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BACKGROUND In 2017, the Indonesian Technical Advisory Group on Immunization recommended a safety monitoring demonstration program for the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) in West Lombok and East Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara to evaluate the 2-dose primary series (2 and 3 months of age) for serious adverse events (SAEs), adverse events, systemic events, and local reactions. METHODS A total of 1,083 infants from 10 primary healthcare centers were analyzed, with 687 receiving the first dose and 396 receiving the second dose. Based on the national immunization program, they received PCV13 + DTwP-HB-Hib + OPV (n = 544), PCV13 + DTwP-HB-Hib (n = 101), or PCV13 only (n = 403). They were monitored for 30 min after vaccination for any immediate SAEs, and parents were given a diary card to record safety information prospectively for 28 days. RESULTS No immediate SAEs were observed, and no SAEs were reported during 28 days after vaccination. Reports of local reactions and systemic events predominated on days 1–3 post-vaccination. Severe fever (axillary temperature >39.0°C) was uncommon (

Context Germination and emergence are key to successful annual crop establishment. Emergence rate depends on germination rate, sowing depth, and rate of pre-emergent shoot elongation. The rate at which a shoot grows prior to emerging from the soil becomes significant when crops such as chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) are deep sown to utilise moisture below the conventional sowing zone. Aims In seeds of contrasting size, we aimed to compare the ability of chickpera and lentil varieties to emerge from deep sowing. Here we describe genetic variation for epicotyl growth rate, and phenotypic variation for epicotyl and root growth rates and biomass partitioning, of chickpea and lentil, as they relate to seed size. We further assess the impact of deep sowing and soil type on emergence, establishment and yield of the two species. Methods Epicotyl elongation rates, root growth and seedling biomass partitioning were determined in controlled environment studies, using soil tubes. Field trials were conducted on two different soil types at two sowing depths. Key results Most of the variance in epicotyl growth rate could be attributed to species rather than variety. Although epicotyl emergence was faster in lentil, chickpea epicotyl growth rates were higher than those in lentils and unrelated to seed size, whereas growth rates in lentils were weakly correlated to seed size (r = 0.31). Root development and epicotyl diameter appeared to be traded for maintenance of growth in smaller seeds of both species. In the field, sowing depth did not affect emergence, establishment or yield of chickpeas at either site. Deeper sowing resulted in minor reductions in emergence of lentil at one site, although biomass and yield were not affected. Conclusions Emergence of both crops was unaffected by deep sowing (to at least 200 mm) under controlled environment and sandy field conditions. There was minimal genetic variation for the measured parameters within a species. Seed size was of little importance for emergence rate; however, shoot growth rate from small seeds was maintained by reducing seedling vigour. Implications Seed size should be considered when deep sowing lentils in order to maintain high seedling vigour. Further work is needed to understand how environmental factors influence seedling emergence from depth.

We apply Gaussian smoothing to obtain mean magnetic field, density, velocity, and magnetic and kinetic energy densities from our numerical model of the interstellar medium, based on three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic equations in a shearing box $1 \times 1 \times 2 \, {\rm kpc}$ in size. The interstellar medium is highly compressible, as the turbulence is transonic or supersonic; it is thus an excellent context in which to explore the use of smoothing to represent physical variables in a compressible medium in terms of their mean and fluctuating parts. Unlike alternative averaging procedures, such as horizontal averaging, Gaussian smoothing retains the three-dimensional structure of the mean fields. Although Gaussian smoothing does not obey the Reynolds rules of averaging, physically meaningful and mathematically sound central statistical moments are defined as suggested by Germano (1992). We discuss methods to identify an optimal smoothing scale $\ell$ and the effects of this choice on the results. From spectral analysis of the magnetic, density and velocity fields, we find a suitable smoothing length for all three fields, of $\ell \approx 75 \, {\rm pc}$. Such a smoothing scale is likely to be sensitive to the choice of simulation parameters; this may be considered in future work, but here we just explore the methodology. We discuss the properties of third-order statistical moments in fluctuations of kinetic energy density in compressible flows, and suggest their physical interpretation. The mean magnetic field, amplified by a mean-field dynamo, significantly alters the distribution of kinetic energy in space and between scales, reducing the magnitude of kinetic energy at intermediate scales. This intermediate-scale kinetic energy is a useful diagnostic of the importance of SN-driven outflows., 23 pages, 10 figures. Revised, submitted to Geophysical and Astrophysical Fluid Dynamics

