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Reactive species that are employed as electrophiles in functionalization of substrates are typically prepared from native functionality such as alcohols and carboxylic acids. The addition of a pre-functionalization step of native substrates can reduce the efficiency of syntheses. These pre-functionalization reactions along with the functionalization reactions themselves proceed through polar mechanisms, limiting the scope of both functionalization and pre-functionalization reactions. Reported herein are preliminary efforts in the development of a deoxy-functionalization protocol for secondary and tertiary alcohols. The reported protocol proceeds through a derived Barton-McCombie deoxygenation mediated by a super silyl radical. Transfer of a thiocarbonate activating group to the silyl radical generates carbon radical which can be trapped out with an external sulfonyl trap, generating sulfonyl radical, which may then react with an allylic silane allowing for turnover of the radical chain.

Our aim in this study was to assess the impact of the Mobile Diabetes Telemedicine Clinic, which serves First Nations communities in British Columbia, on clients' with diabetes condition and management.A travelling team visits approximately 120 sites annually. Assessment of persons with diabetes includes interview, physical exam, point-of-care laboratory (glycated hemoglobin, blood glucose, lipid profile, kidney profile) and retinal fundus photographs. Nurses provide education and lifestyle, medication and wellness recommendations. The endocrinologist reviews records and provides further recommendations to primary care providers. To assess the impact at second and later visits, compared with the immediately preceding visit, we measured mean changes in body weight, glycated hemoglobin, urinary albumin:creatinine ratio and estimated glomerular filtration rate, as well as changes in proportions of clients meeting targets for blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, medications, smoking and physical activity.From 2012 to 2018, a total of 3,045 visits were completed by 1,056 clients with diabetes who attended on at least 2 occasions. Mean time since the preceding visit was 1.6 years. Mean change (after vs before) in glycated hemoglobin was 0.06 (95% confidence limit, -0.03 to 0.14), body weight 0.0 kg (-0.2 to 0.2), albumin:creatinine ratio 1.31 mg/mmol (0.27 to 2.35) and estimated glomerular filtration rate -4.8 mL/min (-6.2 to -3.4). The proportion of clients meeting both blood pressure targets (systolic130 mmHg and diastolic80 mmHg) increased from 25% at first visit to 33% at the second and 32% at the third or later visits (p0.001, chi-square test). The proportion of those with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol of2.0 mmol/L increased from 56% to 62% at the second visit and 69% at the third or later visits (p0.001). The proportion of those taking renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors or other antihypertensive agents and statins increased (p0.001), and proportions decreased for smoking (p0.001) and exercising ≥60 min/week (p=0.002).Weight and diabetic control were stabilized. Most management practices showed improvement.

Given COVID-19 rise in populations with high burden of tuberculosis infection, the interplay between COVID-19 and tuberculosis reactivation needs further investigation. We report a case of a 64-year-old man who developed acute respiratory distress syndrome due to severe COVID-19 infection. He was managed with intubation, prone-position mechanical ventilation, inhaled nitric oxide, and methylprednisolone 40 mg intravenous twice daily for 5 days. He developed unexplained persistent fever and leukocytosis that failed to respond to empiric broad-spectrum antibacterial, antifungal agents, and a 3-day course of intravenous methylprednisolone 1000 mg for possible usual interstitial pneumonitis. His endotracheal aspiration samples tested positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and antituberculosis regimen was started. The patient died as result of decision to withdraw life support. This report establishes the clinical picture of a tuberculosis reactivation in a COVID-19 patient. The complex interaction between COVID-19, steroids, and tuberculosis is a clinical dilemma of great significance.

Novel biology technologies like gene editing and genetic engineering are creating a proliferation of breakthroughs in engineered biological systems that will change our world in areas ranging from medicine, to textiles, to energy. New developments in gene editing technologies, especially CRISPR-Cas9, have shown early signs of extraordinary potential in a variety of fields, including from basic research, applied biotechnology, and biomedical research. While the possibility of directly targeting and modifying genomic sequences in almost all eukaryotic cells could significantly improve standards of living, these technologies have the potential to pose serious biological hazards.

