas N., Topor-Madry R., Topouzis F., Tran B.X., Troeger C.E., Truelsen T.C., Tsilimparis N., Tyrovolas S., Ukwaja K.N., Ullah I., Uthman O.A., Valdez P.R., Van Boven J.F.M., Vasankari T.J., Venketasubramanian N., Violante F.S., Vladimirov S.K., Vlassov V., Vollset S.E., Vos T., Wagnew F.W.S., Waheed Y., Wang Y.-P., Weiderpass E., Weldegebreal F., Weldegwergs K.G., Werdecker A., Westerman R., Whiteford H.A., Widecka J., Wijeratne T., Wyper G.M.A., Xu G., Yamada T., Yano Y., Ye P., Yimer E.M., Yip P., Yirsaw B.D., Yisma E., Yonemoto N., Yoon S.-J., Yotebieng M., Younis M.Z., Zachariah G., Zaidi Z., Zamani M., Zhang X., Zodpey S., Mokdad A.H., Naghavi M., Murray C.J.L., Gakidou E., Griswold M.G., Fullman N., Hawley C., Arian N., Zimsen S.R.M., Tymeson H.D., Venkateswaran V., Tapp A.D., Forouzanfar M.H., Salama J.S., Abate K.H., Abate D., Abay S.M., Abbafati C., Abdulkader R.S., Abebe Z., Aboyans V., Abrar M.M., Acharya P., Adetokunboh O.O., Adhikari T.B., Adsuar J.C., Afarideh M., Agardh E.E., Agarwal G., Aghayan S.A., Agrawal S., Ahmed M.B., Akibu M., Akinyemiju T., Akseer N., Al Asfoor D.H., Al-Aly Z., Alahdab F., Alam K., Albujeer A., Alene K.A., Ali R., Ali S.D., Alijanzadeh M., Aljunid S.M., Alkerwi A., Allebeck P., Alvis-Guzman N., Amare A.T., Aminde L.N., Ammar W., Amoako Y.A., Amul G.G.H., Andrei C.L., Angus C., Ansha M.G., Antonio C.A.T., Aremu O., Arnlov J., Artaman A., Aryal K.K., Assadi R., Ausloos M., Avila-Burgos L., Avokpaho E.F.G.A., Awasthi A., Ayele H.T., Ayer R., Ayuk T.B., Azzopardi P.S., Badali H., Badawi A., Banach M., Barker-Collo S.L., Barrero L.H., Basaleem H., Baye E., Bazargan-Hejazi S., Bedi N., Bejot Y., Belachew A.B., Belay S.A., Bennett D.A., Bensenor I.M., Bernabe E., Bernstein R.S., Beyene A.S., Beyranvand T., Bhaumik S., Bhutta Z.A., Biadgo B., Bijani A., Bililign N., Birlik S.M., Birungi C., Bizuneh H., Bjerregaard P., Bjorge T., Borges G., Bosetti C., Boufous S., Bragazzi N.L., Brenner H., Butt Z.A., Cahuana-Hurtado L., Calabria B., Campos-Nonato I.R., Rincon J.C.C., Carreras G., Carrero J.J., Carvalho F., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Rivas J.C., Catala-Lopez F., Chang J.-C., Charlson F.J., Chattopadhyay A., Chaturvedi P., Chowdhury R., Christopher D.J., Chung S.-C., Ciobanu L.G., Claro R.M., Conti S., Cousin E., Criqui M.H., Dachew B.A., Dargan P.I., Daryani A., Das Neves J., Davletov K., De Castro F., De Courten B., De Neve J.-W., Degenhardt L., Demoz G.T., Des Jarlais D.C., Dey S., Dhaliwal R.S., Dharmaratne S.D., Dhimal M., Doku D.T., Doyle K.E., Dubey M., Dubljanin E., Duncan B.B., Ebrahimi H., Edessa D., El Sayed Zaki M., Ermakov S.P., Erskine H.E., Esteghamati A., Faramarzi M., Farioli A., Faro A., Farvid M.S., Farzadfar F., Feigin V.L., Felisbino-Mendes M.S., Fernandes E., Ferrari A.J., Ferri C.P., Fijabi D.O., Filip I., Finger J.D., Fischer F., Flaxman A.D., Franklin R.C., Futran N.D., Gallus S., Ganji M., Gankpe F.G., Gebregergs G.B., Gebrehiwot T.T., Geleijnse J.M., Ghadimi R., Ghandour L.A., Ghimire M., Gill P.S., Ginawi I.A., Giref A.Z.Z., Gona P.N., Gopalani S.V., Gotay C.C., Goulart A.C., Greaves F., Grosso G., Guo Y., Gupta R., Gupta V., Gutierrez R.A., Gvs M., Hafezi-Nejad N., Hagos T.B., Hailu G.B., Hamadeh R.R., Hamidi S., Hankey G.J., Harb H.L., Harikrishnan S., Haro J.M., Hassen H.Y., Havmoeller R., Hay S.I., Heibati B., Henok A., Heredia-Pi I., Hernandez-Llanes N.F., Herteliu C., Ts Tsegaw Hibstu D., Hoogar P., Horita N., Hosgood H.D., Hosseini M., Hostiuc M., Hu G., Huang H., Husseini A., Idrisov B., Ileanu B.V., Ilesanmi O.S., Irvani S.S.N., Islam S.M.S., Jackson M.D., Jakovljevic M., Jalu M.T., Jayatilleke A.U., Jha R.P., Jonas J.B., Jozwiak J.J., Kabir Z., Kadel R., Kahsay A., Kapil U., Kasaeian A., Kassa T.D.D., Katikireddi S.V., Kawakami N., Kebede S., Kefale A.T., Keiyoro P.N., Kengne A.P., Khader Y., Khafaie M.A., Khalil I.A., Khan M.N., Khang Y.-H., Khater M.M., Khubchandani J., Kim C.-I., Kim D., Kim Y.J., Kimokoti R.W., Kisa A., Kivimaki M., Kochhar S., Kosen S., Koul P.A., Koyanagi A., Krishan K., Defo B.K., Bicer B.K., Kulkarni V.S., Kumar P., Lafranconi A., Balaji A.L., Lalloo R., Lallukka T., Lam H., Lami F.H., Lan Q., Lang J.J., Lansky S., Larsson A.O., Latifi A., Leasher J.L., Lee P.H., Leigh J., Leinsalu M., Leung J., Levi M., Li Y., Lim L.-L., Linn S., Liu S., Lobato-Cordero A., Lopez A.D., Lotufo P.A., Macarayan E.R.K., Machado I.E., Madotto F., Abd El Razek H.M., Abd El Razek M.M., Majdan M., Majdzadeh R., Majeed A., Malekzadeh R., Malta D.C., Mapoma C.C., Martinez-Raga J., Maulik P.K., Mazidi M., McKee M., Mehta V., Meier T., Mekonen T., Meles K.G., Melese A., Memiah P.T.N., Mendoza W., Mengistu D.T., Mensah G.A., Meretoja T.J., Mezgebe H.B., Miazgowski T., Miller T.R., Mini G., Mirica A., Mirrakhimov E.M., Moazen B., Mohammad K.A., Mohammadifard N., Mohammed S., Monasta L., Moraga P., Morawska L., Mousavi S.M., Mukhopadhyay S., Musa K.I., Naheed A., Naik G., Najafi F., Nangia V., Nansseu J.R., Nayak M.S.D.P., Nejjari C., Neupane S., Neupane S.P., Ngunjiri J.W., Nguyen C.T., Nguyen L.H., Nguyen T.H., Ningrum D.N.A., Nirayo Y.L., Noubiap J.J., Ofori-Asenso R., Ogbo F.A., Oh I.-H., Oladimeji O., Olagunju A.T., Olivares P.R., Olusanya B.O., Olusanya J.O., Oommen A.M., Oren E., Orpana H.M., Ortega-Altamirano D.D.V., Ortiz J.R., Ota E., Owolabi M.O., Oyekale A.S., Mahesh P.A., Pana A., Park E.-K., Parry C.D.H., Parsian H., Patle A., Patton G.C., Paudel D., Petzold M., Phillips M.R., Pillay J.D., Postma M.J., Pourmalek F., Prabhakaran D., Qorbani M., Radfar A., Rafay A., Rafiei A., Rahim F., Rahimi-Movaghar A., Rahman M., Rahman M.A., Rai R.K., Rajsic S., Raju S.B., Ram U., Rana S.M., Ranabhat C.L., Rawaf D.L., Rawaf S., Reiner R.C., Reis C., Renzaho A.M.N., Rezai M.S., Roever L., Ronfani L., Room R., Roshandel G., Rostami A., Roth G.A., Roy A., Sabde Y.D., Saddik B., Safiri S., Sahebkar A., Saleem Z., Salomon J.A., Salvi S.S., Sanabria J., Sanchez-Nino M.D., Santomauro D.F., Santos I.S., Santric Milicevic M.M.M., Sarker A.R., Sarmiento-Suarez R., Sarrafzadegan N., Sartorius B., Satpathy M., Sawhney M., Saxena S., Saylan M., Schaub M.P., Schmidt M.I., Schneider I.J.C., Schottker B., Schutte A.E., Schwendicke F., Sepanlou S.G., Shaikh M.A., Sharif M., She J., Sheikh A., Shiferaw M.S., Shigematsu M., Shiri R., Shishani K., Shiue I., Shukla S.R., Sigfusdottir I.D., Silva D.A.S., Da Silva N.T., Silveira D.G.A., Sinha D.N., Sitas F., Filho A.M.S., Soofi M., Shen J., Sorensen R.J.D., Soriano J.B., Sreeramareddy C.T., Steckling N., Stein D.J., Sufiyan M.B., Sur P.J., Sykes B.L., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tabuchi T., Tavakkoli M., Tehrani-Banihashemi A., Tekle M.G., Thapa S., Thomas N., Topor-Madry R., Topouzis F., Tran B.X., Troeger C.E., Truelsen T.C., Tsilimparis N., Tyrovolas S., Ukwaja K.N., Ullah I., Uthman O.A., Valdez P.R., Van Boven J.F.M., Vasankari T.J., Venketasubramanian N., Violante F.S., Vladimirov S.K., Vlassov V., Vollset S.E., Vos T., Wagnew F.W.S., Waheed Y., Wang Y.-P., Weiderpass E., Weldegebreal F., Weldegwergs K.G., Werdecker A., Westerman R., Whiteford H.A., Widecka J., Wijeratne T., Wyper G.M.A., Xu G., Yamada T., Yano Y., Ye P., Yimer E.M., Yip P., Yirsaw B.D., Yisma E., Yonemoto N., Yoon S.-J., Yotebieng M., Younis M.Z., Zachariah G., Zaidi Z., Zamani M., Zhang X., Zodpey S., Mokdad A.H., Naghavi M., Murray C.J.L., Gakidou E., Griswold M.G., Fullman N., Hawley C., Arian N., Zimsen S.R.M., Tymeson H.D., Venkateswaran V., Tapp A.D., Forouzanfar M.H., Salama J.S., Abate K.H., Abate D., Abay S.M., Abbafati C., Abdulkader R.S., Abebe Z., Aboyans V., Abrar M.M., Acharya P., Adetokunboh O.O., Adhikari T.B., Adsuar J.C., Afarideh M., Agardh E.E., Agarwal G., Aghayan S.A., Agrawal S., Ahmed M.B., Akibu M., Akinyemiju T., Akseer N., Al Asfoor D.H., Al-Aly Z., Alahdab F., Alam K., Albujeer A., Alene K.A., Ali R., Ali S.D., Alijanzadeh M., Aljunid S.M., Alkerwi A., Allebeck P., Alvis-Guzman N., Amare A.T., Aminde L.N., Ammar W., Amoako Y.A., Amul G.G.H., Andrei C.L., Angus C., Ansha M.G., Antonio C.A.T., Aremu O., Arnlov J., Artaman A., Aryal K.K., Assadi R., Ausloos M., Avila-Burgos L., Avokpaho E.F.G.A., Awasthi A., Ayele H.T., Ayer R., Ayuk T.B., Azzopardi P.S., Badali H., Badawi A., Banach M., Barker-Collo S.L., Barrero L.H., Basaleem H., Baye E., Bazargan-Hejazi S., Bedi N., Bejot Y., Belachew A.B., Belay S.A., Bennett D.A., Bensenor I.M., Bernabe E., Bernstein R.S., Beyene A.S., Beyranvand T., Bhaumik S., Bhutta Z.A., Biadgo B., Bijani A., Bililign N., Birlik S.M., Birungi C., Bizuneh H., Bjerregaard P., Bjorge T., Borges G., Bosetti C., Boufous S., Bragazzi N.L., Brenner H., Butt Z.A., Cahuana-Hurtado L., Calabria B., Campos-Nonato I.R., Rincon J.C.C., Carreras G., Carrero J.J., Carvalho F., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Rivas J.C., Catala-Lopez F., Chang J.-C., Charlson F.J., Chattopadhyay A., Chaturvedi P., Chowdhury R., Christopher D.J., Chung S.-C., Ciobanu L.G., Claro R.M., Conti S., Cousin E., Criqui M.H., Dachew B.A., Dargan P.I., Daryani A., Das Neves J., Davletov K., De Castro F., De Courten B., De Neve J.-W., Degenhardt L., Demoz G.T., Des Jarlais D.C., Dey S., Dhaliwal R.S., Dharmaratne S.D., Dhimal M., Doku D.T., Doyle K.E., Dubey M., Dubljanin E., Duncan B.B., Ebrahimi H., Edessa D., El Sayed Zaki M., Ermakov S.P., Erskine H.E., Esteghamati A., Faramarzi M., Farioli A., Faro A., Farvid M.S., Farzadfar F., Feigin V.L., Felisbino-Mendes M.S., Fernandes E., Ferrari A.J., Ferri C.P., Fijabi D.O., Filip I., Finger J.D., Fischer F., Flaxman A.D., Franklin R.C., Futran N.D., Gallus S., Ganji M., Gankpe F.G., Gebregergs G.B., Gebrehiwot T.T., Geleijnse J.M., Ghadimi R., Ghandour L.A., Ghimire M., Gill P.S., Ginawi I.A., Giref A.Z.Z., Gona P.N., Gopalani S.V., Gotay C.C., Goulart A.C., Greaves F., Grosso G., Guo Y., Gupta R., Gupta V., Gutierrez R.A., Gvs M., Hafezi-Nejad N., Hagos T.B., Hailu G.B., Hamadeh R.R., Hamidi S., Hankey G.J., Harb H.L., Harikrishnan S., Haro J.M., Hassen H.Y., Havmoeller R., Hay S.I., Heibati B., Henok A., Heredia-Pi I., Hernandez-Llanes N.F., Herteliu C., Ts Tsegaw Hibstu D., Hoogar P., Horita N., Hosgood H.D., Hosseini M., Hostiuc M., Hu G., Huang H., Husseini A., Idrisov B., Ileanu B.V., Ilesanmi O.S., Irvani S.S.N., Islam S.M.S., Jackson M.D., Jakovljevic M., Jalu M.T., Jayatilleke A.U., Jha R.P., Jonas J.B., Jozwiak J.J., Kabir Z., Kadel R., Kahsay A., Kapil U., Kasaeian A., Kassa T.D.D., Katikireddi S.V., Kawakami N., Kebede S., Kefale A.T., Keiyoro P.N., Kengne A.P., Khader Y., Khafaie M.A., Khalil I.A., Khan M.N., Khang Y.-H., Khater M.M., Khubchandani J., Kim C.-I., Kim D., Kim Y.J., Kimokoti R.W., Kisa A., Kivimaki M., Kochhar S., Kosen S., Koul P.A., Koyanagi A., Krishan K., Defo B.K., Bicer B.K., Kulkarni V.S., Kumar P., Lafranconi A., Balaji A.L., Lalloo R., Lallukka T., Lam H., Lami F.H., Lan Q., Lang J.J., Lansky S., Larsson A.O., Latifi A., Leasher J.L., Lee P.H., Leigh J., Leinsalu M., Leung J., Levi M., Li Y., Lim L.-L., Linn S., Liu S., Lobato-Cordero A., Lopez A.D., Lotufo P.A., Macarayan E.R.K., Machado I.E., Madotto F., Abd El Razek H.M., Abd El Razek M.M., Majdan M., Majdzadeh R., Majeed A., Malekzadeh R., Malta D.C., Mapoma C.C., Martinez-Raga J., Maulik P.K., Mazidi M., McKee M., Mehta V., Meier T., Mekonen T., Meles K.G., Melese A., Memiah P.T.N., Mendoza W., Mengistu D.T., Mensah G.A., Meretoja T.J., Mezgebe H.B., Miazgowski T., Miller T.R., Mini G., Mirica A., Mirrakhimov E.M., Moazen B., Mohammad K.A., Mohammadifard N., Mohammed S., Monasta L., Moraga P., Morawska L., Mousavi S.M., Mukhopadhyay S., Musa K.I., Naheed A., Naik G., Najafi F., Nangia V., Nansseu J.R., Nayak M.S.D.P., Nejjari C., Neupane S., Neupane S.P., Ngunjiri J.W., Nguyen C.T., Nguyen L.H., Nguyen T.H., Ningrum D.N.A., Nirayo Y.L., Noubiap J.J., Ofori-Asenso R., Ogbo F.A., Oh I.-H., Oladimeji O., Olagunju A.T., Olivares P.R., Olusanya B.O., Olusanya J.O., Oommen A.M., Oren E., Orpana H.M., Ortega-Altamirano D.D.V., Ortiz J.R., Ota E., Owolabi M.O., Oyekale A.S., Mahesh P.A., Pana A., Park E.-K., Parry C.D.H., Parsian H., Patle A., Patton G.C., Paudel D., Petzold M., Phillips M.R., Pillay J.D., Postma M.J., Pourmalek F., Prabhakaran D., Qorbani M., Radfar A., Rafay A., Rafiei A., Rahim F., Rahimi-Movaghar A., Rahman M., Rahman M.A., Rai R.K., Rajsic S., Raju S.B., Ram U., Rana S.M., Ranabhat C.L., Rawaf D.L., Rawaf S., Reiner R.C., Reis C., Renzaho A.M.N., Rezai M.S., Roever L., Ronfani L., Room R., Roshandel G., Rostami A., Roth G.A., Roy A., Sabde Y.D., Saddik B., Safiri S., Sahebkar A., Saleem Z., Salomon J.A., Salvi S.S., Sanabria J., Sanchez-Nino M.D., Santomauro D.F., Santos I.S., Santric Milicevic M.M.M., Sarker A.R., Sarmiento-Suarez R., Sarrafzadegan N., Sartorius B., Satpathy M., Sawhney M., Saxena S., Saylan M., Schaub M.P., Schmidt M.I., Schneider I.J.C., Schottker B., Schutte A.E., Schwendicke F., Sepanlou S.G., Shaikh M.A., Sharif M., She J., Sheikh A., Shiferaw M.S., Shigematsu M., Shiri R., Shishani K., Shiue I., Shukla S.R., Sigfusdottir I.D., Silva D.A.S., Da Silva N.T., Silveira D.G.A., Sinha D.N., Sitas F., Filho A.M.S., and Soofi M.
Abstract: Background: Alcohol use is a leading risk factor for death and disability, but its overall association with health remains complex given the possible protective effects of moderate alcohol consumption on some conditions. With our comprehensive approach to health accounting within the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016, we generated improved estimates of alcohol use and alcohol-attributable deaths and disability-adjusted lifeyears (DALYs) for 195 locations from 1990 to 2016, for both sexes and for 5-year age groups between the ages of 15 years and 95 years and older. Method(s): Using 694 data sources of individual and population-level alcohol consumption, along with 592 prospective and retrospective studies on the risk of alcohol use, we produced estimates of the prevalence of current drinking, abstention, the distribution of alcohol consumption among current drinkers in standard drinks daily (defined as 10 g of pure ethyl alcohol), and alcohol-attributable deaths and DALYs. We made several methodological improvements compared with previous estimates: first, we adjusted alcohol sales estimates to take into account tourist and unrecorded consumption; second, we did a new meta-analysis of relative risks for 23 health outcomes associated with alcohol use; and third, we developed a new method to quantify the level of alcohol consumption that minimises the overall risk to individual health. Finding(s): Globally, alcohol use was the seventh leading risk factor for both deaths and DALYs in 2016, accounting for 2.2% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 1.5-3.0) of age-standardised female deaths and 6.8% (5.8-8.0) of agestandardised male deaths. Among the population aged 15-49 years, alcohol use was the leading risk factor globally in 2016, with 3.8% (95% UI 3.2-4.3) of female deaths and 12.2% (10.8-13.6) of male deaths attributable to alcohol use. For the population aged 15-49 years, female attributable DALYs were 2.3% (95% UI 2.0-2.6) and male attrib
Published: 2018

44. Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality and life expectancy, 1950-2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017.

