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The aim of this study was to assess recovery, cell death, and cell composition of post-thaw cultured human islets. Cryopreserved islets were provided by the Clinical Islet Transplant Program, Edmonton, Canada. Islets were processed using media prepared in accordance with Pre-Edmonton and Edmonton protocols. Cryopreserved islets were rapidly thawed and cultured for 24 h, 3 d, 5 d, and 7 d, following which they were processed for histology. Islet quantification, integrity, morphology and tissue turnover were studied via hematoxylin and eosin stained sections. Ultrastructure was studied by electron microscopy and endocrine cell composition by immunohistochemistry. Using the Pre-Edmonton protocol, islet recovery was 50.1% and islet survival was 50% at 24 h while for the Edmonton protocol, the islet recovery was 69.4% (p

A city’s planning, design, and construction can have a profound influence on health, specifically on non-communicable diseases such as diabetes and obesity, which are often referred to as “diabesity.” This study describes the designs and methods to understand the relationship between food and physical activity environments on diabesity. Materials and Methods: This study was a community-based cross-sectional door-to-door survey conducted as part of a large National Institute of Health and Care Research-funded surveillance project. For this study, two wards in Chennai were selected randomly. In each ward, five community enumeration blocks were selected using systematic random sampling technique. A consecutive sampling approach was used to select the study participants. Two categories of data were collected: (1) health data and (2) built environment (BE) data. Health and lifestyle questionnaires, anthropometric, and biochemical data were collected from all the study participants. For categorizing BE, an online questionnaire was developed using the KoBo toolbox to collect information about food and physical activity environments, as well as geographic locations. Expected Outcome: This study is expected to reveal data on the relationship between food and physical activity environments and diabesity. It will help policy-makers to understand the importance of access to healthy foods and spaces for physical activity in prevention and control of diabesity. It can also enable community-based interventions to improve health outcomes and help urban planners to plan cities that promote active lifestyles for its residents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To examine (i) the retinal structure and function using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) and multifocal electroretinography (mfERG), respectively, in eyes with and without nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), (ii) and their interrelationship between retinal structure (OCTA) and function (mfERG) in the two groups independently. Methods: This was a prospective observational study. One hundred twenty-one eligible participants with type 2 diabetes with No DR (n = 89), or with mild or moderate NPDR (n = 32) underwent ophthalmic examination, ultrawide field-view fundus photography, OCTA, and mfERG. Group differences were assessed using a Mann-Whitney U test. Correlations were assessed using Spearman's rho. Results: There were no significant differences in OCTA measures between the two groups. The mfERG P1 implicit times (rings 1-6) were significantly delayed and P1 response densities in rings 5 and 6 were significantly lower in participants with NPDR compared to those with No DR. In those with No DR, P1 implicit times in almost all rings were delayed in relation to lower vessel density and perfusion (maximum variance noted was 13%). In individuals with NPDR, the P1 response density in rings 2 and 3 showed a positive nonsignificant correlation with macular perfusion. Conclusion: In those with diabetes with No DR, retinal neuronal function is influenced by lower macular vessel density and perfusion. The retinal neuronal function is abnormal in individuals with NPDR compared to those with No DR and is not correlated with OCT angiometric measures, suggesting the likelihood of a different retinal structural correlate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The rising prevalence of diabetes and obesity in India can be attributed, at least in part, to increasing levels of physical inactivity. However, there has been no nationwide survey in India on physical activity levels involving both the urban and rural areas in whole states of India. The aim of the present study was to assess physical activity patterns across India - as part of the Indian Council of Medical Research-India Diabetes (ICMR-INDIAB) study. Methods Phase 1 of the ICMR-INDIAB study was conducted in four regions of India (Tamilnadu, Maharashtra, Jharkhand and Chandigarh representing the south, west, east and north of India respectively) with a combined population of 213 million people. Physical activity was assessed using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) in 14227 individuals aged ≥ 20 years [urban- 4,173; rural- 10,054], selected from the above regions using a stratified multistage design. Results Of the 14227 individuals studied, 54.4% (n = 7737) were inactive (males: 41.7%), while 31.9% (n = 4537) (males: 58.3%) were active and 13.7% (n = 1953) (males: 61.3%) were highly active. Subjects were more inactive in urban, compared to rural, areas (65.0% vs. 50.0%; p < 0.001). Males were significantly more active than females (p < 0.001). Subjects in all four regions spent more active minutes at work than in the commuting and recreation domains. Absence of recreational