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This study investigated the role of anger expression and control in the relationships between mindfulness and romantic relationship quality. 237 emerging adults (167 females and 70 males) who had been in a relationship for at least three weeks (range = 3 weeks − 84 months) completed a set of questionnaires that assessed mindfulness, anger expression and control, and romantic relationship quality. Mediation analysis demonstrated that anger control strategies, which involve attempts to remain calm and reduce angry feelings mediated the relationship between mindfulness and romantic relationship quality. Bootstrap analyses also revealed that anger expression did not play a mediating role in the association between mindfulness and romantic relationship quality. A higher level of mindfulness may contribute to romantic relationship quality via increased anger control, but not via expressing anger externally or internally. The importance of examining different facets of anger and mindfulness and the implications for intervention programmes are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Both anger and anxiety are common in older adulthood, with aversive consequences for individuals' physical and mental health. Theory suggests that anger can be an emotional response to the experience of anxiety. Similarly, anger can induce anxiety symptoms. Despite studies documenting the co-occurrence of anger and anxiety and their strong theoretical links, little is known about their temporal relationship. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the longitudinal cross-lagged relationship between anger expression, anger suppression, and anxiety. Methods: A large and representative sample of older adults (N=6,852) was utilized, with data collected in two waves at an interval of four years. All variables were measured using validated self-report scales.Data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling. Results: Results indicate that both anger suppression and anger expression are significant predictors of anxiety symptoms. Similarly, anxiety is a significant predictor of both anger suppression and anger expression. Conclusions: The effects did not differ in magnitude, suggesting a balanced reciprocity between anger and anxiety. An understanding of this reciprocal association can inform interventions and strategies aimed at promoting emotional well-being in older individuals. By addressing both anger and anxiety concurrently, interventions may have a more comprehensive impact on improving mental health outcomes in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bus driver anger due to passenger misbehavior may lead to serious bus accidents, yet there are no mature tools available to capture bus driver reactions during driver–passenger conflicts. The bus driver anger scale (BDAS) and the bus driver anger expression inventory (BDAX) were developed to measure the anger levels and expressions of drivers in such conflicts. A bus driver anger model was developed based on 400 questionnaires in Changsha, China. The findings indicate that drivers are most likely to be angered by passenger violations and quarrels among passengers. Drivers irritated by passenger irregularities tend to employ personal aggressive expression or adaptive/constructive expression. Disputes among passengers may lead drivers to resort to unreasonable methods of venting their emotions. Moreover, passengers’ rude behaviors can trigger bus drivers’ aggressive personal expressions. Therefore, it is necessary to establish passenger regulations and encourage drivers to express their anger reasonably in driver–passenger conflicts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The ability of scientists and clinicians to detect the therapeutic needs of patients with brain damage has increased in recent years. In this sense, many studies have signaled that individuals tend to experience an increase in irritability after suffering brain damage, with some patients even showing sudden aggressive outbursts. This increase in anger expression in these patients could be explained by executive functioning alterations (or executive dysfunctions), given their role in goal-oriented behaviors, along with emotional dysregulations such as alexithymia (e.g., difficulties recognizing and verbalizing feelings) and anger rumination (e.g., tendency to recall thoughts regarding experiences of frustration or anger). Therefore, it is essential to understand the mechanisms that contribute to and/or facilitate anger expression in patients with brain damage. Methods: In this regard, the main objective of this study is to assess whether executive dysfunctions (assessed with the Frontal Systems Behavior Scale) would explain anger expression (measured with the Reactive and Proactive Aggression Questionnaire) in patients with brain damage (n = 23; mean age: 56.61 ± 10.68; 57% men) compared to controls (n = 24; mean age: 60.96 ± 9.25; 33% men), paying special attention to potential moderators of this association such as alexithymia (analyzed with the Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20) and anger rumination (assessed with the Anger Rumination Scale). Results: The results of the current investigation led us to conclude that anger expression in patients with brain damage was partly explained by executive dysfunction, especially in those patients who scored high in alexithymia. This model was not significant among controls. Conclusions: Thus, we highlight the importance of targeting certain psychological alterations, such as alexithymia, when implementing psychotherapeutic programs as an adjuvant to cognitive training focused on cognitive deficits (e.g., executive dysfunctions). This, in turn, would support the full recovery of individuals who have experienced brain damage.

