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The aim of the present study was to elucidate the effect of different parts (fruit, leaves, and seed) of papaya on thrombocytopenia. For the Purpose, the papaya fruit, leaves, and seeds were procured from Botanical Garden of University of Agriculture Faisalabad. Afterwards, the papaya fruit, leaves, and seeds were converted to powder followed by extraction of polyphenol with various solvents (aqueous ethanol and methanol). The obtained extracts were characterized for total flavonoid contents, polyphenols as well as anti,nutritional compounds, such as tannins and saponins. Moreover, efficacy trials were carried out to explore the effect of papaya parts (fruit, leaves, and seed) on the platelets count of potassium bromate-induced (PBI) rats. The PBI rats were fed with extract enriched diet for a time period of 56 days. Results showed that maximum extraction was obtained with ethanol. In addition, a higher bioactive profile (polyphenols) was observed in papaya leaves extract followed by fruit and seed extracts. Papaya leaves extract (PLE) treatment showed a maximum increase in platelets count from 169.9 ± 2.1 × 109/L to 231.1 ± 6.1 × 109/L in PBI rats as well as WBCs and RBCs 521 ± 16.8 × 107/L to 594.5 ± 11.2 × 107/L and 469.2 ± 13.2 × 107/L to 562.2 ± 14.2 × 107/L. But for hemoglobin, the papaya fruit extract treatment showed a higher value of 6.4 ± 0.1 to 7.4 ± 0.2 (mg/dL). Conclusively, papaya leaves should be included in dietary regimens for health promotion to combat thrombocytopenia and related diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the provision of safe and cost‐effective chemopreventive cancer approaches, still there are requirements to enhance their efficiency. The use of dietary agents as phytochemicals plays an imperative role against different human cancer cell lines. Among these novel dietary agents, fisetin (3,3′,4′,7‐tetrahydroxyflavone) is present in different fruits and vegetables such as apple, persimmon, grape, strawberry, cucumber, and onion. Being a potent anticancer agent, fisetin has been used to inhibit stages in the cancer cells (proliferation, invasion), prevent cell cycle progression, inhibit cell growth, induce apoptosis, cause polymerase (PARP) cleavage, and modulate the expressions of Bcl‐2 family proteins in different cancer cell lines (HT‐29, U266, MDA‐MB‐231, BT549, and PC‐3M‐luc‐6), respectively. Further, fisetin also suppresses the activation of the PKCα/ROS/ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK signaling pathways, reduces the NF‐κB activation, and down‐regulates the level of the oncoprotein securin. Fisetin also inhibited cell division and proliferation and invasion as well as lowered the TET1 expression levels. The current review article highlights and discusses the anticancer role of fisetin in cell cultures and animal and human studies. Conclusively, fisetin as a polyphenol with pleiotropic pharmacological properties showed promising anticancer activity in a wide range of cancers. Fisetin suppresses the cancer cell stages, prevents progression in cell cycle and cell growth, and induces apoptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) provides multiple nutritional benefits including high quality protein, dietary fiber and is the most abundant source of a-linolenic acid (C18:3). This study focuses on the effect of twin-screw hot extrusion on a- linolenic acid retention in full-fat flaxseed meal. The ranges of processing variables selected using Box-Behnken design were: barrel exit temperature (BET) of 120-140°C; screw speed (SS) of 200-400 rpm; feed rate (FR) of 1-2 kg/h and feed moisture (FM) of 20-30%. The amount of a-linolenic acid retention in extruded samples ranged from 89.2% to 99.3%. Optimal operating conditions were established; BET (121°C), SS (388 rpm), FR (1 kg/h) and FM (22.2%) for maximum (99.9%) retention of a-linolenic acid. This effect was mainly dependent on BET and FM (p=0.01), whereas SS and FR imparted a lesser effect (p≤0.05). The results of this study demonstrated that the twin-screw hot extrusion can be successfully explored to produce fatty meals with significant fatty acids retention for commercially food or feed purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the effects of extrusion processing on tannin reduction and oil loss in flaxseed ( Linum usitatissimum L.) meal. The ranges of processing variables selected using central composite design were: barrel exit temperature ( BET) of 76.3-143.6 C; screw speed ( SS) of 59.6-160.5 rpm and feed rate ( FR) of 26.4-93.6 kg/h. The experimental values of tannin reduction and oil loss obtained were from 42.9 to 77.2% and from 1.5 to 7.6%, respectively. Optimal operating conditions were established: BET (137.9 C), SS (156.8 rpm) and FR (26.4 kg/h) for maximum (77.2%) reduction of tannins and minimum (3.7%) oil loss. Response variables were mainly dependent on BET, whereas significant reduction of tannins and oil loss was achieved in studied BET and SS combination of process parameters ( P ≤ 0.05). The results of this study demonstrated that significant reduction of tannins with minimum oil loss in flaxseed meal can be achieved commercially using an extruder. Practical Applications The extrusion technology has been explored to reduce the toxic compounds in different oilseed meals and oil extraction for production of functional foods. However, the production of extruded oilseed meals with high content of lipids (>16%) is limited as the oil percolation creates problem to preserve extrudates and maintain the hygienic condition of extruder plant. This study suggested that there is an immense possibility to use single-screw extrusion cooking for reduction of tannin content with minimum oil percolation during production of extruded flaxseed meal for commercial food or feed purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused on comparative effects of post-harvest low-to-high γ-irradiation doses (0.5-1.5 kGy), UV-C (30-60 min) and hot water treatments (55 °C for 5 min) upon spoilage of mango (Mangifera indica L.) fruit cv. Kala Chunsa by fungal infections. Thirteen fungal species belonging to five genera were isolated from diseased mango fruits surface. Aspergillus species were the most predominant followed by Penicillium and Fusarium. The aflatoxins AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2 produced by A. parasiticus isolates on yeast extract sucrose (YES) medium for un-treated mango fruits was found 1.789, 0.52, 0.296 and 0.85 ppb, respectively. The increase in post-harvest γ-irradiation dose showed a high suppression of aflatoxins production (p⩽0.05). Fruits treated with UV-C for 30 min showed higher aflatoxins production than fruits treated for 60 min (p⩽0.05). The treatment of fruits with hot water also showed remarkable reduction in aflatoxins levels with respect to UV-C doses and control (p⩽0.05). The results of this study demonstrated that treatment of mango fruit surface with post-harvest γ-irradiation dose (1.5 kGy / 2 hour and 15 minutes) or hot water (55 °C for 5 min) can inhibit the production of toxigenic aflatoxins. In conclusion, irradiation of fresh fruits such as mango can be effectively used on a practical scale to increase the international trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agro--industrial waste ''rice bran'' was stabilized and the extracted protein isolates were used as ingredients to make nutritive complimentary food for the growing infants. The formulation processed through drum drying and the starchy ingredients were pregelatinized to reduce bulk in the prepared meal and facilitate spoon-feeding. The formulations had uniform texture, light golden color and good paste consistency. Nutrient composition was good enough to meet standards for supplementary infant foods. Caloric value remained up to 416 kcal/100  g with spoonable viscosity and 80.90--84.45% in vitro digestibility. A single meal could substantially contribute to the daily essential amino acid requirement. The formulation had good acceptability during a short-term infant-feeding trial. The present study can provide practical guideline for manufacturers as well as the nutritionist for the use of an economical and nutritive formulation for young children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]