Author: Sartorius B., Venketasubramanian N., Vidavalur R., Villafaina S., Violante F.S., Vladimirov S.K., Vlassov V., Vollset S.E., Vos T., Vosoughi K., Vujcic I.S., Wagner G.R., Wagnew F.W.S., Waheed Y., Wang Y., Wang Y.-P., Wassie M.M., Weiderpass E., Weintraub R.G., Weiss D.J., Weiss J., Weldegebreal F., Weldegwergs K.G., Werdecker A., Westerman R., Whiteford H.A., Widecka J., Widecka K., Wijeratne T., Winkler A.S., Wiysonge C.S., Wolfe C.D.A., Wondemagegn S.A., Wu S., Wyper G.M.A., Xu G., Yadav R., Yakob B., Yamada T., Yan L.L., Yano Y., Yaseri M., Yasin Y.J., Ye P., Yearwood J.A., YentA1/4r G.K., Yeshaneh A., Yimer E.M., Yip P., Yisma E., Yonemoto N., Yoon S.-J., York H.W., Yotebieng M., Younis M.Z., Yousefifard M., Yu C., Zachariah G., Zadnik V., Zafar S., Zaidi Z., Zaman S.B., Zamani M., Zare Z., Zeeb H., Zeleke M.M., Zenebe Z.M., Zerfu T.A., Zhang K., Zhang X., Zhou M., Zhu J., Zodpey S., Zucker I., Zuhlke L.J.J., Lopez A.D., Gakidou E., Murray C.J.L., de Courten B., Thrift A.G., Dicker D., Nguyen G., Abate D., Abate K.H., Abay S.M., Abbafati C., Abbasi N., Abbastabar H., Abd-Allah F., Abdela J., Abdelalim A., Abdel-Rahman O., Abdi A., Abdollahpour I., Abdulkader R.S., Abdurahman A.A., Abebe H.T., Abebe M., Abebe Z., Abebo T.A., Aboyans V., Abraha H.N., Abrham A.R., Abu-Raddad L.J., Abu-Rmeileh N.M.E., Accrombessi M.M.K., Acharya P., Adebayo O.M., Adedeji I.A., Adedoyin R.A., Adekanmbi V., Adetokunboh O.O., Adhena B.M., Adhikari T.B., Adib M.G., Adou A.K., Adsuar J.C., Afarideh M., Afshin A., Agarwal G., Aggarwal R., Aghayan S.A., Agrawal S., Agrawal A., Ahmadi M., Ahmadi A., Ahmadieh H., Ahmed M.L.C.B., Ahmed S., Ahmed M.B., Aichour A.N., Aichour I., Aichour M.T.E., Akanda A.S., Akbari M.E., Akibu M., Akinyemi R.O., Akinyemiju T., Akseer N., Alahdab F., Al-Aly Z., Alam K., Alebel A., Aleman A.V., Alene K.A., Al-Eyadhy A., Ali R., Alijanzadeh M., Alizadeh-Navaei R., Aljunid S.M., Alkerwi A., Alla F., Allebeck P., Allen C.A., Alonso J., Al-Raddadi R.M., Alsharif U., Altirkawi K., Alvis-Guzman N., Amare A.T., Amini E., Ammar W., Amoako Y.A., Anber N.H., Andrei C.L., Androudi S., Animut M.D., Anjomshoa M., Anlay D.Z., Ansari H., Ansariadi A., Ansha M.G., Antonio C.A.T., Appiah S.C.Y., Aremu O., Areri H.A., ArnlAv J., Arora M., Artaman A., Aryal K.K., Asadi-Lari M., Asayesh H., Asfaw E.T., Asgedom S.W., Assadi R., Ataro Z., Atey T.M.M., Athari S.S., Atique S., Atre S.R., Atteraya M.S., Attia E.F., Ausloos M., Avila-Burgos L., Avokpaho E.F.G.A., Awasthi A., Awuah B., Ayala Quintanilla B.P., Ayele H.T., Ayele Y., Ayer R., Ayuk T.B., Azzopardi P.S., Azzopardi-Muscat N., Badali H., Badawi A., Balakrishnan K., Bali A.G., Banach M., Banstola A., Barac A., Barboza M.A., Barquera S., Barrero L.H., Basaleem H., Bassat Q., Basu A., Basu S., Baune B.T., Bazargan-Hejazi S., Bedi N., Beghi E., Behzadifar M., BACopyrightjot Y., Bekele B.B., Belachew A.B., Belay A.G., Belay E., Belay S.A., Belay Y.A., Bell M.L., Bello A.K., Bennett D.A., Bensenor I.M., Berhane A., Berman A.E., Bernabe E., Bernstein R.S., Bertolacci G.J., Beuran M., Beyranvand T., Bhala N., Bhatia E., Bhatt S., Bhattarai S., Bhaumik S., Bhutta Z.A., Biadgo B., Bijani A., Bikbov B., Bililign N., Bin Sayeed M.S., Birlik S.M., Birungi C., Bisanzio D., Biswas T., BjArge T., Bleyer A., Bora Basara B., Bose D., Bosetti C., Boufous S., Bourne R., Brady O.J., Bragazzi N.L., Brant L.C., Brazinova A., Breitborde N.J.K., Brenner H., Britton G., Brugha T., Burke K.E., Busse R., Butt Z.A., Cahuana-Hurtado L., Callender C.S.K.H., Campos-Nonato I.R., Campuzano Rincon J.C., Cano J., Car M., CArdenas R., Carreras G., Carrero J.J., Carter A., Carvalho F., CastaA+/-eda-Orjuela C.A., Castillo Rivas J., Castro F., CatalA-LApez F., Aavlin A., Cerin E., Chaiah Y., Champs A.P., Chang H.-Y., Chang J.-C., Chattopadhyay A., Chaturvedi P., Chen W., Chiang P.P.-C., Chimed-Ochir O., Chin K.L., Chisumpa V.H., Chitheer A., Choi J.-Y.J., Christensen H., Christopher D.J., Chung S.-C., Cicuttini F.M., Ciobanu L.G., Cirillo M., Claro R.M., Cohen A.J., Collado-Mateo D., Constantin M.-M., Conti S., Cooper C., Cooper L.T., Cortesi P.A., Cortinovis M., Cousin E., Criqui M.H., Cromwell E.A., Crowe C.S., Crump J.A., Cucu A., Cunningham M., Daba A.K., Dachew B.A., Dadi A.F., Dandona L., Dandona R., Dang A.K., Dargan P.I., Daryani A., Das S.K., Das Gupta R., Das Neves J., Dasa T.T., Dash A.P., Davis Weaver N., Davitoiu D.V., Davletov K., Dayama A., De la Hoz F.P., De leo D., De Neve J.-W., Degefa M.G., Degenhardt L., Degfie T.T., Deiparine S., Dellavalle R.P., Demoz G.T., Demtsu B.B., Denova-GutiACopyrightrrez E., Deribe K., Dervenis N., Des Jarlais D.C., Dessie G.A., Dey S., Dharmaratne S.D., Dhimal M., Ding E.L., Djalalinia S., Doku D.T., Dolan K.A., Donnelly C.A., Dorsey E.R., Douwes-Schultz D., Doyle K.E., Drake T.M., Driscoll T.R., Dubey M., Dubljanin E., Duken E.E., Duncan B.B., Duraes A.R., Ebrahimi H., Ebrahimpour S., Edessa D., Edvardsson D., Eggen A.E., El Bcheraoui C., El Sayed Zaki M., Elfaramawi M., El-Khatib Z., Ellingsen C.L., Elyazar I.R.F., Enayati A., Endries A.Y.Y., Er B., Ermakov S.P., Eshrati B., Eskandarieh S., Esmaeili R., Esteghamati A., Esteghamati S., Fakhar M., Fakhim H., Farag T., Faramarzi M., Fareed M., Farhadi F., Farid T.A., E SA Farinha C.S., Farioli A., Faro A., Farvid M.S., Farzadfar F., Farzaei M.H., Fazeli M.S., Feigin V.L., Feigl A.B., Feizy F., Fentahun N., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Fernandes E., Fernandes J.C., Feyissa G.T., Fijabi D.O., Filip I., Finegold S., Fischer F., Flor L.S., Foigt N.A., Ford J.A., Foreman K.J., Fornari C., Frank T.D., Franklin R.C., Fukumoto T., Fuller J.E., Fullman N., FA1/4rst T., Furtado J.M., Futran N.D., Galan A., Gallus S., Gambashidze K., Gamkrelidze A., Gankpe F.G., Garcia-Basteiro A.L., Garcia-Gordillo M.A., Gebre T., Gebre A.K., Gebregergs G.B., Gebrehiwot T.T., Gebremedhin A.T., Gelano T.F., Gelaw Y.A., Geleijnse J.M., Genova-Maleras R., Gessner B.D., Getachew S., Gething P.W., Gezae K.E., Ghadami 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P.H., Leigh J., Leshargie C.T., Leta S., Levi M., Li S., Li Y., Li X., Liang J., Liang X., Liben M.L., Lim L.-L., Lim S.S., Limenih M.A., Linn S., Liu S., Liu Y., Lodha R., Logroscino G., Lonsdale C., Lorch S.A., Lorkowski S., Lotufo P.A., Lozano R., Lucas T.C.D., Lunevicius R., Lyons R.A., Ma S., Mabika C., Macarayan E.R.K., Mackay M.T., Maddison E.R., Maddison R., Madotto F., Magdy Abd El Razek H., Magdy Abd El Razek M., Maghavani D.P., Majdan M., Majdzadeh R., Majeed A., Malekzadeh R., Malik M.A., Malta D.C., Mamun A.A., Manamo W.A., Manda A.-L., Mansournia M.A., Mantovani L.G., Mapoma C.C., Marami D., Maravilla J.C., Marcenes W., Marina S., Martinez-Raga J., Martins S.C.O., Martins-Melo F.R., MArz W., Marzan M.B., Mashamba-Thompson T.P., Masiye F., Massenburg B.B., Maulik P.K., Mazidi M., McGrath J.J., McKee M., Mehata S., Mehendale S.M., Mehndiratta M.M., Mehrotra R., Mehta K.M., Mehta V., Mekonen T., Mekonnen T.C., Meles H.G., Meles K.G., Melese A., Melku M., Memiah P.T.N., Memish Z.A., Mendoza W., Mengistu D.T., Mengistu G., Mensah G.A., Mereta S.T., Meretoja A., Meretoja T.J., Mestrovic T., Mezgebe H.B., Miangotar Y., Miazgowski B., Miazgowski T., Miller T.R., Mini G.K., Mirica A., Mirrakhimov E.M., Misganaw A.T., Moazen B., Moges N.A., Mohammad K.A., Mohammadi M., Mohammadifard N., Mohammadi-Khanaposhtani M., Mohammadnia-Afrouzi M., Mohammed S., Mohammed M.A., Mohan V., Mokdad A.H., Molokhia M., Monasta L., Moradi G., Moradi M., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moradinazar M., Moraga P., Morawska L., Moreno VelAsquez I., Morgado-Da-costa J., Morrison S.D., Mosapour A., Moschos M.M., Mousavi S.M., Muche A.A., Muchie K.F., Mueller U.O., Mukhopadhyay S., Mullany E.C., Muller K., Murhekar M., Murphy T.B., Murthy G.V.S., Murthy S., Musa J., Musa K.I., Mustafa G., Muthupandian S., Nachega J.B., Nagel G., Naghavi M., Naheed A., Nahvijou A., Naik G., Nair S., Najafi F., Nangia V., Nansseu J.R., Nascimento B.R., Nawaz H., Ncama B.P., Neamati N., Negoi I., Negoi R.I., Neupane 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Polinder S., Pond C.D., Popova S., Postma M.J., Pourmalek F., Pourshams A., Poustchi H., Prabhakaran D., Prakash V., Prakash S., Prasad N., Qorbani M., Quistberg D.A., Radfar A., Rafay A., Rafiei A., Rahim F., Rahimi K., Rahimi-Movaghar A., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rahman M., Ur Rahman M.H., Rahman M.A., Ur Rahman S., Rai R.K., Rajati F., Rajsic S., Raju S.B., Ram U., Ranabhat C.L., Ranjan P., Ranta A., Rasella D., Rawaf D.L., Rawaf S., Ray S.E., Razo-GarcA-a C., Rego M.A.S., Rehm J., Reiner R.C., Reinig N., Reis C., Remuzzi G., Renzaho A.M.N., Resnikoff S., Rezaei S., Rezaeian S., Rezai M.S., Riahi S.M., Ribeiro A.L.P., Riojas H., Rios-Blancas M.J., Roba K.T., Robinson S.R., Roever L., Ronfani L., Roshandel G., Roshchin D.O., Rostami A., Rothenbacher D., Rubagotti E., Ruhago G.M., Saadat S., Sabde Y.D., Sachdev P.S., Saddik B., Sadeghi E., Saeedi Moghaddam S., Safari H., Safari Y., Safari-Faramani R., Safdarian M., Safi S., Safiri S., Sagar R., Sahebkar A., Sahraian M.A., Sajadi H.S., 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Tortajada-GirbACopyrights M., Tovani-Palone M.R., Towbin J.A., Tran B.X., Tran K.B., Tripathi S., Tripathy S.P., Truelsen T.C., Truong N.T., Tsadik A.G., Tsilimparis N., Tudor Car L., Tuzcu E.M., Tyrovolas S., Ukwaja K.N., Ullah I., Usman M.S., Uthman O.A., Uzun S.B., Vaduganathan M., Vaezi A., Vaidya G., Valdez P.R., Varavikova E., Varughese S., Vasankari T.J., and Vasconcelos A.M.N.
Abstract: Background: Assessments of age-specifc mortality and life expectancy have been done by the UN Population Division, Department of Economics and Social Afairs (UNPOP), the United States Census Bureau, WHO, and as part of previous iterations of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD). Previous iterations of the GBD used population estimates from UNPOP, which were not derived in a way that was internally consistent with the estimates of the numbers of deaths in the GBD. The present iteration of the GBD, GBD 2017, improves on previous assessments and provides timely estimates of the mortality experience of populations globally. Method(s): The GBD uses all available data to produce estimates of mortality rates between 1950 and 2017 for 23 age groups, both sexes, and 918 locations, including 195 countries and territories and subnational locations for 16 countries. Data used include vital registration systems, sample registration systems, household surveys (complete birth histories, summary birth histories, sibling histories), censuses (summary birth histories, household deaths), and Demographic Surveillance Sites. In total, this analysis used 8259 data sources. Estimates of the probability of death between birth and the age of 5 years and between ages 15 and 60 years are generated and then input into a model life table system to produce complete life tables for all locations and years. Fatal discontinuities and mortality due to HIV/AIDS are analysed separately and then incorporated into the estimation. We analyse the relationship between age-specifc mortality and development status using the Socio-demographic Index, a composite measure based on fertility under the age of 25 years, education, and income. There are four main methodological improvements in GBD 2017 compared with GBD 2016: 622 additional data sources have been incorporated; new estimates of population, generated by the GBD study, are used; statistical methods used in diferent comp
Published: 2018

45. Measuring progress from 1990 to 2017 and projecting attainment to 2030 of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals for 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017.

Author: Servan-Mori E., Usman M.S., Uthman O.A., Vaduganathan M., Vaezi A., Vaidya G., Valdez P.R., Van Donkelaar A., Varavikova E., Vasankari T.J., Venketasubramanian N., Vidavalur R., Villafaina S., Violante F.S., Vladimirov S.K., Vlassov V., Vollmer S., Vollset S.E., Vos T., Vosoughi K., Vujcic I.S., Wagner G.R., Wagnew F.S., Waheed Y., Walson J.L., Wang Y., Wang Y.-P., Wassie M.M., Weiderpass E., Weintraub R.G., Weiss J., Weldegebreal F., Weldegwergs K.G., Werdecker A., Werkneh A.A., West T.E., Westerman R., Whisnant J.L., Whiteford H.A., Widecka J., Widecka K., Wijeratne T., Wilner L.B., Winkler A.S., Wiyeh A.B., Wiysonge C.S., Wolde H.F., Wolfe C.D.A., Wu S., Xavier D., Xu G., Xu R., Yadollahpour A., Jabbari S.H.Y., Yakob B., Yamada T., Yan L.L., Yano Y., Yaseri M., Yasin Y.J., Ye P., Yearwood J.A., Yeshaneh A., Yimer E.M., Yip P., Yirsaw B.D., Yisma E., Yonemoto N., Yonga G., Yoon S.-J., Yotebieng M., Younis M.Z., Yousefifard M., Yu C., Zaman S.B., Zamani M., Zare Z., Zavala-Arciniega L., Zegeye D.T., Zegeye E.A., Zeleke A.J., Zendehdel K., Zerfu T.A., Zhang A.L., Zhang X., Zhou M., Zhu J., Zimsen S.R.M., Zodpey S., Zoeckler L., Zucker I., Zuhlke L.J.J., Lim S.S., Murray C.J.L., De Courten B., Hughes C., Thrift A.G., Lozano R., Fullman N., Abate D., Abay S.M., Abbafati C., Abbasi N., Abbastabar H., Abd-Allah F., Abdela J., Abdelalim A., Abdel-Rahman O., Abdi A., Abdollahpour I., Abdulkader R.S., Abebe N.D., Abebe Z., Abejie A.N., Abera S.F., Abil O.Z., Aboyans V., Abraha H.N., Abrham A.R., Abu-Raddad L.J., Abu-Rmeileh N.M., Abyu G.Y., Accrombessi M.M.K., Acharya D., Acharya P., Adamu A.A., Adebayo O.M., Adedeji I.A., Adedoyin R.A., Adekanmbi V., Adetokunboh O.O., Adhena B.M., Adhikari T.B., Adib M.G., Adou A.K., Adsuar J.C., Afarideh M., Afshari M., Afshin A., Agarwal G., Aghayan S.A., Agius D., Agrawal A., Agrawal S., Ahmadi A., Ahmadi M., Ahmadieh H., Ahmed M.B., Ahmed S., Akalu T.Y., Akanda A.S., Akbari M.E., Akibu M., Akinyemi R.O., Akinyemiju T., Akseer N., Alahdab F., Al-Aly Z., Alam K., Alam T., Albujeer A., Alebel A., Alene K.A., Al-Eyadhy A., Alhabib S., Ali R., Alijanzadeh M., Alizadeh-Navaei R., Aljunid S.M., Alkerwi A., Alla F., Allebeck P., Allen C.A., Almasi A., Al-Maskari F., Al-Mekhlafi H.M., Alonso J., Al-Raddadi R.M., Alsharif U., Altirkawi K., Alvis-Guzman N., Amare A.T., Amenu K., Amini E., Ammar W., Anber N.H., Anderson J.A., Andrei C.L., Androudi S., Animut M.D., Anjomshoa M., Ansari H., Ansariadi A., Ansha M.G., Antonio C.A.T., Anwari P., Appiah L.T., Aremu O., Areri H.A., Arnlov J., Arora M., Aryal K.K., Asayesh H., Asfaw E.T., Asgedom S.W., Asghar R.J., Assadi R., Ataro Z., Atique S., Atre S.R., Atteraya M.S., Ausloos M., Avila-Burgos L., Avokpaho E.F.G.A., Awasthi A., Quintanilla B.P.A., Ayele H.T., Ayele Y., Ayer R., Azarpazhooh M.R., Azzopardi P.S., Azzopardi-Muscat N., Babalola T.K., Babazadeh A., Badali H., Badawi A., Balakrishnan K., Bali A.G., Banach M., Banerjee A., Banoub J.A.M., Banstola A., Barac A., Barboza M.A., Barker-Collo S.L., Barnighausen T.W., Barrero L.H., Barthelemy C.M., Bassat Q., Basu A., Basu S., Battista R.J., Baune B.T., Baynes H.W., Bazargan-Hejazi S., Bedi N., Beghi E., Behzadifar M., Bejot Y., Bekele B.B., Belachew A.B., Belay A.G., Belay S.A., Belay Y.A., Bell M.L., Bello A.K., Bennett D.A., Bensenor I.M., Benzian H., Berhane A., Berhe A.K., Berman A.E., Bernabe E., Bernstein R.S., Bertolacci G.J., Beuran M., Beyranvand T., Bhala N., Bhalla A., Bhansali A., Bhattarai S., Bhaumik S., Bhutta Z.A., Biadgo B., Biehl M.H., Bijani A., Bikbov B., Bililign N., Sayeed M.S.B., Birlik S.M., Birungi C., Bisanzio D., Biswas T., Bitew H., Bizuneh H., Bjertness E., Bobasa E.M., Boufous S., Bourne R., Bozorgmehr K., Bragazzi N.L., Brainin M., Brant L.C., Brauer M., Brazinova A., Breitborde N.J.K., Briant P.S., Britton G., Brugha T., Bukhman G., Busse R., Butt Z.A., Cahuana-Hurtado L., Callender C.S.K.H., Campos-Nonato I.R., Rincon J.C.C., Cano J., Car J., Car M., Cardenas R., Carrero J.J., Carter A., Carvalho F., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Rivas J.C., Castro F., Causey K., Cavlin A., Cercy K.M., Cerin E., Chaiah Y., Chalek J., Chang H.-Y., Chang J.-C., Chattopadhyay A., Chattu V.K., Chaturvedi P., Chiang P.P.-C., Chin K.L., Chisumpa V.H., Chitheer A., Choi J.-Y.J., Chowdhury R., Christensen H., Christopher D.J., Chung S.