Search

Background: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are the gold standard for treatment efficacy, but foot and ankle RCTs are often small or inconsistent. The Fragility Index (FI) evaluates the stability of significant findings. This study assessed the fragility of RCT outcomes for Achilles tendon pathology (ATP) interventions. Methods: This systematic review queried PubMed up to May 14, 2024, for RCTs on ATP interventions. RCTs with significant binary outcomes were included. Two reviewers assessed eligibility, extracted data, calculated FIs, and evaluated risk of bias. Frequency-weighted means were used for narrative synthesis. Results: Eleven RCTs with 4506 patients (mean cohort size: 409.64 ± 160.54) and a mean age of 36.97 ± 13.51 years (n = 4356; 96.67%) were included, covering 24 binary outcomes. The median FI across all outcomes was 3 (interquartile range 1-4; mean 3.92), indicating that changing the outcome of just a few patients could shift a study’s results from statistically significant to nonsignificant. Trials having an FI ≤3 comprised 58.33%. Three outcomes (12.5%) had an FI of zero after recalculating P values using the two-sided Fisher exact test. Half of the outcomes were robust. No RCT reported FIs or adjusted significance for multiple testing. Most studies (81.82%) performed 2 or more statistical tests, with an average of 30.81 ± 41.28 P values reported per study. The overall risk of bias was low in 1 study (9.09%) and moderate in 7 (63.64%). Most studies had low risk of bias in randomization (72.73%) and missing outcome data (90.91%). Conclusion: The FI assesses the fragility of statistically significant binary results, revealing that many ATP RCTs have fragile outcomes due to small sample sizes. A median FI of 3 means that changing the outcome of 3 patients could shift a study’s results from statistically significant to nonsignificant.

Meniscus tissue is commonly injured due to sports-related injuries and age-related degeneration and approximately 50% of individuals with a meniscus tear will develop post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA). Given that the meniscus has limited healing potential, new therapeutic strategies are required to enhance meniscus repair. Porcine meniscus-derived matrix (MDM) scaffolds improve meniscus integrative repair, but sources of human meniscus tissue have not been investigated. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to generate healthy and osteoarthritic (OA) MDM scaffolds and to compare meniscus cellular responses and integrative repair. Meniscus cells showed high viability on both healthy and OA scaffolds. While DNA content was higher in cell-seeded OA scaffolds than cell-seeded healthy scaffolds, CCK-8, and both sGAG and collagen content were similar between scaffold types. After 28 days in an ex vivo meniscus defect model, healthy and OA scaffolds had similar DNA, sGAG, and collagen content. However, the shear strength of repair was reduced in defects containing OA scaffolds compared to healthy scaffolds. In conclusion, healthy human allograft tissue is a useful source for generating MDM scaffolds that can support cellular growth, ECM production, and ex vivo integrative repair of the meniscus, highlighting the potential suitability for tissue engineering approaches to improve meniscus repair.

Introduction: Articular cartilage injuries of the knee are a complex and challenging clinical pathology. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to establish consensus statements via a Delphi process on the management of failed knee cartilage surgery. Methods: A consensus process on knee cartilage injuries utilizing a modified Delphi technique was conducted. Seventy-nine surgeons across 17 countries participated in these consensus statements. Eleven questions were generated on the management of failed knee cartilage surgery, with 3 rounds of questionnaires and final voting occurring. Consensus was defined as achieving 80% to 89% agreement, whereas strong consensus was defined as 90% to 99% agreement, and unanimous consensus was defined as 100% agreement with a proposed statement. Results: Of the 11 total questions and consensus statements on the management of failed knee cartilage surgery developed from 3 rounds of voting, 0 achieved unanimous consensus, 10 achieved strong consensus, and 1 achieved consensus. Conclusions: The statements that achieved strong consensus related to revision cartilage indications, contraindications, lesion size, prior procedures, unipolar/bipolar lesions, and salvage procedures. The statement that did not achieve strong consensus was related to the management of a failed osteochondral autograft/allograft.

Abstract Purpose Meniscal injuries are common in knee surgery and often require preservation techniques to prevent secondary osteoarthritis. Despite advancements in repair techniques, some patients undergo partial meniscectomy, which can lead to postmeniscectomy syndrome. To address these challenges, meniscal substitution techniques like scaffolds have been developed. However, a comprehensive synthesis of the existing evidence through an umbrella review is lacking. Methods A comprehensive search was conducted in the MEDLINE, Embase and Scopus databases to identify relevant systematic reviews and meta‐analyses. Studies were screened based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The quality of included studies was assessed using the AMSTAR‐2 tool. Results A total of 17 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. Most studies focused on the use of collagen‐based scaffolds, with fewer studies evaluating synthetic scaffolds. The majority of studies (52.9%) were rated as having ‘Critically Low’ overall confidence, with only one study (5.9%) rated as ‘High’ confidence and most studies exhibiting methodological limitations, such as small sample sizes and lack of long‐term follow‐up. Despite these limitations, the majority of studies reported positive short‐term outcomes, including pain relief and functional improvement, following scaffold implantation. However, some studies noted a relatively high failure rate. Radiographically, outcomes also varied, with some studies reporting morphological deterioration of the implant seen on MRI, while others noted possible chondroprotective effects. Conclusions Meniscal scaffold‐based approaches show promise in the management of meniscal deficiency; however, the current evidence is limited by methodological shortcomings. One notable gap in the literature is the lack of clear guidelines for patient selection and surgical technique. Future research should focus on conducting well‐designed randomized controlled trials with long‐term follow‐up to further elucidate the benefits and indications of these techniques in clinical practice. Additionally, efforts should be made to develop consensus guidelines to standardize the use of meniscal scaffolds and improve patient outcomes. Despite limited availability, synthesizing the literature on meniscal scaffold‐based approaches is crucial for understanding research, guiding clinical decisions and informing future directions. Level of Evidence Level IV.

Background: Os trigonum and Stieda process are common etiologies for posterior ankle impingement syndrome (PAIS), and diagnosis is typically made by radiographs, computed tomographic, or magnetic resonance imaging. However, these static tests may not detect associated soft tissue and bony pathologies. Posterior ankle and hindfoot arthroscopy (PAHA) is dynamic, providing at least ×8 magnification with full anatomical visualization. The primary aim of this study was to report the prevalence of associated conditions seen with trigonal impingement treated with PAHA. Methods: In this retrospective comparative study, patients who underwent PAHA for PAIS due to trigonal impingement, from January 2011 to September 2016, were reviewed. Concomitant open posterior procedures and other indications for PAHA were excluded. Demographic data were collected with pre- and postoperative diagnosis, arthroscopic findings, type of impingement, location, associated procedures, and anatomical etiologies. Trigonal impingements were divided in os trigonal or Stieda and subgrouped as isolated, with flexor hallucis longus (FHL) disorders, with FHL plus other impingement, and with other impingement lesions. Results: A total of 111 ankles were studied—74 os trigonum and 37 Stieda. Isolated trigonal disorders accounted for 15.3% of PAIS (n = 17). Cases having associated conditions had a mode of 3 additional pathologies. FHL disorders were found in 69.4%, subtalar impingement in 32.4%, posteromedial ankle synovitis in 25.2%, posterolateral ankle synovitis in 22.5%, and posterior inferior tibiofibular ligament impingement in 19.8% of cases. Associated pathologies were observed in 58.6% of cases when FHL was not considered. Significant differences were noted comparing os and Stieda (isolated: 20.3% to 5.4%, P = .040; FHL plus others: 35.1% to 59.5%, P = .015). Conclusion: Trigonal bone (os trigonum or Stieda) was found to cause impingement in isolation in a small proportion of cases even when the FHL was considered part of the same disease spectrum. This should alert surgeons when considering removing trigonal impingement. Open approaches may limit the visualization and assessment of associated posterior ankle and subtalar pathoanatomy, thus possibly overlooking concomitant causes of PAIS. Level of Evidence: Level III, retrospective comparative study.