• Trait anger and driving anger were studied in relation to driver behaviours and anger expression through driver skills. • The source of anger revealed differences in behaviours based on the perceived level of driver skills. • Higher levels of anger due to the behaviours of others resulted in more errors for less skilled drivers. • For skilled drivers, anger due to the behaviours of others was positively related to positive behaviours. Anger is a common emotion in everyday life, and in the context of driving, the experience of greater anger has been positively associated with aggressive behaviour, near-misses and crashes. Although the effect of anger on driver behaviour has been studied, the role of the source of anger and the perceived level of skill of the driver experiencing anger, based on self-reported behaviour, is not well understood. In this context, the aim of the current study was to investigate the relationships of trait anger and driving anger with driver behaviours in relation to driver skills. A total of 369 drivers aged 18–58 years (M = 24.53, SD = 7.65) completed a questionnaire consisting of the Trait Anger Scale (TAS), the Measure for Angry Drivers (MAD), the Driver Skills Inventory (DSI), the Driver Behaviours Questionnaire (DBQ), the Positive Driver Behaviour Scale (PDBS) and the Driving Anger Expression Inventory (DAX). The factor analyses for the Turkish adaptations of the MAD and DAX supported the original factorial structures. For less skilled drivers, experiencing more anger due to the behaviours of others was associated with more errors. For skilled drivers, higher levels of anger due to the behaviours of others were associated with more personal physical anger expression and positive behaviours. Similarly, for the same group of drivers, higher levels of anger due to traffic delays were associated with more errors. The findings revealed a complex relationship between driving-specific anger and driver behaviours based on different levels of driver skills, contrary to non-significant relations of trait anger. Anger provoked by the context/situation-based reason, as opposed to trait anger, was associated with more general driving style (i.e., errors and positive behaviours) through driver skills. For the first time in literature, the relationship between anger and driver behaviour has been addressed in this study within the context of driver skill. The results provided valuable information to better understand how different situations that can trigger anger may relate to different behaviours for drivers with different levels of perceived skills. The results may contribute to more targeted intervention programmes to reduce driving anger, aberrant behaviour, and associated outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study is to investigate the relationship of parental anger expression and symptoms in children with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). Methods: Forty-six children with ODD and 46 age-gendermatched normal children participated. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), guided the diagnoses. Parental anger expression and children's anger management were assessed using the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2 and Children Emotion Management Scales. Results: ODD symptoms were directly predicted by maternal anger index (AI) (β = 0. 13, P<0.05) and anger expression-out(AX-O) (β = 0. 25, P <0.05). Children's anger cope (AC) played a mediating function to maternal AI through ODD symptoms, occupying 13% of the total effect; their AC and anger dysregulation (AD) played a mediating function to maternal AX-Othrough ODD symptoms, accounting for 29% and 18% of the total effect, respectively. Conclusion: It suggests that anger cope and anger dysregulation in children with oppositional defiant disordermay may play a mediating role between maternal anger expression and oppositional defiant disorder symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examined the relationship between sleep quality and anger expression in nurses. This cross-sectional study was carried out in a city hospital in the Mediterranean Region of Turkey from February 2020 to November 2020. The sample included 340 nurses. The data collection form, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Trait Anger, and Anger Expression Style Scales were used. Data were evaluated with Mann–Whitney U-test, Kruskal–Wallis H, Bonferroni correction test, and Spearman correlation coefficient. Nurses' Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was found as 8.26 ± 2.88, the trait anger score was 20.42 ± 5.11, the anger control score was 21.49 ± 4.49, and the anger-out score was 14.28 ± 3.73. There was a statistically significant relationship between nurses' Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and trait anger; a negative relationship in anger control, and a positive relationship in anger-in (p ˂.05). It was concluded that there is a relationship between sleep quality and anger expression style occurring in nurses. In-service training on anger expression and anger control for nurses after graduation is believed to be essential and also to arrange nurses' working hours to increase sleep quality and to provide anger management. • Insomnia can cause to various disorders, negative effects on social life, professional dissatisfaction and uncontrolled anger. • It has been determined that there is a relationship between nurses' sleep quality and anger expression. • It can be essential to train nurses on anger and its control at regular intervals after the graduation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Anger is one of the most basic emotions in human beings. Psychologists regard anger as a normal and typically healthy emotion with evolutionary functions that is occasionally experienced by human beings. The way anger is experienced or expressed is important because uncontrolled anger will negatively impact not only people's social or personal well-being but also their relationships with others. Several factors can influence the way anger is expressed or experienced. Anger experience and its expression are distinct concepts. Anger experience refers to the emotional state that one feels. On the other hand, anger expression refers to the behavioral dimension, which is one's way of dealing with the feeling of anger The aim of this study is discriminant analysis of personality characteristics (the Big Five personality traits) in determining the styles of the experience and expression of anger (State anger, Trait anger, Anger expression-out (AX-O), Anger expression-in (AX-I), Anger control-out (AC-O), and anger control-in (AC-I)). Method Population in the study included people over 18 years old. 241 participants (women = 149, men = 92) were selected using the convenience sampling method. To collect data, the Short Form NEO personality inventory & State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory 2 (STAXI-2) questionnaires were used. Date were analyzed using discriminant analysis and Variance Analysis. Results Results revealed that, among the Big 5 Personality Traits, four traits-- neuroticism (λ=.666), conscientiousness (λ=.715), extroversion (λ=.758), and agreeableness (.795), respectively were able to discriminate individuals significantly on the basis of their anger experience and expression styles. However, Openness to Experience (λ=.928) was not significantly related to the dependent variable. Discussion Based on the results, one can conclude that individual differences in personality characteristics influence the way people experience and express anger. Personality traits are among the factors influencing the way anger is expressed and experienced. As the development of personality traits begins early in childhood and such traits are supposed to remain constant all through the individual's life, it's important for parents and educators to take into account the role personality traits (the Five Big personality factors) can play in the wide negative ramifications brought about by the unhealthy manifestations of anger. Parents and educators are thus recommended to make use of the theoretical knowledge and empirical findings to help develop adaptive personality traits in children and reduce the negative impacts caused by inappropriate ways of experiencing and expressing anger. These findings can help clinical psychologists develop intervention programs based on the Five Big Personality Factors to help prevent the harms created by the unhealthy ways of the manifestation of anger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The theory of resilience and relational load (TRRL) was used to understand the disparate impact of COVID-19 on married individuals. We hypothesized that women and people of color would experience greater stress, more conflict with their marital partners, and express more anger over time due to the increased financial hardship and additional stressors of work-family life during COVID-19. Married individuals (N = 3601 at T1) completed online surveys at four time points from April to June 2020. We found few sex and racial differences. Across all groups, financial hardship at T1 was positively associated with stress the following month, which predicted conflict and anger expression over time. Moreover, relationship maintenance counteracted the effect of financial hardship on stress, conflict, and anger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies have shown that irrational beliefs are important psychological structures that directly relate with anger and personality traits. However, the joint effect of irrational beliefs on the two variables is not clear. This study aimed to