-C., Cicuttini F.M., Ciobanu L.G., Cirillo M., Claro R.M., Classen T.K.D., Cohen A.J., Collado-Mateo D., Cooper C., Cooper L.T., Cornaby L., Cortinovis M., Costa M., Cousin E., Cromwell E.A., Crowe C.S., Cunningham M., Daba A.K., Dadi A.F., Dandona L., Dandona R., Dang A.K., Dargan P.I., Daryani A., Das S.K., Das Gupta R., Das Neves J., Dasa T.T., Dash A.P., Davis A.C., Davitoiu D.V., Davletov K., Dayama A., De Leo D., Neve J.W.D., De Steur H., Degefa M.G., Degenhardt L., Degfie T.T., Deiparine S., Dellavalle R.P., Demoz G.T., Demtsu B., Denova-Gutierrez E., Deribe K., Dervenis N., Dessie G.A., Dey S., Dharmaratne S.D., Dhimal M., Dicker D., Dinberu M.T., Ding E.L., Djalalinia S., Do H.P., Dokova K., Doku D.T., Douwes-Schultz D., Driscoll T.R., Duan L., Dubey M., Dubljanin E., Duken E.E., Duncan B.B., Duraes A.R., Ebrahimpour S., Edvardsson D., El Bcheraoui C., Eldrenkamp E., El-Khatib Z., Elyazar I.R.F., Enayati A., Endries A.Y., Eshrati B., Eskandarieh S., Esteghamati A., Esteghamati S., Estep K., Fakhar M., Fakhim H., Fanzo J., Faramarzi M., Fareed M., Farhadi F., Farid T.A., Farinha C.S.E.S., Farioli A., Faro A., Farvid M.S., Farzadfar F., Farzaei M.H., Farzam H., Fazaeli A.A., Fazeli M.S., Feigin V.L., Feigl A.B., Fekadu W., Feldman R., Fentahun N., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Fernandes E., Fernandes J.C., Feyissa G.T., Fijabi D.O., Filip I., Finegold S., Finger J.D., Fischer F., Fitzmaurice C., Flor L.S., Foigt N.A., Foreman K.J., Frank T.D., Franklin R.C., Fukumoto T., Fukutaki K., Fuller J.E., Furst T., Furtado J.M., Gakidou E., Gallus S., Gankpe F.G., Gansevoort R.T., Garcia A.C., Garcia-Basteiro A.L., 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Kesavachandran C.N., Khader Y.S., Khafaei B., Khafaie M.A., Khajavi A., Khalid N., Khalil I.A., Khan E.A., Khan M.S., Khan M.A., Khang Y.-H., Khanna T., Khater M.M., Khatony A., Khazaeipour Z., Khazaie H., Khoja A.T., Khosravi A., Khosravi M.H., Khubchandani J., Kiadaliri A.A., Kiarie H.W., Kibret G.D., Kiirithio D.N., Kim D., Kim J.Y., Kim Y.-E., Kim Y.J., Kimokoti R.W., Kinfu Y., Kinra S., Kisa A., Kissimova-Skarbek K., Kissoon N., Kivimaki M., Kocarnik J.M., Kochhar S., Kokubo Y., Kolola T., Kopec J.A., Kosek M.N., Kosen S., Koul P.A., Koyanagi A., Kravchenko M.A., Krishan K., Krohn K.J., Defo B.K., Kucuk Bicer B., Kudom A.A., Kulikoff X.R., Kumar G.A., Kumar M., Kumar P., Kutz M.J., Kyu H.H., Lachat C., Lad D.P., Lad S.D., Lafranconi A., Lagat A.K., Lal D.K., Lalloo R., Lam H., Lami F.H., Lamichhane P., Lan Q., Lang J.J., Lansingh V.C., Lansky S., Larson H.J., Larsson A.O., Laryea D.O., Lassi Z.S., Latifi A., Lau K.M.-M., Laxmaiah A., Lazarus J.V., Leasher J.L., Lebedev G., Ledesma J.R., Lee J.B., Lee P.H., Leever A.T., Leigh J., Leinsalu M., Leshargie C.T., Leung J., Lewycka S., Li S., Li X., Li Y., Liang J., Liang X., Liben M.L., Lim L.-L., Limenih M.A., Linn S., Liu S., Liu Y., Lodha R., Logroscino G., Lopez A.D., Lorkowski S., Lotufo P.A., Lucchesi L.R., Lyons R.A., Macarayan E.R.K., Mackay M.T., Maddison E.R., Madotto F., Maghavani D.P., Magis-Rodriguez C., Mahotra N.B., Majdan M., Majdzadeh R., Majeed A., Malekzadeh R., Malta D.C., Mamun A.A., Manda A.-L., Mandarano-Filho L.G., Mangalam S., Manguerra H., Mansournia M.A., Mapoma C.C., Maravilla J.C., Marcenes W., Marks A., Martin R.V., Martins S.C.O., Martins-Melo F.R., Martopullo I., Mashamba-Thompson T.P., Massenburg B.B., Mathur M.R., Maulik P.K., Mazidi M., McAlinden C., McGrath J.J., McKee M., McMahon B.J., Mehata S., Mehndiratta M.M., Mehrotra R., Mehta K.M., Mehta V., Mejia-Rodriguez F., Mekonen T., Mekonnen T.C.C., Meles H.G., Melese A., Melku M., Memiah P.T.N., Memish Z.A., Mendoza W., Mengistu D.T., Mengistu G., Mensah G.A., Mensink G.B.M., Mereta S.T., Meretoja A., Meretoja T.J., Mestrovic T., Mezgebe H.B., Miazgowski B., Miazgowski T., Millear A.I., Miller T.R., Miller-Petrie M.K., Milne G.J., Mini G.K., Minnig S.P., Mirabi P., Mirarefin M., Mirrakhimov E.M., Misganaw A.T., Mitchell P.B., Moazen B., Moghadamnia A.A., Mohajer B., Mohammad K.A., Mohammadi M., Mohammadifard N., Mohammadnia-Afrouzi M., Mohammed M.A., Mohammed S., Mohan M.B.V., Mohan V., Mohebi F., Moitra M., Mokdad A.H., Molokhia M., Monasta L., Montanez J.C., Moosazadeh M., Moradi G., Moradi M., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moradinazar M., Moraga P., Morawska L., Morgado-da-Costa J., Morisaki N., Morrison S.D., Mosapour A., Moschos M.M., Mountjoy-Venning W.C., Mouodi S., Mousavi S.M., Muche A.A., Muchie K.F., Mueller U.O., Muhammed O.S.S., Mukhopadhyay S., Mullany E.C., Muller K., Mumford J.E., Murhekar M., Murthy G.V.S., Murthy S., Musa J., Musa K.I., Mustafa G., Muthupandian S., Nabhan A.F., Nachega J.B., Nagarajan A.J., Nagel G., Naghavi M., Naheed A., Nahvijou A., Naidoo K., Naik G., Naik N., Najafi F., Naldi L., Nam H.S., Nangia V., Nansseu J.R., Nascimento B.R., Nawaz H., Neamati N., Negoi I., Negoi R.I., Neupane S., Newton C.R.J., Ngalesoni F.N., Ngunjiri J.W., Nguyen A., Nguyen G., Nguyen H., Nguyen H.L.T., Nguyen H.T., Nguyen M., Nichols E., Nigatu S.G., Ningrum D.N.A., Nirayo Y.L., Nisar M.I., Nixon M.R., Nolutshungu N., Nomura M., Norheim O.F., Noroozi M., Norrving B., Noubiap J.J., Nouri H.R., Shiadeh M.N., Nowroozi M.R., Nyasulu P.S., Obermeyer C.M., Ofori-Asenso R., Ogah O.S., Ogbo F.A., Oh I.-H., Okoro A., Oladimeji K.E., Oladimeji O., Olagunju A.T., Olagunju T.O., Olivares P.R., Olsen H.E., Olusanya B.O., Olusanya J.O., Ong K.L., Ong S.K., Oommen A.M., Opio J.N., Oren E., Oros A., Ortega-Altamirano D.D.V., Ortiz A., Ortiz J.R., Ortiz-Panozo E., Ota E., Otstavnov S.S., Owolabi M.O., Mahesh P.A., Pakhale S., Pakhare A.P., Pan W.-H., Pana A., Panda B.K., Panda-Jonas S., Pandian J.D., Papantoniou N., Park E.-K., Parry C.D.H., Parsian H., Patel S., Pati S., Patle A., Patton G.C., Paturi V.R., Paudel D., Paulson K.R., Pearce N., Peprah E.K., Pereira D.M., Perico N., Pervaiz A., Pesudovs K., Petri W.A., Petzold M., Phillips M.R., Pigott D.M., Pillay J.D., Pirsaheb M., Pletcher M., Pond C.D., Postma M.J., Pourshams A., Poustchi H., Prabhakaran D., Prakash S., Prasad N., Purcell C.A., Pyakurel M., Qorbani M., Quansah R., Radfar A., Rafay A., Rafiei A., Rahim F., Rahimi K., Rahimi-Movaghar A., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rahman M., Rahman M.S., Rahman M.H.U., Rahman M.A., Rahman S.U., Rai R.K., Rajati F., Rajsic S., Ram U., Rana S.M., Ranabhat C.L., Ranjan P., Rasella D., Rawaf D.L., Rawaf S., Razo-Garcia C., Reddy K.S., Reiner R.C., Reis C., Reitsma M.B., Remuzzi G., Renzaho A.M.N., Resnikoff S., Reynales-Shigematsu L.M., Rezaei S., Rezaeian S., Rezai M.S., Riahi S.M., Ribeiro A.L.P., Rios-Blancas M.J., Roba K.T., Roberts N.L.S., Roever L., Ronfani L., Roshandel G., Rostami A., Roth G.A., Roy A., Rubagotti E., Ruhago G.M., Sabde Y.D., Sachdev P.S., Saddik B., Sadeghi E., Safari H., Safari Y., Safari-Faramani R., Safdarian M., Safi S., Safiri S., Sagar R., Sahebkar A., Sahraian M.A., Sajadi H.S., Salam N., Salama J.S., Salamati P., De Freitas Saldanha R., Saleem Z., Salimi Y., Salimzadeh H., Salomon J.A., Salvi S.S., Salz I., Sambala E.Z., Samy A.M., Sanabria J., Sanchez-Nino M.D., Santos I.S., Milicevic M.M.S., Jose B.P.S., Sardana M., Sarker A.R., Sarrafzadegan N., Sartorius B., Sarvi S., Sathian B., Satpathy M., Savic M., Sawant A.R., Sawhney M., Saxena S., Saylan M., Sayyah M., Schaeffner E., Schmidt M.I., Schneider I.J.C., Schottker B., Schutte A.E., Schwebel D.C., Schwendicke F., Seedat S., Sekerija M., Sepanlou S.G., Seyedmousavi S., Shabaninejad H., Shackelford K.A., Shafieesabet A., Shaheen A.A., Shaikh M.A., Shams-Beyranvand M., Shamsi M.B., Shamsizadeh M., Sharafi H., Sharafi K., Sharif M., Sharif-Alhoseini M., Sharma J., Sharma R., Sharma S.K., She 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Tanser F.C., Tassew A.A., Tassew S.G., Tavakkoli M., Taveira N., Tawye N.Y., Tehrani-Banihashemi A., Tekalign T.G., Tekle M.G., Temesgen H., Temsah M.-H., Temsah O., Terkawi A.S., Teshale M.Y., Teshome D.F., Tessema B., Teweldemedhin M., Thakur J.S., Thankappan K.R., Theis A., Thirunavukkarasu S., Thomas L.A., Thomas N., Thomson A.J., Tilahun B., To Q.G., Tobe-Gai R., Tonelli M., Topor-Madry R., Torre A.E., Tortajada-Girbes M., Tovani-Palone M.R., Towbin J.A., Tran B.X., Tran K.B., Tran T.T., Tripathy S.P., Troeger C.E., Truelsen T.C., Tsadik A.G., Car L.T., Tuzcu E.M., Tymeson H.D., Ukwaja K.N., Ullah I., and Updike R.L.
Abstract: Background: Efforts to establish the 2015 baseline and monitor early implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) highlight both great potential for and threats to improving health by 2030. To fully deliver on the SDG aim of "leaving no one behind", it is increasingly important to examine the health-related SDGs beyond national-level estimates. As part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017), we measured progress on 41 of 52 health-related SDG indicators and estimated the health-related SDG index for 195 countries and territories for the period 1990-2017, projected indicators to 2030, and analysed global attainment. Method(s): We measured progress on 41 health-related SDG indicators from 1990 to 2017, an increase of four indicators since GBD 2016 (new indicators were health worker density, sexual violence by non-intimate partners, population census status, and prevalence of physical and sexual violence [reported separately]). We also improved the measurement of several previously reported indicators. We constructed national-level estimates and, for a subset of health-related SDGs, examined indicator-level differences by sex and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile. We also did subnational assessments of performance for selected countries. To construct the health-related SDG index, we transformed the value for each indicator on a scale of 0-100, with 0 as the 2.5th percentile and 100 as the 97.5th percentile of 1000 draws calculated from 1990 to 2030, and took the geometric mean of the scaled indicators by target. To generate projections through 2030, we used a forecasting framework that drew estimates from the broader GBD study and used weighted averages of indicator-specific and country-specific annualised rates of change from 1990 to 2017 to inform future estimates. We assessed attainment of indicators with defined targets in two ways: first, using mean values projected for 2030, and then using the prob
Published: 2018

46. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 Diseases and Injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017.

Author: She J., Thankappan K.R., Thomas N., Tilahun B., To Q.G., Tonelli M., Topor-Madry R., Topouzis F., Torre A.E., Tortajada-Girbes M., Touvier M., Tovani-Palone M.R., Towbin J.A., Tran B.X., Tran K.B., Troeger C.E., Truelsen T.C., Tsilimbaris M.K., Tsoi D., Tudor Car L., Tuzcu E.M., Ukwaja K.N., Ullah I., Undurraga E.A., Unutzer J., Updike R.L., Usman M.S., Uthman O.A., Vaduganathan M., Vaezi A., Valdez P.R., Varughese S., Vasankari T.J., Venketasubramanian N., Villafaina S., Violante F.S., Vladimirov S.K., Vlassov V., Vollset S.E., Vosoughi K., Vujcic I.S., Wagnew F.S., Waheed Y., Waller S.G., Wang Y., Wang Y.-P., Weiderpass E., Weintraub R.G., Weiss D.J., Weldegebreal F., Weldegwergs K.G., Werdecker A., West T.E., Whiteford H.A., Widecka J., Wijeratne T., Wilner L.B., Wilson S., Winkler A.S., Wiyeh A.B., Wiysonge C.S., Wolfe C.D.A., Woolf A.D., Wu S., Wu Y.-C., Wyper G.M.A., Xavier D., Xu G., Yadgir S., Yadollahpour A., Yahyazadeh Jabbari S.H., Yamada T., Yan L.L., Yano Y., Yaseri M., Yasin Y.J., Yeshaneh A., Yimer E.M., Yip P., Yisma E., Yonemoto N., Yoon S.-J., Yotebieng M., Younis M.Z., Yousefifard M., Yu C., Zadnik V., Zaidi Z., Zaman S.B., Zamani M., Zare Z., Zeleke A.J., Zenebe Z.M., Zhang K., Zhao Z., Zhou M., Zodpey S., Zucker I., Vos T., Murray C.J.L., De Courten B., Fox J., James S.L., Abate D., Abate K.H., Abay S.M., Abbafati C., Abbasi N., Abbastabar H., Abd-Allah F., Abdela J., Abdelalim A., Abdollahpour I., Abdulkader R.S., Abebe Z., Abera S.F., Abil O.Z., Abraha H.N., Abu-Raddad L.J., Abu-Rmeileh N.M.E., Accrombessi M.M.K., Acharya D., Acharya P., Ackerman I.N., Adamu A.A., Adebayo O.M., Adekanmbi V., Adetokunboh O.O., Adib M.G., Adsuar J.C., Afanvi K.A., Afarideh M., Afshin A., Agarwal G., Agesa K.M., Aggarwal R., Aghayan S.A., Agrawal S., Ahmadi A., Ahmadi M., Ahmadieh H., Ahmed M.B., Aichour A.N., Aichour I., Aichour M.T.E., Akinyemiju T., Akseer N., Al-Aly Z., Al-Eyadhy A., Al-Mekhlafi H.M., Al-Raddadi R.M., Alahdab F., Alam K., Alam T., Alashi A., Alavian S.M., Alene K.A., Alijanzadeh M., Alizadeh-Navaei R., Aljunid S.M., Alkerwi A., Alla F., Allebeck P., Alouani M.M.L., Altirkawi K., Alvis-Guzman N., Amare A.T., Aminde L.N., Ammar W., Amoako Y.A., Anber N.H., Andrei C.L., Androudi S., Animut M.D., Anjomshoa M., Ansha M.G., Antonio C.A.T., Anwari P., Arabloo J., Arauz A., Aremu O., Ariani F., Armoon B., Arnlov J., Arora A., Artaman A., Aryal K.K., Asayesh H., Asghar R.J., Ataro Z., Atre S.R., Ausloos M., Avila-Burgos L., Avokpaho E.F.G.A., Awasthi A., Ayala Quintanilla B.P., Ayer R., Azzopardi P.S., Babazadeh A., Badali H., Badawi A., Bali A.G., Ballesteros K.E., Ballew S.H., Banach M., Banoub J.A.M., Banstola A., Barac A., Barboza M.A., Barker-Collo S.L., Barnighausen T.W., Barrero L.H., Baune B.T., Bazargan-Hejazi S., Bedi N., Beghi E., Behzadifar M., Bejot Y., Belachew A.B., Belay Y.A., Bell M.L., Bello A.K., Bensenor I.M., Bernabe E., Bernstein R.S., Beuran M., Beyranvand T., Bhala N., Bhattarai S., Bhaumik S., Bhutta Z.A., Biadgo B., Bijani A., Bikbov B., Bilano V., Bililign N., Bin Sayeed M.S., Bisanzio D., Blacker B.F., Blyth F.M., Bou-Orm I.R., Boufous S., Bourne R., Brady O.J., Brainin M., Brant L.C., Brazinova A., Breitborde N.J.K., Brenner H., Briant P.S., Briggs A.M., Briko A.N., Britton G., Brugha T., Buchbinder R., Busse R., Butt Z.A., Cahuana-Hurtado L., Cano J., Cardenas R., Carrero J.J., Carter A., Carvalho F., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Castillo Rivas J., Castro F., Catala-Lopez F., Cercy K.M., Cerin E., Chaiah Y., Chang A.R., Chang H.-Y., Chang J.-C., Charlson F.J., Chattopadhyay A., Chattu V.K., Chaturvedi P., Chiang P.P.-C., Chin K.L., Chitheer A., Choi J.-Y.J., Chowdhury R., Christensen H., Christopher D.J., Cicuttini F.M., Ciobanu L.G., Cirillo M., Claro R.M., Collado-Mateo D., Cooper C., Coresh J., Cortesi P.A., Cortinovis M., Costa M., Cousin E., Criqui M.H., Cromwell E.A., Cross M., Crump J.A., Dadi A.F., Dandona L., Dandona R., Dargan P.I., Daryani A., Das Gupta R., Das Neves J., Dasa T.T., Davey G., Davis A.C., Davitoiu D.V., De La Hoz F.P., De Leo D., De Neve J.-W., Degefa M.G., Degenhardt L., Deiparine S., Dellavalle R.P., Demoz G.T., Deribe K., Dervenis N., Des Jarlais D.C., Dessie G.A., Dey S., Dharmaratne S.D., Dinberu M.T., Dirac M.A., Djalalinia S., Doan L., Dokova K., Doku D.T., Dorsey E.R., Doyle K.E., Driscoll T.R., Dubey M., Dubljanin E., Duken E.E., Duncan B.B., Duraes A.R., Ebrahimi H., Ebrahimpour S., Echko M.M., Edvardsson D., Effiong A., Ehrlich J.R., El Bcheraoui C., El Sayed Zaki M., El-Khatib Z., Elkout H., Elyazar I.R.F., Enayati A., Endries A.Y., Er B., Erskine H.E., Eshrati B., Eskandarieh S., Esteghamati A., Esteghamati S., Fakhim H., Fallah Omrani V., Faramarzi M., Fareed M., Farhadi F., Farid T.A., Farinha C.S.E., Farioli A., Faro A., Farvid M.S., Farzadfar F., Feigin V.L., Fentahun N., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Fernandes E., Fernandes J.C., Ferrari A.J., Feyissa G.T., Filip I., Fischer F., Fitzmaurice C., Foigt N.A., Foreman K.J., Frank T.D., Fukumoto T., Fullman N., Furst T., Furtado J.M., Futran N.D., Gall S., Ganji M., Gankpe F.G., Garcia-Basteiro A.L., Gardner W.M., Gebre A.K., Gebremedhin A.T., Gebremichael T.G., Gelano T.F., Geleijnse J.M., Genova-Maleras R., Geramo Y.C.D., Gething P.W., Gezae K.E., Ghadiri K., Ghasemi Falavarjani K., Ghasemi-Kasman M., Ghimire M., Ghosh R., Ghoshal A.G., Giampaoli S., Gill P.S., Gill T.K., Ginawi I.A., Giussani G., Gnedovskaya E.V., Goldberg E.M., Goli S., Gomez-Dantes H., Gona P.N., Gopalani S.V., Gorman T.M., Goulart A.C., Goulart B.N.G., Grada A., Grams M.E., Grosso G., Gugnani H.C., Guo Y., Gupta P.C., Gupta R., Gupta T., Gyawali B., Haagsma J.A., Hachinski V., Hafezi-Nejad N., Haghparast Bidgoli H., Hagos T.B., Hailu G.B., Haj-Mirzaian A., Hamadeh R.R., Hamidi S., Handal A.J., Hankey G.J., Hao Y., Harb H.L., Harikrishnan S., Haro J.M., Hasan M., Hassankhani H., Hassen H.Y., Havmoeller R., Hawley C.N., Hay R.J., Hay S.I., Hedayatizadeh-Omran A., Heibati B., Hendrie D., Henok A., Herteliu C., Heydarpour S., Hibstu D.T., Hoang H.T., Hoek H.W., Hoffman H.J., Hole M.K., Homaie Rad E., Hoogar P., Hosgood H.D., Hosseini S.M., Hosseinzadeh M., Hostiuc M., Hostiuc S., Hotez P.J., Hoy D.G., Hsairi M., Htet A.S., Hu G., Huang J.J., Huynh C.K., Iburg K.M., Ikeda C.T., Ileanu B., Ilesanmi O.S., Iqbal U., Irvani S.S.N., Irvine C.M.S., Islam S., Islami F., Jacobsen K.H., Jahangiry L., Jahanmehr N., Jain S.K., Jakovljevic M., Javanbakht M., Jayatilleke A.U., Jeemon P., Jha R.P., Jha V., Ji J.S., Johnson C.O., Jonas J.B., Jozwiak J.J., Jungari S.B., Jurisson M., Kabir Z., Kadel R., Kahsay A., Kalani R., Kanchan T., Karami M., Karami Matin B., Karch A., Karema C., Karimi N., Karimi S.M., Kasaeian A., Kassa D.H., Kassa G.M., Kassa T.D., Kassebaum N.J., Katikireddi S.V., Kawakami N., Kazemi Karyani A., Keighobadi M.M., Keiyoro P.N., Kemmer L., Kemp G.R., Kengne A.P., Keren A., Khader Y.S., Khafaei B., Khafaie M.A., Khajavi A., Khalil I.A., Khan E.A., Khan 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Majdan M., Majdzadeh R., Majeed A., Malekzadeh R., Malta D.C., Mamun A.A., Manda A.