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This research aims to contribute to depolluting textile effluents and limiting their toxicity to the health and environment. In this framework, x%Cu@FbHAp (copper-impregnated fishbone hydroxyapatite) catalyst was characterized by BET, XRD, pHpzc, FTIR, and SEM-EDX to be applied in the catalytic wet peroxide oxidation (CWPO) of the Brilliant Green (BG) cationic dye and the Methyl Orange (MeO) anionic dye. Contact of the x%Cu@FbHAp catalyst with hydrogen peroxide promotes free radicals responsible for oxidation rates of 91.5 % and 81.43 % for BG and MeO respectively under the following operating conditions: dye concentration (100 mg/L), catalyst dose (1 g/L), H2O2 concentration (0.049 M), copper content (1 %Cu@FbHAp), temperature (20 °C) and pH (6.8). These decolorization rates were further improved by Box Behnken response surface methodology applied to 1 %Cu@FbHAp to achieve 98.56 % and 99.28 % for BG and MeO respectively at 60 mg/L dye concentration, 0.0735 M H2O2 concentration, and 2 g/L catalyst dose. The CWPO process mechanism is essentially based on the action of the 1 % Cu@FbHAp catalyst for hydrogen peroxide decomposition into reactive hydroxyl radicals that attack the chemical bonds of organic dyes, leading to their decolorization. DFT calculations show that BG is more reactive than MeO, with a lower energy gap, higher electrophilicity, and lower chemical hardness. However, its ability to accept electrons is slightly lower than MeO’s. The high regeneration capacity (several cycles) and low cost ($0.062 L-1 estimated by Ishikawa approach) of hydroxyapatite-based catalytic materials are highly cost-effective for industrial applications and ecologically beneficial.

Catalytic reactivity performance is a significant challenge for catalytic wet peroxide oxidation (CWPO) technologies. Copper-impregnated eggshells (x%Cu@ES) were tested as a potential new low-cost catalyst to improve the CWPO process for the toxic dyes Congo Red (CR) and Crystal Violet (CV). The structure, morphology, and chemical composition of the x%Cu@ES catalyst were analyzed using FTIR, XRD, and SEM-EDX. Oxidative degradation of both dyes is enhanced by the presence of x%Cu@ES, which generates hydroxyl radicals in the reaction medium after contact with hydrogen peroxide. Decolorization rates according to the Box Behnken design are in the order of 99.88 % and 99.99 % for CR and CV respectively under the optimum conditions of 1 % copper content, 0.074 M H2O2 concentration, 60 mg L−1 dye concentration, and 2 g L−1 catalyst dose. After several regeneration cycles, the catalytic system's low metal release and constant catalytic activity proved the durability, stability, and viability of the 1%Cu@ES catalyst for dye degradation in CWPO. In addition to being environmentally friendly, the 1%Cu@ES catalyst material is highly economical for industrial application, costing around 0.061$ L−1 for the oxidation process in water.

The removal of pollutants from tannery wastewaters, which is renowned for its substantial volumes, intricate composition, and considerable hazards to human health and the environment, is a prominent research area in the field of water treatment. The aim of this study is to employ a bio-coagulant derived from Parkinsonia aculeata seeds and a bio-flocculant derived from Hibiscus esculentus to minimise the concentration of pollutants in the combined wastewater originating from tanneries. In the course of the research, a thorough physicochemical analysis of the coagulating and flocculating agents, Parkinsonia aculeata (PA) and Hibiscus esculentus (HE), was performed using techniques such as XRD (X-ray diffraction), FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy), and SEM-EDS (scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy). This analysis aimed to determine the composition and characteristics of these biomasses. Subsequently, a comprehensive overview was conducted to summarize the various factors that influence the treatment of tannery wastewater through coagulation/flocculation. This was accomplished by manipulating the target factors and observing their impact on the removal of specific physicochemical parameters such as chemical oxygen demand (COD), electrical conductivity (EC), total chromium (Cr) and Optical density (OD). The variables that were established include pH, dosage of coagulant and flocculant, as well as the speed and duration of agitation in both the fast and slow mixing stages. The experiments were carried out while taking into account the optimal parameters, leading to the near-complete removal of all analyzed pollutants. The optimal requirements for the Parkinsonia aculeata-Hibiscus esculentus Coagulation Flocculation System involve adjusting the pH to 8, choosing concentrations of approximately 1.25 g L−1 and 0.6 g L−1 for the coagulant and flocculant respectively, maintaining a fast speed of 170 rpm for 3 min while keeping the slow agitation at around 30 rpm for 20 min. The removal rates achieved after treating tannery wastewater using the PA-HE coagulant-flocculant combination demonstrate high efficacy, with values reaching approximately 100% for TSS, 98.71% for BOD5, 99.93% for COD, 98.88% for NH4+, 98.21% for NO3−, 90.32% for NO2−, 93.13% for SO42−, 95.44% for PO43−, 96.08% for OD and 60% for total chromium. These results indicate the successful removal of a wide range of pollutants from tannery wastewater through the PA-HE treatment method. In predicting the CF treatment approach, PCA has been employed to preprocess the input data and determine the key variables that impact the process. This can streamline the modeling process and enhance the precision of the predictions.

