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Background: The knowledge about the anatomy of the mandible and its variations in age, sex and race will help physicians, surgeons, medico -legal authorities and anthropologists to give correct interpretations for the diagnostic procedures in living. Aim and objective: To study the Sex determination & morphometric parameters of human mandible. Material and method: We collected the human mandible bones (N=122) from the department of Anatomy, Index Medical College Hospital & Research Centre, Indore. region to study the morphological and morphometric features.Results: Among all parameters Six dominating parameters that possibly explain the nature of the mandible are height of the ramus, body thickness, anthropometric arch width, inter incisor width, mandibular index and mandibular angle are useful to determine the unknown sex of the mandible upto an extent of 75.2% in south Indian population. The incidence of the above mentioned sex determination parameters considered together and treated statistically. Conclusion: The present study reveals that the mandible of unknown gender can be sexed to the extent of 75% accuracy by six dominating parameters and not to consider these for complete sex determination of the mandible bone in osteometric studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we establish an angular characteristic for the class of quasimöbius mappings in metric spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Humeral retroversion angle (HRA) has been described in the literature as the orientation of the humeral head compared with the epicondylar axis of the distal humerus. HRA is a crucial measurement for designing shoulder prostheses and surgical technique, and is often noted to range from 25° to 35° in healthy adults. However, a wide range of individual variability has been reported in literature, with reported values ranging from −6° to 74°. Various imaging modalities including X-rays, computed tomography scans, and magnetic resonance imaging have historically been used to measure this angle, but conventional 2-dimensional technologies may result in inaccuracy and variability in angular measurements. Therefore, recent studies have focused on using 3-dimensional (3D) modalities to measure HRA. These studies have shown promising results regarding accuracy and clinical significance, although most have only included a small number of subjects and have not procured conclusive findings. This study aims to measure the HRA in a large sample of subjects using 3D imaging to establish measurements for the general population. We examined the right and left cadaveric humerus from 559 individuals (146 females and 413 males). All of the humeri underwent computed tomography scan and surface models generated. 3D landmarks were automatically calculated on each 3D bone using custom-written software in C++. Those landmarks were used to calculate (1) HRA as the angle between the epicondylar axis and the humeral neck axis and (2) humeral proximal neck angle (HPNA) as the angle between the humeral neck axis and the anatomical axis. Descriptive statistics of both HRA and HPNA was analyzed using JMP Pro statistical software version 15.2.0. The HPNA was found to be 137.7° ± 1.04° for males and 136.34° ± 1.4° for females with a 95% confidence interval. HRA was found to be 39.89° ± 12.77° for males and 38.89° ± 3.15° for females with a 95% confidence interval. Results of analysis of variance revealed that males had a statistically significant larger HRA than females (P <.001). Our study suggests using a standardized measurement for the HRA, which we believe may improve operative outcomes. However, future prospective trials are required to validate our results in a clinical setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To evaluate the agreement between six currently available periapical radiography‐based methods for measuring the root canal curvatures in mesial roots of mandibular first molars, assessed by two examiners with different proficiency levels. Methodology: Non‐endodontically treated mesial roots of 41 human mandibular first molars were radiographed using the parallelling technique. Two independent observers (a specialist in endodontics and radiology and a final‐year dental student) assessed their root canal curvature using the methodologies described by Schneider (1971, Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology, 32, 271), Weine (1982, Endodontic therapy), Berbert and Nishiyama (1994, Revista Gaúcha de Odontología, 356), Luiten et al. (1995, Journal of Endodontics, 21, 26), Hankins and ElDeeb (1996, Journal of Endodontics, 22, 123) and Pettiette et al. (1999, Journal of Endodontics, 25, 230). Intra‐ and inter‐examiner reliability was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient. The differences in curvature angle measured by the different methods were compared using the one‐way anova for repeated measures test, followed by Tukey's post hoc analysis. The effect was calculated using the Cohen's d method. To determine the agreement between methods, the Bland–Altman analysis was used. The significance level was set at 5%. Results: Agreement for the observers was excellent (>0.81) for the six methods considered. For the angle comparisons between methods, the maximum differences were for Schneider versus Weine (35.77°) and Luiten versus Hankins (35.14°), whilst the highest percentage of angles with a difference >10° were Weine versus Luiten and Berbert versus Pettiette (90%) and the comparison Weine versus Hankins presented with the lowest frequency (15%). Excellent agreement was found for five comparisons: Weine versus Luiten (0.940), Berbert versus Pettiette (0.917), Weine versus Pettiette (0.907), Luiten versus Pettiette (0.904) and Berbert versus Luiten (0.812). Compared to Schneider's method, the other methods showed a tendency of increasing difference as the angles became more acute. The other methods exhibited linear differences, remaining constant for smaller and larger angles. Conclusions: Reliability was excellent for all methods assessed separately. Maximum differences in curvature angles were found when comparing Schneider versus Weine and Luiten versus Hankins. Excellent agreement was found for Weine versus Luiten, Berbert versus Pettiette, Weine versus Pettiette, Luiten versus Pettiette and Berbert versus Luiten. In the presence of dilacerations, the method by Schneider was less sensitive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The first web space of the hand plays a crucial role in determining the hand's span. Our study aims to examine and quantify the first web space angle in both hands of adult individuals within the Indian population with no upper limb pathologies. The primary objective of this study is to establish normative data. These data will be useful in surgical correction for the first web release, recommending corrective splints, and calculating the percentage of disability in hand function.

