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Upotreba biljaka u lečenju ljudi datira još od antičkih vremena. Danas, savremena nauka izučava lekovita svojstva biljaka, potvrđuje njihov etnobotanički značaj i opisuje nove upotrebe biljnih vrsta kao medicinskih sredstava. Cilj ove doktorske disertacije je analiza biološkog potencijala i hemijskog profila metanolnih ekstrakata dobijenih iz nadzemnih delova biljaka Anthriscus cerefolium, Ononis spinosa i Phlomis fruticosa. Biološki potencijal metanolnih ekstrakata je određen testiranjem antibakterijske, antifungalne, antibiofilm, antioksidativne, enzim-inhibitorne, antiproliferativne i anti-inflamatorne aktivnosti. Predstavljen je i uvid u mehanizme antibakterijskog, antifungalnog i antiproliferativnog delovanja ekstrakata. Dobijeni rezultati su ukazali na značajnu antimikrobnu aktivnost ekstrakata protiv patogenih bakterija i gljiva. Takođe, ekstrakti su posedovali antibiofilm aktivnost protiv biofilma bakterija i patogenih kvasnica, kao i aktivnost na neke od faktora virulencije bakterija i kvasnica. Dalje, uočen je značajan antioksidativni potencijal svih ekstrakata, kao i njihova sposobnost inhibicije medicinski važnih enzima. Testirani ekstrakti nisu pokazali toksičnost prema ne-tumorskim humanim primarnim ćelijama, ali su pokazali antiproliferativno dejstvo na tumorske ćelijske linije. Takođe, uočene su i promene morfologije ćelija glioblastoma tretiranih ekstraktom A. cerefoilum. Ekstrakti su pokazali anti-inflamatornu aktivnost na in vitro modelu bakterijski indukovane inflamacije kod humanih keratinocita kože. Takođe, u okviru ove doktorske disertacije rasvetljen je hemijski sastav polifenola u testiranim ekstraktima i utvrđeno je da dominiraju derivati fenolnih kiselina i flavonoida. The use of plants in ethnomedicine dates back to ancient times. Today, modern science explores the healing properties of plants, confirms their ethnobotanical significance and describes new uses of plant species as medicinal agents. The aim of this dissertation is to analyze the biological potential and chemical profile of methanolic extracts obtained from the herbs Anthriscus cerefolium, Ononis spinosa and Phlomis fruticosa. The biological potential of methanolic extracts was determined by testing antibacterial, antifungal, antibiofilm, antioxidant, enzyme-inhibitory, antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory activities. An insight into the mechanisms of antibacterial, antifungal and antiproliferative actions was also presented. The chemical composition of methanol extracts has been studied both qualitatively and quantitatively. The obtained results indicated significant antimicrobial activity of the extracts against pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Also, the extracts possessed antibiofilm activity against bacterial and yeasts biofilms, as well as the activity on some of the virulence factors of bacteria and yeasts. Furthermore, significant antioxidant potential of all extracts was observed, as well as their ability to inhibit medically important enzymes. The extracts did not show toxicity to human primary cells, but showed antiproliferative effect on tested tumor cell lines. Also, the changes in the morphology of glioblastoma cells treated with the methanol extract of A. cerefoilum were observed. The extracts showed anti-inflammatory activity in in vitro model of bacterial-induced inflammation of human skin keratinocytes. Furthermore, the chemical composition of polyphenols in the tested extracts was clarified and was determined that derivatives of phenolic acids and flavonoids dominate.