Industrial textile discharges are widespread causes of water pollution that threaten the ecosystem and health. This research paper focuses on the removal of the two toxic dyes methylene blue (MB) and crystal violet (CV) by muscovite clay (Mus-C) while studying the selectivity, sensitivity, and different possible interactions to understand the adsorption mechanism. The Mus-C material was characterized by several instrumental techniques including XRD, FTIR, SEM-EDX, TGA/DTA, pHpzc, and Boehm surface functions. The high efficiency of muscovite clay is reflected by the high adsorption rates of MB and CV dyes which are about 98.25% and 99.7% respectively, under 25 °C, pH = 6, dye concentration 70 mg L−1, and adsorbent dose 1.5 g L−1. The kinetics and isotherm of adsorption of MB and CV on Mus-C follow pseudo-second-order and Langmuir models with monolayer adsorption capacities of 66.95 mg g−1 and 69.54 mg g−1 respectively. The thermodynamic characteristics demonstrate that the process is spontaneous, physical, and endothermic. The MB and CV adsorption rate values predicted by the response surface approach were consistent with the experimental values which are in the order of 99.98% and 99.89% respectively. The performance of the Mus-C material according to the tomato bean germination test and its high regeneration capacity in several cycles shows that the adsorption process is a promising and effective technology in the treatment of complex wastewater.

Objective: Urolithiasis disease is a severe pathology causing painful bleeding in patients and can lead to kidney failure. Current treatments are limited, expensive, invasive with side effects and requires new alternatives, especially those based on natural products. This work aimed to determine the in vivo antilithiasis effect of hydroalcoholic extract (E.PG) and infusion (I.PG) of the Punica granatum L. plant, as well as their antibacterial capacity against the strains responsible of urinary tract infection such as: E. coli, P. Mirabilis, K. pneumoniae and S. Aureus. Methods: A curative protocol was followed, which consisted of inducing calcium oxalate lithiasis in rats by ethylene glycol (75%) and ammonium chloride (1%) solutions. After 15 days of oxalocalcic lithiasis induction, plant extracts were administered to rats at two different doses (200 and 400 mg/kg/day), with potassium citrate (Cit.K) used as a positive control. Water intake, urine volume, pH and body weight were measured with crystalluria and histopathological examinations of the kidneys performed. The antibacterial activity was studied by the disk diffusion method and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method. The checkerboard technique was used to determine the interactions between the two extracts. Results: The results found show a significant effectiveness of the Punica granatum L. extracts, especially the infusion in preventing the formation, development and calcium oxalate crystals deposition. In fact, crystalluria revealed an important diuresis with the presence of a very low crystals number (

