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Introduction Circadian rhythm disturbance is a common feature of many psychiatric disorders. Light is the primary input to the circadian clock, with daytime light strengthening rhythms and night light disrupting them. Therefore, habitual light exposure may represent an environmental risk factor for susceptibility to psychiatric disorders. Methods We performed the largest to-date cross-sectional analysis of light, sleep, physical activity, and mental health in participants from the UK Biobank actigraphy cohort (n = 86,772 adults; aged 62.4 ± 7.4 years; 57% women). We examined the independent association of day and night light exposure intensity with covariate-adjusted risk for psychiatric disorders and self-harm. Results Greater night light exposure was associated with increased risk for major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, PTSD, psychosis, bipolar disorder, and self-harm. Independent of night light, greater day light exposure was associated with reduced risk for major depressive disorder, PTSD, psychosis, and self-harm. These findings were robust to adjustment for sociodemographics, photoperiod, physical activity, and sleep quality. Conclusion Our findings demonstrate that low day light and bright night light exposure are associated with a wide range of psychiatric outcomes. Avoiding light at night and seeking light during the day may be a simple and effective, non-pharmacological means of broadly improving mental health. Support (if any)

Introduction The aim of this teaching review was to obtain feedback from graduates of the Orthodontic Therapy course from the School of Dental Science, Trinity College Dublin, which was established in 2014. Materials and methods A focus group, comprising of one to two graduates from each of the five years of the orthodontic therapy course, convened to obtain feedback. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the feedback transcribed from the focus group. Results Multiple themes emerged including enthusiasm, commitment, educational support, peer support and satisfaction. The graduates found the course challenging but very rewarding, helped by support from the university, mentors and peers. Satisfaction was very high from all participants with 100% reporting they would recommend the course. Suggestions emerged regarding the delivery of specific didactic components of the course and increased engagement with the specialist orthodontic mentors to ensure teaching is standardised for all trainees. Conclusion The course is rated very highly by the graduates and completion of this training has had a positive impact on their job satisfaction. Members of the focus group provided constructive feedback on the delivery of the course, which will contribute to its refinement for future trainees.

Attentional lapses are ubiquitous and can negatively impact performance. They correlate with mind wandering, or thoughts that are unrelated to ongoing tasks and environmental demands. In other cases, the stream of consciousness itself comes to a halt and the mind goes blank. What happens in the brain that leads to these mental states? To understand the neural mechanisms underlying attentional lapses, we cross-analyzed the behavior, subjective experience and neural activity of healthy participants performing a task. Random interruptions prompted participants to indicate whether they were task-focused, mind-wandering or mind-blanking. High-density electroencephalography revealed the occurrence of spatially and temporally localized sleep-like patterns of neural activity. This “local sleep” accompanied behavioral markers of lapses and preceded reports of mind wandering and mind blanking. Furthermore, the location of local sleep distinguished sluggish versus impulsive behaviors, mind wandering versus mind blanking. Despite contrasting cognitive profiles, attentional lapses could share a common physiological origin: the appearance of local islets of sleep within the awake brain.

To investigate the inter-examiner variability of contact point displacement measurements (used to calculate the overall Little's Irregularity Index (LII) score) from digital models of the maxillary arch by four independent examiners.Maxillary orthodontic pre-treatment study models of ten patients were scanned using the Lava(tm) Chairside Oral Scanner (LCOS) and 3D digital models were created using Creo(®) computer aided design (CAD) software. Four independent examiners measured the contact point displacements of the anterior maxillary teeth using the software. Measurements were recorded randomly on three separate occasions by the examiners and the measurements (n=600) obtained were analysed using correlation analyses and analyses of variance (ANOVA).LII contact point displacement measurements for the maxillary arch were reproducible for inter-examiner assessment when using the digital method and were highly correlated between examiner pairs for contact point displacement measurements2mm. The digital measurement technique showed poor correlation for smaller contact point displacement measurements (2mm) for repeated measurements. The coefficient of variation (CoV) of the digital contact point displacement measurements highlighted 348 of the 600 measurements differed by more than 20% of the mean compared with 516 of 600 for the same measurements performed using the conventional LII measurement technique.Although the inter-examiner variability of LII contact point displacement measurements on the maxillary arch was reduced using the digital compared with the conventional LII measurement methodology, neither method was considered appropriate for orthodontic research purposes particularly when measuring small contact point displacements.

To compare contact point displacement measurements, used to determine the Little's Irregularity Index (LII) score on study casts and digital models of study casts by an independent examiner.The contact point displacement measurements of the six maxillary anterior labial teeth were measured on ten study casts using digital callipers and their associated digital models using Creo Parametric software on five occasions following scanning using a LAVA Chairside Oral Scanner (LCOS) three-dimensional (3D) intra oral scanner. Means, standard deviations and coefficients of variation (CoV) were determined, data analyses (Pearson's correlation coefficients (PCCs) and Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs)) and statistical analyses (three and two-way analyses of variance (ANOVAs) and Independent Sample Student's t-tests) were carried out (p0.05).Significant positive correlations for the contact point displacement measurements were evident between all measurement time points for the study casts (r0.978; p0.0001 and ICC0.910; p0.0001) and the digital models (r0.963; p0.0001 and ICC0.986; p0.0001). The CoV results showed that the contact point displacement measurement data from the digital models was more reproducible than the study casts. Of the 50 Independent Sample Student's t-tests, 21 significant increases (p0.042) were reported in contact point displacement measurements2.9 mm for the digital models compared with the study casts.The use of 3D digital models can improve the reliability of LII measurements by reducing the subjectivity associated with choosing the anatomic tooth contact points and the awkwardness of measuring the contact point displacements on study casts using a cumbersome calliper technique.Intra-examiner variability in the measurement of LII is still evident with digital models suggesting that either improved software specifically aimed at the orthodontic community be identified or a new method for measuring anterior incisor crowding be sought.