Measure population health impact, and socioeconomic, geographic, and ethnic predictors of iatrogenic injury.Within three groups (total population, Aboriginal off-reserve, and Aboriginal on-reserve) in each of 16 Health Service Delivery Areas (HSDAs) of British Columbia, Canada we calculated crude incidence and Standardized Relative Risk (SRR) of hospitalization for iatrogenic injury. We tested hypothesized associations between HSDA census characteristics and SRR, by multivariable regression.Among hospitalizations due to any injury, 22.2% were iatrogenic. Crude rate of iatrogenic injury hospitalization was 20.4 per 10,000 person-years. Aboriginal rate was 24.4 per 10,000 and SRR was 1.57 (1.76 among females, 1.38 among males). Non-metropolitan HSDAs had higher SRRs. The best-fitting regression model was an excellent fit (R=0.836, plt;.001) and included education, income, house needs major repairs, population per room, and Aboriginal ethnicity.Iatrogenic injury has significant population health impact. Aboriginal people, especially females, have higher risk. Ethnicity and socioeconomic factors explain regional disparities.

Population-level statistics indicating disparities in injury rates between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal populations disguise considerable community-level heterogeneity. Using an ecological approach, we analyzed linked data from British Columbia's (BC) universal health care insurance plan, worker compensation, vital statistics, and census databases to identify community-level risk markers for hospitalization due to injury among the Aboriginal population of BC, Canada. Community standardized relative risks (SRR) of injury hospitalization relative to the total population of BC ranged from 0.24 to 9.35. Variables associated with increased SRRs included the following: higher proportions of crowded housing, housing in poor condition, participating in industries with greater risk of a work injury claim, being more remote, and at higher latitude. Higher income and more high school graduates were protective. In the best-fitting multivariable model, variables independently associated with SRR were proportion of the population with a high school certificate (RR = 0.89 per unit standard deviation change, 95 % confidence interval 0.83 to 0.94), and remoteness index (RR = 1.06, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.01 to 1.11). Results confirm profound diversity in Aboriginal communities across BC. SRRs of injury hospitalization increased as proportion of high school graduates dropped and remoteness increased. Promoting the educational attainment of community members should be an important focus of initiatives to improve health.

Objective Implantable neuromodulation devices that have cuff electrodes are known to exert mechanical pressure on the target nerves. The amount of pressure exerted by cuff enclosures is one of the key determinants of physiological safety of these devices since excess pressures can cause neural damage. Because direct measurements of pressure on a nerve are challenging, the current cuff design approaches rely heavily on theoretical models or numerical computations for pressure predictions. An experimental approach to test these devices for pressure can complement existing theoretical models and can also serve as a quality control step to screen cuff electrode designs before implantation. Approach We hypothesize that the pressure exerted on a nerve by a cuff can be estimated by measuring the resulting changes to the nerve's electrical impedance. Main results We investigated ten 1 cm-long explanted rat sciatic nerves: five that were used within an hour after surgery, and five after 50 h of storage in physiological saline. For each experiment we applied variable pressure on the nerve ex vivo and measured the resulting changes in its impedance. We found a strong correlation between the external pressure on the nerve and its impedance and generated a pressure-impedance calibration curve. At the upper limit of physiologically safe pressure, the nerve impedance increased by ~2 kΩ, whereas, a rise of ~3 kΩ corresponded to pressure value that onsets irreversible nerve damage. Significance As a proof-of-concept, we used this protocol to generate a pressure-impedance calibration curve for a monkey tibial nerve and estimated pressure exerted by a commercial silicone cuff electrode on the explanted nerve. This single-point measurement was in an agreement with an independent estimate of the pressure measured using a mechanical pull test within 3 mmHg.

Background Worldwide, Indigenous people have disproportionately higher rates of transport injuries. We examined disparities in injury-related hospitalizations resulting from transport incidents for three population groups in British Columbia (BC): total population, Aboriginal off-reserve, and Aboriginal on-reserve populations. We also examined sociodemographic, geographic and ethnic risk markers for disparities. Methods We identified Aboriginal people through BC’s universal health care insurance plan insurance premium group and birth and death record notations. We calculated crude incidence rate and Standardized Relative Risk (SRR) of hospitalization for unintentional transport injury, standardized for age, gender and Health Service Delivery Area (HSDA), relative to the total population of BC. We tested hypothesized associations of geographic, socio-economic, and employment-related characteristics of Aboriginal communities with SRR of transport injury by multivariable linear regression. Results During the period 1991–2010, the SRR for the off-reserve Aboriginal population was 1.77 (95% CI: 1.71 to 1.83); and 2.00 (95% CI: 1.93 to 2.07) among those living on-reserve. Decline in crude rate and SRRs was observed over this period among both the Aboriginal and total populations of BC, but was proportionally greater among the Aboriginal population. The best-fitting multivariable risk marker model was an excellent fit (R2 = 0.912, p