investigate the effect of anger and personality traits on irrational beliefs in nursing students. The research was carried out with 321 nursing students studying at two different universities in Turkiye. The nursing students completed the Trait Anger and Anger Expression Style Scale (TAAESS), Sociotropy/Autonomy Scale (SAS), and the Rational Emotional Self-Determination Scale (RESDS). Data were analyzed by structural equation modeling using the AMOS 20.0 software. As a result of the structural equation model, we found that the sociotropic personality trait affects irrational thought and irrational thought affects anger, but the sociotropic personality trait did not affect anger. The direct effect of the sociotropic personality trait on anger was 0.05, while its indirect effect was 0.26. The findings suggest that sociotropic personality traits such as seeking approval from others and valuing interpersonal relationships can lead to the formation of irrational beliefs. Preventing irrational beliefs in university nursing students is essential for ensuring anger control in young people and developing interpersonal relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The Italian adaptation of the DAX appears to be a reliable and valid instrument to assess individual differences in driving anger expression, supporting the four original factors. • The DAX subscales were associated with measures of trait anger and aggressive driving. • Young drivers reported expressing more aggression while driving. • The DAX factors were associated with crashes and crash-related conditions (i.e., fines). • The associations between the different forms of driving anger expression, aggressive driving, and crash involvement remained significant when controlling for socially desirable responding. This study examined the factor structure and the psychometric properties of the Driving Anger Expression Inventory (DAX) in a large sample of Italian drivers. After removing several items and allowing six error pairs to correlate, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (n = 1007) supported a four-factor solution that broadly confirmed the four original factors, and this was confirmed in a second group (N = 1047) of drivers. The three aggressive factors (physical aggressive expression, use of a vehicle and verbal aggressive expression) were positively related, while the adaptive/constructive subscale was negatively related to measures of trait anger and aggressive driving. In addition, younger drivers reported engaging in the aggressive forms of expression more frequently, while older drivers reported more frequently engaging in the adaptive/constructive form of expression. Finally, those who had crashed in the past three years reported more frequently engaging in the three aggressive forms of expression, while those that had not crashed reported more frequently engaging in the adaptive/constructive form of expression. Although the DAX factors showed moderate correlations with social desirability, the associations between the different forms of driving anger expression, aggressive driving and crash involvement remained significant when controlling for socially desirable responding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statement of the Problem: The parental acceptance rate of the behavior management methods used in pediatric dentistry is influenced by various factors. Purpose: This study was aimed to investigate the relationship between mothers’ anger expression and their acceptance of behavior management methods. Materials and Method: In this cross-sectional study, 110 mothers of children who had less than 12 years of age were recruited. They completed Spielberg’s state-trait anger expression inventory (STAXI). The respondents watched an educational video that included explanations of seven behavior management methods. Then, they reported their acceptance of each of these methods using the visual analog scale (VAS). Results: The acceptance rates of behavior management methods from the highest to lowest included tell-show-do, pre-appointment behavior shaping, mouthpiece, voice control, general anesthesia, active restraint, and passive restraint, respectively. There was only a significant inverse relationship between the acceptance of the tell-show-do method and the anger expression (p< 0.05). There was no significant relationship between the acceptance of behavioral management methods and the previous history of a pediatric dental visit, age, and mothers’ education. Conclusion: There was a significant inverse relationship between acceptance of the tell-show-do behavioral management method and mothers’ anger expression. However, there is no significant relationship between other methods and mothers’ anger expression. According to this study, there was a relation between mothers' ages and their acceptance of using a mouthpiece.

Introduction: Anger is a basic emotion helping people to achieve goals by preparing the body for action and prompting others to change their behavior but is also associated with health issues and risks. Trait anger, the disposition to experience angry feelings, goes along with an attribution of hostile traits to others. Negative distortions in the interpretation of social information have also been observed in anxiety and depression. The present study examined the associations between components of anger and negative interpretation tendencies in the perception of ambiguous and neutral schematic faces controlling for anxiety, depressed mood, and other variables. Methods: A sample of 150 young adults performed a computer-based perception of facial expressions task and completed the State–Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI-2) along with other self-report measures and tests. Results: Trait anger and anger expression correlated with the perception of negative affects in neutral but not in ambiguous faces. More specifically, trait anger was linked to the attribution of anger, sadness, and anxiety to neutral faces. Trait anger predicted perceived negative affects in neutral faces when adjusting for anxiety, depression, and state anger. Discussion: For neutral schematic faces, the present data support an association between trait anger and negatively biased interpretation of facial expression, which is independent of anxiety and depressed mood. The negative interpretation of neutral schematic faces in trait angry individuals seems not only to comprise the attribution of anger but also of negative emotions signaling weakness. Neutral schematic facial expressions might be useful stimuli in the future study of anger-related interpretation biases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims to estimate the prevalence of bullying in Greek elementary schools and to study the risk factors that lead to bullying episodes. A structured questionnaire was given to 221 teachers of elementary schools and 71 kindergarten teachers from urban and rural Greek schools. They were asked to note the forms and the frequency of aggressive behaviors that they had witnessed during the school years 2020–2021 and 2021–2022, as well as the sociodemographic characteristics of the aggressive children involved. Statistical analyses of the data were conducted, and the obtained results show that specific forms of aggression are significantly correlated with gender and low academic performance. In addition, there is no form of aggressive behavior that is associated with the perpetrator's age, nationality or family status. Further, the results of the factor analysis revealed four dominant factors in the aggressive behavior observed by teachers. The forms of bullying and the prevailing factors of aggressive behavior that dominate in Greek school settings are reported in the present study. Furthermore, a novel evaluation tool for teachers could potentially be developed based on the results of the present study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionAnger is a basic emotion helping people to achieve goals by preparing the body for action and prompting others to change their behavior but is also associated with health issues and risks. Trait anger, the disposition to experience angry feelings, goes along with an attribution of hostile traits to others. Negative distortions in the interpretation of social information have also been observed in anxiety and depression. The present study examined the associations between components of anger and negative interpretation tendencies in the perception of ambiguous and neutral schematic faces controlling for anxiety, depressed mood, and other variables.MethodsA sample of 150 young adults performed a computer-based perception of facial expressions task and completed the State–Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI-2) along with other self-report measures and tests.ResultsTrait anger and anger expression correlated with the perception of negative affects in neutral but not in ambiguous faces. More specifically, trait anger was linked to the attribution of anger, sadness, and anxiety to neutral faces. Trait anger predicted perceived negative affects in neutral faces when adjusting for anxiety, depression, and state anger.DiscussionFor neutral schematic faces, the present data support an association between trait anger and negatively biased interpretation of facial expression, which is independent of anxiety and depressed mood. The negative interpretation of neutral schematic faces in trait angry individuals seems not only to comprise the attribution of anger but also of negative emotions signaling weakness. Neutral schematic facial expressions might be useful stimuli in the future study of anger-related interpretation biases.