Urolithiasis is the most painful and frequent urological disease of the urinary tract. This study is the first in Morocco that aimed to determine the relationship between the urinary stone's composition and the biochemical analysis of blood and daily urine.A total of 154 urinary stones from lithiasis patients was collected between December 2009 and July 2015 at the Hassan II University Hospital in Fez-Morocco. The stones were analysed morphologically and chemically, blood and urine biochemical parameters were established and the relationship between these latter and the stones composition was determined.The stones analysis shows that more than 63% of stones are calcium oxalate, infection stones were more common in patients under 16 years of age. Twenty-two percent of patients had a higher creatinine level and 13% of them had hypercalciuria. However, uric acid stone (UA) patient's group were older than those of whewellite (Wh) group (p = 0.004). The blood creatinine level was significantly high in the UA and weddellite (Wd) groups (p = 0.032), and a significant difference between the two groups, Wh and Wd, for the Calciuria/Creatininuria ratio (p = 0.032). The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed a correlation between 24-hour uricuria, 24-hour urine, 24-hour diuresis, 24-hour creatinine, and natriuresis on the one hand, and with calciuria, 24-hour calciuria and BMI on the other hand.These results show the probable effect of different biochemical parameters of urine and blood in certain stones types formation, and presents a contribution to understand the urolithiasis risk factors in order to limit the recurrence of kidney stones and long-term complications

Urinary stone formation is one of the oldest and most widespread diseases known to man. The disease has a multifactorial etiology that includes anatomic, environmental, genetic, infectious, metabolic, nutritional, and most importantly socio-economic factors. It is caused by a biochemical imbalance in urine between stone-forming inhibitors and promotors in a process known as lithogenesis. The mechanisms underlying the formation and development of urinary stones are not fully understood, but it can be said that they generally begin by increased urinary supersaturation of lithiasis promoters in the urine, followed by nucleation and aggregation. Subsequently, the crystals combine with other crystals in solution to form agglomerates that accumulate in the kidney. Free radical-mediated oxalate-induced renal membrane damage promotes crystal retention at the surface of the renal papilla, as well as crystal nucleation at lower supersaturation levels. In addition, stone type identification is of great interest in guiding the physician to an effective diagnosis, which allows to determine the causes in order to treat the disease and prevent recurrence. In this context, this present study reviews current knowledge on the pathophysiological aspects of kidney stone formation as well as the type of stones.

In Morocco, the thermo-mineral water of Sidi Hrazem (SH) is widely used to eliminate kidney stones. In fact, no affirmative study has investigated the ability of mineral water to dissolve any type of urinary calculi. The current study investigated the in vitro anti-urolithiatic activity of Sidi Hrazem mineral water against calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) calculi. In this respect, 15 small fragments of calcium oxalate monohydrate stones were randomly divided into five groups. The first and second groups were exposed to distilled water and Cystone ® (1g/L) respectively. The third and fourth groups were put in contact with the water of the upper source fountain and the lower source, respectively. The last group was placed in Sidi Hrazem marketed water. The dissolution capacity was evaluated by calculating the stones’ percentage dissolution after a stay in the experimental medium for eight weeks. The two fountains of SH mineral water showed a significant reduction of stone masses. Moreover, the upper source (SHU) and the lower source (SHL) fountains have been able to reduce the masses of calculi with a percentage dissolution of 26.94 % and 24.41 %, respectively. Negative and positive control groups showed a percentage dissolution of 12% and 40.96 %, respectively. Observation, at the mesoscopic scale, revealed a difference in the texture of the surface. Sidi Hrazem mineral water is capable of dissolving calcium oxalate stones. In effect, to complete this study and confirm its results, it is necessary to conduct laboratory analysis on this water to detect the factor responsible for its actions towards this type of gravel or other types of stones.

The end of the year 2019 was marked by the introduction of a third highly pathogenic coronavirus, after SARS-CoV (2003) and MERS-CoV (2012), in the human population which was officially declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020. Indeed, the pandemic of COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 19) has evolved at an unprecedented rate: after its emergence in Wuhan, the capital of the province of Hubei of the People's Republic of China, in December 2019, the total number of confirmed cases did not cease growing very quickly in the world. In this manuscript, we have provided an overview of the impact of COVID-19 on health, and we have proposed different nutrients suitable for infected patients to boost their immune systems. On the other hand, we have described the advantages and disadvantages of COVID-19 on the environment including the quality of water, air, waste management, and energy consumption, as well as the impact of this pandemic on human psychology, the educational system, and the global economy. In addition, we have tried to come up with some solutions to counter the negative repercussions of the pandemic.