-L., Manguerra H., Manhertz T., Mansournia M.A., Mantovani L.G., Mapoma C.C., Maravilla J.C., Marcenes W., Marks A., Martins-Melo F.R., Martopullo I., Marz W., Marzan M.B., Mashamba-Thompson T.P., Massenburg B.B., Mathur M.R., Matsushita K., Maulik P.K., Mazidi M., McAlinden C., McGrath J.J., McKee M., Mehndiratta M.M., Mehrotra R., Mehta K.M., Mehta V., Mejia-Rodriguez F., Mekonen T., Melese A., Melku M., Meltzer M., Memiah P.T.N., Memish Z.A., Mendoza W., Mengistu D.T., Mengistu G., Mensah G.A., Mereta S.T., Meretoja A., Meretoja T.J., Mestrovic T., Mezerji N.M.G., Miazgowski B., Miazgowski T., Millear A.I., Miller T.R., Miltz B., Mini G.K., Mirarefin M., Mirrakhimov E.M., Misganaw A.T., Mitchell P.B., Mitiku H., Moazen B., Mohajer B., Mohammad K.A., Mohammadifard N., Mohammadnia-Afrouzi M., Mohammed M.A., Mohammed S., Mohebi F., Moitra M., Mokdad A.H., Molokhia M., Monasta L., Moodley Y., Moosazadeh M., Moradi G., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moradinazar M., Moraga P., Morawska L., Moreno Velasquez I., Morgado-Da-Costa J., Morrison S.D., Moschos M.M., Mousavi S.M., Mruts K.B., Muche A.A., Muchie K.F., Mueller U.O., Muhammed O.S., Mukhopadhyay S., Muller K., Mumford J.E., Murhekar M., Musa J., Musa K.I., Mustafa G., Nabhan A.F., Nagata C., Naghavi M., Naheed A., Nahvijou A., Naik G., Naik N., Najafi F., Naldi L., Nam H.S., Nangia V., Nansseu J.R., Nascimento B.R., Natarajan G., Neamati N., Negoi I., Negoi R.I., Neupane S., Newton C.R.J., Ngunjiri J.W., Nguyen A.Q., Nguyen H.L.T., Nguyen H.T., Nguyen L.H., Nguyen M., Nguyen N.B., Nguyen S.H., Nichols E., Ningrum D.N.A., Nixon M.R., Nolutshungu N., Nomura S., Norheim O.F., Noroozi M., Norrving B., Noubiap J.J., Nouri H.R., Nourollahpour Shiadeh M., Nowroozi M.R., Nsoesie E.O., Nyasulu P.S., Odell C.M., Ofori-Asenso R., Ogbo F.A., Oh I.-H., Oladimeji O., Olagunju A.T., Olagunju T.O., Olivares P.R., Olsen H.E., Olusanya B.O., Ong K.L., Ong S.K., Oren E., Ortiz A., Ota E., Otstavnov S.S., overland S., Owolabi M.O., Mahesh P.A., Pacella R., Pakpour A.H., Pana A., Panda-Jonas S., Parisi A., Park E.-K., Parry C.D.H., Patel S., Pati S., Patil S.T., Patle A., Patton G.C., Paturi V.R., Paulson K.R., Pearce N., Pereira D.M., Perico N., Pesudovs K., Pham H.Q., Phillips M.R., Pigott D.M., Pillay J.D., Piradov M.A., Pirsaheb M., Pishgar F., Plana-Ripoll O., Plass D., Polinder S., Popova S., Postma M.J., Pourshams A., Poustchi H., Prabhakaran D., Prakash S., Prakash V., Purcell C.A., Purwar M.B., Qorbani M., Quistberg D.A., Radfar A., Rafay A., Rafiei A., Rahim F., Rahimi K., Rahimi-Movaghar A., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rahman M., Ur Rahman M.H., Rahman M.A., Rahman S.U., Rai R.K., Rajati F., Ram U., Ranjan P., Ranta A., Rao P.C., Rawaf D.L., Rawaf S., Reddy K.S., Reiner R.C., Reinig N., Reitsma M.B., Remuzzi G., Renzaho A.M.N., Resnikoff S., Rezaei S., Rezai M.S., Ribeiro A.L.P., Robinson S.R., Roever L., Ronfani L., Roshandel G., Rostami A., 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Gall S., Ganji M., Gankpe F.G., Garcia-Basteiro A.L., Gardner W.M., Gebre A.K., Gebremedhin A.T., Gebremichael T.G., Gelano T.F., Geleijnse J.M., Genova-Maleras R., Geramo Y.C.D., Gething P.W., Gezae K.E., Ghadiri K., Ghasemi Falavarjani K., Ghasemi-Kasman M., Ghimire M., Ghosh R., Ghoshal A.G., Giampaoli S., Gill P.S., Gill T.K., Ginawi I.A., Giussani G., Gnedovskaya E.V., Goldberg E.M., Goli S., Gomez-Dantes H., Gona P.N., Gopalani S.V., Gorman T.M., Goulart A.C., Goulart B.N.G., Grada A., Grams M.E., Grosso G., Gugnani H.C., Guo Y., Gupta P.C., Gupta R., Gupta T., Gyawali B., Haagsma J.A., Hachinski V., Hafezi-Nejad N., Haghparast Bidgoli H., Hagos T.B., Hailu G.B., Haj-Mirzaian A., Hamadeh R.R., Hamidi S., Handal A.J., Hankey G.J., Hao Y., Harb H.L., Harikrishnan S., Haro J.M., Hasan M., Hassankhani H., Hassen H.Y., Havmoeller R., Hawley C.N., Hay R.J., Hay S.I., Hedayatizadeh-Omran A., Heibati B., Hendrie D., Henok A., Herteliu C., Heydarpour S., Hibstu D.T., Hoang H.T., Hoek H.W., Hoffman H.J., Hole M.K., Homaie Rad E., Hoogar P., Hosgood H.D., Hosseini S.M., Hosseinzadeh M., Hostiuc M., Hostiuc S., Hotez P.J., Hoy D.G., Hsairi M., Htet A.S., Hu G., Huang J.J., Huynh C.K., Iburg K.M., Ikeda C.T., Ileanu B., Ilesanmi O.S., Iqbal U., Irvani S.S.N., Irvine C.M.S., Islam S., Islami F., Jacobsen K.H., Jahangiry L., Jahanmehr N., Jain S.K., Jakovljevic M., Javanbakht M., Jayatilleke A.U., Jeemon P., Jha R.P., Jha V., Ji J.S., Johnson C.O., Jonas J.B., Jozwiak J.J., Jungari S.B., Jurisson M., Kabir Z., Kadel R., Kahsay A., Kalani R., Kanchan T., Karami M., Karami Matin B., Karch A., Karema C., Karimi N., Karimi S.M., Kasaeian A., Kassa D.H., Kassa G.M., Kassa T.D., Kassebaum N.J., Katikireddi S.V., Kawakami N., Kazemi Karyani A., Keighobadi M.M., Keiyoro P.N., Kemmer L., Kemp G.R., Kengne A.P., Keren A., Khader Y.S., Khafaei B., Khafaie M.A., Khajavi A., Khalil I.A., Khan E.A., Khan M.S., Khan M.A., Khang Y.-H., Khazaei M., Khoja A.T., Khosravi A., Khosravi M.H., 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A.-L., Manguerra H., Manhertz T., Mansournia M.A., Mantovani L.G., Mapoma C.C., Maravilla J.C., Marcenes W., Marks A., Martins-Melo F.R., Martopullo I., Marz W., Marzan M.B., Mashamba-Thompson T.P., Massenburg B.B., Mathur M.R., Matsushita K., Maulik P.K., Mazidi M., McAlinden C., McGrath J.J., McKee M., Mehndiratta M.M., Mehrotra R., Mehta K.M., Mehta V., Mejia-Rodriguez F., Mekonen T., Melese A., Melku M., Meltzer M., Memiah P.T.N., Memish Z.A., Mendoza W., Mengistu D.T., Mengistu G., Mensah G.A., Mereta S.T., Meretoja A., Meretoja T.J., Mestrovic T., Mezerji N.M.G., Miazgowski B., Miazgowski T., Millear A.I., Miller T.R., Miltz B., Mini G.K., Mirarefin M., Mirrakhimov E.M., Misganaw A.T., Mitchell P.B., Mitiku H., Moazen B., Mohajer B., Mohammad K.A., Mohammadifard N., Mohammadnia-Afrouzi M., Mohammed M.A., Mohammed S., Mohebi F., Moitra M., Mokdad A.H., Molokhia M., Monasta L., Moodley Y., Moosazadeh M., Moradi G., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moradinazar M., Moraga P., Morawska L., Moreno Velasquez I., Morgado-Da-Costa J., Morrison S.D., Moschos M.M., Mousavi S.M., Mruts K.B., Muche A.A., Muchie K.F., Mueller U.O., Muhammed O.S., Mukhopadhyay S., Muller K., Mumford J.E., Murhekar M., Musa J., Musa K.I., Mustafa G., Nabhan A.F., Nagata C., Naghavi M., Naheed A., Nahvijou A., Naik G., Naik N., Najafi F., Naldi L., Nam H.S., Nangia V., Nansseu J.R., Nascimento B.R., Natarajan G., Neamati N., Negoi I., Negoi R.I., Neupane S., Newton C.R.J., Ngunjiri J.W., Nguyen A.Q., Nguyen H.L.T., Nguyen H.T., Nguyen L.H., Nguyen M., Nguyen N.B., Nguyen S.H., Nichols E., Ningrum D.N.A., Nixon M.R., Nolutshungu N., Nomura S., Norheim O.F., Noroozi M., Norrving B., Noubiap J.J., Nouri H.R., Nourollahpour Shiadeh M., Nowroozi M.R., Nsoesie E.O., Nyasulu P.S., Odell C.M., Ofori-Asenso R., Ogbo F.A., Oh I.-H., Oladimeji O., Olagunju A.T., Olagunju T.O., Olivares P.R., Olsen H.E., Olusanya B.O., Ong K.L., Ong S.K., Oren E., Ortiz A., Ota E., Otstavnov S.S., overland S., Owolabi M.O., Mahesh P.A., Pacella R., Pakpour A.H., Pana A., Panda-Jonas S., Parisi A., Park E.-K., Parry C.D.H., Patel S., Pati S., Patil S.T., Patle A., Patton G.C., Paturi V.R., Paulson K.R., Pearce N., Pereira D.M., Perico N., Pesudovs K., Pham H.Q., Phillips M.R., Pigott D.M., Pillay J.D., Piradov M.A., Pirsaheb M., Pishgar F., Plana-Ripoll O., Plass D., Polinder S., Popova S., Postma M.J., Pourshams A., Poustchi H., Prabhakaran D., Prakash S., Prakash V., Purcell C.A., Purwar M.B., Qorbani M., Quistberg D.A., Radfar A., Rafay A., Rafiei A., Rahim F., Rahimi K., Rahimi-Movaghar A., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rahman M., Ur Rahman M.H., Rahman M.A., Rahman S.U., Rai R.K., Rajati F., Ram U., Ranjan P., Ranta A., Rao P.C., Rawaf D.L., Rawaf S., Reddy K.S., Reiner R.C., Reinig N., Reitsma M.B., Remuzzi G., Renzaho A.M.N., Resnikoff S., Rezaei S., Rezai M.S., Ribeiro A.L.P., Robinson S.R., Roever L., Ronfani L., Roshandel G., Rostami A., Roth G.A., Roy A., Rubagotti E., Sachdev P.S., Sadat N., Saddik B., Sadeghi E., Saeedi Moghaddam S., Safari H., Safari Y., Safari-Faramani R., Safdarian M., Safi S., Safiri S., Sagar R., Sahebkar A., Sahraian M.A., Sajadi H.S., Salam N., Salama J.S., Salamati P., Saleem K., Saleem Z., Salimi Y., Salomon J.A., Salvi S.S., Salz I., Samy A.M., Sanabria J., Sang Y., Santomauro D.F., Santos I.S., Santos J.V., Santric Milicevic M.M., Sao Jose B.P., Sardana M., Sarker A.R., Sarrafzadegan N., Sartorius B., Sarvi S., Sathian B., Satpathy M., Sawant A.R., Sawhney M., Saxena S., Saylan M., Schaeffner E., Schmidt M.I., Schneider I.J.C., Schottker B., Schwebel D.C., Schwendicke F., Scott J.G., Sekerija M., Sepanlou S.G., Servan-Mori E., Seyedmousavi S., Shabaninejad H., Shafieesabet A., Shahbazi M., Shaheen A.A., Shaikh M.A., Shams-Beyranvand M., Shamsi M., Shamsizadeh M., Sharafi H., Sharafi K., Sharif M., Sharif-Alhoseini M., Sharma M., Sharma R., Sheikh A., Shi P., Shibuya K., Shigematsu M., Shiri R., Shirkoohi R., Shishani K., Shiue I., Shokraneh F., Shoman H., Shrime M.G., Si S., Siabani S., Siddiqi T.J., Sigfusdottir I.D., Sigurvinsdottir R., Silva J.P., Silveira D.G.A., Singam N.S.V., Singh J.A., Singh N.P., Singh V., Sinha D.N., Skiadaresi E., Slepak E.L.N., Sliwa K., Smith D.L., Smith M., Soares Filho A.M., Sobaih B.H., Sobhani S., Sobngwi E., Soneji S.S., Soofi M., Soosaraei M., Sorensen R.J.D., Soriano J.B., Soyiri I.N., Sposato L.A., Sreeramareddy C.T., Srinivasan V., Stanaway J.D., Stein D.J., Steiner C., Steiner T.J., Stokes M.A., Stovner L.J., Subart M.L., Sudaryanto A., Sufiyan M.B., Sunguya B.F., Sur P.J., Sutradhar I., Sykes B.L., Sylte D.O., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tadakamadla S.K., Tadesse B.T., Tandon N., Tassew S.G., Tavakkoli M., Taveira N., Taylor H.R., Tehrani-Banihashemi A., Tekalign T.G., Tekelemedhin S.W., Tekle M.G., Temesgen H., Temsah M.-H., Temsah O., Terkawi A.S., and Teweldemedhin M.
Abstract: Background: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017) includes a comprehensive assessment of incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for 354 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2017. Previous GBD studies have shown how the decline of mortality rates from 1990 to 2016 has led to an increase in life expectancy, an ageing global population, and an expansion of the non-fatal burden of disease and injury. These studies have also shown how a substantial portion of the world's population experiences non-fatal health loss with considerable heterogeneity among different causes, locations, ages, and sexes. Ongoing objectives of the GBD study include increasing the level of estimation detail, improving analytical strategies, and increasing the amount of high-quality data. Method(s): We estimated incidence and prevalence for 354 diseases and injuries and 3484 sequelae. We used an updated and extensive body of literature studies, survey data, surveillance data, inpatient admission records, outpatient visit records, and health insurance claims, and additionally used results from cause of death models to inform estimates using a total of 68 781 data sources. Newly available clinical data from India, Iran, Japan, Jordan, Nepal, China, Brazil, Norway, and Italy were incorporated, as well as updated claims data from the USA and new claims data from Taiwan (province of China) and Singapore. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, as the main method of estimation, ensuring consistency between rates of incidence, prevalence, remission, and cause of death for each condition. YLDs were estimated as the product of a prevalence estimate and a disability weight for health states of each mutually exclusive sequela, adjusted for comorbidity. We updated the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary development indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and total fertility rate. Additionally, we
Published: 2018

47. Global, regional, and national under-5 mortality, adult mortality, age-specific mortality, and life expectancy, 1970-2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016.

Author: Shetty B.P., Tekle D.Y., Temam Shifa G., Temsah M.-H., Terkawi A.S., Tesema C.L., Tesssema B., Theis A., Thomas N., Thompson A.H., Thomson A.J., Tiruye T.Y., Tobe-Gai R., Tonelli M., Topor-Madry R., Topouzis F., Tortajada M., Tran B.X., Truelsen T., Trujillo U., Tsilimparis N., Tuem K.B., Tuzcu E.M., Tyrovolas S., Ukwaja K.N., Undurraga E.A., Uthman O.A., Uzochukwu B.S.C., Van Boven J.F.M., Varakin Y.Y., Varughese S., Vasankari T., Vasconcelos A.M.N., Venketasubramanian N., Vidavalur R., Violante F.S., Vishnu A., Vladimirov S.K., Vlassov V.V., Vollset S.E., Vos T., Waid J.L., Wakayo T., Wang Y.-P., Weichenthal S., Weiderpass E., Weintraub R.G., Werdecker A., Wesana J., Wijeratne T., Wilkinson J.D., Wiysonge C.S., Woldeyes B.G., Wolfe C.D.A., Workicho A., Workie S.B., Xavier D., Xu G., Yaghoubi M., Yakob B., Yalew A.Z., Yan L.L., Yano Y., Yaseri M., Ye P., Yimam H.H., Yip P., Yirsaw B.D., Yonemoto N., Yoon S.-J., Yotebieng M., Younis M.Z., Zaidi Z., El Sayed Zaki M., Zeeb H., Zenebe Z.M., Zerfu T.A., Zhang A.L., Zhang X., Zodpey S., Zuhlke L.J., Lopez A.D., Murray C.J.L., De Courten B., Singh A., Thrift A.G., Wang H., Abajobir A.A., Abate K.H., Abbafati C., Abbas K.M., Abd-Allah F., Abera S.F., Abraha H.N., Abu-Raddad L.J., Abu-Rmeileh N.M.E., Adedeji I.A., Adedoyin R.A., Adetifa I.M.O., Adetokunboh O., Afshin A., Aggarwal R., Agrawal A., Agrawal S., Ahmad Kiadaliri A., Ahmed M.B., Aichour A.N., Aichour I., Aichour M.T.E., Aiyar S., Akanda A.S., Akinyemiju T.F., Akseer N., Al-Eyadhy A., Al Lami F.H., Alabed S., Alahdab F., Al-Aly Z., Alam K., Alam N., Alasfoor D., Aldridge R.W., Alene K.A., Alhabib S., Ali R., Alizadeh-Navaei R., Aljunid S.M., Alkaabi J.M., Alkerwi A., Alla F., Allam S.D., Allebeck P., Al-Raddadi R., Alsharif U., Altirkawi K.A., Martin E.A., Alvis-Guzman N., Amare A.T., Ameh E.A., Amini E., Ammar W., Amoako Y.A., Anber N., Andrei C.L., Androudi S., Ansari H., Ansha M.G., Antonio C.A.T., Anwari P., Arnlov J., Arora M., Artaman A., Aryal K.K., Asayesh H., Asgedom S.W., Asghar R.J., Assadi R., Atey T.M., Atre S.R., Avila-Burgos L., Avokpaho E.F.G.A., Awasthi A., Ayala Quintanilla B.P., Babalola T.K., Bacha U., Badawi A., Balakrishnan K., Balalla S., Barac A., Barber R.M., Barboza M.A., Barker-Collo S.L., Barnighausen T., Barquera S., Barregard L., Barrero L.H., Baune B.T., Bazargan-Hejazi S., Bedi N., Beghi E., Bejot Y., Bekele B.B., Bell M.L., Bello A.K., Bennett D.A., Bennett J.R., Bensenor I.M., Benson J., Berhane A., Berhe D.F., Bernabe E., Beuran M., Beyene A.S., Bhala N., Bhansali A., Bhaumik S., Bhutta Z.A., Bikbov B., Birungi C., Biryukov S., Bisanzio D., Bizuayehu H.M., Bjerregaard P., Blosser C.D., Boneya D.J., Boufous S., Bourne R.R.A., Brazinova A., Breitborde N.J.K., Brenner H., Brugha T.S., Bukhman G., Bulto L.N.B., Bumgarner B.R., Burch M., Butt Z.A., Cahill L.E., Cahuana-Hurtado L., Campos-Nonato I.R., Car J., Car M., Cardenas R., Carpenter D.O., Carrero J.J., Carter A., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Castillo Rivas J., Castro F.F., Castro R.E., Catala-Lopez F., Chen H., Chiang P.P.-C., Chibalabala M., Chisumpa V.H., Chitheer A.A., Choi J.-Y.J., Christensen H., Christopher D.J., Ciobanu L.G., Cirillo M., Cohen A.J., Colquhoun S.M., Coresh J., Criqui M.H., Cromwell E.A., Crump J.A., Dandona L., Dandona R., Dargan P.I., Das Neves J., Davey G., Davitoiu D.V., Davletov K., De Leo D., Degenhardt L., Deiparine S., Dellavalle R.P., Deribe K., Deribew A., Des Jarlais D.C., Dey S., Dharmaratne S.D., Dherani M.K., Diaz-Torne C., Ding E.L., Dixit P., Djalalinia S., Do H.P., Doku D.T., Donnelly C.A., Dos Santos K.P.B., Douwes-Schultz D., Driscoll T.R., Duan L., Dubey M., Duncan B.B., Dwivedi L.K., Ebrahimi H., El Bcheraoui C., Ellingsen C.L., Enayati A., Endries A.Y., Ermakov S.P., Eshetie S., Eshrati B., Eskandarieh S., Esteghamati A., Estep K., Fanuel F.B.B., Faro A., Farvid M.S., Farzadfar F., Feigin V.L., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Fernandes J.G., Fernandes J.C., Feyissa T.R., Filip I., Fischer F., Foigt N., Foreman K.J., Frank T., Franklin R.C., Fraser M., Friedman J., Frostad J.J., Fullman N., Furst T., Furtado J.M., Futran N.D., Gakidou E., Gambashidze K., Gamkrelidze A., Gankpe F.G., Garcia-Basteiro A.L., Gebregergs G.B., Gebrehiwot T.T., Gebrekidan K.G., Gebremichael M.W., Gelaye A.A., Geleijnse J.M., Gemechu B.L., Gemechu K.S., Genova-Maleras R., Gesesew H.A., Gething P.W., Gibney K.B., Gill P.S., Gillum R.F., Giref A.Z., Girma B.W., Giussani G., Goenka S., Gomez B., Gona P.N., Gopalani S.V., Goulart A.C., Graetz N., Gugnani H.C., Gupta P.C., Gupta R., Gupta T., Gupta V., Haagsma J.A., Hafezi-Nejad N., Haghparast Bidgoli H., Hakuzimana A., Halasa Y.A., Hamadeh R.R., Hambisa M.T., Hamidi S., Hammami M., Hancock J., Handal A.J., Hankey G.J., Hao Y., Harb H.L., Hareri H.A., Harikrishnan S., Haro J.M., Hassanvand M.S., Havmoeller R., Hay R.J., Hay S.I., He F., Heredia-Pi I.B., Herteliu C., Hilawe E.H., Hoek H.W., Horita N., Hosgood H.D., Hostiuc S., Hotez P.J., Hoy D.G., Hsairi M., Htet A.S., Hu G., Huang H., Huang J.J., Iburg K.M., Igumbor E.U., Ileanu B.V., Inoue M., Irenso A.A., Irvine C.M.S., Islam N., Jacobsen K.H., Jaenisch T., Jahanmehr N., Jakovljevic M.B., Javanbakht M., Jayatilleke A.U., Jeemon P., Jensen P.N., Jha V., Jin Y., John D., John O., Johnson S.C., Jonas J.B., Jurisson M., Kabir Z., Kadel R., Kahsay A., Kalkonde Y., Kamal R., Kan H., Karch A., Karema C.K., Karimi S.M., Karthikeyan G., Kasaeian A., Kassaw N.A., Kassebaum N.J., Kastor A., Katikireddi S.V., Kaul A., Kawakami N., Kazanjan K., Keiyoro P.N., Kelbore S.G., Kemp A.H., Kengne A.P., Keren A., Kereselidze M., Kesavachandran C.N., Ketema E.B., Khader Y.S., Khalil I.A., Khan E.A., Khan G., Khang Y.