The current study was carried out to investigate the role of Dyslexia on Self esteem and Aggression. The sample size was 56 primary and secondary school children among which 28 were Dyslexic and 28 were non dyslexic. Three scales were used (Anger Expression Scale for Children (stelee et.al2009), Kid-kindal Quality of life scale (Sieberer & Bullinger 2000) and Dyslexia Assessment scale (From Davis Dyslexia Association International) to collect the data. The findings revealed that level of trait anger is high among Dyslexic primary school children than non dyslexic. The level of self-esteem was found to be low in dyslexic children than non dyslexic children. The findings suggested that the level of anger expression is higher in dyslexic children, while the level of anger control and anger in is found to be higher in non dyslexic children than dyslexic primary school children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statement of the Problem: The parental acceptance rate of the behavior management methods used in pediatric dentistry is influenced by various factors. Purpose: This study was aimed to investigate the relationship between mothers’ anger expression and their acceptance of behavior management methods. Materials and Method: In this cross-sectional study, 110 mothers of children who had less than 12 years of age were recruited. They completed Spielberg’s state-trait anger expression inventory (STAXI). The respondents watched an educational video that included explanations of seven behavior management methods. Then, they reported their acceptance of each of these methods using the visual analog scale (VAS). Results: The acceptance rates of behavior management methods from the highest to lowest included tell-show-do, pre-appointment behavior shaping, mouthpiece, voice control, general anesthesia, active restraint, and passive restraint, respectively. There was only a significant inverse relationship between the acceptance of the tell-show-do method and the anger expression (p< 0.05). There was no significant relationship between the acceptance of behavioral management methods and the previous history of a pediatric dental visit, age, and mothers’ education. Conclusion: There was a significant inverse relationship between acceptance of the tellshow-do behavioral management method and mothers’ anger expression. However, there is no significant relationship between other methods and mothers’ anger expression. According to this study, there was a relation between mothers' ages and their acceptance of using a mouthpiece. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Anger temperament is associated with diminished cardiovascular responses to stress. • Anger temperament is associated with increased levels of self-reported stress. • Anger expression moderates associations between trait anger and stress reactivity. • Anger-control predicts lower subjective stress and greater cardiovascular responses. The current study aims to (1) examine the association between measures of trait anger (i.e., anger temperament and anger reaction) and cardiovascular reactivity to acute psychological stress, and (2) to identify if anger expression styles moderate the association between trait anger and cardiovascular reactivity. A sample of 669 participants completed a standardized cardiovascular reactivity protocol consisting of resting baseline and stressor phase (mental arithmetic and Stroop), with systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and heart rate (HR) monitored throughout. Participants also completed measures of trait anger including anger temperament and anger reaction, as well as measures assessing anger expression styles including anger-in, anger-out and anger control. Anger temperament was significantly associated with blunted cardiovascular reactivity, as well as increased levels of subjective stress. Moreover, the association between anger temperament and cardiovascular reactivity was significantly moderated by anger-in, with associations observed only amongst those who reported an increased tendency to suppress their anger. The association between anger reaction and cardiovascular reactivity was moderated by both anger-out and anger control. While blunted cardiovascular responses may be a mechanism linking facets of trait anger to adverse health outcomes, the current findings accentuate the importance of considering expression styles when examining the association between anger experience and cardiovascular reactivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectivesAnger expression is assumed to have mostly negative health effects. Yet, evidence is mixed on how anger expression influences African Americans' cardiovascular health. The present research aimed to clarify this link by examining moderating effects of chronic discrimination on the relationship between anger expression and cardiovascular risk among African Americans in experimental (Study 1) and epidemiological (Study 2) studies.MethodStudy 1 examined how African Americans' trait anger expression was linked to (a) physiologic reactivity to acute social rejection during an interracial encounter (Session 1); and (b) total/HDL cholesterol assessed two months later (Session 2). Study 2 examined the relationship between anger expression and total/HDL cholesterol with a larger sample of African Americans from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) survey. Both studies examined perceptions of chronic discrimination as a moderator of the relationships between anger expression and biological responses.ResultsIn Study 1 higher anger expression was associated with quicker cortisol recovery and greater testosterone reactivity following outgroup social rejection in Session 1 and lower total/HDL cholesterol in Session 2. Study 2 replicated the relationship between anger expression and lower total/HDL cholesterol and further showed that this relationship was unique to the expressive aspect of anger. Importantly, in both studies, these potentially beneficial effects of anger expression were only evident among individuals with lower perceptions of chronic discrimination.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that anger expression, when coupled with low levels of chronic discrimination, is associated with adaptive patterns of physiologic responses among African Americans. (PsycINFO Database Record

