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This paper examines the multi-temporal character of postwar Soviet development. By analyzing personal histories of the timber production workers' settlement of Muezerka in northwest Karelia, the author argues that industrial development did not entirely standardize social space and time, but it initially served as a vehicle of disintegration in newly developed areas. She shows that, in order to start the development of a new territory, it was necessary to create a symbolic starting point - "zero time." Each time a new settlement emerged, the entire path to progress had to be traversed anew, and the production of a special temporality of development, which implied a temporary withdrawal from modernity, was an essential working element in this path.

This article considers an approach to orga-nizing joint processing of spatial information when countering threats in a geographically distributed organization. A model is proposed for describing heterogeneous spatial data and their relationship, which are necessary for con-structing three-dimensional models of a territo-rially distributed organization, based on the set-theoretic approach. Subsequently, the model makes it possible to determine the methodology and algorithm for constructing three-dimensional models of such a geographically distributed organization as Ufa State Aviation Technical University. The paper shows that increasing the decision support efficiency when responding to some threats is achieved, among other things, by using three-dimensional visualization of technological information about the university facilities and operational information which incomes in case of emergency; the quality, content and optimization of a three-dimensional model directly affect the decisions made in fulfilling emergency response scenarios. The developed methods and algorithms are brought to practical implementation and applied to build a three-dimensional geoinformation model of Ufa State Aviation Technical University.

В статье показано как слом инфраструктуры похоронного обеспечения, произошедший в первые послереволюционные годы, привел к возникновению низовых похоронных практик. В статье описываются причины кризиса. На материалах источников личного происхождения и архивных данных показана реакция современников на трудности захоронения умерших, а также описывается возникновение практик самообеспечения, включаясь в которые родные и близкие умерших решали проблему отсутствия профессиональной помощи при погребении. Фактически основную ответственность за проведение похорон рядовых граждан вынуждены были взять на себя семьи умерших. На место похоронных бюро пришли кустари‑совместители, оказывавшие отдельные похоронные услуги, что было для них дополнительным заработком. Несмотря на то, что наиболее острые проявления похоронного кризиса сравнительно быстро исчезли, практики самообеспечения, возникшие в результате кризиса, закрепились и стали системными в более поздние периоды. The article shows how the breakdown of the funeral infrastructure that occurred in the first post‑revolutionary years led to the emergence of grassroots funeral practices. The article describes the causes of the crisis. Based on materials from sources of personal origin and archival sources, the reaction of contemporaries to the difficulties of burying the dead is shown, as well as the emergence of grassroots funeral practices, including those where relatives and friends of the deceased solved the problem of lack of professional assistance during burial. In fact, the families of the deceased had to assume the main responsibility for providing funerals for ordinary citizens. Funeral homes were replaced by handicraftsmen who provided separate funeral services as a source of additional income. Although the most acute manifestations of the funeral crisis disappeared relatively quickly, the practices of self‑sufficiency that arose as a result of the crisis took hold and became systemic in later periods.

Colloidal NafionTM morphology plays a critical role in determining the performance of fuel cells and electrolyzers. While previous small angle neutron scattering (SANS) studies described NafionTM in liquid media as dispersed cylinders, the analysis remains non-unique with multiple possible morphological descriptions of the data. Here, we show that NafionTM morphology in liquid media differs substantially from the previously described morphology. SANS and all-atomistic molecular dynamics simulation studies indicate NafionTM dispersed in N-methyl pyrrolidone as swollen cluster particles with physically cross-linked ionic groups. NafionTM dispersion in water has a highly elongated cylindrical morphology (radius = 10 ± 1.5 Å, height = 358 ± 4.7 Å) with fully dissociated and solvated sulfonic acid groups on the particle wall. Our approach describes precise NafionTM particle morphology and chain conformation, which opens a new horizon on the tailored interface design of NafionTM for fuel cells and electrolyzers.