Debate on the sustainability of the global food system often compares the environmental, economic and health impacts of plant- and animal-sourced foods. This distinction can mask the considerable variation in impacts across and within these food groups. Moreover, the nutritional benefits of these food groups are insufficiently discussed. In this review, we highlight the nutritional contribution to the current global food system of both plant- and animal-sourced foods and place their impacts on human health in the global context. We highlight how the comparison of the environmental impacts of foods via life cycle analyses can change on the basis of the functional unit used, particularly the use of mass as opposed to nutrient content or nutrient richness. We review the literature on the affordability of nutrient-adequate diets, demonstrating the presence of both plant- and animal-sourced foods in affordable nutritious diets. Finally, we address the potential of alternative food sources that are gaining momentum, to ask where they may fit in a sustainable food system. We conclude that there is a clear place for both plant- and animal-sourced foods in future sustainable food systems, and a requirement for both for sustainable global nutrition; as such, the two groups are complementary and not competitive.

How ‘evidence’ is conceptualised, generated and deployed in meso-level policy implementation on the ground is critical to health delivery. Using the case of a large-scale health service reconfiguration in northwest England, this study began as a narrative investigation into how different data types and sources are prioritised as NHS administrative structures change over time. During the research, one unpopular reconfiguration decision, the downgrading of a hospital, was challenged using judicial review. Suddenly, a key decision was being based not upon ‘facts and data’ type evidence but upon evidence of adherence to administrative procedure. This transferred focus away from the ever-shifting categories and hierarchies of data ‘types’ towards an emphasis on process. By comparing two deliberative contexts—committee and judicial review—this article proposes that evidence can be understood as simultaneously entity and process. As health service reconfigurations continue in response to austerity, integration agendas, evolving organisational landscapes, and demographic and political change, it is increasingly important to recognise the different meanings and uses of evidence.

In this paper, we examine the potential of authentic learning activities and assessment to enhance the student learning experience in a standalone introductory geospatial information science module...

This article opposes the view that The Tempest knowingly betrays the barbarity implicit in the creation of aesthetically pleasing works of art, thereby disabling the aesthetic as a source of value....

The grand-design face-on spiral galaxy M51 is an excellent laboratory for studying magnetic fields in galaxies. We present new observations of M51 using the VLA at the frequency range of S-band (2-4GHz), to shed new light on the transition region between the disk and halo. We present images of the distributions of the total intensity, polarized intensity, degree of polarization, and rotation measure (RM). The RM distribution in S-band shows a fluctuating pattern without any apparent large-scale structure. We discuss a model of the depolarization of synchrotron radiation in a multi-layer magneto-ionic medium and compare the model predictions to the polarization data of M51 between 1-8GHz. Since the model predictions strongly differ within the wavelength range of the S-band, the new data are essential. The parameters of the model are adjusted to fit to the data of polarization fractions in a few selected regions. In three spiral arm regions, the turbulent field in the disk dominates with strengths between 18muG and 24muG, while the regular field strengths are 8-16muG. In one inter-arm region, the regular field strength of 18muG exceeds that of the turbulent field of 11muG. The regular field strengths in the halo are 3-5muG. The observed RMs in the disk-halo transition region are probably dominated by tangled regular fields, as predicted from models of evolving dynamos, and/or vertical fields, as predicted from numerical simulations of Parker instabilities or galactic winds. Both types of magnetic fields have frequent reversals on scales similar to or larger than the beam size (550pc) that contribute to an increase of the RM dispersion and to distortions of any large-scale pattern of the regular field. Our study devises new ways of analyzing and interpreting broadband multi-frequency polarization data that will be applicable to future data from, for example, the Square Kilometre Array., Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A

Using empirical evidence from a realist evaluation of music-based well-being interventions, we developed a recovery-focussed model for people with mental health issues. Arts-based approaches for mental health are used internationally and the concepts described here can be understood globally, allowing for cultural variations. Our model draws on ideas of product, personhood, positive interaction and peers (4P) to increase well-being and promote recovery through participatory creative activity. This article describes the original study and the model itself. Drawing from McCaffrey’s work on music therapy and recovery (2011), and Leamy’s CHIME recovery model (2011), our framework can be used to potentiate recovery for people experiencing a range of challenging circumstances. We expect this empirically-based music-centred model to contribute to an ecosystem of recovery approaches.