Aboriginal people in British Columbia (BC), especially those residing on Indian reserves, have higher risk of unintentional fall injury than the general population. We test the hypothesis that the disparities are attributable to a combination of socioeconomic status, geographic place, and Aboriginal ethnicity. Within each of 16 Health Service Delivery Areas in BC, we identified three population groups: total population, Aboriginal off-reserve, and Aboriginal on-reserve. We calculated age and gender-standardized relative risks (SRR) of hospitalization due to unintentional fall injury (relative to the total population of BC), during time periods 1999–2003 and 2004–2008, and we obtained custom data from the 2001 and 2006 censuses (long form), describing income, education, employment, housing, proportions of urban and rural dwellers, and prevalence of Aboriginal ethnicity. We studied association of census characteristics with SRR of fall injury, by multivariable linear regression. The best-fitting model was an excellent fit (R 2 = 0.854, p

Background Aboriginal people in British Columbia (BC) have higher injury incidence than the general population. This report describes variability in visits to primary care due to injury, among injury categories, time periods, geographies, and demographic groups. Methods We used BC’s universal health care insurance plan as a population registry, linked to practitioner payment and vital statistics databases. We identified Aboriginal people by insurance premium group and birth and death record notations. Within that population we identified those residing off-reserve according to postal code. We calculated crude incidence and Standardized Relative Risk (SRR) of primary care visit due to injury, standardized for age, gender and Health Service Delivery Area (HSDA), relative to the total population of BC. Results During 1991 through 2010, the crude rate of primary care visit due to injury in BC was 3172 per 10,000 person-years. The Aboriginal off-reserve rate was 4291 per 10,000 and SRR was 1.41 (95 % confidence interval: 1.41 to 1.42). Northern and non-metropolitan HSDAs had higher SRRs, within both total BC and Aboriginal off-reserve populations. In every age and gender category, the HSDA-standardized SRR was higher among the Aboriginal off-reserve than among the total population. For all injuries combined, and for the categories of trauma, poisoning, and burn, between 1991 and 2010, crude rates and SRRs declined substantially, but proportionally more rapidly among the Aboriginal off-reserve population, so the gap between the Aboriginal off-reserve and total populations is narrowing, particularly among metropolitan residents. Conclusions These findings corroborate our previous reports regarding hospitalizations due to injury, suggesting that our observations reflect real disparities and changes in the underlying incidence of injury, and are not merely artefacts related to health care utilization.

1) How closely do capillary glycated hemoglobin (A1C) levels agree with venous A1C levels? 2) How well do venous A1C levels agree with plasma glucose for diagnosis of diabetes in this population?The Seabird Island mobile diabetes clinic screened people not known to have diabetes by using finger-prick capillary A1C levels with point-of-care analysis according to the Siemens/Bayer DCA 2000 system. Clients then went to a clinical laboratory for confirmatory testing for venous A1C levels, fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and plasma glucose 2 hours after 75 g oral glucose load (2hPG). A reference laboratory compared the DCA 2000 and the clinical laboratory's Roche Integra 800CTS system to the National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) reference.1) In the reference laboratory, DCA 2000 and Integra 800CTS both agreed very closely with the DCCT standard. In the field, capillary glycated hemoglobin percent (A1C) % was biased, underestimating venous A1C % by a mean of 0.19 (p0.001). The margin of error of bias-adjusted capillary A1C % was ±0.36 for 95% of the time, compared to ±0.27 for venous A1C%. 2) By linear regression, we found FPG 7.0 mmol/L and 2hPG 11.1 mmol/L predicted mean venous A1C levels very close to 6.5%, with no significant bias.Point-of-care capillary A1C did not perform as well in the field as in the laboratory, but the bias is correctible, and the margin of error is small enough that the test is clinically useful. In this population, venous A1C levels ≥6.5% agree closely with the FPG and 2hPG thresholds to diagnose diabetes; ethnic-specific adjustment of the venous A1C threshold is not necessary.