In this article we explore the evolving concept of death and dying in the Soviet political project. The discur-sive practices of the new state in the field of death and body disposal have been analyzed based on materials from journalism, fiction, memoirs and diaries, archival data and other sources on the history of the early USSR (1920–1930). It has been shown how the concept of creation of a new world and a new Soviet man, the founda-tions of which were laid in the materialist Marxist approach, transformed the deep understanding of human nature. Discarding the metaphysical interpretation of the immortal nature of man, the Bolshevik ideology destroyed the established principles of understanding of human mortality, without offering anything new in exchange. Thus, the traditional logic of the practice of dealing with death, which worked as an effective adaptive mechanism for reas-sembling society in the face of natural loss of its members (A. van Gennep, R. Hertz, Davies D.), was violated. In a situation of confusion caused by the loss of the usual semantics of death and funeral practices, the ideologues of the new government made a number of attempts to build new mechanisms of adaptation. One of them was the project of a new civil funeral ritual, reflected in the journalism of the 1920s, although it did not receive widespread distribution. Another practice was the construction of symbolic immortality through the concept of “life in the me-mory of descendants” reflected both in the literature of socialist realism and in real practices. However, the con-cept of “living in the memory of descendants” was relevant only for few members of the new society, who could be referred to as “Soviet heroes”. It was an elite political practice that could hardly act as a reassembly mechanism for the entire society. In this situation, ordinary deaths and funerals were thrown to the periphery, having lost the ideological and practical attention of the state.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to develop an integrated approach to evaluating corporate foresight (CF) studies at all stages of its implementation and to test this approach using the example of a Russian state-owned corporation. Design/methodology/approach The use of foresight by companies as a part of their strategic activities is growing but still rather limited. To increase the effectiveness of foresight at the corporate level and ensure its justification, special approaches and criteria for its evaluation should be developed. To develop the approach to evaluation of CF which would be useful at all stages of foresight realization, at first, the authors focused the authors’ attention on identification of main challenges, problem and barriers, which arise during foresight process on the one hand, and exploring success factors and lessons learnt from different case studies on the other hand. On the basis of this literature analysis, the authors have formed a long list of evaluation criteria, which reflect accumulated experience in the field and all-important aspects to make foresight project successful and effective. On the next step, the authors related these criteria with stages of foresight realization and evaluation category. For pilot testing of this methodology, the authors used a case of Russian state-owned corporation. Findings This paper has presented an integrated approach to the evaluation of CF projects. The logic of the evaluation process of CF at all stages of its implementation is proposed; key evaluation topics (concept, objectives, project team, design of the project, project methodology, stakeholders, implementation, resources, results and its dissemination, effects and impact and barriers) are identified, and the corresponding sets of criteria are formed. Originality/value The originality of the work lies in using a wide experience of national foresight studies evaluation for corporations. The suggested approach could be used as a framework for CF evaluation. It was tested on the Russian state-owned company RussX.

The influence of dispersity in the molecular weight distributions in the core forming block for block copolymer (BCP) self-assembly is analyzed via an automated flow synthesis approach.

Hereditary factors account for a significant proportion of breast cancer risk. Approximately 20% of hereditary breast cancers are attributable to pathogenic variants in the highly penetrant BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. A proportion of the genetic risk is also explained by pathogenic variants in other breast cancer susceptibility genes, including ATM, CHEK2, PALB2, RAD51C, RAD51D and BARD1, as well as genes associated with breast cancer predisposition syndromes - TP53 (Li-Fraumeni syndrome), PTEN (Cowden syndrome), CDH1 (hereditary diffuse gastric cancer), STK11 (Peutz-Jeghers syndrome) and NF1 (neurofibromatosis type 1). Polygenic risk, the cumulative risk from carrying multiple low-penetrance breast cancer susceptibility alleles, is also a well-recognised contributor to risk. This review provides an overview of the established breast cancer susceptibility genes as well as breast cancer predisposition syndromes, highlights distinct genotype-phenotype correlations associated with germline mutation status and discusses molecular testing and therapeutic implications in the context of hereditary breast cancer.