Background: Patients with refractory mCRC rarely undergo third-line or subsequent treatment. This strategy could negatively impact their survival. In this setting, regorafenib (R) and trifluridine/tipiracil (T) are two key new treatment options with statistically significant improvements in overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and disease control with different tolerance profiles. This study aimed to retrospectively evaluate the efficacy and safety profiles of these agents in real-world practice. Materials and Methods: In 2012–2022, 866 patients diagnosed with mCRC who received sequential R and T (T/R, n = 146; R/T, n = 116]) or T (n = 325]) or R (n = 279) only were retrospectively recruited from 13 Italian cancer institutes. Results: The median OS is significantly longer in the R/T group (15.9 months) than in the T/R group (13.9 months) (p = 0.0194). The R/T sequence had a statistically significant advantage in the mPFS, which was 8.8 months with T/R vs. 11.2 months with R/T (p = 0.0005). We did not find significant differences in outcomes between groups receiving T or R only. A total of 582 grade 3/4 toxicities were recorded. The frequency of grade 3/4 hand-foot skin reactions was higher in the R/T sequence compared to the reverse sequence (37.3% vs. 7.4%) (p = 0.01), while grade 3/4 neutropenia was slightly lower in the R/T group than in the T/R group (66.2% vs. 78.2%) (p = 0.13). Toxicities in the non-sequential groups were similar and in line with previous studies. Conclusions: The R/T sequence resulted in a significantly longer OS and PFS and improved disease control compared with the reverse sequence. R and T given not sequentially have similar impacts on survival. More data are needed to define the best sequence and to explore the efficacy of sequential (T/R or R/T) treatment combined with molecular-targeted drugs.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare bone marrow stimulation using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) analysis of an abrasion arthroplasty technique, drilling k-wire technique, traditional microfacture awl, or a microdrill instrument for subchondral bone defects. Methods: Eleven cadaveric distal femoral specimens were obtained and divided into 3 common areas of osteochondral defect: trochlea and weightbearing portions of the medial and lateral femoral condyles. Each area of interest was then denuded of cartilage using a PoweRasp and divided into quadrants. Each quadrant was assigned either a 1.6 mm Kirschner wire (k-wire), 1.25 mm microfracture awl, 1.5 mm fluted microdrill, PowerPick, or a curette (abrasion arthroplasty) to create 4 channels into the subchondral bone sing the same instrument. Subchondral bone and adjacent tissue areas were then evaluated using micro-CT to analyze adjacent bone destruction and extension into the bone marrow. Results: Overall, there was a significantly decreased area of bone destruction or compression using the microdrill (0.030 mm) as compared to the microfracture awl (0.072 mm) and k-wire (0.062 mm) (P < .05). Within the trochlea and the medial femoral condyle, there was significantly decreased bony compression with the microdrill as compared to the awl and k-wire (P < .05); however, when stratified, this was not significant among the lateral femoral condylar samples (P = .08). Conclusion: Bone marrow stimulation causes bony compression that may negatively impact subchondral bone and trabecular alignment. It is important to understand which tools used for bone marrow stimulation cause the least amount of damage to the subchondral bone. Clinical Relevance: This study demonstrates the decreased subchondral bony defects seen with the microdrill versus the traditional microfracture awl indicating that when performing bone marrow stimulation, the microdrill may be a less harmful tool to the subchondral bone.

Background: Haglund deformity and insertional Achilles tendinopathy involve a degenerative process demonstrating disorganized collagen and mucoid degenerative material causing pain and swelling. Indications: Operative management through a distally based midline incision should be explored if symptoms are refractory to nonoperative management (activity and shoewear modifications, heel lifts, physical therapy, and heel sleeves). Direct lateral approach with small longitudinal split and removal of lateral prominence “pump bump” is performed when a patient has pain isolated solely to the prominence. We feel that endoscopic removal does not allow for appropriate evaluative of degenerative tissue. Techniques: Through a distally based incision, we dissect to the level of the paratenon and make one smooth cut through paratenon and tendon. We then excise the mucoid, degenerative tissue. Removal of Haglund deformity and exostosis is carefully accomplished with a saw. We then utilize a rongeur to smooth Haglund deformity and any remaining medial/lateral calcaneal prominences. We then complete a dual-row speed bridge with 4 suture anchors (horizontal mattress) and a modified Mason-Allen technique. A Thompson test is then repeated and the longitudinal split is repaired. Postoperatively, we have patients weight bear as tolerated in a boot for with suture removal and transition to shoewear at the 2-week mark. We begin range of motion and activity once the wound has healed. We expect return to sport beginning at 3 months with full return by 6 months. Results: The current body of literature shows significant patient satisfaction and minimal risk of complication. Some authors have shown significant improvement in American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Score (AOFAS) scores, with only 1 patient requiring a flexor hallucis longus (FHL) transfer and no complications. Further studies identify early weight-bearing in Achilles suture bridge technique to have some promise with improvement in visual analog scale (VAS)/AOFAS scores, though there is risk of wound breakdown. Discussion/Conclusion: An Achilles suture bridge technique with early weight-bearing is a viable option for patients with Haglund deformity, and insertional Achilles tendinopathy who have failed conservative management. Patient Consent Disclosure Statement: The author(s) attests that consent has been obtained from any patient(s) appearing in this publication. If the individual may be identifiable, the author(s) has included a statement of release or other written form of approval from the patient(s) with this submission for publication.