BACKGROUND: Aboriginal people in British Columbia (BC) have higher injury incidence than the general population. Our project describes variability among injury categories, time periods, and geographic, demographic and socio-economic groups. This report focuses on unintentional falls. METHODS: We used BC's universal health care insurance plan as a population registry, linked to hospital separation and vital statistics databases. We identified Aboriginal people by insurance premium group and birth and death record notations. We identified residents of specific Aboriginal communities by postal code. We calculated crude incidence and Standardized Relative Risk (SRR) of hospitalization for unintentional fall injury, standardized for age, gender and Health Service Delivery Area (HSDA), relative to the total population of BC. We tested hypothesized associations of geographic, socio-economic, and employment-related characteristics with community SRR of injury by linear regression. RESULTS: During 1991 through 2010, the crude rate of hospitalization for unintentional fall injury in BC was 33.6 per 10,000 person-years. The Aboriginal rate was 49.9 per 10,000 and SRR was 1.89 (95% confidence interval 1.85-1.94). Among those living on reserves SRR was 2.00 (95% CI 1.93-2.07). Northern and non-urban HSDAs had higher SRRs, within both total and Aboriginal populations. In every age and gender category, the HSDA-standardized SRR was higher among the Aboriginal than among the total population. Between 1991 and 2010, crude rates and SRRs declined substantially, but proportionally more among the Aboriginal population, so the gap between the Aboriginal and total population is narrowing, particularly among females and older adults. These community characteristics were associated with higher risk: lower income, lower educational level, worse housing conditions, and more hazardous types of employment. CONCLUSIONS: Over the years, as socio-economic conditions improve, risk of hospitalization due to unintentional fall injury has declined among the Aboriginal population. Women and older adults have benefited more. Language: en

Introduction. In British Columbia, Aboriginal diabetes prevalence, hospitalization and mortality rates are all more than twice as high as in the rest of the population. We describe and evaluate a program to improve access to diabetes care for Aboriginal people in northern communities. Study design. Cost-effectiveness evaluation. Methods. A diabetes nurse educator and an ophthalmic technician travel to Aboriginal reserves, offering people with diabetes services recommended in current clinical practice guidelines: retinopathy screening by digital retinal fundus photography, glaucoma screening by tonometry, point-of-care urine and blood testing to detect microalbuminuria and dyslipidemia and to measure glycated hemoglobin, foot examinations and foot care advice, blood pressure and height and weight measurement and diabetes care advice. Via electronic communication, an ophthalmologist and an endocrinologist in Vancouver review the findings and supervise the mobile clinic staff. Results. During the first year, 25 clinics were held at 22 sites, examining 339 clients with diabetes. Exit surveys showed high levels of client satisfaction. Mean cost per client (Cdn$1,231) was less than for the alternative, transporting clients to care in the nearest cities (Cdn$1,437). Conclusions. The mobile clinic is cost-ef-fective and improves access to the recommended standard of diabetes care. Keywords: glycated hemoglobin, retinal photography, tonometry, urine sugar

Background: Hepatitis A spreads by the fecal-oral route. We hypothesize that it is more common in Aboriginal communities because of poverty, crowded housing and inadequate or substandard water and sewage systems. Methods: We tabulated on-reserve cases reported to First Nations and Inuit Health Branch, Health Canada. We obtained information on community water supply, sewage disposal and mean population per housing unit, from site inspections in a 1994 survey. Results: Crude incidence on-reserve was 31 per 100,000 persons per year (95% CI: 25 to 37), twice as high as in the general population of BC (15.1 per 100,000). Higher incidence of hepatitis A was associated with more persons per housing unit and with presence of community water supply problems. Conclusions: An ecologic, multi-factorial approach to disease prevention is needed, including upgrading housing and sanitary infrastructure, specific measures (i.e., hepatitis A vaccination) and general measures (e.g., education, poverty reduction, population planning).

Background Children and youth worldwide are at high risk of injury resulting in morbidity, disability or mortality. Disparities in risk exist between and within countries, and by sex and ethnicity. Our aim is to contribute data on disparities of injury rates for Aboriginal children and youth compared with those of the general population in British Columbia (BC), Canada, by examining risks for the two populations, utilizing provincial administrative data over a 24-year period. Methods Hospital discharge records from the provincial health care database for children and youth were used to identify injury for the years 1986 to 2009. Within the total BC population, the Aboriginal population was identified. Crude rates and standardized relative risks (SRR) of hospitalization were calculated, by year and category of injury type and external cause, and compared to the total BC population for males and females under age 25 years. Results Over the 24-year period, substantive decreases were found in hospitalization injury risks for children and youth in both Aboriginal and total populations, for both sexes, and for most categories and types of injuries. Risk in overall injury dropped by 69% for the Aboriginal population and by 66% for the total BC population, yet in every year, the Aboriginal population had a higher risk than the total BC population. There were over 70% declines in risks among females of intentionally inflicted injury by another, among both the Aboriginal and total BC populations. Risk of injury caused by transport vehicles has decreased by an overwhelming 83% and 72% for the Aboriginal male population and for the total BC male population, respectively. Conclusions The over 70% declines in risks for females of intentionally inflicted injury by another, among both the Aboriginal and total BC populations is excellent news. Risk of injury caused by transport vehicles for males decreased overwhelmingly for both populations. Disparities in rates between the Aboriginal population and total BC population remain because of similarity in the proportional reductions among the two populations. Since the Aboriginal population started at a much higher risk, in absolute terms, the gap between the two populations is shrinking.