In the course of this project we were able to develop a wastewater treatment method, column filtration, which turned out to be effective, affordable, and easily implementable. We tested filtration/adsorption process on a mixture of three dyes, methylene blue (MB), crystal violet (CV), and methyl orange (MO) on a column 50 cm of height and 5 cm in diameter. The column material consisted of equal amounts of walnut shells powder (WSP), corn cob powder calcined (CCPC), and pyrophyllite (PY) was proved to be more efficient. The aim of the present study was to optimize and standardize the operational and experimental parameters of the column. A number of tests were carried out to do this by changing the particle size of the adsorbent materials, the percolation debit of the filtrate and the height of the filter bed. The examination by UV-visible spectrometry shows that the removal percentage by 99% was carried out by the diameter of 120 μm predominantly with percolation debit of the filtrate of 50 mL min−1 and the height of column bed of 4.5 cm. When the materials having macroscopic porous structure with a very small grain diameter were used, of small-sized dyes into the filtering medium without being trapped. On the other hand, it is noticed that the efficiency of the adsorption by filtration increases with the increase in the height of the filter bed and decreases with the increase of both the percolation debit and particle size of the adsorbents.

The plant Saussurea costus (Falc) Lipsch has many biological activities and a strong curative and preventive power against a variety of diseases including cancer, diabetes, and hemorrhoids. In the current study, phytochemical screening was carried out as well as an investigation of the antilithiatic and antioxidant activities of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of this plant. The results showed that aqueous and ethanolic extracts were effective in reducing cystine stone mass and that the aqueous extract of Saussurea costus (Falc) Lipsch had the highest percentage of dissolution (6.756 ± 1.024) (p < 0.05). A turbidimetric method and a crystallization test were used to evaluate the antilithiatic activity of an aqueous and ethanolic extract of this plant on calcium oxalate crystallization. The results of these methods revealed that the ethanolic extract of this plant has a significant inhibitory effect on calcium oxalate crystallization, with a percentage inhibition of (91.017 ± 0.299) (p < 0.05) for a concentration of 2 mg mL−1. The DPPH method revealed that the ethanolic extract of Saussurea costus (Falc) Lipsch with a concentration of (IC50 = 0.12325 mg mL−1) had the highest IC50, whereas the FRAP method revealed that the aqueous extract of Saussurea costus (Falc) Lipsch with a concentration of 300 µg mL−1 has the most significant reducing power with (OD = 0.56 ± 0.05). These findings indicate that aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Saussurea costus (Falc) Lipsch had a significant effect on whewellite and weddellite and a greater free radical scavenging effect but had no effect on cystine dissolution.

A wide range of biological properties and a potent therapeutic and prophylactic effect on chronic diseases are all present in Argania spinosa L. press cake. The aim of this research is to valorize the anticrystallization properties against calcium oxalate crystals of Argania spinosa L. press cake fractions and identify its bioactive components. Chemical species identification was performed using GC–MS analysis. The turbidimetric model was used to investigate crystallization inhibition in vitro. Infrared spectroscopy technique was used to characterize the synthesized crystals. Furthermore, both DPPH and FRAP methods were used to assess antioxidant activity. The results show that the fractions are equally important in crystallization inhibition percentages of calcium oxalate crystals. For saponin and polyphenol fractions, the inhibition percentages are in the orders of 83.49% and 82.83%, respectively. The results of the antioxidant activity by DPPH method show that the two fractions are equally important in the elimination of free radicals; the inhibition percentages were 77.87 ± 4.21 and 89.92 ± 1.39 for both polyphenols and saponins, respectively. FRAP method showed that the absorbance increases proportionally with concentration, and the absorbance are almost similar for both fractions and reach maximum values in the orders of 0.52 ± 0.07 and 0.42 ± 0.03, respectively, for saponins and polyphenols. These findings demonstrate that both fractions are rich in bioactive chemicals and have an anticrystallization capacity, allowing them to be employed for the curative and prophylactic effects against urolithiasis.