Aim of the study: to evaluate a reliable and user-friendly index to predict the surgical difficulty of the extractions of mesioangular impacted mandibular third molars. Material and method: Our retrospective study included 237 patients aged 16 to 40 years, with an average of 27.3. The patients were categorized into three different age groups, under 20 years, between 20 and 30 years, and between 30 and 40 years. Depending on the values of the angle of the long axis of the lower third molar with the axis of the mandibular canal we divided the cases into three groups: the first with an angle of 0°-30°, the second with an angle between 30°-60° and the last with values between 60°-90°. Another studied parameter was the operating time. Results: There were 67 patients under 20 years old (28.3%), 113 between 20 and 30 (47.7%), and (24%) between 30 and 40. 35% of the group were men, while 65% were women. The chi-square test showed a negative correlation between the duration of the surgical intervention and the molar angulation (p=0.049). There was no statistically significant correlation between the duration of the extraction and the age of the patients (p=0.941).Conclusion: Based on the results of our study, we can propose a larger one to confirm the findings of your research.

AbstractPurposeMethodsResultsConclusionCurrently, treating femoral neck fractures (FNFs) with the inverted triangle configuration requires alignment between the femoral neck’s long axis and the axis of cannulated compression screws (CCS). To address whether the ‘parallel’ alignment is the most effective approach for fractures with varying Pauwels angles, we employed finite element analysis (FEA) to investigate how different angles between fracture line and CCS affect stability, based on various Pauwels angles. This study aims to offer improved guidance for treating FNFs with the inverted triangle configuration.FNF models with Pauwels angles of 40°, 50°, 60°, and 70° were developed. The CCS were positioned in an inverted triangle configuration based on the angle between the fracture line and CCS. Using FEA, we compared the biomechanical properties of each model to evaluate the stability by evaluating five key parameters: maximal stress in the proximal femoral fracture fragment (MPFS) and implants (MIS), maximal displacement of the bone (MBD) and implants (MID), and maximal relative displacement of the fragments (MRD).For Pauwels angles of 40°, 50°, 60°, and 70° across different FNF models, various parameters exhibited similar results. The MPFS showed an upward trend with a decrease in the angle, whereas the MIS, MBD, MID, and MRD all exhibited downward trends.The FEA results suggest that decreasing the angle between the fracture line and the CCS for the treatment of FNF can increase the tension resistance of the model, thus increasing the model’s stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Prior research has documented students' struggles in conceiving of angle and angle measurement, which may stem from textbook and curriculum representations of angles as static. In this study, we examined grade 3-5 students' mathematical thinking of angle during an educational robotics task implemented within a making space learning environment in a school setting (i.e., hybrid making space). Methods: Our analysis included 19 video recordings of six groups of students in grades 3-5. Results: Results from this study demonstrate how students negotiated a shared understanding of angle through multiple epistemic tools (e.g., gestures, bodily actions, language) that were situated and contextualized within the task. This included developing a shared language, conceptualizing angle as a dynamic entity, and perceiving angle through directionality and degree measures. Discussion: We contend that learning experiences within a hybrid making space provide young students with opportunities to engage in mathematics as a social phenomenon and human activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The anatomy of the extraocular rectus muscle insertions is clinically relevant in the field of ophthalmology. This descriptive cadaveric study determines the relative degree orientation of the superior, lateral, and inferior rectus muscles with respect to the medial rectus and investigates the distances between the rectus muscle insertions. Method: Thirty cadavers (50% female, mean age = 81.86 years, SD 12.16) were included for a total of 60 eyes. For each eye, a lateral canthotomy and cantholysis were performed followed by a peritomy. Muscle hooks were then used to access and isolate the rectus muscles. The degree orientation was determined by marking the muscle midpoints at insertion, using the center of the cornea as the vertex, and measuring the angle with the Angle Meter 360 application (© Alexey Kozlov) (Figure 1). The distances between rectus muscles were measured from the same muscle midpoints using calipers. Results: The degree orientations with respect to the medial rectus are displayed in Figure 2 and were as follows: superior rectus (mean = 93.14, SD = 3.04, min. 82.3, max. 100.3), lateral rectus (mean = 180.21, SD = 5.65, min. 170.5, max. 190.6), and inferior rectus (mean = 90.57, SD = 4.47, min. 84.0, max. 98.9). The distances (measured in mm) between rectus muscle midpoints at insertion included medial rectus to inferior rectus (mean = 13.64, SD = 0.54), inferior rectus to lateral rectus (mean = 13.79, SD = 0.75), lateral rectus to superior rectus (mean = 13.54, SD = 0.63), and superior rectus to medial rectus (mean = 13.83, SD = 0.75). The relative distances between the midpoints of the extraocular muscles observed in males versus females showed statistically significant differences in medial rectus to inferior rectus (13.8 vs. 13.5, p = .01), inferior rectus to lateral rectus (14.1 vs. 13.5, p = .03), and superior rectus to medial rectus (14.0 vs. 13.5, p = .04), respectively (Table 1). Conclusion: This is an important study of the extraocular muscle degree orientation performed with an innovative measuring approach. The degree orientation of the insertions relative to the medial rectus may have surgical application in the field of ophthalmology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The first web space of the hand plays a crucial role in determining the hand's span. Our study aims to examine and quantify the first web space angle in both hands of adult individuals within the Indian population with no upper limb pathologies. The primary objective of this study is to establish normative data. These data will be useful in surgical correction for the first web release, recommending corrective splints, and calculating the percentage of disability in hand function. Materials and Methods Data from 800 individuals from various regions across India, ranging in age from 20 to 50 years who had no pathology in both upper limbs were collected. A goniometer was used to measure the first web space angle of both hands by keeping the forearm