Evidence from various jurisdictions has shown higher rates of injury for Aboriginal compared with non-Aboriginal populations. This study provides an overview of trends in hospitalization injury rates between the Aboriginal and total populations of one Canadian province, British Columbia.Hospital discharge records from 1986 through 2010 were obtained from linked health care databases maintained by Population Data BC. Crude rates and standardized relative risks of hospitalization due to injury among Aboriginal people, relative to the total population of British Columbia, were calculated. Changes over time among males and females were compared for various types and causes of injury.Throughout more than two decades, standardized risks of hospitalization for injury decreased among the Aboriginal and total populations of British Columbia. Larger decreases among the Aboriginal population than among the total population suggest that the gaps are closing. Downward trends in rates were found for most injury categories, and for males and females.The findings indicate narrowing of the gap in injury rates between the total population of British Columbia and the province's Aboriginal population.

Bisphosphonates (BPs) are widely used for the treatment of osteoporosis. Oversuppression of bone turnover with BPs may paradoxically limit the reserve capacity of bone to heal. The aim of this review was to study the predisposition of some patients to delayed/non-union of upper limb fractures associated with BPs and give recommendations on how they should be treated.A systematic search of two electronic databases was conducted to identify relevant studies for inclusion. All relevant studies found were included and assessed through methodology criteria predetermined by two independent reviewers.Six papers comprising of three case reports, one nested case control study, one restrospective review and one randomized clinical trial were used. In comparative studies of pre-fracture BP use, a 6-day delay in average healing times was reported among BP users. There was no elevation in risk of non-union. Post-fracture BP use was associated with an approximate doubling of the risk of non-union. Timing of BP therapy initiation following a fracture was not associated with a difference in healing times. An atypical ulna fracture treated conservatively resulted in non-union, there was no effect of type of surgical treatment on distal radius fracture healing and there was insufficient evidence to comment on humeral fracture treatment.Differences in union time between BP users and non-users are not significant enough to change current practice patterns and do not outweigh the benefits of BP therapy. There is no evidence to encourage early surgical management of BP-related upper limb fractures.

Background . The project, Injury in British Columbia's Aboriginal Communities: Building Capacity while Developing Knowledge, funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), aims to expand knowledge on injury rates among First Nations communities in British Columbia (BC), Canada. Objective . The purpose is to improve understanding of community differences and to identify community-level risk and protective factors. Generally, injury incidence rates in the Aboriginal population in Canada greatly exceed those found in the non-Aboriginal population; however, variability exists between Aboriginal communities, which have important implications for prevention. Design . This study uses administrative records of deaths, hospitalizations, ambulatory care episodes, and workers’ compensation claims due to injuries to identify communities that have been especially successful in maintaining low rates of injury. Results . The analysis of risk and protective factors extends the work of Chandler and Lalonde who observed that community efforts to preserve and promote Aboriginal culture and to maintain local control over community life are strongly associated with lower suicide rates. Conclusion . The discussion on psychological and cultural considerations on healing and reducing the rates of injury expands the work of McCormick on substance use in Aboriginal communities. Keywords: injury; standardized relative risk; Aboriginal people’s health; Canada (Published: 5 August 2013) This paper is part of Supplement 1, 2013, ICCH15 Proceedings . More papers from this Supplement can be found here . Citation: Int J Circumpolar Health 2013, 72 : 21182 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/ijch.v72i0.21182

In this article we examine historical changes in anti-sapstain fungicide application in the western Canadian lumber industry. Modifications have included (1) changes in fungicide formulations, (2) substitution with new fungicides, and (3) changes in application technology. The data were collected during three related studies: a retrospective cohort study of chlorophenate-exposed sawmill workers; a study of the acute effects of substitute fungicides; and a cross-sectional survey of fungicide application techniques in sawmills and shipping terminals. We discovered that chlorophenate formulations and application technology were changed without systematic collection of data to evaluate their impact on worker exposure. Cross-sectional surveys examining a wide range of technologies, or studies of exposure before and after changes are made, would allow more methodical evaluation of engineering changes in the future. We also found that substitution of new fungicide active ingredients occurred before a fu...