Background Increasing attention is being directed at the environmental, social, and economic sustainability of the global food system. However, a key aspect of a sustainable food system should be its ability to deliver nutrition to the global population. Quantifying nutrient adequacy with current tools is challenging. Objective To produce a computational model illustrating the nutrient adequacy of current and proposed global food systems. Methods The DELTA Model was constructed using global food commodity balance sheet data, alongside demographic and nutrient requirement data from UN and European Food Safety Authority sources. It also includes nutrient bioavailability considerations for protein, the indispensable amino acids, iron, and zinc, sourced from scientific literature. Results The DELTA Model calculates global per capita nutrient availability under conditions of equal distribution and identifies areas of nutrient deficiency for various food system scenarios. Modeling the 2018 global food system showed that it supplied insufficient calcium (64% of demographically weighted target intake) and vitamin E (69%), despite supplying sufficient macronutrients. Several future scenarios were modeled, including variations in waste; scaling up current food production for the 2030 global population; plant-based food production systems; and removing sugar crops from the global food system. Each of these scenarios fell short of meeting requirements for multiple nutrients. These results emphasize the need for a balanced approach in the design of future food systems. Conclusions Nutrient adequacy must be at the forefront of the sustainable food system debate. The DELTA Model was designed for both experts and nonexperts to inform this debate as to what may be possible, practical, and optimal for our food system. The model results strongly suggest that both plant and animal foods are necessary to achieve global nutrition. The model is freely available for public use so that anyone can explore current and simulated global food systems.

PICO question In canines, does the oral administration of carprofen, when compared to meloxicam, result in fewer gastrointestinal side effects? Clinical bottom line Category of research question Treatment The number and type of study designs reviewed Three prospective randomised controlled trials were critically reviewed Strength of evidence Weak Outcomes reported Treatment with carprofen or meloxicam results in no significant difference in gastric lesion scoring, increased intestinal mucosal permeability or diminished small bowel absorptive capacity Conclusion There is insufficient evidence supporting preferential administration of carprofen or meloxicam to reduce gastrointestinal side effects How to apply this evidence in practice The application of evidence into practice should take into account multiple factors, not limited to: individual clinical expertise, patient’s circumstances and owners’ values, country, location or clinic where you work, the individual case in front of you, the availability of therapies and resources. Knowledge Summaries are a resource to help reinforce or inform decision-making. They do not override the responsibility or judgement of the practitioner to do what is best for the animal in their care

Epistemic injustice has rapidly become a powerful tool for analysis of otherwise hidden social harms. Yet empirical research into how resistance to knowing and understanding can be generated and replicated in social programmes is limited. We have identified a range of subtle and not-so-subtle inflections of epistemic injustice as they play out in an intervention for people with chronic depression in receipt of disability benefits. This article describes the different ‘species’ of epistemic injustice observed and reveals how these are unintentionally produced at frontline, management, commissioning and policy levels. Most notably, there remains a privileging of clinical knowledge over other forms of knowledge, producing a ‘pathocentric epistemic complex’. This, combined with the failure of different agencies with competing ideologies to adequately understand each other, and a vicious policy context, added to the injustices already faced by people with mental health issues, generating multiple harms. This has important implications for a range of integrated care and welfare interventions – not least by drawing attention to their unintended potential for replicating epistemic injustice as an institutionalised complex. Careful evaluation and design of such programmes, applying the philosophical and epistemic resources illustrated here, can help mitigate this outcome. Further, by raising awareness of epistemic injustice among programme participants, we can generate epistemic structures that secure programme integrity locally, and promote better policy.