activity was reported by 88.4%, 94.8%, 91.3% and 93.1% of the subjects in Chandigarh, Jharkhand, Maharashtra and Tamilnadu respectively. The percentage of individuals with no recreational activity increased with age (Trend χ2: 199.1, p < 0.001). Conclusions The study shows that a large percentage of people in India are inactive with fewer than 10% engaging in recreational physical activity. Therefore, urgent steps need to be initiated to promote physical activity to stem the twin epidemics of diabetes and obesity in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: The Diabetes Community Lifestyle Improvement Program (D-CLIP) was a lifestyle education program to prevent diabetes in South Asians with prediabetes. This paper examines the impact of the D-CLIP intervention on moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA).Methods: This randomized controlled trial to prevent diabetes included 573 individuals with prediabetes from Chennai, India. The intervention was designed to increase MVPA to ≥150 minutes per week. MVPA was measured by questionnaire at baseline, six, 12, 18, 24, 30 and 36 months of follow-up. Random effects models were used to examine the relationship between treatment group and odds of reporting ≥150 weekly minutes of MVPA and to examine the impact of the intervention on weekly MVPA.Results: With the exception of the proportion of respondents at baseline with a high waist circumference, selected sample characteristics did not differ at baseline between the intervention and control groups. The intervention significantly (p < 0.05) increased the proportion of respondents who reported ≥150 weekly minutes of MVPA by 28.5%, 13.6% and 14.0% at six, 12 and 18 months respectively. Mean minutes of weekly MVPA significantly (p < 0.05) increased by an additional 56.7, 34.3, 23.6 and 24.3 minutes/week at six, 12, 18, and 24 months, respectively.Conclusion: The D-CLIP intervention significantly increased MVPA at six, 12 and 18 months of follow-up. Interventions to prevent diabetes in South Asians with prediabetes can significantly increase MVPA in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although the rising pandemic of obesity has received major attention in many countries, the effects of this attention on trends and the disease burden of obesity remain uncertain., Methods: We analyzed data from 68.5 million persons to assess the trends in the prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adults between 1980 and 2015. Using the Global Burden of Disease study data and methods, we also quantified the burden of disease related to high body-mass index (BMI), according to age, sex, cause, and BMI in 195 countries between 1990 and 2015., Results: In 2015, a total of 107.7 million children and 603.7 million adults were obese. Since 1980, the prevalence of obesity has doubled in more than 70 countries and has continuously increased in most other countries. Although the prevalence of obesity among children has been lower than that among adults, the rate of increase in childhood obesity in many countries has been greater than the rate of increase in adult obesity. High BMI accounted for 4.0 million deaths globally, nearly 40% of which occurred in persons who were not obese. More than two thirds of deaths related to high BMI were due to cardiovascular disease. The disease burden related to high BMI has increased since 1990; however, the rate of this increase has been attenuated owing to decreases in underlying rates of death from cardiovascular disease., Conclusions: The rapid increase in the prevalence and disease burden of elevated BMI highlights the need for continued focus on surveillance of BMI and identification, implementation, and evaluation of evidence-based interventions to address this problem. (Funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.).

Background: With diabetes rates escalating globally, there is the need for a better integration of all aspects of diabetes care for improved population outcomes. An understanding, not only of regional but global literature on physical activity barriers and its facilitators is important if healthcare providers and policy makers are to create programs tailored to their populations., Objectives: Herein, we report the results of a narrative review of the global barriers and facilitators of physical activity for patients with diabetes mellitus., Methodology: An in-depth literature search was conducted to identify English-language studies that examined physical activity barriers and associated facilitators among patients with diabetes mellitus. Major electronic literature databases that were searched included Google Scholar, PubMed, Hub-Med, and Highwire., Results: Studies were available from Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, and, predominantly North America. A total of 34 predominantly internal barriers emerged globally. The most commonly reported were time constrains, fear of provoking additional disorders, exercise venue and weather related barriers. Facilitators of physical activity were reported for most of the internal barriers (e.g. time constraints, lack of knowledge etc) while the external barriers (e.g. weather, environmental pollution etc) received only a minimal attention., Conclusions: Globally, patients with diabetes are confronted with an enormous number of physical activity barriers. Unlike the robust solutions proffered for the internal barriers, the literature is largely silent about solutions to the external barriers, which though fewer, may be highly influential. Additional data is needed to better understand physical activity behaviors in populations outside of North America.