This study examined the effects of narcissism (a self‐centered, self‐aggrandizing, dominant, and manipulative interpersonal orientation) and humor coping (a strategy in which people rely on humorous expression to cope with stressful interpersonal situations) on anger expression in married couples. A total of 288 married couples participated, with both husband and wife independently completing the questionnaire. Results of structural equation modeling showed that the frequency of received anger was positively related to the frequency of anger, which in turn was negatively related to marital satisfaction. Husbands with higher levels of narcissism were more likely to express their anger. In contrast, humor coping did not affect anger expression in either husbands or wives. We discuss the content of humor in order to clearly demonstrate the effects of humor coping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study examined the effects of narcissism (a self‐centered, self‐aggrandizing, dominant, and manipulative interpersonal orientation) and humor coping (a strategy in which people rely on humorous expression to cope with stressful interpersonal situations) on anger expression in married couples. A total of 288 married couples participated, with both husband and wife independently completing the questionnaire. Results of structural equation modeling showed that the frequency of received anger was positively related to the frequency of anger, which in turn was negatively related to marital satisfaction. Husbands with higher levels of narcissism were more likely to express their anger. In contrast, humor coping did not affect anger expression in either husbands or wives. We discuss the content of humor in order to clearly demonstrate the effects of humor coping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The question of how leaders’ expressions of anger influence their effectiveness has long intrigued researchers and practitioners. Drawing on emotions as social information theory, we suggest the effects of leaders’ expressions of anger depend on both the type of violation about which anger is expressed and the type of leader who expresses it. We test this in a series of studies using experimental and field methods. Study 1 shows that a leader’s anger expression in response to followers’ integrity-based violations enhances observers’ perceptions of leader effectiveness, whereas anger in response to followers’ competence-based violations diminishes observers’ perceptions of leader effectiveness. Study 2 shows that these divergent effects occur because anger in response to integrity-based violations elicits beneficial inferential reactions among followers who observed the anger, whereas anger in response to competence-based violations provokes harmful affective reactions. Study 3 demonstrates that the negative effects of anger expressed toward competence-based violations are exacerbated, and positive effects of anger expressed toward integrity-based violations weakened, when a leader is perceived as abusive. These findings help reconcile divergent perspectives on the effects of leader anger expression, suggesting that anger can enhance perceived leader effectiveness when expressed in the right situation and by the right person. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This quasi-experimental study aimed to determine the effects of a nonviolent communication-based anger management program on self-esteem, anger expression, and aggression in 44 psychiatric inpatients (experimental group: n = 21; control group: n = 24). The program consisted of six sessions of 60 min each, using a non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design, and thereafter analyzing the intervention effects. Results showed statistically significant differences between the experimental and control groups in anger expression and anger suppression. There were positive, though not statistically significant, changes in self-esteem and aggression. The findings indicated a decreasing effect of anger expression and anger suppression. • Anger expression and inhibition can be reduced by NVC in a psychiatric ward. • NVC can generate marginal positive changes in self-esteem and aggression. • NVC-based anger management programs are advised during mental health nursing care. • The NVC-based anger management is a one-to-one program that consists of six sessions that last 60 min each. • The program may be an accessible treatment option for psychiatric inpatients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While expressing anger during a negotiation can have positive effects on expressers' economic outcomes (e.g., larger concessions from their counterparts), it can also have adverse effects on their relational outcomes (e.g., decreased trust and a damaged relationship). However, little is known about whether and how the timing of expressed anger may affect expressers' relational outcomes. Because negotiation is a dynamic social interaction that consists of various stages or phases, anger expressed at early vs. late stages of a negotiation may lead to different responses from a counterpart. Drawing on research on the temporal effects of negotiation strategies and tactics, we hypothesized that anger expression (vs. no anger) in negotiation will hurt expressers' relational outcomes, and anger expressed at a late (vs. early) stage will be especially detrimental. Two studies provided consistent empirical support for our hypotheses. Practical implications and directions for future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Introduction Suicide is one of the leading causes of death in the world. For every person who commits suicide, twenty or more have attempted to take their own lives. The emotional state of anger is often associated with suicidal behavior. However, this association needs to be further clarified. Objectives This study sought to investigate the profiles of traits and expressions of anger in inpatients admitted to a general emergency hospital after surviving a suicide attempt. Methods In this case-control study, a sample of 28 suicide survivors was matched for sex, age, and educational level with 56 controls. The State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2 was used to measure anger traits and expression. Results Suicide survivors scored higher for anger traits and expression and lower for anger control than the control group. They also had lower levels of state anger and willingness to express anger verbally than the control group. Conclusions Patients who attempted suicide and had high scores for anger expression (in and out) are inclined to have extreme difficulty in interpersonal relationships and rigidity towards change and are at higher risk of developing psychopathologies.

Differences in the frequency and differentiation of anger expression strategies, such as overt and constructive, and interpersonal contexts, such as parents and peers, were examined by sex and age in a community-based sample of 655 Japanese adolescents aged 9 to 16 years. The results revealed significant age-related differences in overt anger expression among females: 9-10 year-old females showed the least overt anger expression toward parents, while 15-16 year old females expressed their anger more overtly toward parents and more constructively toward peers than males. Moreover, females overtly expressed their anger toward parents and constructively expressed their anger toward peers more than males did, whereas males overtly expressed their anger toward peers more than females did. These results indicate the importance of considering strategies and interpersonal context in developmental research on anger expression.