Mixtures of wheat cultivars of different duration can potentially balance the yield-reducing risks of frost, heat and terminal drought. Cultivar mixtures with contrasting duration were tested across three experiments in Western Australia. Experiment 1 consisted of three sowing dates (early, mid and late), experiment 2 consisted one sowing date and experiment 3 consisted of two sowing dates (early and late). The three experiments and the multiple sowing dates created differences in the exposure to frost, heat and terminal drought risk. Seven treatments were established in each environment, consisting of three commercially-available cultivars (long, mid and short-duration); together with each of the two- and three -cultivar mixtures of these cultivars. In experiment 1 yields of the single cultivars showed the expected pattern with the long duration cultivar having the highest yield when sown early and the short duration cultivar having the higher yield when sown late. There were few differences in yield in experiments 2 and 3. Only a single treatment, a mixture of the long and mid-duration cultivars, was either the highest yielding or not significantly different from the highest yielding across all environments. In experiment 1 there was evidence of over-yielding with the mean of all the mixtures being 6.4% greater (P = 0.043) than the mean of the individual cultivars across the three sowing dates. This research has demonstrated that wheat cultivar mixtures can stabilise the combined risks of frost, heat and drought stress in frost and heat-prone dryland environments, providing growers with a strategy to manage these uncertain risks.

A key determinant of water-limited yield potential in dryland agriculture is the soil's plant available water capacity (PAWC), the difference between drained upper limit and crop lower limit over the rooting depth. To simulate water-limited yield potential (Yw), a crop model must be parameterised for the local edaphic conditions, which require a quantitative description of drained upper limit, crop lower limit and rooting depth. Often, these soil properties have to be estimated from existing soil surveys, which creates uncertainty for drained upper limit, crop lower limit or rooting depth. The impact of uncertainty in these soil properties on the estimation of Yw has not previously been reported. Using the Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator (APSIM), a sensitivity analysis was performed to identify the effect of uncertainties in drained upper limit, crop lower limit and rooting depth on wheat Yw for two contrasting rainfall sites (high and low) with two typical soil types (shallow sandy duplex and clay) in Western Australia. Simulation results demonstrated that the resultant change in PAWC was the dominant driver of a change in the estimate of Yw, irrespective of whether such a change was caused by drained upper limit, crop lower limit or rooting depth. Estimated errors that underestimated or overestimated PAWC by up to 20 mm only had a marginal impact on Yw (less than 200 kg ha−1) in all environments (soil type × location). But when this error was more than 20 mm, an underestimation would cause more severe deviation of Yw of wheat than an overestimation. On average, 40 mm underestimation of PAWC resulted into 530 kg ha−1 of Yw, while this amount of overestimation caused overestimation of Yw about 290 kg ha−1. The bias of underestimated wheat Yw due to underestimation of PAWC was generally increased with rainfall up to 350 mm. We conclude that it is better to estimate soil hydrological parameters towards overestimating PAWC than to underestimate PAWC. However, where possible, all three soil hydrological parameters should be estimated as accurately as possible.

The impact of elevated [CO2 ] (e[CO2 ]) on crops often includes a decrease in their nutrient concentrations where reduced transpiration-driven mass flow of nutrients has been suggested to play a role. We used two independent approaches, a free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiment in the South Eastern wheat belt of Australia and a simulation study employing the agricultural production systems simulator (APSIM), to show that transpiration (mm) and nutrient uptake (g m-2 ) of nitrogen (N), potassium (K), sulfur (S), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and manganese (Mn) in wheat are correlated under e[CO2 ], but that nutrient uptake per unit water transpired is higher under e[CO2 ] than under ambient [CO2 ] (a[CO2 ]). This result suggests that transpiration-driven mass flow of nutrients contributes to decreases in nutrient concentrations under e[CO2 ], but cannot solely explain the overall decline.

Appropriate laboratory test utilization is of growing interest in the face of rising healthcare costs and documented evidence of over- and under-utilization. Building from published literature, laboratory organizations have recently published guidelines for establishing laboratory utilization management programs. However, systematic reviews and meta-analyses have consistently struggled to define rigorous evidence-based best practice recommendations due to the paucity of published data or the heterogeneity of available data. We sought to gain information about utilization practices and programs currently in use and which factors contribute to their success by distributing a survey among laboratory professionals. The survey received seventy-four eligible respondents. We observed a wide range in the duration of laboratory utilization programs and the number of stewardship initiatives. In addition, there was great variety in the utilization practices used and the tests or processes targeted by programs. There was similarity in how initiatives are evaluated and who is involved with utilization programs. Finally, respondents often credited a multidisciplinary committee, support from leadership, and strong IT support/data access as important factors for their program's perceived success. Many of these factors agree with previously published literature.

