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Based on in-depth qualitative research, this paper compares and contrasts two different policy approaches to Preventing and Countering Violent Extremism (P/CVE) within the European context. On the one hand, the Dutch case relies on a holistic and integrated approach in which a national framework underlies a targeted multi-stakeholder approach to preventing and countering manifestations of violent extremism. On the other hand, while lacking an overarching national policy framework, the Italian case study presents a range of mechanisms and projects aimed at combating violent extremism at the local level. The paper traces the different histories of terrorism and radicalization in the two countries to assess the emergence of these divergent approaches. Subsequently, regional case studies of the Delft and Milan areas are explored in-depth to illustrate how the respective policies are put into action, and to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of each approach. The research is based on expert interviews and institutional research involving municipalities, education, social work, and civil society actors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to provide an in-depth analysis of France's P/CVE (preventing and countering violent extremism) policies. The analysis begins with an overview of how different types of extremism have evolved in the country over time and focuses on the current extremist panorama today. Subsequently, it investigates the national P/CVE plans, analysing them at all three levels of intervention (primary, secondary and tertiary) and considering the extent to which they mobilise different stakeholders. This section specifically takes into account educational policies in France. The author finds that France is equipped with very thorough, well-structured plans that mobilise an array of stakeholders, act at various levels and contain specific education policies. Nonetheless, the French strategy is still highly discussed from various perspectives, and some of the undertaken policies and measures have not achieved the expected goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]