Hypothesis Morphology of surfactant self-assemblies are governed by the intermolecular interactions and packing constraints of the constituent molecules. Therefore, rational design of surfactant structure should allow targeting of the specific self-assembly modes, such as wormlike micelles (WLMs). By inclusion of an appropriate photo-responsive functionality to a surfactant molecule, light-based control of formulation properties without the need for additives can be achieved. Experiments A novel azobenzene-containing surfactant was synthesised with the intention of producing photo-responsive wormlike micelles. Aggregation of the molecule in its cis and trans isomers, and its concomitant flow properties, were characterised using UV–vis spectroscopy, small-angle neutron scattering, and rheological measurements. Finally, the fluids capacity for mediating particle diffusion was assessed using dynamic light scattering. Findings The trans isomer of the novel azo-surfactant was found to form a viscoelastic WLM network, which transitioned to inviscid ellipsoidal aggregates upon photo-switching to the cis isomer. This was accompanied by changes in zero-shear viscosity up to 16,000 × . UV–vis spectroscopic and rheo-SANS analysis revealed π - π interactions of the trans azobenzene chromophore within the micelles, influencing aggregate structure and contributing to micellar rigidity. Particles dispersed in a 1 wt% surfactant solution showed a fivefold increase in apparent diffusion coefficient after UV-irradiation of the mixture.

The 27th International Symposium on Model Checking Software, SPIN 2021, was held online, July 12, 2021. The current special issue contains extended versions of three selected works published at the symposium. This short introduction presents these selected papers and the selection process.

Cysts of the retrorectal space comprise a heterogeneous group of rare lesions. Most develop from embryological remnants and include tailgut cysts, dermoid cysts, rectal duplication cysts, anal canal duplication cysts, sacrococcygeal teratomas and anterior meningocoele. Tailgut cyst is the most common cyst of developmental origin, usually presenting as a multilocular cystic mass with mucoid content and lined by multiple epithelial types. Compared with tailgut cysts, rectal duplication cysts display all layers of the large bowel wall including a well-defined muscularis propria. Retrorectal cysts of non-developmental origin are far less common and represent lesions that either infrequently involve the retrorectal space or undergo extensive cystic change. This review provides an overview of the various histological types of cystic lesions of the retrorectal space, divided into cysts of developmental origin and those of non-developmental origin. A practical pathological and multidisciplinary approach to diagnosing these lesions is presented.

Lobular neoplasia (LN) is an atypical proliferation of small, dyscohesive epithelial cells within the terminal duct lobular unit (TDLU), with or without pagetoid extension and encompasses both lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) and atypical lobular hyperplasia (ALH). LN is a non-obligate precursor of invasive breast carcinoma and the diagnosis of LN confers an increased risk of invasive carcinoma development, compared to the general population. Diagnostic challenges arise in the accurate classification of LCIS into classic, pleomorphic and florid subtypes, in distinguishing between LCIS and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and in the appropriate use and interpretation of E-cadherin immunohistochemistry. Due to the paucity of robust data on the natural history of LCIS, and hence its clinical significance, the management is often pragmatic rather than entirely evidence-based and requires a multidisciplinary approach. In this review, we discuss the clinicopathologic and molecular features of LCIS and address the key challenges that arise in the diagnosis and management of LCIS.

Concentrated wormlike micellar fluids form the basis for a vast array of formulated products, from liquid soaps and shampoos to drag reduction and drilling fluids. Typically, these systems are analyzed using bulk rheological measurements to determine their flow properties and cryo-microscopy to detect their nanostructure. Small-angle neutron scattering provides an opportunity to directly and nonperturbatively analyze nanostructure in situ but is complicated for concentrated systems by correlations from interparticle volume exclusion. Here, we use small-angle and ultra-small-angle neutron scattering to probe directly for the first time the nanostructure of concentrated wormlike micellar fluids composed of the widely used surfactant pair sodium laureth sulfate and cocamidopropyl betaine in aqueous electrolytes. Obtained data are analyzed using different approaches to determine scattering contributions from the wormlike particles themselves and interactions between them. It is found that approximating worms as locally rigid cylinders offers some insight into their aggregation dimensions at short length scales, and both volume exclusion and screened Coulombic interaction potentials describe interactions reasonably well. Using the semi-empirical polymer reference interaction site model (PRISM) gives excellent agreement with observed scattering, and physical insight obtained using this approach is discussed in detail. A drawback of this method is the significant complexity in coding the model in order to fit data, so to facilitate this for future researchers, we provide with this paper a fully operational, open-source code to utilize this model.