Ethnobotanical studies have reported the traditional medicinal uses of Acacia senegal (L.) Willd. and Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels against kidney stone formation and other chronic kidney diseases. The present work is undertaken to study the litholytic activity and the inhibiting activity of calcium oxalate crystallization by bioactive compounds identified in Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels press-cake (residue of Argan oil) and in Acacia senegal (L.) Willd. The litholytic activity was studied in vitro on cystine and uric acid stones using a porous bag and an Erlenmeyer glass. The study of the inhibiting activity of calcium oxalate crystallization, was based on temporal measurements of the optical density, registered at a 620 nm wavelength for 30 min using an ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometer. The silylation method was performed to identify phytochemicals, followed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrophotometry (GC/MS) analysis. The results show significant litholytic activity of Argania Spinosa press-cake hydro-ethanolic extract on uric acid and cystine stones, respectively, with dissolution rates (DR) of 86.38% and 60.42% versus 3.23% and 9.48% for the hydro-ethanolic extract of Acacia senegal exudate. Furthermore, the percentages of nucleation inhibition are 83.78% and 43.77% (p ˂ 0.05) for Argania spinosa and Acacia senegal, respectively. The results point to the detection of 17 phytochemicals in Argania spinosa press-cake extract, the majority of which are phenolic acids and have potent anti-urolithiatic action.

This study deals with the removal of residual pollutants from tanning wastewater by continuous adsorption mechanism, using local sand as a low-cost adsorbent. The possibility of pretreating a complex tannery effluent heavily loaded with a natural material such as sand is significant. The characterization of the adsorbent before and after continuous adsorption was performed by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Column studies were also carried out to evaluate the performance of the adsorbent and the efficiency of column adsorption. The adsorption kinetic rate seems to be strongly influenced by certain parameters such as the particle size of the material used, the withdrawal rate of the influent and the height of the adsorbent bed, and optimized parameters were found to be 63 μm, 15 ml·min−1, and 7 cm, respectively, and the color removal has achieved maximum values which vary between 95 and 100%. The results suggest that sand can be used as an economical adsorbent for the removal of color from the wastewater of the tanning industries.

Physicochemical and microbiological analyses of liquid hospital effluents have demonstrated that they are loaded with organic and inorganic pollutants then discharged into the sewerage networks without treatment. The aim of this study is to suggest an effective solution for their treatment. Column filtration is an adequate method to reduce the pollutant load which makes it possible to have a rate of abatement of 97% and 79% by filtering the pollutant material using sawdust of catia and red sawdust, respectively, with a filter bed height equal to 13 cm. Physicochemical parameters such as chemical oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand, nitrate, ammonia, phosphorus, electrical conductivity and the bacteriological parameters like fecal coliforms, Streptococci, and Staphylococci have been measured. The analysis of heavy metals displays compliance with the World Health Organization standards. The red sawdust and catia sawdust have been characterized by scanning electron microscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy.

This work is concerned with the study of the adsorption in aqueous medium of a three-dye mixture which contains Methylene Blue, Brilliant Green, and Congo Red on the pineapple bark. This adsorbent material has been characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The experimental design methodology, based on the response surface methodology (RSM) by the central composite design (CCD), has been applied for the optimization of the parameters, namely, the temperature, dose of the adsorbent, and pH. The yield reached 98.91% under optimal conditions (T = 30°C; adsorbent dose = 2.5 g·L−1; pH = 9.8) at an initial concentration of 20 mg·L−1.

The present study is focused on the experimental verification of the efficiency of Arbutus unedo L. leaves against the crystallization of calcium oxalate. The inhibition of crystallization has been studied in vitro with the absence and the presence of the different concentrations of the infusion and hydroalcoholic extract of the plant. This study consists of measuring, using a UV-Visible spectrophotometer, the temporal evolution of the optical density at λ = 620 nm corresponding to the crystals formation. The latter have been characterized by microscopic observation using an optical microscope, and by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). The results suggest a greater effectiveness of the plant infusion with respect to the hydroalcoholic extract against crystallization or nucleation at percentages of 69.41 ± 0.24 or 19.76 ± 0.27% and at 93.92 ± 2.61 and 45.16 ± 3.06% against the aggregation, for both the infusion and the hydroalcoholic extract respectively. A. unedo leaves is a very promising and effective remedy against the crystallization of calcium oxalate and especially in the aggregation stage.