Following advances in genetics, genomics, and phenotyping, trait selection in breeding is limited by our ability to understand interactions within the plant and with the environment, and to identify traits of most relevance to the target population of environments. We propose an integrated approach that combines insights from crop modelling, physiology, genetics, and breeding to characterize traits valuable for yield gain in the target population of environments, develop relevant high-throughput phenotyping platforms, and identify genetic controls and their value in production environments. This paper uses transpiration efficiency (biomass produced per unit of water used) as an example of a complex trait of interest to illustrate how the approach can guide modelling, phenotyping, and selection in a breeding programme. We believe that this approach, by integrating insights from diverse disciplines, can increase the resource use efficiency of breeding programmes for improving yield gains in target populations of environments.

Australian modern narrow-leafed lupin ( Lupinus angustifolius L.) cultivars tend to flower early and are vernalisation-unresponsive (VU). Cultivars have generally been selected for the warmer climates zones and sandy soils of the northern grain belt of Western Australia (NWA), where lupins are predominantly grown. In areas where climates are cooler and growing seasons are longer and wetter, such as the southern grain belt of Western Australia (SWA), it is probable that lupin would have a higher yield potential. Given that VU cultivars would have a longer vegetative phase (i.e. late flowering) we hypothesise that they may be more productive than those that are early flowering. Here we used a modelling approach to: 1) test the hypothesis that cool-climate SWA would have higher lupin yield than warm-climate NWA; 2) explore lupin phenological adaptation and yield potential in SWA over a range of proposed VU cultivars; and 3) further evaluate the combined effects of cultivar phenology, sowing time and seasonal type on lupin yields. Simulations from the Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSIM) showed that, on average, lupin yield in SWA was higher than that in NWA, with 23% greater yield for the early-flowering cultivar Mandelup. Proposed cultivars flowering 22 days (late-flowering) and 15 days (medium flowering) later than Mandelup would have their phenology better adapted in the high and medium rainfall zones of SWA, producing 16 and 7% more grain in the two rainfall zones, respectively. The proposed late-flowering cultivar sown before the end of April achieved higher yields for all seasons in the high rainfall zone and for above average and average rainfall seasons in the medium rainfall zone. In more water-limited situations early sowing was preferable with no obvious difference in yield among cultivars. Despite this, the early-flowering cultivar yielded more when sown in late April. The results indicate that lupin production would benefit from breeding VU varieties with a long vegetative phase for the SWA that should be sown in mid to late April.

Background Anticipatory prescribing and use of syringe drivers at end of life is now established practice. A national report outlined the need to ensure safe, appropriate and individualised prescribing for patients at end of life, considering available guidance to aid decision making. Within our locality we deemed it vital to demonstrate we are complying with guidance. Aims To ensure safe and effective care of patients at end of life, with an individualised approach to decisions and compliance with guidelines, policies and procedures. Methods Questions were developed through collaborative discussion and data collection tool produced. Retrospective audit cross settings was undertaken based on place of death to avoid duplication. Results 71 cases included for full analysis. Largest proportion in Hospice. Spread of gender, age, diagnosis. Substantial data was collected on core drugs at end of life. Using agitation as an example, 93% had an individualised approach to prescribing: all had a dose and route; 1 no frequency although this was felt to be a documentation error; 31% had a maximum dose; 93% had an appropriate dose adjustment for renal impairment. In the last 24 hours of life the total dose of midazolam: Hospice median 1.25 mg and mean 8.2 mg; hospital 0 mg and 1.7 mg and community 0 mg and 5 mg respectively. Similar results were found for other drugs in terms of quality of prescriptions and individualised nature of decision making. Conclusion Individualised approach to prescribing was evident overall, with a high standard of prescribing. Some incomplete prescription although felt due to data collection errors. Doses of medications in line with network guidelines. Need to improve discussion with patients and families regarding medications, syringe drivers and side effects. The three organisations involved developed individual action plans including improvements in documentation and where electronic prescribing had commenced, embedding this.