Introduction. Disturbed by reports of high concentrations of cadmium in large land mammals in Arctic Canada, community members wondered if they should eat less moose (Alces alces). Study design. Risk assessment modelling. Methods. We measured cadmium concentrations in moose tissues donated by food hunters. As a conservative assumption, we took the upper limits of the 95% confidence intervals for the means. Cadmium intake from other sources we estimated using risk assessment models. Assuming a Tolerable Daily Intake of cadmium of 1 microgram per kg body weight per day, we calculated maximum allowable intakes of moose kidney, liver and muscle. Results. For a non-smoking 70 kg adult, allowable monthly intakes are: 52 kg of moose muscle, or 137 g of kidney, or 516 g of liver. Allowable intakes varied by age and in proportion to body weight. Cigarette smokers (one to 1.5 packs per day) reach the limit even if they consume no moose at all. Conclusions. Adults may continue to eat moose kidney and liver occasionally and in moderate amounts, but children and cigarette smokers should not eat these organs at all. Consumption of moose muscle need not be restricted. Monitoring of cadmium concentrations in moose should continue. Keywords: cadmium, diet, moose, risk assessment, consumption guideline, Indians, North American

Objectives: To describe hospitalization rates from diabetes mellitus or its complications among residents of the province of British Columbia, Canada during the 5-year period 1993 to 1997, comparing people with Indian Status to rest of the population. Study design: A data base of all acute-care hospital discharges with diabetes mellitus anywhere among the discharge diagnoses was created. Case definitions of diabetes-related hospitalization were based on logical combinations of ICD-9 coded discharge diagnoses. Indirect standardization was used to adjust for age differences between the two populations. Results: Among persons aged 35 years or older, Status Indian males and pregnant females were twice as likely to be hospitalized for diabetes-related illness than other males or pregnant females. Status Indian non-pregnant females were three times as likely to be hospitalized as their non-Status Indian counterparts. Under age 35 years there was no difference in risk. Older First Nations women have a higher risk of diabetes during pregnancy but this analysis cannot distinguish gestational diabetes from pre-existing Type 2 diabetes. (Int J Circumpolar Health 2002; 61(3):254-259) Keywords: British Columbia (MeSH), Canada, diabetes mellitus (MeSH), hospitalization (MeSH), Indians, morbidity (MeSH), North American (MeSH)

Objectives: As part of a larger study of polychlorinated dibenzodioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) pollution, to describe and compare Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal residents’ recalled diets. Methods: We surveyed a stratified random sample aged 25 to 64 years: forest products mill employees (n=84), Aboriginal reserve residents (n=78), and other residents (n=80). We administered a questionnaire on intake of fish/seafood, wild game and plants, domesticated animal meat and eggs, dairy products, vegetable oils and cereals; age, gender, childbearing, lactation, residence and smoking. We measured height and weight. Results: Reserve residents ate less seafood, but more fish roe, eulachon grease, smoked salmon, clams and sea urchins, more deer organs, hamburger meat, pork, fried chicken, and hotdogs, but less rabbit, beef steaks/roasts, high-fibre cereals, potato chips, bread, cheese and milk. Conclusions: We cannot yet quantify PCDD and PCDF intakes. The wild food consumption data are unique and may be useful for risk assessments in the target population and similar communities.

As part of a soil lead regulation process, this review was conducted to determine the association between lead in soil and established human health effects of lead or validated biomarkers of lead exposure. We reviewed only studies where soil exposure could be distinguished from other sources of lead and whose design could reasonably be used to infer a causal relationship between soil lead and either biomarkers or health effects. No such studies of health effects were found. Studies describing a quantitative relationship between soil lead and blood lead did meet our criteria: 22 cross-sectional studies in areas with polluted soil; and three prospective studies of soil lead pollution abatement trials. The cross-sectional studies indicated that, compared to children exposed to soil lead levels of 100 ppm, those exposed to levels of 1000 ppm had mean blood lead concentrations 1.10-1.86 times higher and those exposed to soil lead levels of 2000 ppm had blood lead concentrations 1.13-2.25 times higher. The prospective studies showed effects within the ranges predicted by the cross-sectional studies. Differences in results between studies were surprisingly modest and likely explainable by random sampling error, different explanatory variables included in data analyses and differences in methods of measuring lead in environmental specimens.