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To study and isolate lung cells by flow cytometry, enzymatic digestion and generation of single cell suspensions is required. This significantly influences expression of cellular epitopes and protocols need to be adapted for the best isolation and subsequent analysis of specific cellular subsets.We optimized protocols for the simultaneous isolation and characterization of specific human and murine lung cell types. For alveolar epithelial cells (AEC), a primarily dispase based digestion method and for leukocytes, a primarily collagenase based technique was adapted. Protocols were applied in parallel in either single experimental mice or human lung specimens.Optimized dispase/DNase digestion yielded a high percentage of Epcam+CD45-CD31- AEC as assessed by flow cytometry. Epcam+CD45-CD3-CD11b-CD11c-CD16/32-CD19-CD31-F4/80- AEC were readily sortable with high purity and typical morphology and function upon in vitro stimulation with lipopolysaccharide or respiratory-syncytial-virus (RSV) infection. To analyze lung leukocytes, specimens were digested with an adapted collagenase/DNase protocol yielding high percentages of viable leukocytes with typical morphology, function, and preserved subset specific leukocyte markers. Both protocols could be applied simultaneously in a single experimental mouse post mortem. Application of both digestion methods in primary human lung specimens yielded similar results with high proportions of Epcam+CD45- human AEC after dispase/DNase digestion and preservation of human T cell epitopes after collagenase/DNase digestion.The here described protocols were optimized for the simple and efficient isolation of murine and human lung cells. In contrast to previously described techniques, they permit simultaneous in-depth characterization of pulmonary epithelial cells and leukocyte subsets such as T helper, cytotoxic T, and B cells from one sample. As such, they may help to comprehensively and sustainably characterize murine and human lung specimens and facilitate studies on the role of lung immune cells in different respiratory pathologies.

Background Biliary atresia (BA) is the most common indication for liver transplantation in children. The experimental model of BA, induced by rotavirus infection in neonatal mice, has been widely used to investigate the inflammatory aspects of this disease. We investigated the kinetics and the localization of the viral infection in this murine model. Methods In this study 399 animals were employed for a detailed investigation of rhesus rotavirus (RRV)-induced BA. RRV kinetics was analyzed by rtPCR and its (sub) cellular localization investigated using whole mounts which were further processed for confocal and electron microscopy. Results The BA mouse model resulted in up to 100% induction of atresia following RRV injection. The kinetics of RRV infection differed between liver and extrahepatic bile ducts. While the virus peak up to day 10 postinfection was similar in both organs, the virus remained detectable in extrahepatic bile duct cells up to day 21. Interestingly, RRV particles were localized not only in cholangiocytes but also in cells of the subepithelial layers, potentially macrophages. Conclusions RRV remains present in the extrahepatic bile duct cells after an initial virus peak. Viral particles were detected in subepithelial cells in contrast to the described tropism toward cholangiocytes.

Background & Aims Biliary atresia (BA) is a rare disease in infants, with unknown mechanisms of pathogenesis. It is characterized by hepatobiliary inflammatory, progressive destruction of the biliary system leading to liver fibrosis, and deterioration of liver function. Interleukin (IL) 17A promotes inflammatory and autoimmune processes. We studied the role of IL17A and cells that produce this cytokine in a mouse model of BA and in hepatic biopsy samples from infants with BA. Methods We obtained peripheral blood and liver tissue specimens from 20 patients with BA, collected at the time of Kasai portoenterostomy, along with liver biopsies from infants without BA (controls). The tissue samples were analyzed by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), in situ PCR, and flow cytometry analyses. BA was induced in balb/cAnNCrl mice by rhesus rotavirus infection; uninfected mice were used as controls. Liver tissues were collected from mice and analyzed histologically and by reverse transcriptase PCR; leukocytes were isolated, stimulated, and analyzed by flow cytometry and PCR analyses. Some mice were given 3 intraperitoneal injections of a monoclonal antibody against IL17 or an isotype antibody (control). Results Livers from rhesus rota virus−infected mice with BA had 7-fold more Il17a messenger RNA than control mice ( P = .02). γδ T cells were the exclusive source of IL17; no T-helper 17 cells were detected in livers of mice with BA. The increased number of IL17a-positive γδ T cells liver tissues of mice with BA was associated with increased levels of IL17A, IL17F, retinoid-orphan-receptor C, C-C chemokine receptor 6, and the IL23 receptor. Mice that were developing BA and given antibodies against IL17 had lower levels of liver inflammation and mean serum levels of bilirubin than mice receiving control antibodies (191 μmol/L vs 78 μmol/L, P = .002). Liver tissues from patients with BA had 4.6-fold higher levels of IL17 messenger RNA than control liver tissues ( P = .02). Conclusions In livers of mice with BA, γδ T cells produce IL17, which is required for inflammation and destruction of the biliary system. IL17 is up-regulated in liver tissues from patients with BA, compared with controls, and might serve as a therapeutic target.