pronated, elbow flexed, and arms adducted. The subjects from different states were divided into various zones. Results In 800 subjects, the average measurement in the right hand was 97.28 degrees, and in the left hand, 99.76 degrees. In males, the average measurement in the right hand was 97.54 degrees, and in the left hand, it was 99.61 degrees. In females, in the right hand, it was 96.93 degrees, and in the left hand 100 degrees. The result was recorded in subjects from each zone in the country. Conclusion The large sample size from various parts of the country makes the study more reliable. The technique of measuring the angles was easily reproducible. Our findings provide crucial normative data for clinicians and therapists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The proximal tibial epiphyseal inclination can be used as a prognostic factor for good results after knee osteotomy and measured using the tibial bone varus angle (TBVA). This angle depends on the visibility of the epiphyseal plate, which has shown poor reproducibility when measured on standard radiographs by conventional methods. Purpose: To evaluate the measurement reliability of the TBVA and other angles based on the epiphyseal scar using a digital image display. Study Design: Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A total of 100 whole-leg radiographs were analyzed twice by 3 orthopaedic surgeons from 2 countries in a blinded and randomized manner. Observers measured the hip-knee-ankle angle, mechanical lateral distal femoral angle, medial proximal tibial angle, and TBVA. The growth plate–tibial plateau (GPTP) angle, defined as the angle between the epiphyseal scar and tibial plateau, was measured; this angle has not yet been described for osteotomy. In addition, a modified version of the TBVA (mTBVA), defined as that between the epiphyseal scar, its center, and the center of the talus, was measured. The Ahlbäck score for osteoarthritis and a 3-grade score for epiphyseal scar visibility were also determined. The reliability of the angle measurements and scoring was evaluated using the Fleiss kappa and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Results: The scores for epiphyseal scar visibility showed fair interobserver (Fleiss kappa correlation coefficient [κ] = 0.29-0.35) and strong intraobserver (Fleiss κ = 0.62-0.69) reliability. TBVA, GPTP angle, and mTBVA measurements showed good interobserver reliability (ICC, 0.76-0.77), while the GPTP angle achieved excellent intraobserver reliability (ICC, >0.9). Conclusion: Using digital image display, angles that depend on the epiphyseal scar—such as TBVA, GPTP angle, and mTBVA—can achieve acceptable measurement reliability despite the low agreement on the visibility of the epiphyseal scar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to investigate risk factors for the recurrence of distal anterior cerebral artery (DACA) aneurysms after endovascular treatment (EVT). The clinical and radiologic outcomes of DACA aneurysms treated with endovascular methods at a single tertiary hospital from September 2008 to December 2021 were retrospectively reviewed. We measured the angle between 2 distal branches of DACA aneurysms and categorized the angle as follows: 1) wide-angle (≥180°), and 2) narrow-angle type configuration (<180°). Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to demonstrate the relationships between characteristics of DACA aneurysm and recurrence risk. In total, 132 DACA aneurysms were treated in our institution. Among these, 47 DACA aneurysms after EVT were included in this study. Forty patients underwent coil embolization without stent, 7 for stent-assisted coil embolization. At the last follow-up (mean 30.2 ± 24.2 months), overall recurrence rate was 23.4% (n = 11). Recurrence rate of the wide-angle type (9 of 23, 39.1%) was significantly greater than narrow-angle type (2 of 24, 8.3%) (P = 0.041; odds ratio 8.174, 95% confidence interval 1.094–61.066). Irregular shape of the DACA aneurysm also showed significantly greater recurrence rate (P = 0.011; odds ratio 10.663, 95% confidence interval 1.701–66.838) after endovascular treatment. The wide-angle between 2 distal branches of DACA aneurysm and irregular shape might be independent risk factors for the recurrence after endovascular treatment for DACA aneurysms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article some results on the value distribution theory of analytic functions defined in angles of C , due mainly to B. Ja. Levin and A. Pfluger, will be extended to the more general situation where the functions are defined in angles of C \ { 0 } . More precisely, angles S (θ 1 , θ 2) with vertex at the origin will be considered and where a singularity at zero is allowed. An special class of these functions are those of completely regular growth for which it is proved a basic result which yields an expression of the density of its zeros in terms of the indicator function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

行政院通過雙語國家政策後，許多縣市選擇CLIL為主要雙語教學模式，本研究透過教學行動研究反思與修正的歷程，建構可行的數學CLIL教學模式。研究者設計角度及三角形兩個幾何單元的教學，於110年10月6日至28日在國小四年級實施，蒐集教室觀察紀錄、訪談、文件資料、省思札記、中、英語單元成就測驗等資料，進行綜合分析。本研究主要發現如下：一、CLIL的學習情境可視學生需求提供中文輔助，課堂融入70 %的英語，並採異質分組促進同儕溝通互動。二、課程設計可依學科內容設計不同難度的操作活動與統整型的素養任務。三、教學實施可調整數學教科書活動安排，將相同數學概念整併，規劃符合CLIL內容和語言循環的教學活動。四、學習評量在課堂中著重英語聽和說形成性評量，課堂最後回到中文數學課本習題檢核數學概念。五、全班學生數學表現穩定，未因CLIL教學影響學習成效，但三角形單元的單字與句型較為複雜，學生學習仍受語言影響。 After the Executive Yuan passed the “Bilingual Nation 2030” policy, many county and city governments chose content and language integrated learning（CLIL）as their primary bilingual teaching model. This study constructed a practicable CLIL mathematics teaching model through reflection and revision of teaching action research. Two geometry units on angles and triangles were designed and implemented in a fourth-grade elementary school class from October 6-28, 2021. Data collected for analysis included classroom observations, interviews, documents, personal journals and achievement tests in Chinese and English. The findings showed that 1. CLIL learning contexts can provide Chinese as needed to student, integrate English into 70 % of each lesson, and arrange heterogeneous groupings to promote peer communication and interaction; 2. curriculum design can include hands-on activities and integrated literacy assignments with different levels of difficulty according to the content; 3. teaching implementation can adjust the arrangement of mathematics textbook activities, integrate the same mathematical concepts, and plan according to the CLIL content and language cycle; 4. learning assessment focuses on English listening and speaking formative assessments in the classroom and returns to the Chinese mathematics textbook exercises to check mathematical concepts and 5. students’ performance in mathematics was stable and unaffected by the CLIL instruction, but the English words and sentences in the triangle unit were more complicated, and the students’ learning was affected by the language.