BackgroundRight- (R) and left-sided (L) metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) exhibit different clinical and molecular features. Several retrospective analyses showed that survival benefit of anti-EGFR-based therapy is limited to RAS/BRAF wt L-sided mCRC patients. Few data are available about third-line anti-EGFR efficacy according to primary tumor site.MethodsRAS/BRAF wt patients mCRC treated with third-line anti-EGFR-based therapy versus regorafenib or trifluridine/tipiracil (R/T) were retrospectively collected. The objective of the analysis was to compare treatment efficacy according to tumor site. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS); secondary endpoints were overall survival (OS), response rate (RR) and toxicity.ResultsA total of 76 RAS/BRAF wt mCRC patients, treated with third-line anti-EGFR-based therapy or R/T, were enrolled. Of those, 19 (25%) patients had a R-sided tumor (9 patients received anti-EGFR treatment and 10 patients R/T) and 57 (75%) patients had a L-sided tumor (30 patients received anti-EGFR treatment and 27 patients R/T). A significant PFS [7.2 vs 3.6 months, HR 0.43 (95% CI 0.2-0.76), p= 0.004] and OS benefit [14.9 vs 10.9 months, HR 0.52 (95% CI 0.28-0.98), p= 0.045] in favor of anti-EGFR therapy vs R/T was observed in the L-sided tumor group. No difference in PFS and OS was observed in the R-sided tumor group. A significant interaction according to primary tumor site and third-line regimen was observed for PFS (p= 0.05). RR was significantly higher in L-sided patients treated with anti-EGFR vs R/T (43% vs. 0%; p

# Background Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is extremely common among athletes. Rate of second ACL injury due to surgical graft rupture or contralateral limb ACL injury is approximately 15-32%. Psychological readiness to return to sport (RTS) may be an important predictor of successful RTS outcomes. Psychological readiness can be quantified using the ACL Return to Sport after Injury (ACL-RSI) questionnaire, with higher scores demonstrating greater psychological readiness. # Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in functional performance and psychological readiness to return to sport among athletes who have undergone primary ACL reconstruction (ACLR). # Study Design Descriptive cohort study # Methods Eighteen athletes who had undergone primary ACLR were tested at time of RTS clearance. The cohort was divided into two groups, high score (HS) and low score (LS), based on median ACL-RSI score, and performance on static and dynamic postural stability testing, lower extremity isokinetic and isometric strength testing, and single leg hop testing was compared between the groups using an independent samples t-test. # Results The median ACL-RSI score was 74.17. The average ACL-RSI score was 83.1±6.2 for the HS group and 61.8±8.0 for the LS group. High scorers on the ACL-RSI performed significantly better on isometric knee flexion as measured via handheld dynamometry (22.61% ±6.01 vs. 12.12% ±4.88, p=0.001) than the low score group. # Conclusion The findings suggest that increased knee flexion strength may be important for psychological readiness to RTS after primary ACLR. Further research is indicated to explore this relationship, however, a continued emphasis on improving hamstring strength may be appropriate during rehabilitation following ACLR to positively impact psychological readiness for RTS. # Level of Evidence III

Category: Arthroscopy; Ankle; Hindfoot; Sports Introduction/Purpose: Posterior ankle and hindfoot arthroscopy (PAHA) is a well described procedure used for treating posterior ankle impingement syndrome (PAIS). Os trigonum and trigonal process (Stieda) are common etiologies and diagnosis is typically made by radiographs, CT, or MRI. However, these static tests may not detect associated soft tissue and other bony pathologies, which are often dynamic. Physical examination and Ultrasound (US) are dynamic. US can be limited by depth. Traditional open treatment may not allow visualization and appreciation for these associated pathologies. PAHA is dynamic providing at least 8X magnification with full visualization of the posterior ankle and subtalar joints. The primary aim of this study is to report the incidence of associated pathologies seen with os trigonum or Stieda impingement when treated with PAHA. Methods: A retrospective case series of patients who underwent PAHA for PAIS due to trigonal impingement between January 2011 and September 2016 were reviewed. Surgeries were performed by three fellowship-trained orthopedic foot and ankle surgeons in 251 patients. Exclusions were those having concomitant open posterior procedures, other indications for PAHA (e.g., OCL, subtalar fusion) or other PAIS etiology (e.g., soft tissue impingement). After exclusions, 112 patients were studied, with a mean age of 30.5 (12-70) and a BMI of 29.93 (SD 9.23). Demographic data was collected along with pre and postoperative diagnosis, arthroscopic findings, type of impingement, location of the disorder, associated procedures, and anatomical etiologies. Trigonal impingements were allocated as os trigonal or Stieda and subgrouped as isolated, with other impingement lesions +/- FHL disorders. Differences between groups with isolated trigonal impingement and those with associated pathologies were determined by distribution comparison. Wilcoxon test was used to compare subgroups. Results: From the 112 cases, 75 were os trigonum and 37 Stieda. Isolated trigonal disorders accounted for 16% of the total PAIS patients (n=18). Those cases having pathologies other than trigonal impingement had a mode of 3 (1-5) additional pathologies with 41% of the treated cases having 3 or more adjunctive findings needing treatment during posterior arthroscopy. Flexor hallucis longus (FHL) disorders were found in 68% of cases, subtalar problems in 44%, and transverse posterior inferior tibiofibular ligament (tPITFL) in 19%. A 58% proportion of associated pathologies was observed when FHL disorders were not considered. Significant differences were noted when comparing os trigonum and Stieda subgroups (FHL: 29% to 18%, p

This first of a 2-part series of articles recounts the key points presented in a collaborative symposium sponsored jointly by the Arthritis Foundation and the American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society with the intent to survey the state of scientific knowledge related to incidence, diagnosis, pathologic mechanisms, and injection treatment options for osteoarthritis (OA) of the foot and ankle. A meeting was held virtually on December 3, 2021. A group of experts were invited to present brief synopses of the current state of knowledge and research in this area. Part 1 overviews areas of epidemiology and pathophysiology, current approaches in imaging, diagnostic and therapeutic injections, and genetics. Opportunities for future research are discussed. The OA scientific community, including funding agencies, academia, industry, and regulatory agencies, must recognize the needs of patients that suffer from arthritis of foot and ankle. The foot and ankle contain a myriad of interrelated joints and tissues that together provide a critical functionality. When this functionality is compromised by OA, significant disability results, yet the foot and ankle are generally understudied by the research community. Level of Evidence: Level V - Review Article/Expert Opinion.

This second of a 2-part series of articles recounts the key points presented in a collaborative symposium sponsored jointly by the Arthritis Foundation and the American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society with the intent to survey current treatment options for osteoarthritis (OA) of the foot and ankle. A meeting was held virtually on December 10, 2021. A group of experts were invited to present brief synopses of the current state of knowledge and research in this area. Topics were chosen by meeting organizers, who then identified and invited the expert speakers. Part 2 overviews the current treatment options, including orthotics, non–joint destructive procedures, as well as arthroscopies and arthroplasties in ankles and feet. Opportunities for future research are also discussed, such as developments in surgical options for ankle and the first metatarsophalangeal joint. The OA scientific community, including funding agencies, academia, industry, and regulatory agencies, must recognize the importance to patients of addressing the foot and ankle with improved basic, translational, and clinical research. Level of Evidence: Level V, review article/expert opinion.