Relevance. A rare representative of the Apiaceae family the garden chervil is widely used abroad in nutrition and in folk and traditional medicine.Methods. Evaluation of nutritional potential of Anthriscus cerefolium (L.) Hoffm and Anthriscus sylvestris Hoffm grown in Moscow region is achieved using the parameters of ascorbic acid, polyphenols, flavonoids, total antioxidant activity of ethanolic extracts.Results. Garden chervil (Anthriscus cerefolium) was characterized by lower concentrations of ascorbic acid (1.6-1.8 times), phenolics (2.2-2.5 times), flavonoids (1.8-2.2 times), total antioxidant activity (1-1.54 times) and dry matter content (2.4-4.9 times) than wild chervil (Anthriscus sylvestris) but demonstrated significantly higher levels of total dissolved solids. Significantly higher content of dry matter in leaves and especially stems of wild chervil correlates with low nutritional value of stems despite large total mass of plants compared to garden chervil. Contrary to wild chervil, Anthriscus cerefolium recorded unusually high concentrations of carotene in leaves and significantly lower levels of chlorophyll b. Seeds of garden chervil were also characterized by low antioxidant status contrary to wild chervil and seeds of curly parsley. High yield and significant nutritional value of garden chervil indicate important prospects of its wide-scale cultivation in Russia while Anthriscus sylvestris plants seem to be important in breeding processes.

Climate plays an important role in crop production, and it is the main factor limiting the success of crop production in specific area. Medicinal plants are characterized by its contents of biologi...

Dysmenorrhea is an unusual pain in the abdomen during menstruation. Women experience pain in the lowerabdomen and uterus during menstruation, but if the pain is too much to stop daily activities, it is calleddysmenorrhea or painful menstruation. Chemical treatments for dysmenorrhea are usually associated withside effects. Gastrointestinal problems, nausea, blurred vision, headache, and dizziness are some of theside effects of medications used to treat dysmenorrhea. Today, the use of herbal remedies and traditionalmedicine has become common. In this systematic review study, the most important medicinal plantsmentioned for dysmenorrhea in Iranian ethnobotanical documents were extracted and reported. In thisreview study, keywords such as dysmenorrhea, medicinal plants, ethnobotany, identification of medicinalplants, region and Iran from databases including ISI ,Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, ISC, Magiran andGoogle Scholar to review articles and Resources used. Based on the obtained results, medicinal plantsFoeniculum vulgare Mill, Juniperus communis, Origanum vulgare, Salvia sclarea L., Urtica dioica L.,Anthemis cotula L., Carthamus lanatus L., Silybum marianum [L.] Gaerth., Anthriscus cerefolium L[Hoffm.], Vitex pseudonegundo, Parietaria judaica L., Achillea biebersteinii Afanasiev., Equisetum arvenseL., Phoeniculum vulgare Mill. daenensis Celak., Peganum harmala L., Trifolium repens L., Salix aegyptiacaL., Nepeta fassenii, Cicer kermanenses, Teucrium pollium L., Achillea santolina, Cuminum cyminum,Valeriana officinalis, Salvia macrosiphon, Achillea eriophora, which are medicinal plants. They are used indifferent regions of Iran to treat dysmenorrhea.

Anthriscus cerefolium (L.) Hoffm. is a plant traditionally used around the globe since antiquity. Although widely used in many traditional medicines in different cultures, from the scientific point of view it is poorly investigated. Glioblastoma, a tumor type with poor prognosis, is the most common and lethal brain tumor in adults. Current therapeutic strategies for glioblastoma include surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. On the other hand, it has been revealed that patients with cancers are highly susceptible to microbial infections due to the invasive nature of cancer treatment approaches. This study was designed to investigate the chemical profile of herba Anthriscii cerefoli methanolic extract by applying UHPLC-LTQ OrbiTrap MS4 analysis and to analyze its anti-glioblastoma and antimicrobial activities. This study revealed that methanolic extract of herba Anthrisc cerefolii contained phenolic acids and flavonoids, with 32 compounds being identified. Anti-glioblastoma activity was investigated in vitro using A172 glioblastoma cell line. The cytotoxic effects of the extract on A172 cells were compared to the same effect on primary human gingival fibroblast (HGF-1) cells. Decreased rate of proliferation and changes in cell morphology were detected upon treatment of A172 cells with the extract. The antimicrobial activity of extract was tested against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida species. The extract was active against the tested bacterium and yeasts, inhibiting free floating cells and microbial biofilms. This study is the first one to provide a detailed description of the chemical profile of A. cerefolium extract dealing with scientific insights into its anti-glioblastoma and antimicrobial activities.