Abstract Objective This study aimed to examine the clinical and multimodal ultrasonic characteristics differences between carotid web (CW) and CW with plaque as well as the potential risk factors for stroke caused by CW. Methods We retrospectively enrolled patients diagnosed with CW by CTA or high-resolution MRI (HRMRI) and simultaneously underwent contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) and superb microvascular imaging examinations from January 2015 to October 2022. The CW angle was measured using computer-aided software. The variations between CW and CW with plaque were evaluated, and univariable and multivariable logistic regressions were utilized to identify possible risk predictors for stroke caused by CW. Results Two hundred ninety-nine patients with an average age of 60.85 (± 8.77) years were included. Sex, age, history of smoking, alcohol, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, homocysteine level, and treatment, as well as web length and thickness, luminal stenosis, location wall, number, CW angle, and CEUS enhancement, were quite different among CW and CW with plaque patients (p

This paper discusses the relevance of using physical situations to introduce the concept of angles at elementary school. We compare the effectiveness of two geometry teaching sequences. In the first one (physical sequence), the pupils learned the angle concept by experimenting on the playground (i.e. mesospace) and then modelling the situation. In the second one (paper-and-pencil sequence), the pupils worked solely in the space of a sheet of paper (i.e. microspace). In both sequences, pupils compared areas of space delineated by an angle between two directions. Pupils in two Grade 3 classes were exposed to one of the two teaching sequences. The unfolding of these sequences was videotaped and analyzed, and the pupils were tested individually, before and after teaching, to measure each sequence's effectiveness. Results showed that both sequences are effective to grasp the angle concept: Most pupils overcame the common erroneous conception of comparing angles' sides' lengths instead of angle openness. The comparison of areas of space delineated by an angle between two infinite directions, which is the two sequences' common core, seems to be the key factor underlying angle conceptualization. This paper ends with a discussion of these results' teaching implications and the merits of each sequence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal washing is a common method of wax removal in oil fields. The law of phase change heat transfer of wax during the thermal washing process is revealed to be of great significance for improving the melting rate of wax. The lattice Boltzmann method is used to numerically simulate the process of phase change heat transfer in pipe-lines with different angles (90°, 45°, 0°, –45°, and –90°) of wax layers based on the enthalpy-porous medium model in the present work. The boundary condition between wax and hot water is considered as convective heat transfer boundary. The effect of the Prandtl number on the law of phase change heat transfer of the wax at various angles is investigated. The simulation results indicate a non-linear decrease in the complete melting time of the wax layer from –90° to 90°. The heat transfer capacity is enhanced with the decrease of Prandtl number, which effectively shortens the melting time of wax. The complete melting time of the wax layer is reduced by 23.78% when the Prandtl number decreases from 79.4-59.4. The speed of convective heat transfer is increased with the decrease of Prandtl number, which means that the solid zone of wax is accelerated into the loose and porous mushy zone, and the efficiency of wax removal is improved. The research results can provide a reference for improving the efficiency of thermal washing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objective To investigate the effects of different angles of pulmonary surfactant (PS) administration on the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and intracranial hemorrhage in preterm infants. Methods A prospective study was conducted on 146 preterm infants (gestational age <32 weeks) admitted to the Department of Neonatology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University from January 2019 to May 2023. The infants were randomly assigned to different angles for injection of pulmonary surfactant groups: 0° group (34 cases), 30° group (36 cases), 45° group (38 cases), and 60° group (38 cases). Clinical indicators and outcomes were compared among the groups. Results The oxygenation index was lower in the 60° group compared with the other three groups, with shorter invasive ventilation time and oxygen use time, and a lower incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia than the other three groups (P<0.05). The incidence of intracranial hemorrhage was lower in the 60° group compared to the 0° group (P<0.05). The cure rate in the 60° group was higher than that in the 0° group and the 30° group (P<0.05). Conclusions The clinical efficacy of injection of pulmonary surfactant at a 60° angle is higher than other angles, reducing the incidence of intracranial hemorrhage and bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Il est incontestable que le cinéma a un impact significatif sur les spectateurs. La lecture de l'image cinématographique revêt une importance cruciale pour sensibiliser le public à la vision des cinéastes et au message qu'ils cherchent à transmettre pour influencer leurs idées, leurs croyances, voire leurs opinions. Notre objectif est d'instruire le public sur les effets néfastes de l'image cinématographique au travers d'une étude descriptive et analytique du film "Abdo Moutah". Les cinéastes usent de toutes les techniques de mise en scène, de l'histoire du film, de la sélection de costumes et d'acteurs, ainsi que de la création de symboles pour déformer délibérément l'image de la morale, de l'intellectualité et de la religion, au détriment des constantes et des valeurs des adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work proposes a new epileptic seizure prediction method based on lagged Poincaré plot analysis of heart rate (HR). In this article, the Poincaré plots with six different lags (1–6) were constructed for four episodes of heart rate variability (HRV) before the seizures. Moreover, two features were extracted based on lagged Poincare plots, which include the angle between the time series and the ellipse density fitted to the RR points. The proposed method was applied to 16 epileptic patients with 170 seizures. The results included sensitivity of 80.42% for the angle feature and 75.19% for the density feature. The false-positive rate was 0.15/Hr, which indicates that the system has superiority over the random predictor. The proposed HRV-based epileptic seizure prediction method has the potential to be used in daily life because HR can be measured easily by using a wearable sensor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In modern or mechanized agriculture, chemical spraying is employed to control weed and prevent pest damage. It is very important to spray the chemicals (herbicides, pesticides, fungicides) very carefully and correctly using suitable tools to control weed and pests while keeping the environmental and health risks at very low level. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to study the effects of different factors on the behavior and movement patterns of sprayed particles from the beginning of the spraying to the end when the particles reach the plant. Therefore, for this purpose, in this study, the effect of three levels of pressure 2, 3 and 4 on the distribution of volumetric volume of fluid particles after exiting from Tee jet nozzles 110-02, 110-03, 110-04 and one newly designed nozzle has been investigated. This was performed by experimental and numerical methods using Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) method. The results revealed that the spraying pressure and nozzle type had significant effects on the particles volumetric distribution (p < 0.01). All the treatments differed significantly. The innovative nozzle had the highest spraying performance at all the three pressures compared to the other nozzles. Among the Tee jet nozzles, the nozzle 110-03 has the best distribution of particle frequencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A special evaluation of modern wind turbine blade designs is provided, masking most theoretical performance, momentum, real performance and blade loads. The article presents a complete review of the rotor blade designs of wind mills and indicates that modern wind mills nearly completely use rotors with a horizontal axis. The aerodynamic layout principles of a current wind turbine blade are defined in detail, inclusive of blade shape, number, choice of airfoils, and best angles of attack. A complete examine of wind turbine blade layout constraints is presented, detailing aerodynamic, gravitational, centrifugal, gyroscopic, and operational conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article from the Romanian Journal of Oral Rehabilitation discusses the challenges of extracting impacted mandibular third molars. The researchers conducted a study to determine a reliable and user-friendly index for predicting the surgical difficulty of these extractions. They categorized patients into different age groups and measured the angle of the impacted molars with the mandibular canal. The study found a correlation between the duration of the surgical intervention and the molar angulation, but no significant correlation between extraction duration and patient age. The article emphasizes the importance of removing wisdom teeth as a preventative measure and highlights potential complications due to dentists' lack of knowledge about anatomical variations. It also provides information on different types of mandibular canals and their relationship to the inferior alveolar nerve, as well as statistics on the incidence of impacted wisdom teeth in different populations and varying rates between genders. The authors recommend further research to confirm their findings. [Extracted from the article]

Objective: This study aimed to examine the clinical and multimodal ultrasonic characteristics differences between carotid web (CW) and CW with plaque as well as the potential risk factors for stroke caused by CW. Methods: We retrospectively enrolled patients diagnosed with CW by CTA or high-resolution MRI (HRMRI) and simultaneously underwent contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) and superb microvascular imaging examinations from January 2015 to October 2022. The CW angle was measured using computer-aided software. The variations between CW and CW with plaque were evaluated, and univariable and multivariable logistic regressions were utilized to identify possible risk predictors for stroke caused by CW. Results: Two hundred ninety-nine patients with an average age of 60.85 (± 8.77) years were included. Sex, age, history of smoking, alcohol, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, homocysteine level, and treatment, as well as web length and thickness, luminal stenosis, location wall, number, CW angle, and CEUS enhancement, were quite different among CW and CW with plaque patients (p < 0.05). The logistic regression analysis showed that web length was an independent predictor of luminal stenosis in CW patients. For patients with CW and plaque, plaque and web thickness, as well as plaque enhancement, were associated with stenosis. Furthermore, luminal stenosis and plaque length were risk factors for symptoms. Conclusion: The multimodal ultrasonic and clinical manifestations of CW and CW with plaque are quite different. Web length is an independent risk factor for carotid artery stenosis in CW patients, whereas luminal stenosis and plaque length were risk factors for symptoms in CW with plaque patients. Critical relevance statement: Exploring the similarities and differences between the carotid web and the carotid web with plaque, based on the stereo-geometric spatial position relationship and hemodynamic changes, may provide further insights into the underlying mechanisms of stroke occurrence caused by the carotid web. Key points: 1. Multimodal ultrasonic and clinical manifestations of carotid web and carotid web with plaque are substantially different. 2. A thin triangular endoluminal defect is identified as a typical feature of the web on superb microvascular imaging, and two kinds of typical ultrasonic features of CW with plaque are also identified. 3. Web length is an independent risk factor for carotid stenosis in carotid web patients, whereas luminal stenosis and plaque length are risk factors for symptoms in patients with CW and plaque. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This retrospective analysis aimed to investigate the necessity of removing the wisdom tooth in cases of angle fractures of the mandible. The study retrieved 595 mandible fractures from January 2006 to December 2021 through the Hospital Inpatient Enquiry System, of which 303 involved a fracture through the angle of the mandible, including the wisdom tooth socket. Of these, 203 (66.9%) underwent open reduction and internal fixation with retention of the third molar. The authors found that only four (2%) patients returned for the removal of plates and the retained third molar during the follow-up period. Therefore, the authors concluded that wisdom teeth removal should remain an exception during open reduction and internal fixation of mandibular angle fractures unless they hinder fracture reduction, pose a potential infection risk, or interfere with occlusal stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The societal cost of shoulder disabilities in our aging society keeps rising. Providing biomarkers of early changes in the microstructure of rotator cuff (RC) muscles might improve surgical planning. Elevation angle (E1A) and pennation angle (PA) assessed by ultrasound change with RC tears. Furthermore, ultrasounds lack repeatability. Purpose: To propose a repeatable framework to quantify the myocyte angulation in RC muscles. Study Type: Prospective. Subjects: Six asymptomatic healthy volunteers (1 female aged 30 years; 5 males, mean age 35 years, range 25–49 years), who underwent three repositioned scanning sessions (10 minutes apart) of the right infraspinatus muscle (ISPM) and supraspinatus muscle (SSPM). Field Strength/Sequence: 3‐T, T1‐weighted and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI; 12 gradient encoding directions, b‐values of 500 and 800 s/mm2). Assessment: Each voxel was binned in percentage of depth defined by the shortest distance in the antero‐posterior direction (manual delineation), i.e. the radial axis. A second order polynomial fit for PA across the muscle depth was used, while E1A described a sigmoid across depth: E1Asig=E1Arange×sigmf1:100%depth,−EA1grad , E1Aasym+E1Ashift. Statistical Tests: Repeatability was assessed with the nonparametric Wilcoxon's rank‐sum test for paired comparisons across repeated scans in each volunteer for each anatomical muscle region and across repeated measures of the radial axis. A P‐value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: In the ISPM, E1A was constantly negative, became helicoidal, then mainly positive across the antero‐posterior depth, respective at the caudal, central and cranial regions. In the SSPM, posterior myocytes ran more parallel to the intramuscular tendon (PA≈0°), while anterior myocytes inserted with a pennation angle (PA≈−20°). E1A and PA were repeatable in each volunteer (error < 10%). Intra‐repeatability of the radial axis was achieved (error < 5%). Data Conclusion: ElA and PA in the proposed framework of the ISPM and SSPM are repeatable with DTI. Variations of myocyte angulation in the ISPM and SSPM can be quantified across volunteers. Evidence Level: 2 Technical Efficacy: Stage 2 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionPrior research has documented students’ struggles in conceiving of angle and angle measurement, which may stem from textbook and curriculum representations of angles as static. In this study, we examined grade 3-5 students’ mathematical thinking of angle during an educational robotics task implemented within a making space learning environment in a school setting (i.e., hybrid making space).MethodsOur analysis included 19 video recordings of six groups of students in grades 3-5.ResultsResults from this study demonstrate how students negotiated a shared understanding of angle through multiple epistemic tools (e.g., gestures, bodily actions, language) that were situated and contextualized within the task. This included developing a shared language, conceptualizing angle as a dynamic entity, and perceiving angle through directionality and degree measures.DiscussionWe contend that learning experiences within a hybrid making space provide young students with opportunities to engage in mathematics as a social phenomenon and human activity.