# Purpose There is a high rate of second anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury (ipsilateral graft or contralateral ACL) upon return-to-sport (RTS) following ACL reconstruction (ACLR). While a significant amount of epidemiological data exists demonstrating sex differences as risk factors for primary ACL injury, less is known about sex differences as potential risk factors for second ACL injury. The purpose of this study is to determine if there are sex-specific differences in potential risk factors for second ACL injury at the time of clearance for RTS. # Methods Ten male and eight female athletes (age: 20.8 years ±6.3, height: 173.2 cm ±10.1, mass: 76.6 kg ±18.3) participated in the study following ACLR at time of RTS (mean 10.2 months). Performance in lower extremity isokinetic and isometric strength testing, static and dynamic postural stability testing, and a single leg stop-jump task was compared between the sexes. # Results Normalized for body weight, males had significantly greater isokinetic knee flexion (141±14.1 Nm/kg vs. 78±27.4 Nm/kg, p=0.001) and extension strength (216±45.5 Nm/kg vs. 159±53.9 Nm/kg, p=0.013) as well as isometric flexion (21.1±6.87% body weight vs. 12.5±5.57% body weight, p=0.013) and extension (41.1±7.34% body weight vs. 27.3±11.0% body weight, p=0.016) strength compared to females. In the single-leg stop jump task, males had a greater maximum vertical ground reaction force during landing (332±85.5% vs. 259±27.4% body weight, p=0.027) compared to females. # Conclusions Based on these results, there are significant differences between sexes following ACLR at the time of RTS. Lower knee flexion and extension strength may be a potential risk factor for second ACL injury among females. Alternatively, the increased maximum vertical force observed in males may be a potential risk factor of second ACL injury in males. Although these results should be interpreted with some caution, they support that rehabilitation programs in the post-ACLR population should be individualized based on the sex of the individual. # Level of Evidence Level 3

Category: Ankle; Arthroscopy; Trauma Introduction/Purpose: Rotational ankle fractures are common injuries associated with high rates of intra-articular injury. Traditional ankle fracture open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) techniques provide limited capacity for evaluation of intra- articular pathology. Ankle arthroscopy represents a minimally invasive technique to directly visualize the articular cartilage and syndesmosis while aiding with reduction and allowing joint debridement, loose body removal, and treatment of chondral injuries. The purpose of this study was to evaluate temporal trends in concomitant ankle arthroscopy during ankle fracture ORIF surgery amongst early-career orthopaedic surgeons while examining the influence of subspecialty fellowship training on utilization. Methods: The American Board of Orthopedic Surgery (ABOS) Part II database was queried to identify all candidates performing at least one ankle fracture ORIF (Current Procedural Terminology [CPT] codes 27766, 27769. 27784, 27792, 27814, 27822, 27823, 27829, 27846, 27848) from examination years 2010 to 2019. All ORIF cases were examined to identify those that carried a concomitant CPT code for ankle arthroscopy (CPT codes 29891, 29892, 29894, 29895, 29897, 29898, 29899). Concomitant ankle arthroscopy cases were categorized by candidates self-reported fellowship training status and examination year. Descriptive statistics were performed to report relevant data and linear regression analyses were utilized to assess temporal trends in concomitant ankle arthroscopy with ORIF for ankle fractures. Statistical significance was defined as p

Category: Ankle Arthritis Introduction/Purpose: The long term outcome of total ankle replacement is contingent on restoring the anatomic tibiotalar alignment of the ankle joint. Prior studies have mainly looked at the effect of coronal and hindfoot alignment of TAR on outcome and failure with few studies focusing on the effect of sagittal tibiotalar alignment. From these, we know that sagittal alignment has a greater impact on joint mechanics and that proper positioning of the talar component in the sagittal plane results in greater postoperative pain relief and better functional outcome, especially ankle range of motion. The goal of this study was to define a sagittal radiographic value that predicts failure in TAR. Methods: We analyzed the data of a retrospective patient cohort of consecutive TAR patients, which were treated from 2004 and 2011. Patients with two types of prosthesis were included, Salto Talaris (fixed bearing) and STAR (mobile bearing). All measurements were completed by two blinded observers, including the sagittal distal tibial articular angle (sDTAA), the lateral talar station (LTS) and the talar component inclination angle (γ angle). A total of 90 patients were included, 51 were male and 39 female patients. Seventy-seven patients received a Salto and 13 patients a STAR prosthesis. The average age was 63.7 years. Results: The mean sDTAA was 83.9 degrees and the mean γ angle was 21 degrees, both without significant difference in the two different prosthesis designs. A significant association (p=0.03) between post-op LTS as a continuous variable per unit increase and clinical failure was demonstrated, which included all the revision cases, with an odds ratio of 1.25. In addition a significant association (p=0.03) between increased LTS and sDTAA change of >5°, which is indicative of anterior subsidence, was shown. This was associated with an odds ratio of clinical TAR failure of 1.27. Conclusion: The abnormal radiographic post-op lateral talar station appears to predict clinical TAR failure and correlates with the abnormal sDTAA; the anterior translated talus loads the anterior tibia leading to anterior subsidence of the prosthesis. Limitation of this study is the inclusion of two different types of prosthesis designs.

Background: Modern techniques for graft choice, preparation, and fixation for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction demonstrate excellent longevity and return-to-play rates; however, up to 10% to 18% of cases continue to suffer reruptures, with even higher rates in specific subsets of patients. Indications: Normally, the posterior tibial slope is measured between 7° and 10°, with biomechanical and observational studies showing that posterior slope greater than 12° increases the risk of graft failure by 5× by allowing for increased anterior tibial translation, putting increased stress on the graft. The primary indication for a slope correction osteotomy with a revision ACL reconstruction is a patient with tibial slope greater than 12° who has failed prior ACL reconstruction. Technique Description: In our preferred technique, we illustrate a slope reducing anterior closing wedge proximal tibial osteotomy with concurrent revision ACL reconstruction rather than a staged ACL reconstruction. Results: The primary benefit of this technique is the ability to correct the tibial slope and reconstruct the ACL in one setting, which decreases recovery time, costs, and risks to the patients by eliminating an additional procedure. Discussion/Conclusion: In cases of ACL reconstruction failure, particularly in patients with multiple failures, an increased posterior tibial slope may be a contributing factor. Anterior closing wedge osteotomy has been shown to be an effective treatment, in patients with a native slope greater than 12°. A slope reducing anterior closing wedge proximal tibial osteotomy with concurrent revision ACL reconstruction rather than a staged ACL reconstruction has a wide array of benefits.

Background: The Cotton osteotomy, or dorsal-opening wedge osteotomy of the medial cuneiform (MC), is used to address medial column alignment to restore the static-triangle of support. There are many described techniques regarding the incision and osteotomy. Successful completion of the osteotomy requires knowledge of the anatomy, particularly the location of the medial dorsal cutaneous nerve (MDCN). This study describes the relationship between MDCN, tibialis anterior, extensor-hallucis-longus tendon, and ligamentous attachments to the MC. A technique to determine a safe location for the osteotomy is also described. Methods: Twelve fresh-frozen adult foot specimens were used for this study (7 male and 5 female). The MDCN and its branches were dissected and its relationship with the MC was documented. Osteotomy tilt angle and relationship to structures around the MC were measured. Results: MDCN traveled medially and distally over the dorsum of the MC, and a small branch to the MC was observed. The tilt angle was 80.1 ±1.4 degrees. There was no significant difference between the distance from the distal-articular surface to the midline of the cuneiform and to the interosseous ligament ( P = .69), or between the distance from the distal-articular surface to the second tarsometatarsal joint and to the origin of the Lisfranc ligament ( P = .12). Conclusions: The dorsal-medial-oblique incision effectively protected MDCN and the MC. We believe the osteotomy should be performed in the safe zone to maintain the stability of the opening wedge. Clinical relevance: The dorsal-medial-oblique incision could reduce the risk of injury to the MDCN and the tibialis-anterior tendon.