Although the relationship between anger and personality characteristics in the literature is well-acknowledged for drivers, there is a lack of systematic investigation of pedestrians. The current study aimed to evaluate pedestrian anger expression (PAX) and its contributing factors, including demographics, travel habits, and the big five personality traits. To test the effects of different variables on PAX scales, data from 742 respondents were collected. The data were analyzed through a two-stage approach of clustering and a logistic regression model. Participants were clustered into two groups of low expression and high expression based on their responses to PAX items. An exploratory factor analysis identified significant constructs of PAX, including "Adaptive/Constructive Expression", "Anger Expression-In", and "Anger Expression-out". It was found that males were more likely to show high anger expressions. Public transport usage and previous crash involvement could significantly increase the probability of high anger expression. On the other hand, life satisfaction and intention to avoid traffic were negatively associated with high anger expression. The results revealed that neuroticism, extraversion, and openness to experience could positively contribute to higher anger expression; however, agreeableness and conscientiousness were negatively associated with high anger expression for pedestrians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims to estimate the prevalence of bullying in Greek elementary schools and to study the risk factors that lead to bullying episodes. A structured questionnaire was given to 221 teachers of elementary schools and 71 kindergarten teachers from urban and rural Greek schools. They were asked to note the forms and the frequency of aggressive behaviors that they had witnessed during the school years 2020–2021 and 2021–2022, as well as the sociodemographic characteristics of the aggressive children involved. Statistical analyses of the data were conducted, and the obtained results show that specific forms of aggression are significantly correlated with gender and low academic performance. In addition, there is no form of aggressive behavior that is associated with the perpetrator’s age, nationality or family status. Further, the results of the factor analysis revealed four dominant factors in the aggressive behavior observed by teachers. The forms of bullying and the prevailing factors of aggressive behavior that dominate in Greek school settings are reported in the present study. Furthermore, a novel evaluation tool for teachers could potentially be developed based on the results of the present study.

• Mindfulness levels can mitigate aggressive driving behavior. • Mindfulness decreases levels of driving anger and anger rumination. • Mindfulness training may reduce aggressive driving behaviors and enhance road safety. Mindfulness is a state of being fully attentive to the current moment and is an experiential way of living in daily life. As a personal trait, mindfulness has been proven to enhance various negative emotions and behaviors. However, in the field of driving, there is still a lack of research on the mechanisms of mindfulness on anger expression behavior, specifically aggressive driving. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to reveal the impact of mindfulness on drivers' aggressive driving behaviors and the mediating effect of driving anger and anger rumination. A total of 350 (208 males and 142 females) participants in China voluntarily completed a series of questionnaires, including the Mindful Attention and Awareness Scale (MAAS), the Driving Anger Scale (DAS), the Anger Rumination Scale (ARS) and the Driving Anger Expression Inventory (DAX). The hierarchical multiple regression analysis and pathway analysis results showed that mindfulness negatively predicted driving anger, anger rumination and driving anger expression. Moreover, driving anger and anger rumination mediated the relationship between mindfulness and driving anger expression, accounting for 9.51% and 18.74% of the total effect, respectively. The chain-mediated effect of driving anger and anger rumination accounted for 8.00% of the total effect. This study has revealed some of the internal mechanisms through which mindfulness reduces aggressive driving. It fills a part of the gap in understanding the protective role of mindfulness in the driving domain. Furthermore, it suggests mindfulness interventions for drivers, which may have the potential to enhance overall road safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE The present study explored the relationship between anger expression, self-esteem, and parentchild relationship among adolescents also the mediating role of self-esteem influencing the relationship between anger expression and parent child relationship among adolescents. DESIGN OF STUDY It was a correlational research design. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY The data was collected from four different government schools of Lahore by employing convenient sampling techniques. SUBJECT AND METHOD The sample comprised 479 adolescents of age range 10 to 18 years with mean age 13.87+ 1.53 years including 239 (50%) boys and 240 (50%) girls. The Anger Expression Scale for Adolescents (AESA), Parent-Child Relationship Scale (PCRS), Self Esteem Scale for Children (SESC) were used for assessment. RESULTS The results showed that anger expression is negatively related to self-esteem and closeness in parent-child relationship, while positively related to rejection and distant parent-child relationships. Results also showed that self-esteem is a positively related closeness aspect of the parent child relationship. The results of Mediation through PROCESS macro showed a significant mediating role of self-esteem in determining the relationship between anger expressions and parent-child relationship (closeness, rejection and distant) among adolescents. CONCLUSION The mediating role of self-esteem in anger expression and parent-child relationship highlighted in the present study. This study has a major contribution in the field of counseling psychology, specifically focusing on the adolescent's behavioral problem, highlighting the significant role of parental relationship in their lives and resulting behavioral issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to explore the effects of communication channels and anger intensity as factors determining how the expression of anger affects negotiation outcomes. Based on the "emotions as social information" (EASI) model and media richness theory, we tried to examine how anger expression influences both economic and psychological negotiation outcomes as a function of communication channels and explore its underlying mechanism. In Study 1, 470 participants were randomly assigned to one of the five experimental conditions-neutral, anger expression via text/emoticon/voice/video-and asked to participate in an online negotiation task. The results showed a significant main effect of communication channel; partner's anger expression via communication channels richer in non-verbal cues (voice and video) led participants to make a higher concession and report lower satisfaction with negotiation and lower desire for future interaction with the same partner compared to anger expression via less rich channels (text and emoticon). The anger expression effects on psychological outcomes were partially explained by perceiver's anger experience in response to anger display, which is consistent with the affective mechanism proposed by the EASI model. Study 2 examined whether the results of Study 1 could be attributable to the different levels of anger intensity perceived by the participants across different communication channels. Data analyses from 189 participants showed a significant main effect of anger intensity only with a desire for future interaction, but not with satisfaction and concession. The insignificant findings of the latter imply that the observed channel effect in Study 1 cannot be fully explained by the intensity effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background There is evidence for the relevance of attachment style and anger expression for the manifestation of social anxiety disorder (SAD). Method In a cross-sectional study 321 individuals with social anxiety disorder (41% men, age 38.8 ± 13.9) were compared with 94 healthy controls (37% men, age 35.8 ± 15.1) on several questionnaires (Attachment Styles Questionnaire, State Trait Anger Inventory, Social Phobia Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory). Results Individuals with SAD showed moderate-sized reduced levels of secure and large-sized increased levels of fearful and preoccupied attachment style compared to healthy controls (all p

This research aimed to explore the effects of communication channels and anger intensity as factors determining how the expression of anger affects negotiation outcomes. Based on the “emotions as social information” (EASI) model and media richness theory, we tried to examine how anger expression influences both economic and psychological negotiation outcomes as a function of communication channels and explore its underlying mechanism. In Study 1, 470 participants were randomly assigned to one of the five experimental conditions-neutral, anger expression via text/emoticon/voice/video-and asked to participate in an online negotiation task. The results showed a significant main effect of communication channel; partner’s anger expression via communication channels richer in non-verbal cues (voice and video) led participants to make a higher concession and report lower satisfaction with negotiation and lower desire for future interaction with the same partner compared to anger expression via less rich channels (text and emoticon). The anger expression effects on psychological outcomes were partially explained by perceiver’s anger experience in response to anger display, which is consistent with the affective mechanism proposed by the EASI model. Study 2 examined whether the results of Study 1 could be attributable to the different levels of anger intensity perceived by the participants across different communication channels. Data analyses from 189 participants showed a significant main effect of anger intensity only with a desire for future interaction, but not with satisfaction and concession. The insignificant findings of the latter imply that the observed channel effect in Study 1 cannot be fully explained by the intensity effect.