The first recorded biography of Daoxuan 道宣 (596–667) – regarded as the de facto founder of the Vinaya ‘school’ in China – was a stele inscription composed by the scholar-official Li Yong 李邕 (678–747). No longer extant, this inscription was the main biographical source on Daoxuan until the Song Dynasty as well as Zanning’s 贊寜 (919–1001) primary source for his entry on Daoxuan in the Song gaoseng zhuan 宋高僧傳 (Biographies of Eminent Monks [Compiled] under the Song Dynasty). This paper investigates how Li Yong engaged with a monastic community headed by Daoxuan’s disciples in the prefecture of Zizhou 淄州, Henan Circuit. We argue that this group of monks commissioned Li Yong to compose a number of stele inscriptions for Daoxuan himself and several of his disciples and associates.

Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)-based bottlebrush polymers, PDMS-g-PDMS, have been synthesized by anionic polymerization in combination with a condensation-based grafting reaction. Bottlebrush polyme...

Breast cancer metastasis to the stomach is rare; invasive lobular carcinoma has a predilection to spread to the gastrointestinal system and is morphologically similar to primary diffuse gastric carcinoma. This case highlights heterogeneous metastatic progression and that documentation of heterogeneity is important for informing future treatment strategies and prognostication.

In recent decades, economic growth in developing economies and the growth of the middle class lead to a surge in energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Within the framework of the United Nations (UN) sustainable development goals established in 2015, the solution to poverty and inequality thus comes into conflict with climate change mitigation. The existing international system of climate regulation does not address this contradiction. Today, global climate governance relies on estimates of aggregate emissions by countries without considering their level of development and the distribution of emissions among income groups within each country. Emissions from production are being monitored, while consumption-related emissions, albeit known to experts, rarely underlie decision-making. Meanwhile, income distribution has a higher impact on consumption-based emissions in comparison to production-based ones. Decisions on emissions regulation are made at the national level by countries with different development agendas in which climate change mitigation often gets less priority in comparison to other socio-economic objectives. This paper proposes a set of principles and specific mechanisms that can link climate change and inequality within a single policy framework. First, we highlight the need to modify the global emission monitoring system for the sake of accounting for emissions from consumption (rather than production) by income groups. Second, we suggest the introduction of a new redistribution system to address climate change which would include the imposition of a “fine” on households with the highest levels of emissions. Such a system follows the principles of progressive taxation but supports climate mitigation objectives and should be understood not as taxation of high incomes but rather as payment for a negative externality. Third, we outline the need to adjust climate finance criteria; priority should be given to projects designed to reduce carbon-intensive consumption by social groups entering the middle class, or to help the poorest population groups adapt to climate change. A special role in the implementation of these principles may belong to BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa), which may view this as an opportunity for a proactive transition to inclusive, low-carbon development.

A synergic combination of neutron techniques was applied to characterize non-invasively the laminated structure of a set of ancient katana, part of the East Asian Collection of the Museum of Applied Arts and Sciences (MAAS) in Sydney. Neutron tomography, diffraction, residual stress and Bragg-edge transmission analyses were undertaken on samples of well-known origin, time period and authorship to create a reference database on the main manufacturing methods developed by Japanese swordsmiths. In the attempt to attributemumei(no-signature) blades basing on a scientific analytical method rather than a stylistic analysis, data from the reference samples were benchmarked against the results obtained from the unknown blade to identify differences and commonalities in the production process.

We show that three factors combine to explain the mean magnitude of excess sensitivity reported in studies estimating the consumption response to income changes: the use of macro data, publication bias, and liquidity constraints. When micro data are used, publication bias is corrected for, and households under examination have substantial liquidity, the literature implies little evidence of deviations from consumption smoothing. The result holds when we control for 45 additional variables reflecting the methods employed by researchers and use Bayesian model averaging to account for model uncertainty. The estimates produced by this literature are also systematically affected by the size of the change in income and the chosen measure of consumption.

The textbook outlines the most significant and relevant trends taking place in the modern world economy, and examines their impact on the activities of international companies. Section I is devoted to the study of the basic concepts, sources of competitiveness and strategies for conducting international business. Section III examines the key changes taking place in the system of multilateral regulation of foreign trade and the principles of regulation of modern methods of making trade transactions. Section III highlights the specifics of the activities of international companies in the context of financial globalization, examines the basics of regulating their investment activities and sources of financing. Section IV outlines the impact of the most relevant trends on international business: digitalization and technological development, global value chains, environmental aspects and sustainable development. It is intended for students of bachelor's degree programs in the field of Economics, containing specializations in the world economy or international business.