Background: The transfer of flexor-to-extensor is widely used to correct lesser toe deformity and joint instability. The flexor digitorum longus tendon (FDLT) is percutaneously transected at the distal end and then routed dorsally to the proximal phalanx. The transected tendon must have enough mobility and length for the transfer. The purpose of this study was to dissect the distal end of FDLT and identify the optimal technique to percutaneously release FDLT. Methods: Eight fresh adult forefoot specimens were dissected to describe the relationship between the tendon and the neurovascular bundle and measure the width and length of the distal end of FDLT. Another 7 specimens were used to create the percutaneous release model and test the strength required to pull out FDLT proximally. The tendons were randomly released at the base of the distal phalanx (BDP), the space of the distal interphalangeal joint (SDIP), and the neck of the middle phalanx (NMP). Results: At the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint, the neurovascular bundle begins to migrate toward the center of the toe and branches off toward the center of the toe belly. The distal end of FDLT can be divided into 3 parts: the distal phalanx part (DPP), the capsule part (CP), and the middle phalanx part (MPP). There was a significant difference in width and length among the 3 parts. The strength required to pull out FDLT proximally was about 168, 96, and 20 N, respectively, for BDP, SDIP, and NMP. Conclusion: The distal end of FDLT can be anatomically described at 3 locations: DPP, CP, and MPP. The tight vinculum brevis and the distal capsule are strong enough to resist proximal retraction. Percutaneous release at NMP can be performed safely and effectively. Clinical Relevance: Percutaneous release at NMP can be performed safely and effectively during flexor-to-extensor transfer.

Category: Ankle, Sports Introduction/Purpose: There exists little consensus regarding optimal treatment protocols for syndesmotic injuries. Orthopaedic clinicians have implemented a variety of treatment strategies, ranging from immobilization to screw fixation to new flexible fixation devices. While the body of literature is growing with regard to both the biomechanics and clinical outcomes for various constructs and rehabilitation protocols, there is little consensus on the optimal treatment and return to sport strategy for these injuries. We endeavored to assess current approaches to syndesmotic injures by orthopedic foot and ankle specialists around the world in 6 athlete scenarios with increasing degree of injury. Commensurate with the lack of available data to guide treatments, we hypothesize that there will be variability in the treatment and management strategies for syndesmotic injuries. Methods: A REDcap survey was created with 27 questions, including respondent demographics, indications for treatment of syndesmotic injuries, preferred treatment, preferred technique for repairing the syndesmosis and post-operative management. Respondents were asked to choose their preferred fixation device and post-operative return to play protocols in six different athlete scenarios (moderate impact, high impact and very high impact and each with/without complete deltoid injury). The survey was disseminated among the memberships of 18 North American and International medical societies. Society members were surveyed via three emails disseminated 2 weeks apart. Frequencies and percentages were calculated for all categorical responses. Results: A total of 596 providers responded to the survey, including 337 American surgeons and 259 members of various international societies. There was a 70% survey completion rate with a wide geographic distribution among respondents. Flexible devices were the preferred fixation construct (48.1%), followed by screws (27.5%), hybrid fixation (18.5%) and other (5.9%). There was a higher preference for flexible devices among sports medicine trained providers. 62% of respondents noted that their rehabilitation protocols would not change for each athlete scenario. Considerable variability was present in anticipated full return to sport, ranging from immediately following injury to 6 months post-op (Fig 1). One-third of respondents indicated that they repair the deltoid greater than 50% of the time when injured. Conclusion: We found a wide variety of indications and treatment constructs employed by orthopaedic surgeons for athletes with ligamentous syndesmotic injuries requiring fixation. Although, flexible fixation devices are the preferred among all respondents but there was a considerable variability in device choices. Fellowship training also appears to affect the preferred fixation device choice. There also exists substantial variability in expected return to play for every athlete scenario (Fig 1). The diversity in approaches and post-operative recommendations underscores the need for evidence-based guidelines to inform management of syndesmotic injuries.

Category: Hindfoot Introduction/Purpose: Painful hardware requiring removal occurs after the use of posterior calcaneal screws. Reconstructive procedures that rely on screws placed through the posterior calcaneus include calcaneal osteotomy and subtalar arthrodesis. Screw placement is typically percutaneous and relies on the use of fluoroscopy to evaluate screw starting point, length, and trajectory. Screw prominence in the sagittal plane is readily determined with a lateral radiograph, however screw location in the axial plane requires an intraoperative axial hindfoot view. The impact of screw prominence in the isolated axial plane on symptomatic hardware is unknown. The aim of this retrospective review is to determine, by analyzing postoperative radiographs, the association between posterior calcaneal screw type, sagittal and axial prominence, location, and trajectory with painful hardware requiring surgical removal. Methods: A consecutive series of 365 cases of posterior calcaneal screws in 333 patients (163 females: 48.9%) (mean age 47.4 years) was retrospectively reviewed from 2004-2018. Cases were performed by one of three fellowship trained foot and ankle surgeons. Inclusion criteria included the use of at least one posterior calcaneal screw and post-operative radiographs consisting of weight-bearing lateral and axial hindfoot views. Patient charts were retrospectively reviewed to determine the rate of symptomatic hardware removal (HWR). Weight-bearing radiographs were examined to determine screw head prominence in the lateral and axial planes, screw trajectory, and screw location in the calcaneus. Screw trajectory was calculated by subtracting the angle of the screw from the horizontal by the calcaneal pitch. Other variables collected included patient demographic information and screw number, diameter, and type. Statistical analysis was performed using Wilcoxon rank-sum and chi-square tests, with statistical significance defined as p

Category: Ankle, Ankle Arthritis Introduction/Purpose: Total ankle arthroplasty (TAA) utilization has increased over the last 20 years, while ankle arthrodesis (AAD) utilization has remained constant. However, annual hospital procedure volume for TAA and AAD remains low, with 50% of hospitals performing a median of =5 cases per year. Practicing in a low-volume setting may have implications for technical performance and patient outcomes, especially amongst early-career surgeons. The purpose of this study was to examine trends in utilization of TAA and AAD in ABOS part-II candidates while considering the influence of fellowship training status on treatment of end-stage ankle arthritis. Methods: The American Board of Orthopedic Surgery (ABOS) Part II database was queried to identify all candidates who performed =1 TAA or AAD from exam years 2009-2018. Candidates were categorized by exam year and by self-reported fellowship training status. Descriptive statistical methods were used to report procedure volumes. Trends in utilization of TAA and AAD were examined using log-modified regression analyses. Results: From 2009-2018, there was no significant change in the utilization of TAA or AAD amongst all candidates (p=0.92, p=0.20) (Table 1). Candidates reporting a foot and ankle (FA) fellowship trended towards increased utilization of TAA relative to AAD versus non-FA fellowship candidates, but this failed to reach statistical significance (p=0.06). The utilization of arthroscopic AAD increased over time (p