Abstract The aim of this study was to quantify the orientation of breast masses and determine whether it can enhance the utility of a not parallel orientation in predicting breast mass malignancy. A total of 15,746 subjects who underwent breast ultrasound examinations were initially enrolled in the study. Further evaluation was performed on subjects with solid breast masses (≤ 5 cm) intended for surgical resection and/or biopsy. The orientation angle, defined as the acute angle between the align of the maximal longitudinal diameter of the breast mass and the surface of the breast skin, was measured. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was conducted, and various performance measures including sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, accuracy, odds ratio, and the area under the ROC curve (AUC) were calculated. Multivariate analysis was performed to determine if the orientation angle was an independent predictor of breast malignancy. Decision curve analysis (DCA) was also conducted to assess the net benefit of adopting the orientation angle for predicting breast mass malignancy. The final analysis included 83 subjects with breast cancer and 135 subjects with benign masses. The intra-group correlation coefficient for the measurement of the orientation angle of breast masses was 0.986 (P = 0.001), indicating high reproducibility. The orientation angles of malignant and benign breast masses were 36.51 ± 14.90 (range: 10.7–88.6) degrees and 15.28 ± 8.40 (range: 0.0–58.7) degrees, respectively, and there was a significant difference between them (P 22.9°), not circumscribed margin, and calcifications of the breast mass were independent factors predicting breast malignancy. The net benefit of adopting the orientation angle for predicting breast malignancy was 0.303. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that quantifying the orientation angle of breast masses is useful in predicting breast malignancy, as it demonstrates high sensitivity, specificity, AUC, and standardized net benefit. It optimizes the utility of the not parallel orientation in assessing breast mass malignancy.

The present study was conducted to create reference values of common iliac arteries (CIA) for the diagnosis of vascular diseases such as aneurysm and atherosclerosis and to contribute to preoperative evaluation and the literature for open or endovascular interventions. Abdominal computed tomography angiography (CTA) images of 299 (156 F, 143 M) patients which were taken for various reasons at Gaziantep University Faculty of Medicine Hospital between 2015 and 2023 and which met the criteria were selected. The mean age of the patients included in the study was 49.85±18.74 years. Diameter measurements were made on two-dimensional images, while length and angle measurements were made on three-dimensional images. As a result of the analysis, the mean right CIA (RCIA) anteroposterior diameter was 1.12±0.66 cm and the mean transverse diameter was 1.21±0.74 cm; while the mean left CIA (LCIA) value was 1.12±0.68 cm in the anteroposterior axis and 1.13±0.73 cm in the transverse axis. In terms of length measurements, the mean right common iliac artery (RCIA) was found as 5.63±1.61 cm and the mean LCIA was found as 6.19±1.65 cm; in angle measurements of right and left CIA with the abdominal aorta (AA), mean RCIA was found as 23.3±9.84° and mean LCIA was found as 19.66±9.18°. While a significant difference was found between genders in terms of diameter values (p0.05). In terms of correlations with age, correlation was found in diameter values of both sides and RCIA angle. It is thought that morphometric measurements of the common iliac arteries will contribute to interventional radiologists, vascular surgeons and the literature. [Med-Science 2023; 12(4.000): 1030-5]

Abstract Background Biofeedback may alter the biomechanics of lower extremities in patients with chronic ankle instability (CAI). We aimed to systematically review the literature on the effect of gait-training and biofeedback on biomechanical parameters in individuals with CAI and conduct a meta-analysis. Methods We searched four databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Embase from their inception through 30th June 2022. The Downs and Black appraisal scale was applied to assess quality of included studies. Two reviewers screened studies to identify those reporting the effect of biofeedback on biomechanical factors associated with CAI. Outcomes of interest were kinetics and kinematics. Two authors separately extracted data from included studies. Data of interest were study design, number of sessions, intervention, tools, outcomes, number, sex, age, height, and body mass of participants. Results Thirteen studies with a total of 226 participants were included. Biofeedback was capable of shifting center of pressure (COP) and lateral plantar pressure medially and reducing foot inversion, adduction, propulsive vertical ground reaction force (vGRF), ankle joint contact force, peak pressure and pressure time integral in the lateral mid-foot and forefoot. Auditory biofeedback had agreater impact on modifying plantar pressure in individuals with CAI. The meta-analyses revealed that visual biofeedback reduces peak pressure in lateral mid-foot and pressure time integral at lateral and medial heel and pressure increases under the hallux. Conclusion Biofeedback can alter pressure, vGRF, and foot inversion associated with CAI. Auditory biofeedback had greater impact on modifying plantar pressure in individuals with CAI. Further studies are required to assess the prolonged effect and clinical consequences of biofeedback or a combination of feedback on CAI in different age groups. Moreover, developing a low-cost and user-friendly device that can be evaluated in high quality RCTs is important prior to implementing the intervention in the clinical setting to reduce symptoms of CAI.