-H., Khera S., Khoja A.T.A., Khosravi M.H., Kibret G.D., Kieling C., Kim C.-I., Kim D., Kim P., Kim S., Kim Y.J., Kimokoti R.W., Kinfu Y., Kishawi S., Kissimova-Skarbek K.A., Kissoon N., Kivimaki M., Knudsen A.K., Kokubo Y., Kopec J.A., Kosen S., Koul P.A., Koyanagi A., Kravchenko M., Krohn K.J., Kuate Defo B., Kucuk Bicer B., Kuipers E.J., Kulikoff X.R., Kulkarni V.S., Kumar G.A., Kumar P., Kumsa F.A., Kutz M., Lachat C., Lagat A.K., Lager A.C.J., Lal D.K., Lalloo R., Lambert N., Lan Q., Lansingh V.C., Larson H.J., Larsson A., Laryea D.O., Lavados P.M., Laxmaiah A., Lee P.H., Leigh J., Leung J., Leung R., Levi M., Li Y., Liao Y., Liben M.L., Lim S.S., Linn S., Lipshultz S.E., Liu S., Lodha R., Logroscino G., Lorch S.A., Lorkowski S., Lotufo P.A., Lozano R., Lunevicius R., Lyons R.A., Ma S., Macarayan E.R.K., Machado I.E., Mackay M.T., Magdy Abd El Razek M., Magis-Rodriguez C., Mahdavi M., Majdan M., Majdzadeh R., Majeed A., Malekzadeh R., Malhotra R., Malta D.C., Mantovani L.G., Manyazewal T., Mapoma C.C., Marczak L.B., Marks G.B., Martinez-Raga J., Martins-Melo F.R., Massano J., Maulik P.K., Mayosi B.M., Mazidi M., McAlinden C., McGarvey S.T., McGrath J.J., McKee M., Mehata S., Mehndiratta M.M., Mehta K.M., Meier T., Mekonnen T.C., Meles K.G., Memiah P., Memish Z.A., Mendoza W., Mengesha M.M., Mengistie M.A., Mengistu D.T., Menon G.R., Menota B.G., Mensah G.A., Meretoja A., Meretoja T.J., Mezgebe H.B., Micha R., Mikesell J., Miller T.R., Mills E.J., Minnig S., Mirarefin M., Mirrakhimov E.M., Misganaw A., Mishra S.R., Mohammad K.A., Mohammadi A., Mohammed K.E., Mohammed S., Mohan M.B.V., Mohanty S.K., Mokdad A.H., Molla Assaye A., Mollenkopf S.K., Molokhia M., Monasta L., Montanez Hernandez J.C., Montico M., Mooney M.D., Moore A.R., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moraga P., Morawska L., Moreno Velasquez I., Mori R., Morrison S.D., Mruts K.B., Mueller U.O., Mullany E., Muller K., Murthy G.V.S., Murthy S., Musa K.I., Nachega J.B., Nagata C., Nagel G., Naghavi M., Naidoo K.S., Nanda L., Nangia V., Nascimento B.R., Natarajan G., Negoi I., Nguyen C.T., Nguyen G., Nguyen Q.L., Nguyen T.H., Ningrum D.N.A., Nisar M.I., Nomura M., Nong V.M., Norheim O.F., Norrving B., Noubiap J.J.N., Nyakarahuka L., Obermeyer C.M., O'Donnell M.J., Ogbo F.A., Oh I.-H., Okoro A., Oladimeji O., Olagunju A.T., Olusanya B.O., Olusanya J.O., Oren E., Ortiz A., Osgood-Zimmerman A., Ota E., Owolabi M.O., Oyekale A.S., Mahesh P.A., Pacella R.E., Pakhale S., Pana A., Panda B.K., Panda-Jonas S., Park E.-K., Parsaeian M., Patel T., Patten S.B., Patton G.C., Paudel D., Pereira D.M., Perez-Padilla R., Perez-Ruiz F., Perico N., Pervaiz A., Pesudovs K., Peterson C.B., Petri W.A., Petzold M., Phillips M.R., Piel F.B., Pigott D.M., Pishgar F., Plass D., Polinder S., Popova S., Postma M.J., Poulton R.G., Pourmalek F., Prasad N., Purwar M., Qorbani M., Rabiee R.H.S., Radfar A., Rafay A., Rahimi-Movaghar A., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rahman M., Rahman M.H.U., Rahman S.U., Rai R.K., Rajsic S., Ram U., Rana S.M., Ranabhat C.L., Rao P.V., Rawaf S., Ray S.E., Rego M.A.S., Rehm J., Reiner R.C., Remuzzi G., Renzaho A.M.N.N., Resnikoff S., Rezaei S., Rezai M.S., Ribeiro A.L., Rokni M.B., Ronfani L., Roshandel G., Roth G.A., Rothenbacher D., Roy A., Rubagotti E., Ruhago G.M., Saadat S., Sabde Y.D., Sachdev P.S., Sadat N., Safdarian M., Safi S., Safiri S., Sagar R., Sahathevan R., Sahebkar A., Sahraian M.A., Salama J., Salamati P., Salomon J.A., Salvi S.S., Samy A.M., Sanabria J.R., Sanchez-Nino M.D., Santos I.S., Santric Milicevic M.M., Sarmiento-Suarez R., Sartorius B., Satpathy M., Sawhney M., Saxena S., Saylan M.I., Schmidt M.I., Schneider I.J.C., Schutte A.E., Schwebel D.C., Schwendicke F., Seedat S., Seid A.M., Sepanlou S.G., Servan-Mori E.E., Shackelford K.A., Shaheen A., Shahraz S., Shaikh M.A., Shamsipour M., Shamsizadeh M., Islam S.M.S., Sharma J., Sharma R., She J., Shen J., Shi P., Shibuya K., Shigematsu M., Shiri R., Shiue I., Shrime M.G., Sigfusdottir I.D., Silberberg D.H., Silpakit N., Silva D.A.S., Silva J.P., Silveira D.G.A., Sindi S., Singh J.A., Singh P.K., Singh V., Sinha D.N., Skiadaresi E., Sligar A., Smith D.L., Sobaih B.H.A., Sobngwi E., Soneji S., Soriano J.B., Sreeramareddy C.T., Srinivasan V., Stathopoulou V., Steel N., Stein D.J., Steiner C., Stockl H., Stokes M.A., Strong M., Sufiyan M.B., Suliankatchi R.A., Sunguya B.F., Sur P.J., Swaminathan S., Sykes B.L., Szoeke C.E.I., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tadakamadla S.K., Tadese F., Tandon N., Tanne D., Tarajia M., Tavakkoli M., Taveira N., Tehrani-Banihashemi A., Tekelab T., Shetty B.P., Tekle D.Y., Temam Shifa G., Temsah M.-H., Terkawi A.S., Tesema C.L., Tesssema B., Theis A., Thomas N., Thompson A.H., Thomson A.J., Tiruye T.Y., Tobe-Gai R., Tonelli M., Topor-Madry R., Topouzis F., Tortajada M., Tran B.X., Truelsen T., Trujillo U., Tsilimparis N., Tuem K.B., Tuzcu E.M., Tyrovolas S., Ukwaja K.N., Undurraga E.A., Uthman O.A., Uzochukwu B.S.C., Van Boven J.F.M., Varakin Y.Y., Varughese S., Vasankari T., Vasconcelos A.M.N., Venketasubramanian N., Vidavalur R., Violante F.S., Vishnu A., Vladimirov S.K., Vlassov V.V., Vollset S.E., Vos T., Waid J.L., Wakayo T., Wang Y.-P., Weichenthal S., Weiderpass E., Weintraub R.G., Werdecker A., Wesana J., Wijeratne T., Wilkinson J.D., Wiysonge C.S., Woldeyes B.G., Wolfe C.D.A., Workicho A., Workie S.B., Xavier D., Xu G., Yaghoubi M., Yakob B., Yalew A.Z., Yan L.L., Yano Y., Yaseri M., Ye P., Yimam H.H., Yip P., Yirsaw B.D., Yonemoto N., Yoon S.-J., Yotebieng M., Younis M.Z., Zaidi Z., El Sayed Zaki M., Zeeb H., Zenebe Z.M., Zerfu T.A., Zhang A.L., Zhang X., Zodpey S., Zuhlke L.J., Lopez A.D., Murray C.J.L., De Courten B., Singh A., Thrift A.G., Wang H., Abajobir A.A., Abate K.H., Abbafati C., Abbas K.M., Abd-Allah F., Abera S.F., Abraha H.N., Abu-Raddad L.J., Abu-Rmeileh N.M.E., Adedeji I.A., Adedoyin R.A., Adetifa I.M.O., Adetokunboh O., Afshin A., Aggarwal R., Agrawal A., Agrawal S., Ahmad Kiadaliri A., Ahmed M.B., Aichour A.N., Aichour I., Aichour M.T.E., Aiyar S., Akanda A.S., Akinyemiju T.F., Akseer N., Al-Eyadhy A., Al Lami F.H., Alabed S., Alahdab F., Al-Aly Z., Alam K., Alam N., Alasfoor D., Aldridge R.W., Alene K.A., Alhabib S., Ali R., Alizadeh-Navaei R., Aljunid S.M., Alkaabi J.M., Alkerwi A., Alla F., Allam S.D., Allebeck P., Al-Raddadi R., Alsharif U., Altirkawi K.A., Martin E.A., Alvis-Guzman N., Amare A.T., Ameh E.A., Amini E., Ammar W., Amoako Y.A., Anber N., Andrei C.L., Androudi S., Ansari H., Ansha M.G., Antonio C.A.T., Anwari P., Arnlov J., Arora M., Artaman A., Aryal K.K., Asayesh H., Asgedom S.W., Asghar R.J., Assadi R., Atey T.M., Atre S.R., Avila-Burgos L., Avokpaho E.F.G.A., Awasthi A., Ayala Quintanilla B.P., Babalola T.K., Bacha U., Badawi A., Balakrishnan K., Balalla S., Barac A., Barber R.M., Barboza M.A., Barker-Collo S.L., Barnighausen T., Barquera S., Barregard L., Barrero L.H., Baune B.T., Bazargan-Hejazi S., Bedi N., Beghi E., Bejot Y., Bekele B.B., Bell M.L., Bello A.K., Bennett D.A., Bennett J.R., Bensenor I.M., Benson J., Berhane A., Berhe D.F., Bernabe E., Beuran M., Beyene A.S., Bhala N., Bhansali A., Bhaumik S., Bhutta Z.A., Bikbov B., Birungi C., Biryukov S., Bisanzio D., Bizuayehu H.M., Bjerregaard P., Blosser C.D., Boneya D.J., Boufous S., Bourne R.R.A., Brazinova A., Breitborde N.J.K., Brenner H., Brugha T.S., Bukhman G., Bulto L.N.B., Bumgarner B.R., Burch M., Butt Z.A., Cahill L.E., Cahuana-Hurtado L., Campos-Nonato I.R., Car J., Car M., Cardenas R., Carpenter D.O., Carrero J.J., Carter A., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Castillo Rivas J., Castro F.F., Castro R.E., Catala-Lopez F., Chen H., Chiang P.P.-C., Chibalabala M., Chisumpa V.H., Chitheer A.A., Choi J.-Y.J., Christensen H., Christopher D.J., Ciobanu L.G., Cirillo M., Cohen A.J., Colquhoun S.M., Coresh J., Criqui M.H., Cromwell E.A., Crump J.A., Dandona L., Dandona R., Dargan P.I., Das Neves J., Davey G., Davitoiu D.V., Davletov K., De Leo D., Degenhardt L., Deiparine S., Dellavalle R.P., Deribe K., Deribew A., Des Jarlais D.C., Dey S., Dharmaratne S.D., Dherani M.K., Diaz-Torne C., Ding E.L., Dixit P., Djalalinia S., Do H.P., Doku D.T., Donnelly C.A., Dos Santos K.P.B., Douwes-Schultz D., Driscoll T.R., Duan L., Dubey M., Duncan B.B., Dwivedi L.K., Ebrahimi H., El Bcheraoui C., Ellingsen C.L., Enayati A., Endries A.Y., Ermakov S.P., Eshetie S., Eshrati B., Eskandarieh S., Esteghamati A., Estep K., Fanuel F.B.B., Faro A., Farvid M.S., Farzadfar F., Feigin V.L., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Fernandes J.G., Fernandes J.C., Feyissa T.R., Filip I., Fischer F., Foigt N., Foreman K.J., Frank T., Franklin R.C., Fraser M., Friedman J., Frostad J.J., Fullman N., Furst T., Furtado J.M., Futran N.D., Gakidou E., Gambashidze K., Gamkrelidze A., Gankpe F.G., Garcia-Basteiro A.L., Gebregergs G.B., Gebrehiwot T.T., Gebrekidan K.G., Gebremichael M.W., Gelaye A.A., Geleijnse J.M., Gemechu B.L., Gemechu K.S., Genova-Maleras R., Gesesew H.A., Gething P.W., Gibney K.B., Gill P.S., Gillum R.F., Giref A.Z., Girma B.W., Giussani G., Goenka S., Gomez B., Gona P.N., Gopalani S.V., Goulart A.C., Graetz N., Gugnani H.C., Gupta P.C., Gupta R., Gupta T., Gupta V., Haagsma J.A., Hafezi-Nejad N., Haghparast Bidgoli H., Hakuzimana A., Halasa Y.A., Hamadeh R.R., Hambisa M.T., Hamidi S., Hammami M., Hancock J., Handal A.J., Hankey G.J., Hao Y., Harb H.L., Hareri H.A., Harikrishnan S., Haro J.M., Hassanvand M.S., Havmoeller R., Hay R.J., Hay S.I., He F., Heredia-Pi I.B., Herteliu C., Hilawe E.H., Hoek H.W., Horita N., Hosgood H.D., Hostiuc S., Hotez P.J., Hoy D.G., Hsairi M., Htet A.S., Hu G., Huang H., Huang J.J., Iburg K.M., Igumbor E.U., Ileanu B.V., Inoue M., Irenso A.A., Irvine C.M.S., Islam N., Jacobsen K.H., Jaenisch T., Jahanmehr N., Jakovljevic M.B., Javanbakht M., Jayatilleke A.U., Jeemon P., Jensen P.N., Jha V., Jin Y., John D., John O., Johnson S.C., Jonas J.B., Jurisson M., Kabir Z., Kadel R., Kahsay A., Kalkonde Y., Kamal R., Kan H., Karch A., Karema C.K., Karimi S.M., Karthikeyan G., Kasaeian A., Kassaw N.A., Kassebaum N.J., Kastor A., Katikireddi S.V., Kaul A., Kawakami N., Kazanjan K., Keiyoro P.N., Kelbore S.G., Kemp A.H., Kengne A.P., Keren A., Kereselidze M., Kesavachandran C.N., Ketema E.B., Khader Y.S., Khalil I.A., Khan E.A., Khan G., Khang Y.-H., Khera S., Khoja A.T.A., Khosravi M.H., Kibret G.D., Kieling C., Kim C.-I., Kim D., Kim P., Kim S., Kim Y.J., Kimokoti R.W., Kinfu Y., Kishawi S., Kissimova-Skarbek K.A., Kissoon N., Kivimaki M., Knudsen A.K., Kokubo Y., Kopec J.A., Kosen S., Koul P.A., Koyanagi A., Kravchenko M., Krohn K.J., Kuate Defo B., Kucuk Bicer B., Kuipers E.J., Kulikoff X.R., Kulkarni V.S., Kumar G.A., Kumar P., Kumsa F.A., Kutz M., Lachat C., Lagat A.K., Lager A.C.J., Lal D.K., Lalloo R., Lambert N., Lan Q., Lansingh V.C., Larson H.J., Larsson A., Laryea D.O., Lavados P.M., Laxmaiah A., Lee P.H., Leigh J., Leung J., Leung R., Levi M., Li Y., Liao Y., Liben M.L., Lim S.S., Linn S., Lipshultz S.E., Liu S., Lodha R., Logroscino G., Lorch S.A., Lorkowski S., Lotufo P.A., Lozano R., Lunevicius R., Lyons R.A., Ma S., Macarayan E.R.K., Machado I.E., Mackay M.T., Magdy Abd El Razek M., Magis-Rodriguez C., Mahdavi M., Majdan M., Majdzadeh R., Majeed A., Malekzadeh R., Malhotra R., Malta D.C., Mantovani L.G., Manyazewal T., Mapoma C.C., Marczak L.B., Marks G.B., Martinez-Raga J., Martins-Melo F.R., Massano J., Maulik P.K., Mayosi B.M., Mazidi M., McAlinden C., McGarvey S.T., McGrath J.J., McKee M., Mehata S., Mehndiratta M.M., Mehta K.M., Meier T., Mekonnen T.C., Meles K.G., Memiah P., Memish Z.A., Mendoza W., Mengesha M.M., Mengistie M.A., Mengistu D.T., Menon G.R., Menota B.G., Mensah G.A., Meretoja A., Meretoja T.J., Mezgebe H.B., Micha R., Mikesell J., Miller T.R., Mills E.J., Minnig S., Mirarefin M., Mirrakhimov E.M., Misganaw A., Mishra S.R., Mohammad K.A., Mohammadi A., Mohammed K.E., Mohammed S., Mohan M.B.V., Mohanty S.K., Mokdad A.H., Molla Assaye A., Mollenkopf S.K., Molokhia M., Monasta L., Montanez Hernandez J.C., Montico M., Mooney M.D., Moore A.R., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moraga P., Morawska L., Moreno Velasquez I., Mori R., Morrison S.D., Mruts K.B., Mueller U.O., Mullany E., Muller K., Murthy G.V.S., Murthy S., Musa K.I., Nachega J.B., Nagata C., Nagel G., Naghavi M., Naidoo K.S., Nanda L., Nangia V., Nascimento B.R., Natarajan G., Negoi I., Nguyen C.T., Nguyen G., Nguyen Q.L., Nguyen T.H., Ningrum D.N.A., Nisar M.I., Nomura M., Nong V.M., Norheim O.F., Norrving B., Noubiap J.J.N., Nyakarahuka L., Obermeyer C.M., O'Donnell M.J., Ogbo F.A., Oh I.-H., Okoro A., Oladimeji O., Olagunju A.T., Olusanya B.O., Olusanya J.O., Oren E., Ortiz A., Osgood-Zimmerman A., Ota E., Owolabi M.O., Oyekale A.S., Mahesh P.A., Pacella R.E., Pakhale S., Pana A., Panda B.K., Panda-Jonas S., Park E.-K., Parsaeian M., Patel T., Patten S.B., Patton G.C., Paudel D., Pereira D.M., Perez-Padilla R., Perez-Ruiz F., Perico N., Pervaiz A., Pesudovs K., Peterson C.B., Petri W.A., Petzold M., Phillips M.R., Piel F.B., Pigott D.M., Pishgar F., Plass D., Polinder S., Popova S., Postma M.J., Poulton R.G., Pourmalek F., Prasad N., Purwar M., Qorbani M., Rabiee R.H.S., Radfar A., Rafay A., Rahimi-Movaghar A., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rahman M., Rahman M.H.U., Rahman S.U., Rai R.K., Rajsic S., Ram U., Rana S.M., Ranabhat C.L., 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Silva J.P., Silveira D.G.A., Sindi S., Singh J.A., Singh P.K., Singh V., Sinha D.N., Skiadaresi E., Sligar A., Smith D.L., Sobaih B.H.A., Sobngwi E., Soneji S., Soriano J.B., Sreeramareddy C.T., Srinivasan V., Stathopoulou V., Steel N., Stein D.J., Steiner C., Stockl H., Stokes M.A., Strong M., Sufiyan M.B., Suliankatchi R.A., Sunguya B.F., Sur P.J., Swaminathan S., Sykes B.L., Szoeke C.E.I., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tadakamadla S.K., Tadese F., Tandon N., Tanne D., Tarajia M., Tavakkoli M., Taveira N., Tehrani-Banihashemi A., and Tekelab T.
Abstract: Background: Detailed assessments of mortality patterns, particularly age-specific mortality, represent a crucial input that enables health systems to target interventions to specific populations. Understanding how all-cause mortality has changed with respect to development status can identify exemplars for best practice. To accomplish this, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) estimated age-specific and sex-specific all-cause mortality between 1970 and 2016 for 195 countries and territories and at the subnational level for the five countries with a population greater than 200 million in 2016. Method(s): We have evaluated how well civil registration systems captured deaths using a set of demographic methods called death distribution methods for adults and from consideration of survey and census data for children younger than 5 years. We generated an overall assessment of completeness of registration of deaths by dividing registered deaths in each location-year by our estimate of all-age deaths generated from our overall estimation process. For 163 locations, including subnational units in countries with a population greater than 200 million with complete vital registration (VR) systems, our estimates were largely driven by the observed data, with corrections for small fluctuations in numbers and estimation for recent years where there were lags in data reporting (lags were variable by location, generally between 1 year and 6 years). For other locations, we took advantage of different data sources available to measure under-5 mortality rates (U5MR) using complete birth histories, summary birth histories, and incomplete VR with adjustments; we measured adult mortality rate (the probability of death in individuals aged 15-60 years) using adjusted incomplete VR, sibling histories, and household death recall. We used the U5MR and adult mortality rate, together with crude death rate due to HIV in the GBD model life table system, t
Published: 2017

48. Global, regional, and national age-sex specifc mortality for 264 causes of death, 1980-2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016.