Category: Arthroscopy Introduction/Purpose: Ankle impingement and ankle osteochondral defects are common problems seen by foot and ankle specialist that often go on to require surgical managment. After conservative treatment fails, ankle impingement is often managed by arthroscopic debridement, whereas ankle OCDs are often treated with ankle arthroscopy and microfracture as a first line treatment. However, surgeons have various treatment protocols post-operatively after these procedures, with some surgeons allowing immediate weight bearing, were as other surgeons restrict patients weight bearing. There is similar heterogeneity in the manner of immobilization post-operatively. The purpose of this study is to retrospectively review the outcomes of patients undergoing ankle arthroscopy and micro fracture, to determine if immediate weight bearing or removable immobilization had any impact on outcomes. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 79 patients at our institution who underwent ankle arthroscopy with microfracture for talar osteochondral defects over 3 years. This included surgeries performed by one of 7 fellowship trained foot and ankle surgeons at our institution. Each surgeon had different protocols for post-operative weight bearing and immobilization, allowing for a comparison of various post-operative protocols. Patient outcomes were reviewed pre-operatively and post-operatively including age, sex, comorbidities, etiology of talar pathology, post-operative weight bearing status, time to first weight bearing, as well as method and length of immobilization, VAS scores, range of motion, and complications. Clinical outcomes such as time to return to work and return to sport were also evaluated. Results: The average patient age was 38. 42 patients (53%) had an additional procedure performed at the time of ankle arthroscopy and microfracture. There was no significant difference in the average pre-op and post-op VAS or range of motion between the immediate weight bearing group and the delayed weight bearing group. There was interestingly a trend towards lower VAS scores in the immediate weight bearing group (1.4 vs 2.6). Conclusion: Following ankle arthroscopy and microfracture, we found no difference in VAS, range of motion, or complications when allowing immediate, full weight bearing as well as using removable immobilization as compared to a variety of other protocols at early follow up. In fact, there was a trend towards lower VAS scores in the immediate full weight bearing group. Though this study has early follow up, it does suggest at least the equivalency of allowing immediate weight bearing and removable immobilization following ankle arthroscopy and talar microfracture.

Category: Ankle, Arthroscopy, Hindfoot, Sports Introduction/Purpose: Posterior ankle/hindfoot arthroscopy (PAHA) is an established surgical option for treating pathologies, of posterior ankle and subtalar joints, which otherwise would require open incisions. Arthroscopic procedures are less invasive, provide magnified visualization and allow earlier rehabilitation and return to activity. Many studies have reported outcomes after PAHA, however only two studies have reported complications in larger cohorts. Although posterior ankle impingement (PAI) is a common indication for PAHA, it is a non-specific diagnosis. The aims of our study are 1) to report the complications after posterior ankle arthroscopy. 2) Delineate the structures involved in PAI into zones based on arthroscopic findings including bone impingement from the talus or tibia, soft tissue impingement from the PITFL, PTFL, inter-malleolar ligament, posterior deep deltoid ligament and synovitis. Methods: We reviewed the chart for demographic details, diagnosis, arthroscopic findings, and complications in a consecutive series of 250 PAHA in 237 patients (94 males,143 females, mean age 34.3 years) who had surgery between 2008 and 2016 and excluded those who had Haglund excision. The indications were PAI (95 ankles), subtalar arthritis/coalition/nonunion(21/12/5), flexor hallucis longus (FHL) stenosis/tenosynovitis/contracture(22/9/5), osteochondral lesions(14), and others(14)(Table 1A). There were 67 ankles with PAI and at least one other coexisting condition. For patients with PAI, we catalogued the specific anatomic etiologies of impingement. To investigate a priori factors predictive of neurological complication after PAHA, unadjusted and multivariable regression techniques were utilized. Sparse events sensitivity analysis was tested by fitting models with Firth log-likelihood approach; penalizing estimates for first-order bias correction and stability of regression coefficients. To control for clustering of outcomes across surgeons (n=3), estimates were assessed by fitting the primary log-binomial model with generalized estimating equation. Results: Complications: sensory nerves (10) (5 tibial/branches, 5 sural), portals (4) (painful/nodular (1), draining>1week (3)). Achilles pain (1) DVT (1). Nerve symptoms after 6 months (3) had; transection of the sural nerve (1), sural neurolysis (1) or tarsal tunnel release (1). (Table 1B) In unadjusted analysis, advancing age (OR: 1.04; p=0.029) and accessory portal (OR: 15.64; p

Objective: The present study aimed to determine correlates of adherence to COVID-19 health precautions among college students. Drawing from the literature, the following constructs were considered: self-efficacy, conscientiousness, social support, collectivism, empathy, and fear of COVID. Participants: Undergraduate students (N = 92) recruited from psychology classes and social media, living on and off-campus, served as participants during fall 2020. Methods: Participants completed a short self-report survey, delivered online, measuring adherence to COVID-19 health precautions and its possible correlates. Results: After preliminary comparisons showing no differences in adherence between students living on and off-campus, linear regression analyses of the complete sample revealed that the significant predictors of adherence were conscientiousness, collectivism, empathy, and fear of COVID. Conclusions: College student adherence was largely driven by interpersonal motivators coupled with a modest level of fear, rather than more general constructs. These findings offer implications for considering targets in public health campaigns delivered to college students.