Statement of the Problem: The parental acceptance rate of the behavior management methods used in pediatric dentistry is influenced by various factors. Purpose: This study was aimed to investigate the relationship between mothers’ anger expression and their acceptance of behavior management methods. Materials and Method: In this cross-sectional study, 110 mothers of children who had less than 12 years of age were recruited. They completed Spielberg’s state-trait anger expression inventory (STAXI). The respondents watched an educational video that included explanations of seven behavior management methods. Then, they reported their acceptance of each of these methods using the visual analog scale (VAS). Results: The acceptance rates of behavior management methods from the highest to lowest included tell-show-do, pre-appointment behavior shaping, mouthpiece, voice control, general anesthesia, active restraint, and passive restraint, respectively. There was only a significant inverse relationship between the acceptance of the tell-show-do method and the anger expression (p< 0.05). There was no significant relationship between the acceptance of behavioral management methods and the previous history of a pediatric dental visit, age, and mothers’ education. Conclusion: There was a significant inverse relationship between acceptance of the tell-show-do behavioral management method and mothers’ anger expression. However, there is no significant relationship between other methods and mothers’ anger expression. According to this study, there was a relation between mothers' ages and their acceptance of using a mouthpiece. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presenting programmed angry messages to a negotiator has increased concession rates in a series of recent experiments. But observing responses to a computer or confederate counterpart cannot yield insight into the perceptions, reactions, and negotiation outcomes experienced by those who actually deploy anger as a tactic. We report five studies examining the anger expression decision using a range of different methods. In the fully interactive two‐person integrative negotiation in Study 1, expressed anger generally degraded trust while damaging implementation of deals. That ultimately diminished value actually claimed by anger expressers. In the discrete choice experiment of Study 2, sending angry messages proved costly for expressers, who registered very high levels of measured disutility from using this tactic. In Study 3, survey respondents reported widespread unwillingness to misrepresent anger during negotiation. Recalling a past negotiation, anger correlated negatively with experienced success, indicating that disutility from expressing anger generalizes widely across different contexts. Study 4 revealed that negotiators generally consider the tactic to be unethical. More than just specific beliefs about the lack of efficacy, Study 5 revealed that the source of tactical disutility lies in generalized discomfort with the misrepresentation of anger. Implications for research, practice, and training are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the peer victimization and anger expression in adolescents with asthma. The relationship between asthma control and psychological features was also examined. The study was a cross-sectional study with a healthy control group. The sample of the study was composed of 61 adolescents who were previously diagnosed by a physician with asthma of various intensities. Sixty adolescents with no chronic disorders were enrolled as the control group. Peer victimization was examined using the Multidimensional Peer Victimization Scale (MPVS). The State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI) was used to assess anger expression styles. Emotional and behavioral symptoms of the adolescents were measured using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Adolescents with asthma reported more peer victimization in the subscales of physical, social, verbal, attacks on property, and frightening in the MPVS; and having more problems in emotional, social, and peer relations areas in the SDQ (p <.001 for all subscales) compared to the control group. The results were similar between the groups regarding the conduct problems and hyperactive behaviors. The adolescents with asthma reported more anger repression and less anger expression than the control group (p <.001 for both subscales). The results indicated that the adolescents with asthma were subjected to more peer victimization and experienced more difficulties in anger expression than the controls. Based on the findings of this study, we suggest that these psychological factors should be kept in mind during the management of asthma in adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Suicide is one of the leading causes of death in the world. For every person who commits suicide, twenty or more have attempted to take their own lives. The emotional state of anger is often associated with suicidal behavior. However, this association needs to be further clarified. Objectives: This study sought to investigate the profiles of traits and expressions of anger in inpatients admitted to a general emergency hospital after surviving a suicide attempt. Methods: In this case-control study, a sample of 28 suicide survivors was matched for sex, age, and educational level with 56 controls. The State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2 was used to measure anger traits and expression. Results: Suicide survivors scored higher for anger traits and expression and lower for anger control than the control group. They also had lower levels of state anger and willingness to express anger verbally than the control group. Conclusions: Patients who attempted suicide and had high scores for anger expression (in and out) are inclined to have extreme difficulty in interpersonal relationships and rigidity towards change and are at higher risk of developing psychopathologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of educational games on the anger levels of mentally disabled children. First grade 56 disabled children in age of 8 - 15 who are studying at the Ağrı special education practicing center that is affiliated with directorate of national education located at Ağrı province, participated into the research. Children were randomly selected and divided into two groups as test group and control group. While education game studies were applied on the test group for 3 hours in one day of the week for 8 weeks, the control group only continued its studies in the special education center. Anger scale and anger expression scale were applied on the parents of subjects in the pre-study and post-study process. It was determined that data showed normal distribution by making normality test. Two-paired samples T test was used in intra-group comparisons, independent T test was used in the intergroup comparisons. Margin of error was regarded as 0.05 in this study. When the findings obtained were examined; a statistically significant difference could not be found between the last test results of test and control groups. On the other hand, a statistically significant difference could not be found between the pretest posttest results of the test group, however, when pretest-posttest test results of the control group regarding continuous anger and extrinsic anger state were compared, it is seen that posttest results are significantly higher (P