Author: Kinfu Y., Barregard L., Barrero L.H., Baune B.T., Bedi N., Beghi E., Bekele B.B., Bell M.L., Bennett J.R., Bensenor I.M., Berhane A., Bernabe E., Betsu B.D., Beuran M., Feigin V.L., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Fernandes J.C., Ferrari A.J., Feyissa T.R., Filip I., Finegold S., Fischer F., Fitzmaurice C., Flaxman A.D., Foigt N., Frank T., Fraser M., Fullman N., Furst T., Furtado J.M., Gakidou E., Garcia-Basteiro A.L., Gebre T., Gebregergs G.B., Gebrehiwot T.T., Gebremichael D.Y., Geleijnse J.M., Genova-Maleras R., Gesesew H.A., Gething P.W., Gillum R.F., Ginawi I.A.M., Giref A.Z., Giroud M., Giussani G., Godwin W.W., Gold A.L., Goldberg E.M., Gona P.N., Gopalani S.V., Gouda H.N., Goulart A.C., Griswold M., Gupta P.C., Gupta R., Gupta T., Gupta V., Haagsma J.A., Hafezi-Nejad N., Hailu A.D., Hailu G.B., Hamadeh R.R., Hambisa M.T., Hamidi S., Hammami M., Hancock J., Handal A.J., Hankey G.J., Hao Y., Harb H.L., Hareri H.A., Hassanvand M.S., Havmoeller R., Hay S.I., He F., Hedayati M.T., Henry N.J., Heredia-Pi I.B., Herteliu C., Hoek H.W., Horino M., Horita N., Hosgood H.D., Hostiuc S., Hotez P.J., Hoy D.G., Huynh C., Iburg K.M., Ikeda C., Ileanu B.V., Irenso A.A., Irvine C.M.S., Jurisson M., Jacobsen K.H., Jahanmehr N., Jakovljevic M.B., Javanbakht M., Jayaraman S.P., Jeemon P., Jha V., John D., Johnson C.O., Johnson S.C., Jonas J.B., Kabir Z., Kadel R., Kahsay A., Kamal R., Karch A., Karimi S.M., Karimkhani C., Kasaeian A., Kassaw N.A., Kassebaum N.J., Katikireddi S.V., Kawakami N., Keiyoro P.N., Kemmer L., Kesavachandran C.N., Khader Y.S., Khan E.A., Khang Y.-H., Khoja A.T.A., Khosravi A., Khosravi M.H., Khubchandani J., Kieling C., Kievlan D., Kim D., Kim Y.J., Kimokoti R.W., Kissoon N., Kivimaki M., Knudsen A.K., Kopec J.A., Kosen S., Koul P.A., Koyanagi A., Defo B.K., Kulikof X.R., Kumar G.A., Kumar P., Kutz M., Kyu H.H., Lal D.K., Lalloo R., Lambert T.L.N., Lan Q., Lansingh V.C., Larsson A., Lee P.H., Leigh J., Leung J., Levi M., Li Y., Kappe D.L., Liang X., Liben M.L., Lim S.S., Liu A., Liu P.Y., Liu Y., Lodha R., Logroscino G., Lorkowski S., Lotufo P.A., Lozano R., Lucas T.C.D., Ma S., Macarayan E.R.K., Maddison E.R., Abd El Razek M.M., Majdan M., Majdzadeh R., Majeed A., Malekzadeh R., Malhotra R., Malta D.C., Manguerra H., Manyazewal T., Mapoma C.C., Marczak L.B., Markos D., Martinez-Raga J., Martins-Melo F.R., Martopullo I., McAlinden C., McGaughey M., McGrath J.J., Mehata S., Meier T., Meles K.G., Memiah P., Memish Z.A., Mengesha M.M., Mengistu D.T., Menota B.G., Mensah G.A., Meretoja A., Meretoja T.J., Millear A., Miller T.R., Minnig S., Mirarefn M., Mirrakhimov E.M., Misganaw A., Mishra S.R., Mohammad K.A., Mohammadi A., Mohammed S., Mokdad A.H., Mola G.L.D., Mollenkopf S.K., Molokhia M., Monasta L., Hernandez J.C.M., Montico M., Mooney M.D., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moraga P., Morawska L., Morrison S.D., Morozof C., Mountjoy-Venning C., Mruts K.B., Muller K., Murthy G.V.S., Musa K.I., Nachega J.B., Naheed A., Naldi L., Nangia V., Nascimento B.R., Nasher J.T., Natarajan G., Negoi I., Ngunjiri J.W., Nguyen C.T., Nguyen G., Nguyen M., Nguyen Q.L., Nguyen T.H., Nichols E., Ningrum D.N.A., Nong V.M., Noubiap J.J.N., Ogbo F.A., Oh I.-H., Okoro A., Olagunju A.T., Olsen H.E., Olusanya B.O., Olusanya J.O., Ong K., Opio J.N., Oren E., Ortiz A., Osman M., Ota E., Mahesh P.A., Pacella R.E., Pakhale S., Pana A., Panda B.K., Jonas S., Papachristou C., Park E.-K., Patten S.B., Patton G.C., Paudel D., Paulson K., Pereira D.M., Perez-Ruiz F., Perico N., Pervaiz A., Petzold M., Phillips M.R., Pigott D.M., Pinho C., Plass D., Pletcher M.A., Polinder S., Postma M.J., Pourmalek F., Purcell C., Qorbani M., Radfar A., Rafay A., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rahman M., Ur Rahman M.H., Rai R.K., Ranabhat C.L., Rankin Z., Rao P.C., Rath G.K., Rawaf S., Ray S.E., Rehm J., Reiner R.C., Reitsma M.B., Remuzzi G., Rezaei S., Rezai M.S., Rokni M.B., Ronfani L., Roshandel G., Roth G.A., Rothenbacher D., Ruhago G.M., Rizwan S.A., Saadat S., Sachdev P.S., Sadat N., Safdarian M., Saf S., Safiri S., Sagar R., Sahathevan R., Salama J., Salamati P., Salomon J.A., Samy A.M., Sanabria J.R., Sanchez-Nino M.D., Santomauro D., Santos I.S., Milicevic M.M.S., Sartorius B., Satpathy M., Shahraz S., Schmidt M.I., Schneider I.J.C., Schulhofer-Wohl S., Schutte A.E., Schwebel D.C., Schwendicke F., Sepanlou S.G., Servan-Mori E.E., Shackelford K.A., Shaikh M.A., Shamsipour M., Shamsizadeh M., Islam S.M.S., Sharma J., Sharma R., She J., Sheikhbahaei S., Shey M., Shi P., Shields C., Shigematsu M., Shiri R., Shirude S., Shiue I., Shoman H., Shrime M.G., Sigfusdottir I.D., Silpakit N., Silva J.P., Singh J.A., Skiadaresi E., Sligar A., Smith A., Smith D.L., Smith M., Sobaih B.H.A., Soneji S., Sorensen R.J.D., Soriano J.B., Sreeramareddy C.T., Srinivasan V., Stanaway J.D., Stathopoulou V., Steel N., Stein D.J., Steiner C., Steinke S., Stokes M.A., Strong M., Strub B., Subart M., Sufyan M.B., Sunguya B.F., Sur P.J., Swaminathan S., Sykes B.L., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tadakamadla S.K., Takahashi K., Takala J.S., Talongwa R.T., Tarawneh M.R., Tavakkoli M., Taveira N., Tegegne T.K., Tehrani-Banihashemi A., Temsah M.-H., Terkawi A.S., Thakur J.S., Thamsuwan O., Thankappan K.R., Thomas K.E., Thompson A.H., Thomson A.J., Tobe-Gai R., Topor-Madry R., Torre A., Tortajada M., Towbin J.A., Tran B.X., Troeger C., Truelsen T., Tsoi D., Tuzcu E.M., Tyrovolas S., Ukwaja K.N., Undurraga E.A., Updike R., Uthman O.A., Uzochukwu B.S.C., Van Boven J.F.M., Vasankari T., Venketasubramanian N., Violante F.S., Vlassov V.V., Vollset S.E., Vos T., Wakayo T., Wallin M.T., Wang Y.-P., Weiderpass E., Weintraub R.G., Weiss D.J., Werdecker A., Westerman R., Whetter B., Whiteford H.A., Wijeratne T., Wiysonge C.S., Woldeyes B.G., Wolfe C.D.A., Woodbrook R., Workicho A., Xavier D., Xiao Q., Xu G., Yaghoubi M., Yakob B., Yano Y., Yaseri M., Yimam H.H., Yonemoto N., Yoon S.-J., Yotebieng M., Younis M.Z., Zaidi Z., El Sayed Zaki M., Zegeye E.A., Zenebe Z.M., Zerfu T.A., Zhang A.L., Zhang X., Zipkin B., Zodpey S., Lopez A.D., Murray C.J.L., De Courten B., Singh A., Thrift A.G., Naghavi M., Abajobir A.A., Abbafati C., Abbas K.M., Abd-Allah F., Abera S.F., Aboyans V., Adetokunboh O., Arnlov J., Afshin A., Agrawal A., Kiadaliri A.A., Ahmadi A., Ahmed M.B., Aichour A.N., Aichour I., Aichour M.T.E., Aiyar S., Al-Eyadhy A., Alahdab F., Al-Aly Z., Alam K., Alam N., Alam T., Alene K.A., Ali S.D., Alizadeh-Navaei R., Alkaabi J.M., Alkerwi A., Alla F., Allebeck P., Allen C., Al-Raddadi R., Alsharif U., Altirkawi K.A., Alvis-Guzman N., Amare A.T., Amini E., Ammar W., Amoako Y.A., Anber N., Andersen H.H., Andrei C.L., Androudi S., Ansari H., Antonio C.A.T., Anwari P., Arora M., Artaman A., Aryal K.K., Asayesh H., Asgedom S.W., Atey T.M., Avila-Burgos L., Avokpaho E.F.G.A., Awasthi A., Quintanilla B.P.A., Bejot Y., Babalola T.K., Bacha U., Balakrishnan K., Barac A., Barboza M.A., Barker-Collo S.L., Barquera S., Bhatt S., Biadgilign S., Bienhof K., Bikbov B., Bisanzio D., Bourne R.R.A., Breitborde N.J.K., Bulto L.N.B., Bumgarner B.R., Butt Z.A., Cardenas R., Cahuana-Hurtado L., Cameron E., Campuzano J.C., Car J., Carrero J.J., Carter A., Casey D.C., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Catala-Lopez F., Charlson F.J., Chibueze C.E., Chimed-Ochir O., Chisumpa V.H., Chitheer A.A., Christopher D.J., Ciobanu L.G., Cirillo M., Cohen A.J., Colombara D., Cooper C., Cowie B.C., Criqui M.H., Dandona L., Dandona R., Dargan P.I., Das Neves J., Davitoiu D.V., Davletov K., Degenhardt L., Deiparine S., Deribe K., Deribew A., Dey S., Dicker D., Ding E.L., Djalalinia S., Do H.P., Doku D.T., Douwes-Schultz D., Driscoll T.R., Dubey M., Duncan B.B., Echko M., El-Khatib Z.Z., Ellingsen C.L., Enayati A., Erskine H.E., Eskandarieh S., Esteghamati A., Ermakov S.P., Estep K., Sa Farinha C.S., Faro A., Farzadfar F., Kinfu Y., Barregard L., Barrero L.H., Baune B.T., Bedi N., Beghi E., Bekele B.B., Bell M.L., Bennett J.R., Bensenor I.M., Berhane A., Bernabe E., Betsu B.D., Beuran M., Feigin V.L., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Fernandes J.C., Ferrari A.J., Feyissa T.R., Filip I., Finegold S., Fischer F., Fitzmaurice C., Flaxman A.D., Foigt N., Frank T., Fraser M., Fullman N., Furst T., Furtado J.M., Gakidou E., Garcia-Basteiro A.L., Gebre T., Gebregergs G.B., Gebrehiwot T.T., Gebremichael D.Y., Geleijnse J.M., Genova-Maleras R., Gesesew H.A., Gething P.W., Gillum R.F., Ginawi I.A.M., Giref A.Z., Giroud M., Giussani G., Godwin W.W., Gold A.L., Goldberg E.M., Gona P.N., Gopalani S.V., Gouda H.N., Goulart A.C., Griswold M., Gupta P.C., Gupta R., Gupta T., Gupta V., Haagsma J.A., Hafezi-Nejad N., Hailu A.D., Hailu G.B., Hamadeh R.R., Hambisa M.T., Hamidi S., Hammami M., Hancock J., Handal A.J., Hankey G.J., Hao Y., Harb H.L., Hareri H.A., Hassanvand M.S., Havmoeller R., Hay S.I., He F., Hedayati M.T., Henry N.J., Heredia-Pi I.B., Herteliu C., Hoek H.W., Horino M., Horita N., Hosgood H.D., Hostiuc S., Hotez P.J., Hoy D.G., Huynh C., Iburg K.M., Ikeda C., Ileanu B.V., Irenso A.A., Irvine C.M.S., Jurisson M., Jacobsen K.H., Jahanmehr N., Jakovljevic M.B., Javanbakht M., Jayaraman S.P., Jeemon P., Jha V., John D., Johnson C.O., Johnson S.C., Jonas J.B., Kabir Z., Kadel R., Kahsay A., Kamal R., Karch A., Karimi S.M., Karimkhani C., Kasaeian A., Kassaw N.A., Kassebaum N.J., Katikireddi S.V., Kawakami N., Keiyoro P.N., Kemmer L., Kesavachandran C.N., Khader Y.S., Khan E.A., Khang Y.-H., Khoja A.T.A., Khosravi A., Khosravi M.H., Khubchandani J., Kieling C., Kievlan D., Kim D., Kim Y.J., Kimokoti R.W., Kissoon N., Kivimaki M., Knudsen A.K., Kopec J.A., Kosen S., Koul P.A., Koyanagi A., Defo B.K., Kulikof X.R., Kumar G.A., Kumar P., Kutz M., Kyu H.H., Lal D.K., Lalloo R., Lambert T.L.N., Lan Q., Lansingh V.C., Larsson A., Lee P.H., Leigh J., Leung J., Levi M., Li Y., Kappe D.L., Liang X., Liben M.L., Lim S.S., Liu A., Liu P.Y., Liu Y., Lodha R., Logroscino G., Lorkowski S., Lotufo P.A., Lozano R., Lucas T.C.D., Ma S., Macarayan E.R.K., Maddison E.R., Abd El Razek M.M., Majdan M., Majdzadeh R., Majeed A., Malekzadeh R., Malhotra R., Malta D.C., Manguerra H., Manyazewal T., Mapoma C.C., Marczak L.B., Markos D., Martinez-Raga J., Martins-Melo F.R., Martopullo I., McAlinden C., McGaughey M., McGrath J.J., Mehata S., Meier T., Meles K.G., Memiah P., Memish Z.A., Mengesha M.M., Mengistu D.T., Menota B.G., Mensah G.A., Meretoja A., Meretoja T.J., Millear A., Miller T.R., Minnig S., Mirarefn M., Mirrakhimov E.M., Misganaw A., Mishra S.R., Mohammad K.A., Mohammadi A., Mohammed S., Mokdad A.H., Mola G.L.D., Mollenkopf S.K., Molokhia M., Monasta L., Hernandez J.C.M., Montico M., Mooney M.D., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moraga P., Morawska L., Morrison S.D., Morozof C., Mountjoy-Venning C., Mruts K.B., Muller K., Murthy G.V.S., Musa K.I., Nachega J.B., Naheed A., Naldi L., Nangia V., Nascimento B.R., Nasher J.T., Natarajan G., Negoi I., Ngunjiri J.W., Nguyen C.T., Nguyen G., Nguyen M., Nguyen Q.L., Nguyen T.H., Nichols E., Ningrum D.N.A., Nong V.M., Noubiap J.J.N., Ogbo F.A., Oh I.-H., Okoro A., Olagunju A.T., Olsen H.E., Olusanya B.O., Olusanya J.O., Ong K., Opio J.N., Oren E., Ortiz A., Osman M., Ota E., Mahesh P.A., Pacella R.E., Pakhale S., Pana A., Panda B.K., Jonas S., Papachristou C., Park E.-K., Patten S.B., Patton G.C., Paudel D., Paulson K., Pereira D.M., Perez-Ruiz F., Perico N., Pervaiz A., Petzold M., Phillips M.R., Pigott D.M., Pinho C., Plass D., Pletcher M.A., Polinder S., Postma M.J., Pourmalek F., Purcell C., Qorbani M., Radfar A., Rafay A., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rahman M., Ur Rahman M.H., Rai R.K., Ranabhat C.L., Rankin Z., Rao P.C., Rath G.K., Rawaf S., Ray S.E., Rehm J., Reiner R.C., Reitsma M.B., Remuzzi G., Rezaei S., Rezai M.S., Rokni M.B., Ronfani L., Roshandel G., Roth G.A., Rothenbacher D., Ruhago G.M., Rizwan S.A., Saadat S., Sachdev P.S., Sadat N., Safdarian M., Saf S., Safiri S., Sagar R., Sahathevan R., Salama J., Salamati P., Salomon J.A., Samy A.M., Sanabria J.R., Sanchez-Nino M.D., Santomauro D., Santos I.S., Milicevic M.M.S., Sartorius B., Satpathy M., Shahraz S., Schmidt M.I., Schneider I.J.C., Schulhofer-Wohl S., Schutte A.E., Schwebel D.C., Schwendicke F., Sepanlou S.G., Servan-Mori E.E., Shackelford K.A., Shaikh M.A., Shamsipour M., Shamsizadeh M., Islam S.M.S., Sharma J., Sharma R., She J., Sheikhbahaei S., Shey M., Shi P., Shields C., Shigematsu M., Shiri R., Shirude S., Shiue I., Shoman H., Shrime M.G., Sigfusdottir I.D., Silpakit N., Silva J.P., Singh J.A., Skiadaresi E., Sligar A., Smith A., Smith D.L., Smith M., Sobaih B.H.A., Soneji S., Sorensen R.J.D., Soriano J.B., Sreeramareddy C.T., Srinivasan V., Stanaway J.D., Stathopoulou V., Steel N., Stein D.J., Steiner C., Steinke S., Stokes M.A., Strong M., Strub B., Subart M., Sufyan M.B., Sunguya B.F., Sur P.J., Swaminathan S., Sykes B.L., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tadakamadla S.K., Takahashi K., Takala J.S., Talongwa R.T., Tarawneh M.R., Tavakkoli M., Taveira N., Tegegne T.K., Tehrani-Banihashemi A., Temsah M.-H., Terkawi A.S., Thakur J.S., Thamsuwan O., Thankappan K.R., Thomas K.E., Thompson A.H., Thomson A.J., Tobe-Gai R., Topor-Madry R., Torre A., Tortajada M., Towbin J.A., Tran B.X., Troeger C., Truelsen T., Tsoi D., Tuzcu E.M., Tyrovolas S., Ukwaja K.N., Undurraga E.A., Updike R., Uthman O.A., Uzochukwu B.S.C., Van Boven J.F.M., Vasankari T., Venketasubramanian N., Violante F.S., Vlassov V.V., Vollset S.E., Vos T., Wakayo T., Wallin M.T., Wang Y.-P., Weiderpass E., Weintraub R.G., Weiss D.J., Werdecker A., Westerman R., Whetter B., Whiteford H.A., Wijeratne T., Wiysonge C.S., Woldeyes B.G., Wolfe C.D.A., Woodbrook R., Workicho A., Xavier D., Xiao Q., Xu G., Yaghoubi M., Yakob B., Yano Y., Yaseri M., Yimam H.H., Yonemoto N., Yoon S.-J., Yotebieng M., Younis M.Z., Zaidi Z., El Sayed Zaki M., Zegeye E.A., Zenebe Z.M., Zerfu T.A., Zhang A.L., Zhang X., Zipkin B., Zodpey S., Lopez A.D., Murray C.J.L., De Courten B., Singh A., Thrift A.G., Naghavi M., Abajobir A.A., Abbafati C., Abbas K.M., Abd-Allah F., Abera S.F., Aboyans V., Adetokunboh O., Arnlov J., Afshin A., Agrawal A., Kiadaliri A.A., Ahmadi A., Ahmed M.B., Aichour A.N., Aichour I., Aichour M.T.E., Aiyar S., Al-Eyadhy A., Alahdab F., Al-Aly Z., Alam K., Alam N., Alam T., Alene K.A., Ali S.D., Alizadeh-Navaei R., Alkaabi J.M., Alkerwi A., Alla F., Allebeck P., Allen C., Al-Raddadi R., Alsharif U., Altirkawi K.A., Alvis-Guzman N., Amare A.T., Amini E., Ammar W., Amoako Y.A., Anber N., Andersen H.H., Andrei C.L., Androudi S., Ansari H., Antonio C.A.T., Anwari P., Arora M., Artaman A., Aryal K.K., Asayesh H., Asgedom S.W., Atey T.M., Avila-Burgos L., Avokpaho E.F.G.A., Awasthi A., Quintanilla B.P.A., Bejot Y., Babalola T.K., Bacha U., Balakrishnan K., Barac A., Barboza M.A., Barker-Collo S.L., Barquera S., Bhatt S., Biadgilign S., Bienhof K., Bikbov B., Bisanzio D., Bourne R.R.A., Breitborde N.J.K., Bulto L.N.B., Bumgarner B.R., Butt Z.A., Cardenas R., Cahuana-Hurtado L., Cameron E., Campuzano J.C., Car J., Carrero J.J., Carter A., Casey D.C., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Catala-Lopez F., Charlson F.J., Chibueze C.E., Chimed-Ochir O., Chisumpa V.H., Chitheer A.A., Christopher D.J., Ciobanu L.G., Cirillo M., Cohen A.J., Colombara D., Cooper C., Cowie B.C., Criqui M.H., Dandona L., Dandona R., Dargan P.I., Das Neves J., Davitoiu D.V., Davletov K., Degenhardt L., Deiparine S., Deribe K., Deribew A., Dey S., Dicker D., Ding E.L., Djalalinia S., Do H.P., Doku D.T., Douwes-Schultz D., Driscoll T.R., Dubey M., Duncan B.B., Echko M., El-Khatib Z.Z., Ellingsen C.L., Enayati A., Erskine H.E., Eskandarieh S., Esteghamati A., Ermakov S.P., Estep K., Sa Farinha C.S., Faro A., and Farzadfar F.