Category: Sports Introduction/Purpose: Despite extensive research of syndesmotic fixation techniques, there is little consensus regarding optimal treatment and return to play protocols for isolated syndesmotic injuries. As competing treatment goals may exist, orthopedic clinicians have resorted to a wide variety of treatment strategies, ranging from screw fixation to suture fixation in various constructs. Given the myriad techniques and constructs, it is increasingly important to understand the rationale and intended patient setting for selecting particular implants and constructs. Undoubtedly, a multitude of factors contribute to the range of outcomes following syndesmotic fixation. While there are various theoretical arguments made for selecting one construct over another, this study seeks to assess the distribution of current practice approaches to syndesmotic injuries by foot and ankle orthopaedic surgeons at large. Methods: This cross-sectional study collected data from trained, licensed orthopedic surgeons (i.e. MD, DO, etc.) practicing in North America that treat isolated syndesmotic injuries. A one-time online survey was disseminated to the AOFAS membership. The survey contained questions regarding participant demographics, indications for treating syndesmotic injuries, preferred technique for repairing the syndesmosis and post-operative management, as applied to six athlete scenarios (moderate, high, and very high impact athletes with complete syndesmosis injury, with and without complete deltoid injury), and post-operative return to play protocols. Frequencies and percentages were calculated for all categorical responses using STATA 14.2. Free text responses were analyzed for common themes by fellowship trained, licensed orthopedic surgeons. Results: 273 of 337 responses were complete. Radiographic widening of greater than 2 mm at the syndesmosis was a sole indication for surgery for 83% of respondents, and arthroscopic widening of the syndesmosis was a sole indication for 75%. No clinical exam or MRI finding reached a threshold of 50% as a sole indication. In moderate and high-impact athletes with complete syndesmotic injury, the majority of respondents use one or two flexible fixation devices (61.5% and 50.5%, respectively), 25% use screws only, and 23.7% use a combination. More than 70% do not change their treatment construct choice in the presence of a complete deltoid injury. There was considerable variability in anticipated return to sport amongst respondents for all injury scenarios, ranging from 2 weeks to 6 months. Conclusion: There is a wide variety of indications and treatment constructs employed by orthopaedic surgeons for athletes with ligamentous syndesmotic injuries requiring fixation. Despite absent consensus, several trends were evident. Flexible devices were utilized by a majority of respondents in all scenarios, even with ‘very high impact’ scenarios. Hybrid constructs are also common. The presence of a complete deltoid injury impacted fixation constructs for very few respondents. There is substantial variability in expected return to play for all athlete and injury scenarios. The diversity of approaches highlights the need for evidence-based guidelines regarding management of syndesmotic injuries.

Category: Ankle Arthritis Introduction/Purpose: Total ankle replacement has been proven to be effective method for treatment of patient with end-stage ankle arthritis alternative to ankle fusion. STAR implant was initially used followed by SALTO, INBONE and ZIMMER implants. While four implants are currently used, there is a paucity of evidence in literature to compare outcomes and complications between them. Methods: Retrospective chart review of 247 consecutive patients with 258 arthritic ankles who were diagnosed with end-stage ankle arthritis and underwent total ankle replacement using STAR (98 ankles, 38.0%), SALTO (121 ankles, 46.9%), INBONE (24 ankles, 9.3%), and Zimmer (15 ankles, 5.8%) implants between October 1997 and May 2015. There was prospectively collected data and minimum follow-up for inclusion was 6 months with an average of follow-up of 101.2 months (range, 18 to 211 months), 52.3 (range, 6 to 90 months), 15.3 (range, 6 to 27 months), and 13.7 months (range, 6 to 26 months) for STAR, SALTO, INBONE, and ZIMMER, respectively). The primary outcome was Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Foot Function Index (FFI, pain, disability, activity limitations, and total scores), Short Form-36 (SF-36, PCS and MCS), and the secondary outcomes included 2- year, 5-year, and 10-year survival rate, ankle range of motion at the final post-operative visit, and complications. Analysis of VAS, SF-36, and FFI was performed between the four groups using one-way ANOVA. Independent Sample T-test, Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test, and Chi-square test were used to compare other parameters and complications. Results: All four implants demonstrated significant improvement of functional outcomes (SF-36,FFI,VAS) (p < 0.001); however, there was no significant of outcomes and pain relief between each pair of implants (p > 0.05, all). The 2-year survival rates were 98.9%, 100%, 100%, and 100% for STAR, SALTO, INBONE, and Zimmer implants respectively. The 5-year survival rates were 91.7% and 96.2% and for STAR and SALTO implants respectively but 10-year survival was 86.1% for the STAR implant. Short- term complication for STAR, SALTO, INBONE, and ZIMMER implants were superficial wound infection (8.4%, 8.5%, 0%, and 0%), deep wound infection (2.1%, 1.7%, 0%, and 0%), medial malleolar fracture (6.3%, 6.8%, 0%, and 0%), lateral malleolar fracture (0%, 2%, 0%, and 0%), numbness on the incision (5.3%, 1.7%, 0%, and 0%), stiffness of the ankle joint (1.1%, 1.7%, 0%, and 0%), gutter impingement (14.7%, 2.5%, 0%, and 13.3%), talar component subsidence (9.5%, 0.8%, 0%, and 0%), and tibia component subsidence (4.2%, 3.4%, 0%, and 0%), polyethylene fracture (6.3%, 0%, 0%, and 0%). Conclusion: Based on our findings, all implants demonstrated significant improvement in term of functional outcomes, clinical outcomes, and pain relief as measured with FFI, SF-36, VAS scores, and range of motion of the ankle joint for treatment of end- stage ankle arthritis. The functional outcomes were comparable in all four types. Short-term complications were comparable in all groups but long-term complications of INBONE and Zimmer implants required longer follow-up time. Further prospective clinical investigation is important.

Category: Ankle Introduction/Purpose: Osteochondral allograft has been proven to be successful surgical option for treatment of large osteochondral defect of the talus. However, there are currently limited literatures reported outcomes of this technique. Methods: Retrospective Chart review with prospectively collected data of 26 patients with 26 ankles who had been diagnosed with large osteochondral lesion of the talus and underwent fresh osteochondral allograft transplantation 2004 and 2011 in single institution. All patients had failure of conservative treatment and minimum follow-up to be included in this study was 1 year (mean 40.9 months, range, 12 to 123 months). Pre- and post-operative pain (Visual Analog Scale (VAS)), SF-36 (PCS and MCS), and Foot Functional Index (FFI) were obtained and compared using Wilcoxon Singed-Ranks test. Results: Twenty-six patients (13 male and 13 female) with mean age of 31.7 years and an average of BMI of 29.0 were included in this study. Complete pre-operative and 1-year post-operative pain (VAS) (n=19/26) and functional outcome scores (SF-36 and FFI)(n=12/26) were collected. The mean pain (VAS) decrease from 6.9/10 to 4.8/10 post-operatively (p = 0.007). The mean SF-36 (PCS and MCS) were 41.3 and 54.7 pre-operatively which improved to 47.2 and 56.0 post-operatively, p = 0.084 and p = 0.875, respectively. The mean FFI (pain, disability, activity limitations, and total score) were 48.0, 48.8, 57.6, and 45.8 pre-operatively which changed to 53.4, 57.6, 68.5, and 54.6 post-operatively (p = 0.674, 0.575, 0.110, and 0.859, respectively). There were 61.8% patient satisfaction with this surgery and 82.7% of the patients will do the surgery again and they will recommend this type of surgery to their friends and family. There were 100% survival rate at 5-year (8 of 8) and 10-year (1 of 1). Conclusion: Osteochondral allograft demonstrated significant relief of pain in medium-term of follow-up as measured with VAS. This procedure was successful for treatment of large osteochondral lesion of the talus.