Background/aimsTo assess the accuracy of real-time telemedicine to diagnose and manage paediatric eye conditions.MethodsDesign: Prospective, non-inferiority study analysing agreement in diagnoses and management plans between telemedicine and in-person examinations. Setting: Paediatric ophthalmology clinic. Population: Children 0-17 years, English-speaking or Spanish-speaking, able to participate in age-appropriate manner, either previously seen by the optometrist and required ophthalmology referral or newly referred from outside source. Procedures: Paediatric optometrist conducted examinations using digital equipment and streamed live to a paediatric ophthalmologist who recorded diagnoses and management plans, then re-examined patients in-person. Subjects were masked to the fact they would see the ophthalmologist in-person, same-day. Main outcome measures: Discrepancy in management plan or diagnosis between telemedicine and in-person examinations. Non-inferiority threshold was

The aim of this study was to quantify the orientation of breast masses and determine whether it can enhance the utility of a not parallel orientation in predicting breast mass malignancy. A total of 15,746 subjects who underwent breast ultrasound examinations were initially enrolled in the study. Further evaluation was performed on subjects with solid breast masses (≤ 5 cm) intended for surgical resection and/or biopsy. The orientation angle, defined as the acute angle between the align of the maximal longitudinal diameter of the breast mass and the surface of the breast skin, was measured. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was conducted, and various performance measures including sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, accuracy, odds ratio, and the area under the ROC curve (AUC) were calculated. Multivariate analysis was performed to determine if the orientation angle was an independent predictor of breast malignancy. Decision curve analysis (DCA) was also conducted to assess the net benefit of adopting the orientation angle for predicting breast mass malignancy. The final analysis included 83 subjects with breast cancer and 135 subjects with benign masses. The intra-group correlation coefficient for the measurement of the orientation angle of breast masses was 0.986 (P = 0.001), indicating high reproducibility. The orientation angles of malignant and benign breast masses were 36.51 ± 14.90 (range: 10.7–88.6) degrees and 15.28 ± 8.40 (range: 0.0–58.7) degrees, respectively, and there was a significant difference between them (P < 0.001). The cutoff value for the orientation angle was determined to be 22.9°. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, accuracy, odds ratio, and AUC for the prediction of breast malignancy using the orientation angle were 88.0%, 87.4%, 81.1%, 92.2%, 87.6%, 50.67%, and 0.925%, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that the orientation angle (> 22.9°), not circumscribed margin, and calcifications of the breast mass were independent factors predicting breast malignancy. The net benefit of adopting the orientation angle for predicting breast malignancy was 0.303. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that quantifying the orientation angle of breast masses is useful in predicting breast malignancy, as it demonstrates high sensitivity, specificity, AUC, and standardized net benefit. It optimizes the utility of the not parallel orientation in assessing breast mass malignancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Security in wireless sensor network (WSN) is an important approach in the present context as data breaching is becoming more. The data to be routed from source to destination needs more security as WSN has no specific security approach by default. This paper proposes trust based security in WSN using approach. The secure line is drawn from head node to its cluster end point called as angle to provide the security to the nodes which are transferring the data to the head node. Secure line becomes the trust worth line where mobile agent migrates to all the corresponding nodes which are along or near to the secure lines, collects the data and encrypt them. Finally, the data is sent to sink node from head node using a secure path. The agent paradigm is responsible for creating the angle from head node to cluster boundary. Multiple angles can be created if numbers of nodes are more and deployed at different locations. The result shows that the security provided is much better to combat the intruder involvement to breach data along with better network lifetime and minimum delay than compare to conventional techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the electrical calculations of four 1 MW Solar Power Plants (SPPs) located in four different directions, established in Samsun (41° 17′ 25″ North, 36° 20′ 1″ East) province, Turkey, were analyzed and compared in terms of various parameters. Daily production data obtained from real SPPs for the years 2021 and 2022 are used in this study. This way, a comprehensive data source was obtained for four directions. Values such as temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, panel direction, panel angle, and pollution were recorded daily and monthly. It has been observed that the factors affecting the production values in the months when the irradiance values decreased were climatic effects. It has been determined that in cases where the main factor is lack of radiation, the sun starts to fall on September 23, which is the angle of arrival to the Earth, and rises on March 21. The situation recorded between these dates is that the production differences between the west and the east did not show any variation. Production differences varied between 30 and 55% between the north and south directions. The most apparent months of the difference are December and January, when the sun's rays are most oblique to the northern hemisphere. The feasibility study of the installation of SPPs for the climate of the Black Sea region in Turkey according to different roof aspects was also carried out prospectively, and the reactions to possible natural events were reported as recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examined two groups of Bulgarian Rhodopean Cattle with differing genotypes, focusing on their hoof horn qualities and analyzing the effects of both internal and external factors on these traits. Employing a blend of visual, metric, anatomical, and topographical techniques, the research measured various aspects of the cows' hooves, including length, width, overall width, height, and the angle of the hooves on both the front and back legs. These measurements were taken during periods when the cows were housed in barns and while grazing in pastures. The study also calculated the hoof's weight-bearing surface in square centimeters and the ratio of the cow's live weight per unit area of this weight-bearing surface. Results indicated that for both genotypes, cows grazing in pastures had a higher weight-bearing area relative to their live weight. The research highlights the importance of cow mobility for their health, productivity, and longevity. A key finding is that the even growth of the hoof horn, which is crucial for the animal's well-being, depends on how the body weight is distributed across the limbs. Additionally, variations in hoof growth throughout different seasons were noted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Augmented reality (AR) is gaining popularity in medical applications, which may aid clinicians in achieving improved clinical outcomes. The purpose of this study was to determine the positional and angle errors of orthodontic miniscrew placement by using a self-developed AR aided system. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and patient printed models were used in in vitro experiments. The participants were divided into a control group and an AR group, in which traditional orthodontic methods and the AR-aided system were used respectively. After the information obtained from the CBCT images and navigation system was combined on the display device, the AR-aided system indicated the planned miniscrew position to guide the clinicians during the placement of miniscrews. Both methods were compared by a senior and a junior dentist, and the position and angle of miniscrew placement were statistically analyzed using Wilcoxon's signed-rank and Mann–Whitney U tests. When the AR-aided system was used, the accuracy of miniscrew placement in the mesiodistal position considerably increased (83%) when the procedure was performed by a senior clinician. In addition, the accuracy of miniscrew placement in the mesiodistal position and the angle of miniscrew placement considerably increased by approximately 67% and 72%, respectively, when the procedure was performed by a junior clinician. The position error of miniscrew placement was smaller for the junior clinician when the AR-aided system was used than for the senior clinician. The AR-aided system improved the accuracy of miniscrew placement regardless of the clinician's level of experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bolted connections have become the most widely used connection method in steel structures. Over the long-term service of the bolts, loosening damage and other defects will inevitably occur due to various factors. To ensure the stability of bolted connections, an efficient and precise method for identifying loosened bolts in a given structure is proposed based on computer vision technology. The main idea of this method is to combine deep learning with image processing techniques to recognize and label the loosening angle from bolt connection images. A rectangular steel plate was taken as the test research object, and three grade 4.8 ordinary bolts were selected for study. The analysis was conducted under two conditions: manual loosening and simulated loosening. The results showed that the method proposed in this article could accurately locate the position of the bolts and identify the loosening angle, with an error value of about ±0.1°, which proves the accuracy and feasibility of this method, meeting the needs of structural health monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Biofeedback may alter the biomechanics of lower extremities in patients with chronic ankle instability (CAI). We aimed to systematically review the literature on the effect of gait-training and biofeedback on biomechanical parameters in individuals with CAI and conduct a meta-analysis. Methods: We searched four databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Embase from their inception through 30th June 2022. The Downs and Black appraisal scale was applied to assess quality of included studies. Two reviewers screened studies to identify those reporting the effect of biofeedback on biomechanical factors associated with CAI. Outcomes of interest were kinetics and kinematics. Two authors separately extracted data from included studies. Data of interest were study design, number of sessions, intervention, tools, outcomes, number, sex, age, height, and body mass of participants. Results: Thirteen studies with a total of 226 participants were included. Biofeedback was capable of shifting center of pressure (COP) and lateral plantar pressure medially and reducing foot inversion, adduction, propulsive vertical ground reaction force (vGRF), ankle joint contact force, peak pressure and pressure time integral in the lateral mid-foot and forefoot. Auditory biofeedback had agreater impact on modifying plantar pressure in individuals with CAI. The meta-analyses revealed that visual biofeedback reduces peak pressure in lateral mid-foot and pressure time integral at lateral and medial heel and pressure increases under the hallux. Conclusion: Biofeedback can alter pressure, vGRF, and foot inversion associated with CAI. Auditory biofeedback had greater impact on modifying plantar pressure in individuals with CAI. Further studies are required to assess the prolonged effect and clinical consequences of biofeedback or a combination of feedback on CAI in different age groups. Moreover, developing a low-cost and user-friendly device that can be evaluated in high quality RCTs is important prior to implementing the intervention in the clinical setting to reduce symptoms of CAI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a good treatment for end-stage knee osteoarthritis (KOA). Approximately 60% of the patients are females, and 40% are males. This study analyzed pre- and postoperative angle differences in the range of motion (ROM), and the occurrence of complications with traditional posterior stabilization versus kinematic TKA in relation to gender. Methods: Data from 434 patients with primary cemented total knee arthroplasty from 2018 to 2021 were collected. Alpha and beta angles were determined pre- and postsurgery. The ROM was collected pre- and postoperatively and during follow-up. Additionally, perioperative complications, revision rate, and blood transfusion management were investigated. Results: The pre- and postoperative alpha-angle between men and women was significantly different, as was the level of alpha-angle correction between men and women (p = 0.001; p = 0.003). Same-gender differences in pre- to postoperative alpha-angles between traditional and kinematic TKA were shown (women (w): p = 0.001; men (m); p = 0.042). High postoperative alpha angles led to less ROM in traditional TKA for women (p = 0.008). No significant gender differences in ROM, perioperative complications, or revision surgery and transfusion rates were found. Conclusion: Despite high gender differences in pre- and postoperative angles, only female patients with traditional arthroplasty and high postoperative alpha angles showed less ROM in the follow-up. This leads to the assumption that gender-related pre- and postoperative angle differences, and the degree of angle correction, do not influence the ROM or perioperative occurrence of complications. Both designs present safe procedures for both genders with a wide spectrum of axis deformities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most of the pollution of dams, lakes and even coastal water is related to their upstream bed. When floods and drifts occur, the pollutants in the bed are carried into these bodies of water. There are several factors that influence the rate at which these pollutants are emitted. Among these factors, the material and slope of the bed play a crucial role, yet they have not been thoroughly investigated until now. Therefore, this study aims to model this phenomenon and examine the aforementioned parameters using a Lagrangian numerical method. The numerical method developed is the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH). The flow consists of two phases, one phase is considered a Newtonian fluid while the other phase is considered a non-Newtonian fluid. Due to the momentum of the fluid and the sharp changes in the flow, turbulent flow is assumed, and by approximating and calculating the turbulent viscosity, its effects are considered in the modeling. In addition to the fluid motion equations, the concentration equation is also solved to calculate the emission rate. After validating the computational code, nine different cases are modeled and evaluated based on the bed material and the slope of the bed. The results show that the change in each of these parameters has a significant effect on the emission of pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]