Abstract: Background: Monitoring levels and trends in premature mortality is crucial to understanding how societies can address prominent sources of early death. The Global Burden of Disease 2016 Study (GBD 2016) provides a comprehensive assessment of cause-specifc mortality for 264 causes in 195 locations from 1980 to 2016. This assessment includes evaluation of the expected epidemiological transition with changes in development and where local patterns deviate from these trends. Method(s): We estimated cause-specifc deaths and years of life lost (YLLs) by age, sex, geography, and year. YLLs were calculated from the sum of each death multiplied by the standard life expectancy at each age. We used the GBD cause of death database composed of: vital registration (VR) data corrected for under-registration and garbage coding; national and subnational verbal autopsy (VA) studies corrected for garbage coding; and other sources including surveys and surveillance systems for specifc causes such as maternal mortality. To facilitate assessment of quality, we reported on the fraction of deaths assigned to GBD Level 1 or Level 2 causes that cannot be underlying causes of death (major garbage codes) by location and year. Based on completeness, garbage coding, cause list detail, and time periods covered, we provided an overall data quality rating for each location with scores ranging from 0 stars (worst) to 5 stars (best). We used robust statistical methods including the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) to generate estimates for each location, year, age, and sex. We assessed observed and expected levels and trends of cause-specifc deaths in relation to the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator derived from measures of average income per capita, educational attainment, and total fertility, with locations grouped into quintiles by SDI. Relative to GBD 2015, we expanded the GBD cause hierarchy by 18 causes of death for GBD 2016. Finding(s): The quality of available data vari
Published: 2017

49. Global, regional, and national mortality among young people aged 10–24 years, 1950–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Collaborators, GAM, Ward, JL, Azzopardi, PS, Francis, KL, Santelli, JS, Skirbekk, V, Sawyer, SM, Kassebaum, NJ, Mokdad, AH, Hay, SI, Abd-Allah, F, Abdoli, A, Abdollahi, M, Abedi, A, Abolhassani, H, Abreu, LG, Abrigo, MRM, Abu-Gharbieh, E, Abushouk, AI, Adebayo, OM, Adekanmbi, V, Adham, D, Advani, SM, Afshari, K, Agrawal, A, Ahmad, T, Ahmadi, K, Ahmed, AE, Aji, B, Akombi-Inyang, B, Alahdab, F, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alanezi, FM, Alanzi, TM, Alcalde-Rabanal, JE, Alemu, BW, Al-Hajj, S, Alhassan, RK, Ali, S, Alicandro, G, Alijanzadeh, M, Aljunid, SM, Almasi-Hashiani, A, Almasri, NA, Al-Mekhlafi, HM, Alonso, J, Al-Raddadi, RM, Altirkawi, KA, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, AT, Amini, S, Aminorroaya, A, Amit, AML, Amugsi, DA, Ancuceanu, R, Anderlini, D, Andrei, CL, Androudi, S, Ansari, F, Ansari, I, Antonio, CAT, Anvari, D, Anwer, R, Appiah, SCY, Arabloo, J, Arab-Zozani, M, Ärnlöv, J, Asaad, M, Asadi-Aliabadi, M, Asadi-Pooya, AA, Atout, MMW, Ausloos, M, Avenyo, EK, Avila-Burgos, L, Quintanilla, BPA, Ayano, G, Aynalem, YA, Azari, S, Azene, ZN, Bakhshaei, MH, Bakkannavar, SM, Banach, M, Banik, PC, Barboza, MA, Barker-Collo, SL, Bärnighausen, TW, Basu, S, Baune, BT, Bayati, M, Bedi, N, Beghi, E, Bekuma, TT, Bell, AW, Bell, ML, Benjet, C, Bensenor, IM, Berhe, AK, Berhe, K, Berman, AE, Bhagavathula, AS, Bhardwaj, N, Bhardwaj, P, Bhattacharyya, K, Bhattarai, S, Bhutta, ZA, Bijani, A, Bikbov, B, Biondi, A, Birhanu, TTM, Biswas, RK, Bohlouli, S, Bolla, SR, Boloor, A, Borschmann, R, Boufous, S, Bragazzi, NL, Braithwaite, D, Breitborde, NJK, Brenner, H, Britton, GB, Burns, RA, Nagaraja, SB, Butt, ZA, dos Santos, FLC, Cámera, LA, Campos-Nonato, IR, Rincon, JCC, Cárdenas, R, Carreras, G, Carrero, JJ, Carvalho, F, Castaldelli-Maia, JM, Castañeda-Orjuela, CA, Castelpietra, G, Catalá-López, F, Cerin, E, Chandan, JS, Chang, H-Y, Chang, J-C, Charan, J, Chattu, VK, Chaturvedi, S, Choi, J-YJ, Chowdhury, MAK, Christopher, DJ, Chu, D-T, Chung, MT, Chung, S-C, Cicuttini, FM, Constantin, TV, Costa, VM, Dahlawi, SMA, Dai, H, Dai, X, Damiani, G, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Daneshpajouhnejad, P, Darwesh, AM, Dávila-Cervantes, CA, Davletov, K, De la Hoz, FP, De Leo, D, Dervenis, N, Desai, R, Desalew, A, Deuba, K, Dharmaratne, SD, Dhungana, GP, Dianatinasab, M, da Silva, DD, Diaz, D, Didarloo, A, Djalalinia, S, Dorostkar, F, Doshi, CP, Doshmangir, L, Doyle, KE, Duraes, AR, Kalan, ME, Ebtehaj, S, Edvardsson, D, Tantawi, ME, Elgendy, IY, El-Jaafary, SI, Elsharkawy, A, Eshrati, B, Eskandarieh, S, Esmaeilnejad, S, Esmaeilzadeh, F, Esteghamati, S, Faro, A, Farzadfar, F, Fattahi, N, Feigin, VL, Ferede, TY, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Fernandes, E, Ferrara, P, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Fisher, JL, Foigt, NA, Folayan, MO, Fomenkov, AA, Foroutan, M, Fukumoto, T, Gad, MM, Gaidhane, AM, Gallus, S, Gebre, T, Gebremedhin, KB, Gebremeskel, GG, Gebremeskel, L, Gebreslassie, AA, Gesesew, HA, Ghadiri, K, Ghafourifard, M, Ghamari, F, Ghashghaee, A, Gilani, SA, Gnedovskaya, EV, Godinho, MA, Golechha, M, Goli, S, Gona, 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M., Value, Affordability and Sustainability (VALUE), Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET), Microbes in Health and Disease (MHD), Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Ward J.L., Azzopardi P.S., Francis K.L., Santelli J.S., Skirbekk V., Sawyer S.M., Kassebaum N.J., Mokdad A.H., Hay S.I., Abd-Allah F., Abdoli A., Abdollahi M., Abedi A., Abolhassani H., Abreu L.G., Abrigo M.R.M., Abu-Gharbieh E., Abushouk A.I., Adebayo O.M., Adekanmbi V., Adham D., Advani S.M., Afshari K., Agrawal A., Ahmad T., Ahmadi K., Ahmed A.E., Aji B., Akombi-Inyang B., Alahdab F., Al-Aly Z., Alam K., Alanezi F.M., Alanzi T.M., Alcalde-Rabanal J.E., Alemu B.W., Al-Hajj S., Alhassan R.K., Ali S., Alicandro G., Alijanzadeh M., Aljunid S.M., Almasi-Hashiani A., Almasri N.A., Al-Mekhlafi H.M., Alonso J., Al-Raddadi R.M., Altirkawi K.A., Alvis-Guzman N., Amare A.T., Amini S., Aminorroaya A., Amit A.M.L., Amugsi D.A., Ancuceanu R., Anderlini D., Andrei C.L., Androudi S., Ansari 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F., Castaldelli-Maia J.M., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Castelpietra G., Catala-Lopez F., Cerin E., Chandan J.S., Chang H.-Y., Chang J.-C., Charan J., Chattu V.K., Chaturvedi S., Choi J.-Y.J., Chowdhury M.A.K., Christopher D.J., Chu D.-T., Chung M.T., Chung S.-C., Cicuttini F.M., Constantin T.V., Costa V.M., Dahlawi S.M.A., Dai H., Dai X., Damiani G., Dandona L., Dandona R., Daneshpajouhnejad P., Darwesh A.M., Davila-Cervantes C.A., Davletov K., De la Hoz F.P., De Leo D., Dervenis N., Desai R., Desalew A., Deuba K., Dharmaratne S.D., Dhungana G.P., Dianatinasab M., Dias da Silva D., Diaz D., Didarloo A., Djalalinia S., Dorostkar F., Doshi C.P., Doshmangir L., Doyle K.E., Duraes A.R., Ebrahimi Kalan M., Ebtehaj S., Edvardsson D., El Tantawi M., Elgendy I.Y., El-Jaafary S.I., Elsharkawy A., Eshrati B., Eskandarieh S., Esmaeilnejad S., Esmaeilzadeh F., Esteghamati S., Faro A., Farzadfar F., Fattahi N., Feigin V.L., Ferede T.Y., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Fernandes E., Ferrara P., Filip I., Fischer F., Fisher J.L., Foigt N.A., Folayan M.O., Fomenkov A.A., Foroutan M., Fukumoto T., Gad M.M., Gaidhane A.M., Gallus S., Gebre T., Gebremedhin K.B., Gebremeskel G.G., Gebremeskel L., Gebreslassie A.A., Gesesew H.A., Ghadiri K., Ghafourifard M., Ghamari F., Ghashghaee A., Gilani S.A., Gnedovskaya E.V., Godinho M.A., Golechha M., Goli S., Gona P.N., Gopalani S.V., Gorini G., Grivna M., Gubari M.I.M., Gugnani H.C., Guimaraes R.A., Guo Y., Gupta R., Haagsma J.A., Hafezi-Nejad N., Haile T.G., Haj-Mirzaian A., Hall B.J., Hamadeh R.R., Hamagharib Abdullah K., Hamidi S., Handiso D.W., Hanif A., Hankey G.J., Haririan H., Haro J.M., Hasaballah A.I., Hashi A., Hassan A., Hassanipour S., Hassankhani H., Hayat K., Heidari-Soureshjani R., Herteliu C., Heydarpour F., Ho H.C., Hole M.K., Holla R., Hoogar P., Hosseini M., Hosseinzadeh M., Hostiuc M., Hostiuc S., Househ M., Hsairi M., Huda T.M., Humayun A., Hussain R., Hwang B.-F., Iavicoli I., Ibitoye S.E., Ilesanmi O.S., Ilic I.M., Ilic M.D., Inbaraj L.R., Intarut N., Iqbal U., Irvani S.S.N., Islam M.M., Islam S.M.S., Iso H., Ivers R.Q., Jahani M.A., Jakovljevic M., Jalali A., Janodia M.D., Javaheri T., Jeemon P., Jenabi E., Jha R.P., Jha V., Ji J.S., Jonas J.B., Jones K.M., Joukar F., Jozwiak J.J., Juliusson P.B., Jurisson M., Kabir A., Kabir Z., Kalankesh L.R., Kalhor R., Kamyari N., Kanchan T., Karch A., Karimi S.E., Kaur S., Kayode G.A., Keiyoro P.N., Khalid N., Khammarnia M., Khan M., Khan M.N., Khatab K., Khater M.M., Khatib M.N., Khayamzadeh M., Khazaie H., Khoja A.T., Kieling C., Kim Y.-E., Kim Y.J., Kimokoti R.W., Kisa A., Kisa S., Kivimaki M., Koolivand A., Kosen S., Koyanagi A., Krishan K., Kugbey N., Kumar G.A., Kumar M., Kumar N., Kurmi O.P., Kusuma D., La Vecchia C., Lacey B., Lal D.K., Lalloo R., Lan Q., Landires I., Lansingh V.C., Larsson A.O., Lasrado S., Lassi Z.S., Lauriola P., Lee P.H., Lee S.W.H., Leigh J., Leonardi M., Leung J., Levi M., Lewycka S., Li B., Li M.-C., Li S., Lim L.-L., Lim S.S., Liu X., Lorkowski S., Lotufo P.A., Lunevicius R., Maddison R., Mahasha P.W., Mahdavi M.M., Mahmoudi M., Majeed A., Maleki A., Malekzadeh R., Malta D.C., Mamun A.A., Mansouri B., Mansournia M.A., Martinez G., Martinez-Raga J., Martins-Melo F.R., Mason-Jones A.J., Masoumi S.Z., Mathur M.R., Maulik P.K., McGrath J.J., Mehndiratta M.M., Mehri F., Memiah P.T.N., Mendoza W., Menezes R.G., Mengesha E.W., Meretoja A., Meretoja T.J., Mestrovic T., Miazgowski B., Miazgowski T., Michalek I.M., Miller T.R., Mini G.K., Mirica A., Mirrakhimov E.M., Mirzaei H., Mirzaei M., Moazen B., Mohammad D.K., Mohammadi S., Mohammadian-Hafshejani A., Mohammadifard N., Mohammadpourhodki R., Mohammed S., Monasta L., Moradi G., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moradzadeh R., Moraga P., Morrison S.D., Mosapour A., Mousavi Khaneghah A., Mueller U.O., Muriithi M.K., Murray C.J.L., Muthupandian S., Naderi M., Nagarajan A.J., Naghavi M., Naimzada M.D., Nangia V., Nayak V.C., Nazari J., Ndejjo R., Negoi I., Negoi R.I., Netsere H.B., Nguefack-Tsague G., Nguyen D.N., Nguyen H.L.T., Nie J., Ningrum D.N.A., Nnaji C.A., Nomura S., Noubiap J.J., Nowak C., Nunez-Samudio V., Ogbo F.A., Oghenetega O.B., Oh I.-H., Oladnabi M., Olagunju A.T., Olusanya B.O., Olusanya J.O., Omar Bali A., Omer M.O., Onwujekwe O.E., Ortiz A., Otoiu A., Otstavnov N., Otstavnov S.S., Overland S., Owolabi M.O., P A M., Padubidri J.R., Pakshir K., Palladino R., Pana A., Panda-Jonas S., Pandey A., Panelo C.I.A., Park E.-K., Patten S.B., Peden A.E., Pepito V.C.F., Peprah E.K., Pereira J., Pesudovs K., Pham H.Q., Phillips M.R., Piradov M.A., Pirsaheb M., Postma M.J., Pottoo F.H., Pourjafar H., Pourshams A., Prada S.I., Pupillo E., Quazi Syed Z., Rabiee M.H., Rabiee N., Radfar A., Rafiee A., Raggi A., Rahim F., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rahman M.H.U., Rahman M.A., Ramezanzadeh K., Ranabhat C.L., Rao S.J., Rashedi V., Rastogi P., Rathi P., Rawaf D.L., Rawaf S., Rawal L., Rawassizadeh R., Renzaho A.M.N., Rezaei N., Rezai M.S., Riahi S.M., Rickard J., Roever L., Ronfani L., Roth G.A., Rubagotti E., Rumisha S.F., Rwegerera G.M., Sabour S., Sachdev P.S., Saddik B., Sadeghi E., Saeedi Moghaddam S., Sagar R., Sahebkar A., Sahraian M.A., Sajadi S.M., Salem M.R., Salimzadeh H., Samy A.M., Sanabria J., Santric-Milicevic M.M., Saraswathy S.Y.I., Sarrafzadegan N., Sarveazad A., Sathish T., Sattin D., Saxena D., Saxena S., Schiavolin S., Schwebel D.C., Schwendicke F., Senthilkumaran S., Sepanlou S.G., Sha F., Shafaat O., Shahabi S., Shaheen A.A., Shaikh M.A., Shakiba S., Shamsi M., Shannawaz M., Sharafi K., Sheikh A., Sheikhbahaei S., Shetty B.S.K., Shi P., Shigematsu M., Shin J.I., Shiri R., Shuval K., Siabani S., Sigfusdottir I.D., Sigurvinsdottir R., Silva D.A.S., Silva J.P., Simonetti B., Singh J.A., Singh V., Sinke A.H., Skryabin V.Y., Slater H., Smith E.U.R., Sobhiyeh M.R., Sobngwi E., Soheili A., Somefun O.D., Sorrie M.B., Soyiri I.N., Sreeramareddy C.T., Stein D.J., Stokes M.A., Sudaryanto A., Sultan I., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tabuchi T., Tadakamadla S.K., Taherkhani A., Tamiru A.T., Tareque M.I., Thankappan K.R., Thapar R., Thomas N., Titova M.V., Tonelli M., Tovani-Palone M.R., Tran B.X., Travillian R.S., Tsai A.C., Tsatsakis A., Tudor Car L., Uddin R., Unim B., Unnikrishnan B., Upadhyay E., Vacante M., Valadan Tahbaz S., Valdez P.R., Varughese S., Vasankari T.J., Venketasubramanian N., Villeneuve P.J., Violante F.S., Vlassov V., Vos T., Vu G.T., Waheed Y., Wamai R.G., Wang Y., Wang Y.-P., Westerman R., Wickramasinghe N.D., Wu A.-M., Wu C., Yahyazadeh Jabbari S.H., Yamagishi K., Yano Y., Yaya S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi V., Yeshitila Y.G., Yip P., Yonemoto N., Yoon S.-J., Younis M.Z., Yousefinezhadi T., Yu C., Yu Y., Yuce D., Zaidi S.S., Zaman S.B., Zamani M., Zamanian M., Zarafshan H., Zarei A., Zastrozhin M.S., Zhang Y., Zhang Z.-J., Zhao X.-J.G., Zhu C., Patton G.C., Viner R.M., Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine (LKCMedicine), Ward, J, Azzopardi, P, Francis, K, Santelli, J, Skirbekk, V, Sawyer, S, Kassebaum, N, Mokdad, A, Hay, S, Abd-Allah, F, Abdoli, A, Abdollahi, M, Abedi, A, Abolhassani, H, Abreu, L, Abrigo, M, Abu-Gharbieh, E, Abushouk, A, Adebayo, O, Adekanmbi, V, Adham, D, Advani, S, Afshari, K, Agrawal, A, Ahmad, T, Ahmadi, K, Ahmed, A, Aji, B, Akombi-Inyang, B, Alahdab, F, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alanezi, F, Alanzi, T, Alcalde-Rabanal, J, Alemu, B, Al-Hajj, S, Alhassan, R, Ali, S, Alicandro, G, Alijanzadeh, M, Aljunid, S, Almasi-Hashiani, A, Almasri, N, Al-Mekhlafi, H, Alonso, J, Al-Raddadi, R, Altirkawi, K, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, A, Amini, S, Aminorroaya, A, Amit, A, Amugsi, D, Ancuceanu, R, Anderlini, D, Andrei, C, Androudi, S, Ansari, F, Ansari, I, Antonio, C, Anvari, D, Anwer, R, Appiah, S, Arabloo, J, Arab-Zozani, M, Arnlov, J, Asaad, M, Asadi-Aliabadi, M, Asadi-Pooya, A, Atout, M, Ausloos, M, Avenyo, E, Avila-Burgos, L, Ayala Quintanilla, B, Ayano, G, Aynalem, Y, Azari, S, Azene, Z, Bakhshaei, M, Bakkannavar, S, Banach, M, Banik, P, Barboza, M, Barker-Collo, S, Barnighausen, T, Basu, S, Baune, B, Bayati, M, Bedi, N, Beghi, E, Bekuma, T, Bell, A, Bell, M, Benjet, C, Bensenor, I, Berhe, A, Berhe, K, Berman, A, Bhagavathula, A, Bhardwaj, N, Bhardwaj, P, Bhattacharyya, K, Bhattarai, S, Bhutta, Z, Bijani, A, Bikbov, B, Biondi, A, Birhanu, T, Biswas, R, Bohlouli, S, Bolla, S, Boloor, A, Borschmann, R, Boufous, S, Bragazzi, N, Braithwaite, D, Breitborde, N, Brenner, H, Britton, G, Burns, R, Burugina Nagaraja, S, Butt, Z, Caetano dos Santos, F, Camera, L, Campos-Nonato, I, Campuzano Rincon, J, Cardenas, R, Carreras, G, Carrero, J, Carvalho, F, Castaldelli-Maia, J, Castaneda-Orjuela, C, Castelpietra, G, Catala-Lopez, F, Cerin, E, Chandan, J, Chang, H, Chang, J, Charan, J, Chattu, V, Chaturvedi, S, Choi, J, Chowdhury, M, Christopher, D, Chu, D, Chung, M, Chung, S, Cicuttini, F, Constantin, T, Costa, V, Dahlawi, S, Dai, H, Dai, X, Damiani, G, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Daneshpajouhnejad, P, Darwesh, A, Davila-Cervantes, C, Davletov, K, De la Hoz, F, De Leo, D, Dervenis, N, Desai, R, Desalew, A, Deuba, K, Dharmaratne, S, Dhungana, G, Dianatinasab, M, Dias da Silva, D, Diaz, D, Didarloo, A, Djalalinia, S, Dorostkar, F, Doshi, C, Doshmangir, L, Doyle, K, Duraes, A, Ebrahimi Kalan, M, Ebtehaj, S, Edvardsson, D, El Tantawi, M, Elgendy, I, El-Jaafary, S, Elsharkawy, A, Eshrati, B, Eskandarieh, S, Esmaeilnejad, S, Esmaeilzadeh, F, Esteghamati, S, Faro, A, Farzadfar, F, Fattahi, N, Feigin, V, Ferede, T, Fereshtehnejad, S, Fernandes, E, Ferrara, P, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Fisher, J, Foigt, N, Folayan, M, Fomenkov, A, Foroutan, M, Fukumoto, T, Gad, M, Gaidhane, A, Gallus, S, Gebre, T, Gebremedhin, K, Gebremeskel, G, Gebremeskel, L, Gebreslassie, A, Gesesew, H, Ghadiri, K, Ghafourifard, M, Ghamari, F, Ghashghaee, A, Gilani, S, Gnedovskaya, E, Godinho, M, Golechha, M, Goli, S, Gona, P, Gopalani, S, Gorini, G, Grivna, M, Gubari, M, Gugnani, H, Guimaraes, R, Guo, Y, Gupta, R, Haagsma, J, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Haile, T, Haj-Mirzaian, A, Hall, B, Hamadeh, R, Hamagharib Abdullah, K, Hamidi, S, Handiso, D, Hanif, A, Hankey, G, Haririan, H, Haro, J, Hasaballah, A, Hashi, A, Hassan, A, Hassanipour, S, Hassankhani, H, Hayat, K, Heidari-Soureshjani, R, Herteliu, C, Heydarpour, F, Ho, H, Hole, M, Holla, R, Hoogar, P, Hosseini, M, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, M, Hostiuc, S, Househ, M, Hsairi, M, Huda, T, Humayun, A, Hussain, R, Hwang, B, Iavicoli, I, Ibitoye, S, Ilesanmi, O, Ilic, I, Ilic, M, Inbaraj, L, Intarut, N, Iqbal, U, Irvani, S, Islam, M, Islam, S, Iso, H, Ivers, R, Jahani, M, Jakovljevic, M, Jalali, A, Janodia, M, Javaheri, T, Jeemon, P, Jenabi, E, Jha, R, Jha, V, Ji, J, Jonas, J, Jones, K, Joukar, F, Jozwiak, J, Juliusson, P, Jurisson, M, Kabir, A, Kabir, Z, Kalankesh, L, Kalhor, R, Kamyari, N, Kanchan, T, Karch, A, Karimi, S, Kaur, S, Kayode, G, Keiyoro, P, Khalid, N, Khammarnia, M, Khan, M, Khatab, K, Khater, M, Khatib, M, Khayamzadeh, M, Khazaie, H, Khoja, A, Kieling, C, Kim, Y, Kimokoti, R, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Kivimaki, M, Koolivand, A, Kosen, S, Koyanagi, A, Krishan, K, Kugbey, N, Kumar, G, Kumar, M, Kumar, N, Kurmi, O, Kusuma, D, La Vecchia, C, Lacey, B, Lal, D, Lalloo, R, Lan, Q, Landires, I, Lansingh, V, Larsson, A, Lasrado, S, Lassi, Z, Lauriola, P, Lee, P, Lee, S, Leigh, J, Leonardi, M, Leung, J, Levi, M, Lewycka, S, Li, B, Li, M, Li, S, Lim, L, Lim, S, Liu, X, Lorkowski, S, Lotufo, P, Lunevicius, R, Maddison, R, Mahasha, P, Mahdavi, M, Mahmoudi, M, Majeed, A, Maleki, A, Malekzadeh, R, Malta, D, Mamun, A, Mansouri, B, Mansournia, M, Martinez, G, Martinez-Raga, J, Martins-Melo, F, Mason-Jones, A, Masoumi, S, Mathur, M, Maulik, P, Mcgrath, J, Mehndiratta, M, Mehri, F, Memiah, P, Mendoza, W, Menezes, R, Mengesha, E, Meretoja, A, Meretoja, T, Mestrovic, T, Miazgowski, B, Miazgowski, T, Michalek, I, Miller, T, Mini, G, Mirica, A, Mirrakhimov, E, Mirzaei, H, Mirzaei, M, Moazen, B, Mohammad, D, Mohammadi, S, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammadifard, N, Mohammadpourhodki, R, Mohammed, S, Monasta, L, Moradi, G, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Moradzadeh, R, Moraga, P, Morrison, S, Mosapour, A, Mousavi Khaneghah, A, Mueller, U, Muriithi, M, Murray, C, Muthupandian, S, Naderi, M, Nagarajan, A, Naghavi, M, Naimzada, M, Nangia, V, Nayak, V, Nazari, J, Ndejjo, R, Negoi, I, Negoi, R, Netsere, H, Nguefack-Tsague, G, Nguyen, D, Nguyen, H, Nie, J, Ningrum, D, Nnaji, C, Nomura, S, Noubiap, J, Nowak, C, Nunez-Samudio, V, Ogbo, F, Oghenetega, O, Oh, I, Oladnabi, M, Olagunju, A, Olusanya, B, Olusanya, J, Omar Bali, A, Omer, M, Onwujekwe, O, Ortiz, A, Otoiu, A, Otstavnov, N, Otstavnov, S, Overland, S, Owolabi, M, P A, M, Padubidri, J, Pakshir, K, Palladino, R, Pana, A, Panda-Jonas, S, Pandey, A, Panelo, C, Park, E, Patten, S, Peden, A, Pepito, V, Peprah, E, Pereira, J, Pesudovs, K, Pham, H, Phillips, M, Piradov, M, Pirsaheb, M, Postma, M, Pottoo, F, Pourjafar, H, Pourshams, A, Prada, S, Pupillo, E, Quazi Syed, Z, Rabiee, M, Rabiee, N, Radfar, A, Rafiee, A, Raggi, A, Rahim, F, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, M, Ramezanzadeh, K, Ranabhat, C, Rao, S, Rashedi, V, Rastogi, P, Rathi, P, Rawaf, D, Rawaf, S, Rawal, L, Rawassizadeh, R, Renzaho, A, Rezaei, N, Rezai, M, Riahi, S, Rickard, J, Roever, L, Ronfani, L, Roth, G, Rubagotti, E, Rumisha, S, Rwegerera, G, Sabour, S, Sachdev, P, Saddik, B, Sadeghi, E, Saeedi Moghaddam, S, Sagar, R, Sahebkar, A, Sahraian, M, Sajadi, S, Salem, M, Salimzadeh, H, Samy, A, Sanabria, J, Santric-Milicevic, M, Saraswathy, S, Sarrafzadegan, N, Sarveazad, A, Sathish, T, Sattin, D, Saxena, D, Saxena, S, Schiavolin, S, Schwebel, D, Schwendicke, F, Senthilkumaran, S, Sepanlou, S, Sha, F, Shafaat, O, Shahabi, S, Shaheen, A, Shaikh, M, Shakiba, S, Shamsi, M, Shannawaz, M, Sharafi, K, Sheikh, A, Sheikhbahaei, S, Shetty, B, Shi, P, Shigematsu, M, Shin, J, Shiri, R, Shuval, K, Siabani, S, Sigfusdottir, I, Sigurvinsdottir, R, Silva, D, Silva, J, Simonetti, B, Singh, J, Singh, V, Sinke, A, Skryabin, V, Slater, H, Smith, E, Sobhiyeh, M, Sobngwi, E, Soheili, A, Somefun, O, Sorrie, M, Soyiri, I, Sreeramareddy, C, Stein, D, Stokes, M, Sudaryanto, A, Sultan, I, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Tabuchi, T, Tadakamadla, S, Taherkhani, A, Tamiru, A, Tareque, M, Thankappan, K, Thapar, R, Thomas, N, Titova, M, Tonelli, M, Tovani-Palone, M, Tran, B, Travillian, R, Tsai, A, Tsatsakis, A, Tudor Car, L, Uddin, R, Unim, B, Unnikrishnan, B, Upadhyay, E, Vacante, M, Valadan Tahbaz, S, Valdez, P, Varughese, S, Vasankari, T, Venketasubramanian, N, Villeneuve, P, Violante, F, Vlassov, V, Vos, T, Vu, G, Waheed, Y, Wamai, R, Wang, Y, Westerman, R, Wickramasinghe, N, Wu, A, Wu, C, Yahyazadeh Jabbari, S, Yamagishi, K, Yano, Y, Yaya, S, Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V, Yeshitila, Y, Yip, P, Yonemoto, N, Yoon, S, Younis, M, Yousefinezhadi, T, Yu, C, Yu, Y, Yuce, D, Zaidi, S, Zaman, S, Zamani, M, Zamanian, M, Zarafshan, H, Zarei, A, Zastrozhin, M, Zhang, Y, Zhang, Z, Zhao, X, Zhu, C, Patton, G, and Viner, R
