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This is the source code for an Extended Reality application that supports several participants in resolving differences about their individual causal maps. Participants can have different views (2D / 3D), which are synchronized. This is archived as a Unity project. Networking is handled by Photon (PUN) and the application is intended for deployment on a Microsoft HoloLens 2.

This study was conducted in the Ilam district of Nepal to analyse resource use efficiency and economies of scale of ginger farming. A total of 160 farmers and 20 traders (collector, wholesaler and retailers) from the study area were randomly selected as the sample. The pre-tested systematic questionnaire, fitted in KoBo Toolbox, was used to obtain the primary data through face to face household interviews. The production function of ginger farming was in increasing return to scale, with a score of 1.1356. The result showed that expenditure on seed and labour was over utilised. Except for these two, other inputs of ginger farming were underutilised. Economies of scale for ginger production was 44 quintal in production quantity and 5.68 ropani (1 hectare=19.66 ropani) in area. To obtain economies of scale, ginger production and size must be increased by around double the present context. The study concluded that to increase the profitability of ginger farming, resources must be utilised in optimum conditions, and production scale must be increased.

This study was carried in Nepalgunj Sub-Metropolitan City, Nepal to understand awareness of consumers’ about organic product, consumers’ willingness to pay for organic products and socio-economic factors affecting their decision of willingness to pay for consumption of organic goods. Total of 200 respondents were selected as sample population. Among total respondents, 85.5% of respondent were aware about organic products, among which only 53% respondents were well informed about organic products and their importance. Out of 200 randomly selected respondents only 114 respondents were willing to pay addition cost or price premium for organic products. Among ten socioeconomic variables listed only seven variables found to be determinant of willingness to pay premium price for organic agricultural products, which are gender, occupation, income level and education of respondents, and awareness about chemical residue absence in organic agriculture products, perception of higher nutrition on organic products and awareness about health benefit from organic products. Result showed that income level and health consciousness are two most important determining factor. So, there is a need to find a way so that more and more people can be made aware about organic agricultural products and provide organic products at reasonable price premium.

Gastroduodenal artery (GDA) anomalies are a rare entity. Rupture of such anomalies can present with a diagnostic challenge. In this report, we describe a case of ruptured pseudoaneurysm of an anomalous GDA arising directly from the aorta presenting with recurrent abdominal pain and anemia. The diagnosis was made on computed tomography scan which showed acute retroperitoneal fluid collection. Further angiographic intervention highlighted the anomalous GDA arising directly from the aorta.

This study was carried in Banke district trying to explain about what are the likely impacts of climate change on crop production, to what extent these influence crop productivity, how people are responding to them, and what the potential roles of the local government and other development partners are in adaptation efforts in vulnerable sectors in that area. Result showed that farmers perceived the climate change as change in rainfall pattern, rainfall duration, onset of monsoon, and changes in summer and winter hotness and coldness etc. Some farmers realized the change in climate and its impact on their usual farming practices. But, majority of farmers (57.88%) still doesn’t understand about climate change and how to deal with it. Main two problems farmers facing were delayed seed bed preparation and over aged seed transplantation due to delayed rainfall. Among them 79% of them has faced increased disease and pest infestation, 93.33% of them relies on pump for certain time or yearly irrigation, 72.2% of them said to faced decreasing production of rice which resulted in increased cost of production and lowered profit. With the changing climatic pattern there were changes in cropping pattern and cropping calendar along with crop varieties. Some peoples showed different adaption practices but mainly it was change in cropping calendar.

The study was conducted in several place of Chitwan, Nepal from where 90 representative farmers and 20 traders were selected randomly as sample. The farmers were categorized into small, medium and large farm based on land holding size. The finding showed average productivity was maximum in medium size farm. Total cost of banana cultivation per bigha (1.5 bigha = 1 hector) was NRs. 239031 (106 NRs. = $1) excluding land rent. The share of planting material was 12.66%, manure 13.55%, fertilizer 16.49%, micro-nutrient 2.59%, pesticides 10.54%, labor 19.48%, animal/ machine 19.23%, marketing & transport cost 2%, and miscellaneous 3.46%. The average return rate found to be highest in large farm and lowest in small farm. The average profit of banana cultivation found to be NRs. 131902.3 per bigha. The average benefit cost ratio was 1.55 in the study area. Producer–Collector–Wholesaler–Retailer–Consumer was the most prevalent marketing channel, through which 94.74% volume was traded. Disease and pest infestation was the major production problem and fluctuation in price for marketing. The average share of banana on annual income for farmers found to be 41.34 %, indicating commercial cultivation in study area.

This study was carried to understand socioeconomic factors affecting knowledge and adaption of climate change among farmers of Banke district, with the hope that knowledge about climate change and their adaption strategy can be targeted properly among farmers and their empowerment can be achieved. All the farmers from Bageshwori Village Development committee were the target population for this study. Ninety households were selected as sampling respondents for this study. The study showed that 42.22% of the respondents know about climate change. The study revealed that 35% of the respondents know about climate change through self-experiences by comparing the past and present events of climatic parameters. Local radio and social organization were the main source of their knowledge about climate change, covering share of 27% and 23% of the respondents’ means of knowledge. Age, gender and education of household head, contact to the extension workers, farming experience, presence of NGO/INGO and access to mass media found to be determinants of awareness of climate change with positive effect, except for household head age. Gender of household head, total annual income of family, farming experience, access to mass media, education of household head, farm size, presence of NGO/INGO and contact to extension workers were found to be determinants of climate change adoption. No decision is taken in vacuum, peoples’ surrounding, and experience surely affects. So, to move forward and achieve climate smart agriculture these socioeconomic factors should be accounted while planning and implementation of program, project or policies.

This study was carried in Banke district with the objective of understanding production and post-harvest activities, marketing and production problem of maize seed producer along with the decision making nature in seed producing households in comparison to non-seed producing households. A total of 65 households were randomly selected as sample which included 36 seed producer and 29 non-seed producing households. The average family size of the study population was 4.64 with 45.4% male and 54.6% female. Adoption of seed production found to be positively related with literacy and extension service. Local market was the largest source (67%) of seed implying poor facility from government agencies. Weeding activity and inspection of field by technician appeared to be very poor and seed testing also appeared inadequate. Lack of technical assistance found to be the most important problem of maize seed production with the index score of 0.77. Better technical support, supply of quality inputs and better irrigation facility appeared to be key for encouraging farmers in seed production. The study households showed male dominance in decision making but male dominance level found to be low in seed producer compared to non-seed producer households. Study showed that for encouraging maize seed producers and enhancing their production and profitability, extension program about business activity, input purchase, improved variety and involvement in training and workshops should be targeted more toward male while credit supply and information about efficient labor use should be prepared targeting both male and female.