An inability to successfully regulate anger has been linked to adverse outcomes for students, including psychological problems and special education placement due to significant emotional and behavioral difficulties. Early identification, therefore, is critical to provide timely intervention for students before anger-related problems escalate. The Anger Expression Scale for Children was developed to address some of the limitations of previous measurement tools designed to assess anger expression with children and adolescents. Yet validation is needed with upper elementary school populations—a key identification and prevention period. Thus, we examined the factor structure of the scale with 2,020 fourth and fifth graders. Results revealed support for a modified two-factor model, with a general Anger Expression factor and Anger Control factor. Criterion-related validity analyses indicated that Anger Expression was positively associated with aggression and externalizing problems, whereas Anger Control was related to emotion control and less internalizing behaviors. We discuss implications of findings for both informed school use and future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prior research shows that the social costs of expressing anger may be greater for women than for men. However, less is known about whether anger expression is also associated with greater intrapersonal costs for women relative to men. We tested the hypothesis that outward anger expression would be related to greater depressive symptoms over time for women, but not men. A nationally representative sample of 942 community‐dwelling adults reported on their frequency of anger expression and completed diagnostic interviews to assess depressive symptoms at baseline and 9‐year follow‐up. Moderation analyses using bootstrapping revealed a significant main effect of anger‐out on depression. As predicted, gender moderated the effects of anger‐out on depression, such that greater anger‐out at baseline predicted greater depression in women 9 years later, even after controlling for baseline depression. Findings add to the literature by revealing the intrapersonal costs women may incur from anger expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigated the effectiveness of a forgiveness education program on reducing anger and ethnic prejudice and improving forgiveness in Iranian adolescents. There were 224 (Persian, Azeri, and Kurdish) male and female students in 8th grade who were selected from 3 provinces: Tehran, Eastern Azerbaijan, and Kurdestan. Schools were randomly assigned to 2 groups of experimental (N = 123) and control (N = 101) students. Measures included the Enright Forgiveness Inventory, Spielberger's State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory, and the Ethnic Prejudice Scale, administered at pretest, posttest, and follow-up. The experimental group had forgiveness education by classroom teachers. The results indicated that the experimental group was higher in forgiveness and lower in ethnic prejudice, state anger, trait anger, and anger expression compared with the control group. This difference was statistically significant in the follow-up phase. It seems that forgiveness education in schools can be an important means of reducing anger and ethnic prejudice. Educational Impact and Implications Statement: Research on forgiveness has shown its effectiveness in reducing resentment and increasing well-being. Forgiveness education in schools, as a new approach for reducing anger and ethnic prejudice, offers a unique opportunity for both psychological health and community peace. This can work in Eastern and Western cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is evidence for the relevance of attachment style and anger expression for the manifestation of social anxiety disorder (SAD). Method: In a cross-sectional study 321 individuals with social anxiety disorder (41% men, age 38.8 ± 13.9) were compared with 94 healthy controls (37% men, age 35.8 ± 15.1) on several questionnaires (Attachment Styles Questionnaire, State Trait Anger Inventory, Social Phobia Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory). Results: Individuals with SAD showed moderate-sized reduced levels of secure and large-sized increased levels of fearful and preoccupied attachment style compared to healthy controls (all p < 0.001) as well as small-sized increased levels of trait anger (p = 0.03) and moderate-sized increased levels of anger-in (p < 0.001). Attachment style and anger regulation could predict 21% (R2 = 0.21, p < 0.001) of the extent of social anxiety (SPIN) in SAD; secure (β = − 0.196, p < 0.01) and preoccupied attachment style (β = 0.117, p < 0.05), as well as anger-in (β = 0.199, p < 0.01) were significant cross-sectional predictors. Further analysis revealed that the relationship between preoccupied attachment and social anxiety is partially mediated by anger-in. Conclusion: Study findings confirm the relevance of preoccupied attachment style and anger suppression for social anxiety. Disentangling the role of anger regulation in early attachment patterns has significant therapeutic implications in SAD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: . Cognitive-behavioral therapy and mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) are two prominent evidence-based treatments for social anxiety disorder (SAD). It is not clear, however, whether outcomes of these two treatments are moderated by similar factors. For example, whereas anger suppression and anger expression each predict outcomes in cognitive- behavioral group therapy (CBGT), it is unknown whether they differentially influence outcomes in CBGT versus MBSR.Methods: . One hundred eight participants with SAD were randomized to CBGT, MBSR or Waitlist (WL). WL participants were later randomized to CBGT or MBSR, and their data were combined with data from those originally randomized to CBGT or MBSR. Anger suppression and anger expression were assessed at pre-treatment, and social anxiety was assessed at pre-treatment, post-treatment, and every 3 months throughout a 12-month follow-up period.Results: . From pre- to post-treatment, higher anger suppression was associated with significantly greater reduction in social anxiety in CBGT compared with MBSR. From post-treatment through follow-up, higher anger expression was associated lesser reduction in social anxiety in MBSR but not in CBGT.Limitations: . Data are limited by sole reliance on self-report and it is unclear whether these findings generalize beyond group-based interventions.Conclusions: . Individuals with SAD who are higher in anger suppression and/or expression might be better suited to CBGT than MBSR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]