Category: Ankle Arthritis Introduction/Purpose: Total ankle replacement has been evolved and proven to be an effective treatment for varieties of ankle arthritis. Previous literatures reported higher complications in patients who underwent total ankle replacement resulted from post-traumatic and inflammatory arthritis compared to primary arthritis. However, there is a lack of comparative studies to demonstrate outcomes and complications among the three groups of patients who underwent total ankle replacement. Methods: Retrospective chart review of 247 consecutive patients with 268 ankles who were diagnosed with end-stage ankle arthritis from primary (73 patients /86 ankle), post-traumatic (149 patients/154 ankle), and inflammatory arthritis (25 patients/ 28 ankle) and underwent total ankle replacement between October 1997 and May 2015. Data was collected prospectively and minimum follow-up was 6 months to allow comparison of early complications and longer term survival in all groups (mean, 41.6 months (range, 6 to 132 months), mean 43.4 months (range, 6 to 180 months), and mean 75.1 months (range, 12-162 months) for primary, post-traumatic, and inflammatory arthritis, respectively). The primary outcome was Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Foot Function Index (FFI, pain, disability, activity limitations, and total scores), Short Form-36 (SF-36, PCS and MCS), and the secondary outcomes included 5-year and 10-year survival rate, the length of hospital stay, time to return to work, sport activity, and activity daily living, ankle range of motion at final post-operative visit, and complications. Results: There were post-traumatic (57.5%), primary (32.1%) and inflammatory arthritis (10.4%). Total ankle replacement of all three groups demonstrated significant improvement in the VAS, FFI, SF-36(p < 0.05). However, FFI, SF-36, VAS, ankle dorsiflexion, and ankle plantarflexion were similar among the three groups (p>0.05). Ankle range of motion was significantly improved in both dorsiflexion and plantarflexion in all groups(p < 0.001). The 5-year and 10-year survival rate were lower in the primary arthritis group but it did not reach statistical significance(p>0.05). Tibial subsidence was significantly higher in the inflammatory group compared to the post-traumatic group (p=0.036), but others complications were similar among the three groups. Conclusion: Total ankle replacements demonstrated significant improvement in term of functional outcomes, clinical outcomes, and pain relief as measured with FFI, SF-36, VAS scores, and range of motion of the ankle joint for treatment of end-stage ankle arthritis. The functional outcomes and complications were comparable among the primary, post-traumatic, and inflammatory groups except the talar implant subsidence was significant higher in the inflammatory group. Further prospective clinical study is indicated.

Category: Ankle Introduction/Purpose: Tarsal tunnel release is a standard surgical treatment for patients who have tarsal tunnel syndrome and failure of conservative treatment. However, there remains little evidence demonstrating the medium-term of functional outcomes and complications of tarsal tunnel release. The purpose of this study was to report functional outcomes and complications of tarsal tunnel release. Methods: Retrospective chart review with prospectively collected data of 79 consecutive patients with 87 feet (primary surgery = 74/80 and revision surgery = 5/5) who were diagnosed with tarsal tunnel syndrome and underwent tarsal tunnel release between 2008 and 2014. Diagnosis bases on history and physical examination. All patients were failure of conservative treatment at least 6 weeks and the minimum follow up to be included in the study was 12 months (mean, 32.2 months; range, 12 to 80 months). The primary outcome was visual analogue scale (VAS), Short Form-36 (SF-36); physical and mental component scores, and Foot Function Index (FFI); pain, disability, activity limitation, and total score. Pre- and post-operative SF-36, and Foot Functional Index (FFI), pain (Visual Analog Scale) were obtained and compared using pair t-test. The secondary outcomes were operative time, time to return to activity of daily living and work, and complications. Mann-Whitney U-test was used to compare non-parametric data and Wilcoxon signed ranks test was used to compare parametric data. Results: The VAS was significantly decrease from 7.6 to 2.0(p = 0.001) and SF-36 was significantly improved from 33.2 to 40.2, for PCS (p= 0.001) and 47.7 to 49.7 for MCS (p = 0.005). The FFI was significantly decreased from 63.0 to 36.0, 61.9 to 35, 72.5 to 34.9, and 65.8 to 35.3 for pain, disability, activity limitations, and total scores(p=0.001, all). Mean operative time was 36.1 minutes for primary surgery and 54.8 minutes for the revision surgery. There 45 of 87 feet (51.7%) had positive Tinel test pre-operatively and 9 of 87 feet (10.3%) post-operatively. Revision surgery demonstrated significantly worse outcomes (VAS,SF-36,and FFI) compared to primary surgery(p < 0.05) but duration >12 months and Tinel sign did not affect the outcomes compared to duration >12 months and Tinel sign negative (p>0.05 all). An average time to return to activity of daily living and work was 8.1 and 9.5 weeks. Complications were painful scar(14.9%), wound infection(6.9%), CRPS(2.3%), and paresthesia on the foot(20.7%). Conclusion: Tarsal tunnel release demonstrated significant improvement of functional outcomes and pain relief in medium-term follow-up as measured with SF-36, FFI, and VAS. Revision surgery demonstrated less favorable outcomes while pre-operative Tinel test and duration of symptom more than 12 months did not affect the outcome. This procedure was effective and feasible for tarsal tunnel syndrome with minor complications.

Category: Arthroscopy. Introduction/Purpose: Osteochondral lesions of the tibial plafond (OLTPs) can lead to chronic ankle pain and disability. Arthroscopic treatment has been described after failure of initial nonoperative treatment. However, the ideal appropriate approach for OLTPs is controversial, and it is not known if ankle positioning or joint distraction affects the accessibility of these lesions. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of predetermined ankle flexion angles on arthroscopic accessibility of the distal tibial articular surface through either the anterior or posterior approach. The effects of non- invasive joint distraction were also analyzed. Methods: Fourteen below-knee cadaver specimens were subjected to pre-operative range of motion measurements. Joint distraction was measured using sizing rods with the precision of 1 mm. The accessible areas at the tibial plafond were marked using a curette at predetermined ankle positions. Arthroscopy was performed using a 30-degree 2.7 mm camera via standard anterior and posterior approaches in randomized fashion in all specimens. Following arthroscopic accessibility, each cadaveric ankle was disarticulated and arthroscopic accessibility was quantified using a surface laser scan. Statistical analyses were performed to determine the correlation between pre-operative ankle range of motion and amount of distraction on arthroscopic accessibility of the tibial plafond. Results: The average accessibility of the tibial plafond was 56 percent and 68 percent for the anterior and posterior approaches, respectively (p = 0.056). There was no difference in accessibility from the anterior approach with increasing level of plantarflexion (p >0.05). Increasing dorsiflexion during the posterior approach significantly reduced ankle accessibility (p = 0.028). There was a significant increase in accessibility through either anterior or posterior approach with increasing level of ankle distraction; (parameter estimates ±SE): anterior= 14.2±3.34, p < 0.01 and posterior= 10.6±3.7, p < 0.05). Conclusion: Arthroscopic accessibility for the treatment of OLTPs was vastly dependent on the amount of intra-operative joint distraction achieved. Posterior approach had more joint distraction and wider plafond accessibility. Increasing ankle distraction significantly improved arthroscopic plafond accessibility for both anterior and posterior approaches while ankle joint position did not influence accessibility from either approach.