Background E-prescribing is understood to provide benefits to patient safety by reducing medication errors and may provide some staff efficiencies (Ammenwerth, Sschnell-Inderst, Machan, & Siebert, 2008; Franklin, O’Grady, Parastou et al., 2007). However implementing e-prescribing, requires introduction of new working processes and within a specialist health care setting an adapted e-prescribing system is recommended (Ward & Watson, 2013). Despite the perceived benefits, e-prescribing use nationally is low and a paucity in the research exists regarding implementation within a hospice setting. Aims To share the lived experience of implementing e–prescribing within a hospice In–Patient Unit, Community team and Lymphoedema service; To monitor staff attitudes and perceptions of e–prescribing pre– and post– implementation; To review medication error rates pre – and post – implementation. Method Implementation commenced on 29 May 2019. The hospice has an established electronic patient record system and the e-prescribing software is an add-on to the existing system. The e-prescribing software has been specifically written for a hospice service. Implementation was supported by a contracted IT team and a designated project manager. A pre-implementation questionnaire was completed by all hospice staff. The questionnaire focused on perceived benefits and barriers of e-prescribing, compared to the previous paper-based system and staff attitudes about the change in clinical practice. Results Nine days post implementation, e-prescribing was fully implemented on the In-Patient Unit as all patients had a prescription in place as part of their electronic patient record. At the time of writing, staff continue to gain experience of using the system in clinical practice being supported by the IT team. Future plans Pre-implementation questionnaires require analysis. The questionnaire will be repeated at three and six months post-implementation, to monitor staff experience and attitudes over time. Medication error rates will be monitored via an electronic clinical incident reporting system.

We explore the effect of magnetic fields on the vertical distribution and multiphase structure of the supernova-driven interstellar medium (ISM) in simulations that admit dynamo action. As the magnetic field is amplified to become dynamically significant, gas becomes cooler and its distribution in the disc becomes more homogeneous. We attribute this to magnetic quenching of vertical velocity, which leads to a decrease in the cooling length of hot gas. A non-monotonic vertical distribution of the large-scale magnetic field strength, with the maximum at |z| $\approx$ 300 pc causes a downward pressure gradient below the maximum which acts against outflow driven by SN explosions, while it provides pressure support above the maximum., Comment: 10 pages, 10 figures

We explore the effects of the multiphase structure of the interstellar medium (ISM) on galactic magnetic fields. Basing our analysis on compressible magnetohydrodynamic simulations of supernova-driven turbulence in the ISM, we investigate the properties of both the mean and fluctuating components of the magnetic field. We find that the mean magnetic field preferentially resides in the warm phase and is generally absent from the hot phase. The fluctuating magnetic field does not show such pronounced sensitivity to the multiphase structure.

An understanding of genotype × environment (G × E) interactions for phenological adaptation in crops can help identify traits that facilitate genetic improvement and cultivar selection. Such understanding is also necessary to identify environments that facilitate identification of cultivars with better environmental adaptation. Process-based crop simulation models including APSIM are valuable tools to investigate G × E interactions and traits conferring adaption to particular conditions. However cultivar parameters relating to crop phenology in crop model are difficult to determine directly through field experiments. Within this paper, we present a simulation study to explore the environmental and genotypic control of time to flowering and maturity in lupin and its grain yield, by using the APSIM model. In the model, lupin cultivar parameters were optimized by combining prior knowledge and PEST (Parameter ESTimation), a model-independent parameter optimiser. The parameterisation was for nine lupin cultivars with contrasting maturity (early vs late) and vernalization requirement (non-responsive vs responsive) across 13 sites × years across Australia. We showed that phenological differences among the cultivars were well explained by the optimized set of parameters, mainly reflected in vernalization response and photoperiodic sensitivity before flowering. Simulated flowering days and grain yield agreed well with the observations, with RMSEs (root mean squared error) of 4 days and 0.34 t ha−1 for all cultivars together. The simulation results showed that lupin yield was significantly affected by temperature and water availability. An early-maturity cultivar would yield better than the late-maturity one at the warm and low rainfall region, while at high rainfall or long-season regions, cultivar types should be chosen tactically based on the climatic conditions for that season. Thus, lupin breeding in Australia should therefore focus on temperature regimes and rainfall gradients. These results indicate that the parameter-optimized APSIM model could be used to explore the adaptation of genotypes to a particular environment to provide guidance for a more efficient breeding program and develop optimal agronomic management practices.