Subjects: Male, Joves -- Mortalitat, ADOLESCENT HEALTH, CHILDREN, Socioeconomic Factor, Global Burden of Disease, RA0421, Cause of Death, Medicine, Young adult, Child, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, Cause of death, education.field_of_study, Adolescent, Age Distribution, Female, Humans, Mortality, Sex Distribution, Socioeconomic Factors, Young Adult, Mortality rate, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, General Medicine, Articles, Hälsovetenskaper, MIDDLE-INCOME, MENTAL-HEALTH, Adolescent health, INTERVENTIONS, Human, SUICIDE, Total fertility rate, Population, Adolescent Health, Adolescents -- Mortalitat, General & Internal Medicine, Health Sciences, QUALITY, Medicine [Science], Social determinants of health, INCOME COUNTRIES, education, business.industry, TRENDS, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, Years of potential life lost, INJURIES, business, Demography
Abstract: Background Documentation of patterns and long-term trends in mortality in young people, which reflect huge changes in demographic and social determinants of adolescent health, enables identification of global investment priorities for this age group. We aimed to analyse data on the number of deaths, years of life lost, and mortality rates by sex and age group in people aged 10–24 years in 204 countries and territories from 1950 to 2019 by use of estimates from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019. Methods We report trends in estimated total numbers of deaths and mortality rate per 100 000 population in young people aged 10–24 years by age group (10–14 years, 15–19 years, and 20–24 years) and sex in 204 countries and territories between 1950 and 2019 for all causes, and between 1980 and 2019 by cause of death. We analyse variation in outcomes by region, age group, and sex, and compare annual rate of change in mortality in young people aged 10–24 years with that in children aged 0–9 years from 1990 to 2019. We then analyse the association between mortality in people aged 10–24 years and socioeconomic development using the GBD Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite measure based on average national educational attainment in people older than 15 years, total fertility rate in people younger than 25 years, and income per capita. We assess the association between SDI and all-cause mortality in 2019, and analyse the ratio of observed to expected mortality by SDI using the most recent available data release (2017). Findings In 2019 there were 1·49 million deaths (95% uncertainty interval 1·39–1·59) worldwide in people aged 10–24 years, of which 61% occurred in males. 32·7% of all adolescent deaths were due to transport injuries, unintentional injuries, or interpersonal violence and conflict; 32·1% were due to communicable, nutritional, or maternal causes; 27·0% were due to non-communicable diseases; and 8·2% were due to self-harm. Since 1950, deaths in this age group decreased by 30·0% in females and 15·3% in males, and sex-based differences in mortality rate have widened in most regions of the world. Geographical variation has also increased, particularly in people aged 10–14 years. Since 1980, communicable and maternal causes of death have decreased sharply as a proportion of total deaths in most GBD super-regions, but remain some of the most common causes in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia, where more than half of all adolescent deaths occur. Annual percentage decrease in all-cause mortality rate since 1990 in adolescents aged 15–19 years was 1·3% in males and 1·6% in females, almost half that of males aged 1–4 years (2·4%), and around a third less than in females aged 1–4 years (2·5%). The proportion of global deaths in people aged 0–24 years that occurred in people aged 10–24 years more than doubled between 1950 and 2019, from 9·5% to 21·6%. Interpretation Variation in adolescent mortality between countries and by sex is widening, driven by poor progress in reducing deaths in males and older adolescents. Improving global adolescent mortality will require action to address the specific vulnerabilities of this age group, which are being overlooked. Furthermore, indirect effects of the COVID-19 pandemic are likely to jeopardise efforts to improve health outcomes including mortality in young people aged 10–24 years. There is an urgent need to respond to the changing global burden of adolescent mortality, address inequities where they occur, and improve the availability and quality of primary mortality data in this age group. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2021

50. Burden of non-communicable diseases among adolescents aged 10-24 years in the EU, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2019

Author: Armocida, Benedetta, Monasta, Lorenzo, Sawyer, Susan, Bustreo, Flavia, Segafredo, Giulia, Castelpietra, Giulio, Ronfani, Luca, Pasovic, Maja, Hay, Simon, Perel, Pablo, Beran, David, Sawyer, Susan M., Hay, Simon I., Abila, Derrick Bary, Abolhassani, Hassan, Accrombessi, Manfred Mario Kokou, Adekanmbi, Victor, Ahmadi, Keivan, Al Hamad, Hanadi, Aldeyab, Mamoon A., Al-Jumaily, Adel, Ancuceanu, Robert, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Andrei, Tudorel, Arumugam, Ashokan, Attia, Sameh, Aujayeb, Avinash, Ausloos, Marcel, Baker, Jennifer L., Barone-Adesi, Francesco, Barra, Fabio, Barteit, Sandra, Basu, Sanjay, Baune, Bernhard T., Béjot, Yannick, Belo, Luis, Bennett, Derrick A., Bikbov, Boris, Bikov, Andras, Blyuss, Oleg, Breitner, Susanne, Brenner, Hermann, Carreras, Giulia, Carvalho, Márcia, Catapano, Alberico L., Chandan, Joht Singh, Charalampous, Periklis, Chen, Simiao, Conde, Joao, Cruz-Martins, Natália, Damiani, Giovanni, Dastiridou, Anna, de la Torre-Luque, Alejandro, Dianatinasab, Mostafa, Dias da Silva, Diana, Douiri, Abdel, Dragioti, Elena, Engelbert Bain, Luchuo, Fagbamigbe, Adeniyi Francis, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Ferrara, Pietro, Ferreira de Oliveira, José Miguel P., Ferrero, Simone, Ferro Desideri, Lorenzo, Fischer, Florian, Fonseca, Diogo, Gaewkhiew, Piyada, Gaihre, Santosh, Gallus, Silvano, Gaspar Fonseca, Mariana, Gill, Paramjit, Glasbey, James C., Gorini, Giuseppe, Gupta, Vijai Kumar, Gurara, Mekdes Kondale, Haro, Josep Maria, Hasan, M Tasdik, Havmoeller, Rasmus J., Heibati, Behzad, Hellemons, Merel E., Herteliu, Claudiu, Hussain, Salman, Isola, Gaetano, Johnson, Olatunji, Jonas, Jost B., Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy, Jürisson, Mikk, Kabir, Zubair, Karch, André, Kauppila, Joonas H., Kayode, Gbenga A., Khan, Moien A. B., Khatab, Khaled, Kivimäki, Mika, Klugar, Miloslav, Klugarová, Jitka, Koly, Kamrun Nahar, Koyanagi, Ai, Kurmi, Om P., Kusuma, Dian, La Vecchia, Carlo, Lacey, Ben, Lallukka, Tea, Lamnisos, Demetris, Langguth, Berthold, Larsson, Anders O., Lauriola, Paolo, Lee, Paul H., Leonardi, Matilde, Li, An, Linehan, Christine, López-Bueno, Rubén, Lorkowski, Stefan, Loureiro, Joana A., Lunevicius, Raimundas, Magee, Laura A., Magnani, Francesca Giulia, Majeed, Azeem, Makris, Konstantinos Christos, Mathioudakis, Alexander G., Mathur, Manu Raj, McGrath, John J., Menezes, Ritesh G., Mentis, Alexios-Fotios A., Meretoja, Atte, Mestrovic, Tomislav, Miao Jonasson, Junmei, Miazgowski, Tomasz, Mirica, Andreea, Moccia, Marcello, Mohammed, Shafiu, Molokhia, Mariam, Mondello, Stefania, Mueller, Ulrich Otto, Mulita, Francesk, Munblit, Daniel, Negoi, Ionut, Negoi, Ruxandra Irina, Nena, Evangelia, Noor, Nurulamin M., Nowak, Christoph, Ntaios, George, Nwatah, Vincent Ebuka, Oancea, Bogdan, Oguntade, Ayodipupo Sikiru, Ortiz, Alberto, Otoiu, Adrian, Padron-Monedero, Alicia, Palladino, Raffaele, Pana, Adrian, Panagiotakos, Demosthenes, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Pardhan, Shahina, Patel, Jay, Pedersini, Paolo, Peñalvo, José L., Pensato, Umberto, Pereira, Renato B., Perico, Norberto, Petcu, Ionela-Roxana, Polinder, Suzanne, Postma, Maarten J., Rabiee, Mohammad, Rabiee, Navid, Raggi, Alberto, Rahimzadeh, Shadi, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawaf, Salman, Rehman, Faizan Ur, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Riad, Abanoub, Rodriguez, Alina, Sacco, Simona, Saeb, Mohammad Reza, Safdarian, Mahdi, Sathian, Brijesh, Sattin, Davide, Saxena, Sonia, Scarmeas, Nikolaos, Schlee, Winfried, Schwendicke, Falk, Shamsizadeh, Morteza, Sharew, Nigussie Tadesse, Shiri, Rahman, Shivalli, Siddharudha, Shivarov, Velizar, Silva, João Pedro, Simpson, Colin R., Skou, Søren T., Socea, Bogdan, Soyiri, Ireneous N., Steiropoulos, Paschalis, Straif, Kurt, Sun, Xiaohui, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Thiyagarajan, Arulmani, Topouzis, Fotis, Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto, Truelsen, Thomas Clement, Unim, Brigid, Van den Eynde, Jef, Vasankari, Tommi Juhani, Veroux, Massimiliano, Villafaina, Santos, Vinko, Matej, Violante, Francesco S., Volovici, Victor, Wang, Yanzhong, Westerman, Ronny, Yadegarfar, Mohammad Esmaeil, Yaya, Sanni, Zadnik, Vesna, Zumla, Alimuddin, HASH(0x5651c96cd260), Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Public Health, Pulmonary Medicine, Neurosurgery, Collaborators, GBD 2019 Europe NCDs in Adolescents, Lacey, BWH, Yaya, S, HUS Neurocenter, Department of Neurosciences, Armocida B., Monasta L., Sawyer S., Bustreo F., Segafredo G., Castelpietra G., Ronfani L., Pasovic M., Hay S., Sawyer S.M., Hay S.I., Abila D.B., Abolhassani H., Accrombessi M.M.K., Adekanmbi V., Ahmadi K., Al Hamad H., Aldeyab M.A., Al-Jumaily A., Ancuceanu R., Andrei C.L., Andrei T., Arumugam A., Attia S., Aujayeb A., Ausloos M., Baker J.L., Barone-Adesi F., Barra F., Barteit S., Basu S., Baune B.T., Bejot Y., Belo L., Bennett D.A., Bikbov B., Bikov A., Blyuss O., Breitner S., Brenner H., Carreras G., Carvalho M., Catapano A.L., Chandan J.S., Charalampous P., Chen S., Conde J., Cruz-Martins N., Damiani G., Dastiridou A., de la Torre-Luque A., Dianatinasab M., Dias da Silva D., Douiri A., Dragioti E., Engelbert Bain L., Fagbamigbe A.F., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Ferrara P., Ferreira de Oliveira J.M.P., Ferrero S., Ferro Desideri L., Fischer F., Fonseca D.A., Gaewkhiew P., Gaihre S., Gallus S., Gaspar Fonseca M., Gill P.S., Glasbey J.C., Gorini G., Gupta V.K., Gurara M.K., Haro J.M., Hasan M.T., Havmoeller R.J., Heibati B., Hellemons M.E., Herteliu C., Hussain S., Isola G., Johnson O., Jonas J.B., Jozwiak J.J., Jurisson M., Kabir Z., Karch A., Kauppila J.H., Kayode G.A., Khan M.A., Khatab K., Kivimaki M., Klugar M., Klugarova J., Koly K.N., Koyanagi A., Kurmi O.P., Kusuma D., La Vecchia C., Lacey B., Lallukka T., Lamnisos D., Langguth B., Larsson A.O., Lauriola P., Lee P.H., Leonardi M., Li A., Linehan C., Lopez-Bueno R., Lorkowski S., Loureiro J.A., Lunevicius R., Magee L.A., Magnani F.G., Majeed A., Makris K.C., Mathioudakis A.G., Mathur M.R., McGrath J.J., Menezes R.G., Mentis A.-F.A., Meretoja A., Mestrovic T., Miao Jonasson J., Miazgowski T., Mirica A., Moccia M., Mohammed S., Molokhia M., Mondello S., Mueller U.O., Mulita F., Munblit D., Negoi I., Negoi R.I., Nena E., Noor N.M., Nowak C., Ntaios G., Nwatah V.E., Oancea B., Oguntade A.S., Ortiz A., Otoiu A., Padron-Monedero A., Palladino R., Pana A., Panagiotakos D., Panda-Jonas S., Pardhan S., Patel J., Pedersini P., Penalvo J.L., Pensato U., Pereira R.B., Perico N., Petcu I.-R., Polinder S., Postma M.J., Rabiee M., Rabiee N., Raggi A., Rahimzadeh S., Rawaf D.L., Rawaf S., Rehman F.U., Remuzzi G., Riad A., Rodriguez A., Sacco S., Saeb M.R., Safdarian M., Sathian B., Sattin D., Saxena S., Scarmeas N., Schlee W., Schwendicke F., Shamsizadeh M., Sharew N.T., Shiri R., Shivalli S., Shivarov V., Silva J.P., Simpson C.R., Skou S.T., Socea B., Soyiri I.N., Steiropoulos P., Straif K., Sun X., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Thiyagarajan A., Topouzis F., Tovani-Palone M.R., Truelsen T.C., Unim B., Van den Eynde J., Vasankari T.J., Veroux M., Villafaina S., Vinko M., Violante F.S., Volovici V., Wang Y., Westerman R., Yadegarfar M.E., Yaya S., Zadnik V., Zumla A., Perel P., Beran D., Armocida, B, Monasta, L, Sawyer, S, Ferrara, P, Benedetta, Armocida, Lorenzo, Monasta, Susan, Sawyer, Flavia, Bustreo, Giulia, Segafredo, Giulio, Castelpietra, Luca, Ronfani, Maja, Pasovic, Simon, Hay, Pablo, Perel, David, Beran, Bary Abila, Derrick, Abolhassani, Hassan, Adekanmbi, Victor, Al Hamad, Hanadi, Armocida, Benedetta, Attia, Sameh, Ausloos, Marcel, L Baker, Jennifer, Barteit, Sandra, Basu, Sanjay, Beran, David, Bikbov, Bori, Damiani, Giovanni, de la Torre-Luque, Alejandro, Dianatinasab, Mostafa, Dias da Silva, Diana, Douiri, Abdel, Dragioti, Elena, Engelbert Bain, Luchuo, Gaihre, Santosh, C Glasbey, Jame, Kumar Gupta, Vijai, Maria Haro, Josep, Herteliu, Claudiu, Isola, Gaetano, B Jonas, Jost, Jerzy Jozwiak, Jacek, Jürisson, Mikk, Kabir, Zubair, Karch, André, H Kauppila, Joona, A Kayode, Gbenga, AB Khan, Moien, Khatab, Khaled, Klugarová, Jitka, Kusuma, Dian, López-Bueno, Rubén, Lorkowski, Stefan, Christos Makris, Konstantino, Raj Mathur, Manu, G Menezes, Ritesh, Meretoja, Atte, Moccia, Marcello, Mohammed, Shafiu, Molokhia, Mariam, Monasta, Lorenzo, Otto Mueller, Ulrich, Mulita, Francesk, Negoi, Ionut, Irina Negoi, Ruxandra, Oancea, Bogdan, Sikiru Oguntade, Ayodipupo, Ortiz, Alberto, Pana, Adrian, Panagiotakos, Demosthene, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Pardhan, Shahina, Pasovic, Maja, Patel, Jay, L Peñalvo, José, B Pereira, Renato, Polinder, Suzanne, J Postma, Maarten, Rabiee, Mohammad, Rabiee, Navid, Laith Rawaf, David, Rawaf, Salman, Ronfani, Luca, Reza Saeb, Mohammad, Sathian, Brijesh, Saxena, Sonia, Pedro Silva, João, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Roberto Tovani-Palone, Marco, Clement Truelsen, Thoma, Juhani Vasankari, Tommi, Villafaina, Santo, Westerman, Ronny, Yaya, Sanni, Zadnik, Vesna, Zumla., and Alimuddin, Sawyer, Susan, Bustreo, Flavia, Segafredo, Giulia, Castelpietra, Giulio, Hay, Simon, Perel, Pablo, M Sawyer, Susan, I Hay, Simon, Mario Kokou Accrombessi, Manfred, Ahmadi, Keivan, A Aldeyab, Mamoon, Al-Jumaily, Adel, Ancuceanu, Robert, Liliana Andrei, Catalina, Andrei, Tudorel, Arumugam, Ashokan, Aujayeb, Avinash, Barone-Adesi, Francesco, Barra, Fabio, T Baune, Bernhard, B??jot, Yannick, Belo, Lui, A Bennett, Derrick, Bikov, Andra, Blyuss, Oleg, Breitner, Susanne, Brenner, Hermann, Carreras, Giulia, Carvalho, M??rcia, L Catapano, Alberico, Singh Chandan, Joht, Charalampous, Perikli, Chen, Simiao, Conde, Joao, Cruz-Martins, Nat??lia, Dastiridou, Anna, Francis Fagbamigbe, Adeniyi, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Ferrara, Pietro, P Ferreira de Oliveira, Jos?? Miguel, Ferrero, Simone, Ferro Desideri, Lorenzo, Fischer, Florian, A Fonseca, Diogo, Gaewkhiew, Piyada, Gallus, Silvano, Gaspar Fonseca, Mariana, Singh Gill, Paramjit, Gorini, Giuseppe, Kondale Gurara, Mekde, Tasdik Hasan, M, J Havmoeller, Rasmu, Heibati, Behzad, E Hellemons, Merel, Hussain, Salman, Johnson, Olatunji, J??risson, Mikk, Karch, Andr??, Kivim??ki, Mika, Klugar, Miloslav, Klugarov??, Jitka, Nahar Koly, Kamrun, Koyanagi, Ai, P Kurmi, Om, La Vecchia, Carlo, Lacey, Ben, Lallukka, Tea, Lamnisos, Demetri, Langguth, Berthold, O Larsson, Ander, Lauriola, Paolo, H Lee, Paul, Leonardi, Matilde, Li, An, Linehan, Christine, L??pez-Bueno, Rub??n, A Loureiro, Joana, Lunevicius, Raimunda, A Magee, Laura, Giulia Magnani, Francesca, Majeed, Azeem, G Mathioudakis, Alexander, J McGrath, John, A Mentis, Alexios-Fotio, Mestrovic, Tomislav, Miao Jonasson, Junmei, Miazgowski, Tomasz, Mirica, Andreea, Mondello, Stefania, Munblit, Daniel, Nena, Evangelia, M Noor, Nurulamin, Nowak, Christoph, Ntaios, George, Ebuka Nwatah, Vincent, Otoiu, Adrian, Padron-Monedero, Alicia, Palladino, Raffaele, Pedersini, Paolo, L Pe??alvo, Jos??, Pensato, Umberto, Perico, Norberto, Petcu, Ionela-Roxana, Raggi, Alberto, Rahimzadeh, Shadi, Ur Rehman, Faizan, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Riad, Abanoub, Rodriguez, Alina, Sacco, Simona, Safdarian, Mahdi, Sattin, Davide, Scarmeas, Nikolao, Schlee, Winfried, Schwendicke, Falk, Shamsizadeh, Morteza, Tadesse Sharew, Nigussie, Shiri, Rahman, Shivalli, Siddharudha, Shivarov, Velizar, Pedro Silva, Jo??o, R Simpson, Colin, T Skou, S??ren, Socea, Bogdan, N Soyiri, Ireneou, Steiropoulos, Paschali, Straif, Kurt, Sun, Xiaohui, Tabar??s-Seisdedos, Rafael, Thiyagarajan, Arulmani, Topouzis, Foti, Unim, Brigid, Van den Eynde, Jef, Veroux, Massimiliano, Vinko, Matej, S Violante, Francesco, Volovici, Victor, Wang, Yanzhong, Esmaeil Yadegarfar, Mohammad, Zumla, Alimuddin, University of St Andrews. Population and Behavioural Science Division, and University of St Andrews. School of Medicine
Subjects: Male, mortality burden, Adolescent, RJ, RJ101, Care, Global Burden of Disease, Life Expectancy, RJ101 Child Health. Child health services, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, RA0421, 3123 Gynaecology and paediatrics, Risk Factors, RA0421 Public health. Hygiene. Preventive Medicine, Developmental and Educational Psychology, Humans, Disabled Persons, Noncommunicable Diseases, Future, Determinants, MCC, Disability, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Burden of non-communicable diseases among adolescents aged 10–24 years in the EU, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2019, 3rd-DAS, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, n/a, Health, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Female, RA
Abstract: Background:Disability and mortality burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) have risen worldwide; however, the NCD burden among adolescents remains poorly described in the EU. Methods:Estimates were retrieved from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019. Causes of NCDs were analysed at three different levels of the GBD 2019 hierarchy, for which mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) were extracted. Estimates, with the 95% uncertainty intervals (UI), were retrieved for EU Member States from 1990 to 2019, three age subgroups (10–14 years, 15–19 years, and 20–24 years), and by sex. Spearman's correlation was conducted between DALY rates for NCDs and the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) of each EU Member State. Findings:In 2019, NCDs accounted for 86·4% (95% uncertainty interval 83·5–88·8) of all YLDs and 38·8% (37·4–39·8) of total deaths in adolescents aged 10–24 years. For NCDs in this age group, neoplasms were the leading causes of both mortality (4·01 [95% uncertainty interval 3·62–4·25] per 100 000 population) and YLLs (281·78 [254·25–298·92] per 100 000 population), whereas mental disorders were the leading cause for YLDs (2039·36 [1432·56–2773·47] per 100 000 population) and DALYs (2040·59 [1433·96–2774·62] per 100 000 population) in all EU Member States, and in all studied age groups. In 2019, among adolescents aged 10–24 years, males had a higher mortality rate per 100 000 population due to NCDs than females (11·66 [11·04–12·28]vs7·89 [7·53–8·23]), whereas females presented a higher DALY rate per 100 000 population due to NCDs (8003·25 [5812·78–10 701·59]vs6083·91 [4576·63–7857·92]). From 1990 to 2019, mortality rate due to NCDs in adolescents aged 10–24 years substantially decreased (–40·41% [–43·00 to –37·61), and also the YLL rate considerably decreased (–40·56% [–43·16 to –37·74]), except for mental disorders (which increased by 32·18% [1·67 to 66·49]), whereas the YLD rate increased slightly (1·44% [0·09 to 2·79]). Positive correlations were observed between DALY rates and SDIs for substance use disorders (rs=0·58, p=0·0012) and skin and subcutaneous diseases (rs=0·45, p=0·017), whereas negative correlations were found between DALY rates and SDIs for cardiovascular diseases (rs=–0·46, p=0·015), neoplasms (rs=–0·57, p=0·0015), and sense organ diseases (rs=–0·61, p=0·0005). Interpretation:NCD-related mortality has substantially declined among adolescents in the EU between 1990 and 2019, but the rising trend of YLL attributed to mental disorders and their YLD burden are concerning. Differences by sex, age group, and across EU Member States highlight the importance of preventive interventions and scaling up adolescent-responsive health-care systems, which should prioritise specific needs by sex, age, and location. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2022
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