Small-angle scattering (SAS) is a technique that is able to probe the structural organization of matter and quantify its response to changes in external conditions. X-ray and neutron scattering profiles measured from bulk materials or materials deposited at surfaces arise from nanostructural inhomogeneities of electron or nuclear density. The analysis of SAS data from coherent scattering events provides information about the length scale distributions of material components. Samples for SAS studies may be prepared in situ or under near-native conditions and the measurements performed at various temperatures, pressures, flows, shears or stresses, and in a time-resolved fashion. In this Primer, we provide an overview of SAS, summarizing the types of instrument used, approaches for data collection and calibration, available data analysis methods, structural information that can be obtained using the method, and data depositories, standards and formats. Recent applications of SAS in structural biology and the soft-matter and hard-matter sciences are also discussed. Small-angle scattering can reveal the structural organization of bulk materials and materials at surfaces and quantify their response to changes in external conditions. This Primer provides an overview of small-angle scattering using both X-rays and neutrons, and includes instrumentation, data collection and the type of structural information gathered in various applications.

Background Hepatic small vessel neoplasm (HSVN) is a recently described vascular neoplasm of the liver that can mimic hepatic angiosarcoma (AS) because of its infiltrative nature but is considered biologically less aggressive. We carried out a systematic review of the literature after previously coming across a case of HSVN [1] to guide our surveillance. Methods We conducted a systematic review for all cases using PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, case report journals and Google Scholar according to the PRISMA guidelines using the terms “hepatic small vessel neoplasm” or “hepatic small vessel neoplasia” with no language restrictions. The review was registered with Research Registry (UIN: reviewregistry1127) [2]. Results We identified 69 articles, of which 6 articles were eligible after screening. A total of 23 cases were identified. Median age was 58 (range 24–83 years) with a male preponderance (17 M:6F). Mean tumour size was 2.8 cm (range 0.2–15.9 cm). Mean follow-up was 7 months (range 1–24 months) with no reported evidence of recurrence in both patient groups with no residual disease or with positive margins after resection. Discussion HSVN appears to demonstrate a benign clinical course with no reported recurrences or metastatic disease. Long-term follow-up data will further supplement our understanding of these tumours and guide future management., Highlights • HSVN is a recently described neoplasm with uncertain long-term malignant potential. • 23 cases have been identified, mean follow-up was 7 months (range 1–24 months). • There is no reported evidence of recurrence in patients with no residual disease. • There is no reported evidence of recurrence in patients with residual disease. • Follow-up is limited in reported cases.

Grassroots memorials have become well known for scholars since the 1980s. The researchers mostly place these practices in between public grievances and grassroots political protest. I propose a not...

After the An Lushan Rebellion in 755, southern China witnessed the rise of the Vinaya movement. Essential sources on the local southern Vinaya communities include writings by scholar–officials who held posts in the southern prefectures. This paper focuses on two stele inscriptions for the Vinaya Master Shanghong 上宏 (738?-815) composed by the literatus Bai Juyi 白居易 (772-846) and Liu Ke 劉軻 (?-?) during their journeys to Jiangxi. These inscriptions enable us to identify Shanghong as one of the foremost Vinaya authorities in Jiangxi, to trace the dynamics and course of the development of ordination centers there, and to witness the shaping of a local Vinaya community there as part of a larger development of the Vinaya tradition in southern China during the mid-Tang period.

The first steps towards top-down morphology control in micellar self-assembly are introduced. Kinetically stable micelles are formed from block copolymers (BCPs) using continuous flow techniques by turbulent mixing of water with a THF solution of polymers. In this way, particle shape and size can be altered from spheres to ellipsoids solely via tuning of mixing parameters from a single BCP.

This study explores the internal structure of catechol-functionalized hyaluronic acid (HA–CA) hydrogels with different types of Fe3+-induced cross-linking. We previously reported HA–CA hydrogels cr...