This paper presents a review of records of pollen and botanical macroremains of a selection of food plants from late and post-medieval cesspits (12th century-19th century ad) in the Netherlands and northern Belgium. The presented data demonstrate that several food plants remain largely invisible in the macrobotanical records. These are all plants from which the flowers or flower buds (Borago officinalis, Capparis, Carthamus tinctorius, Crocus sativus, Syzygium aromaticum) or leaves (Anthriscus cerefolium, Spinacia oleracea) are eaten, or that are typical components of honey (Cistus). As a result, little is known about the import or local production and consumption of these food plants in these times. This review now shows that past use of some of these plants is reflected in the pollen assemblages of (post-) medieval cesspits. For the first time, a large archaeobotanical dataset is presented, including pollen, providing information on the past use of these plants between the 12th and 19th century ad in the Netherlands and Belgium.

In this study, the essential oil of dried flowering aerial parts of Anthriscus cerefolium (L.) Hoffm. and Anthriscus nemorosa (M.Bieb.) Spreng. were analyzed by means of GC / GC-MS. As a result 35 and 34 components were identified representing 88.1% and 90.5% of the oil A. cerefolium and A. nemorosa, respectively. The main constituents of A. cerefolium were caryophyllene (16.9%), δ-cadinene (16.4%), trans-pinocarveol (12.5%), spathulenol (7.5%) and caryophyllene oxide (6.8%); whereas caryophyllene (15.8%), caryophyllene oxide (14.5%), δ-cadinene (13.4%), germacrene D (8.9%) and trans-pinocarveol (6.2%) were detected the major constituents of A. nemorosa. Studied plant samples were found to be rich in respect to essential oils. The results were discussed in consideration of natural products, renewable resources, chemotaxonomy and potential medical uses of these plants.

Chervil (Anthriscus cerefolium) is a culinary herb grown commercially in California. In 1999, chervil plantings in shade houses in coastal California exhibited symptoms of a previously undescribed disease. Tan to gray lesions, surrounded by pinkish tissue, developed on crowns and lower sections of stems. Affected stems wilted, and plants eventually collapsed and rotted. More than 50% of the plants in the early spring planting were diseased. White mycelium and large, irregular, black sclerotia (3 to 6 mm diameter) were observed on infected stems and crowns. Isolations from symptomatic stems, mycelium, and sclerotia produced colonies of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Following previously described methods (2), pathogenicity was confirmed by culturing isolates on potato dextrose agar and allowing the fungus to colonize sterilized toothpicks placed on the surface of the agar. The pointed toothpick tips were inserted ≈3 mm deep in stems of potted chervil. Sterile toothpicks were inserted in control chervil plants. All plants were incubated in a mist chamber for 48 h and then kept in a greenhouse. Two other hosts of S. sclerotiorum, cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis cv. White Rock) and celery (Apium graveolens cv. Conquistador)were inoculated in the same way. After 7 to 10 days, symptoms and mycelium similar to those originally observed developed on inoculated chervil plants, and S. sclerotiorum was reisolated. Plants left for 14 or more days supported sclerotia. Chervil inoculated with sterile, uncolonized toothpicks did not develop symptoms. Results were similar for cauliflower and celery plants. Pathogenicity tests were repeated, and the results were similar. A separate set of chervil was inoculated by placing sclerotia at the base of plants; these plants also developed disease but at a much lower incidence ( References: (1) M. J. Hims. Plant Pathol. 28:197, 1979. (2) S. T. Koike. Plant Dis. 81:1334, 1997.

Chervil (Anthriscus cerefolium (L.) Hoffm.), belonging to the family Apiaceae, is an aromatic annual herb that is native to the Caucasus. It is widely used as a flavoring agent for culinary purposes. This herb was recently introduced in Korea. In April 2013, plants showing typical symptoms of powdery mildew disease were observed in a polyethylene film-covered greenhouse in Seoul, Korea. White mycelium bearing conidia formed irregular patches on leaves and stems. Mycelial growth was amphigenous. Severe infections caused leaf withering and premature senescence. Voucher specimens were deposited in the Korea University Herbarium (KUS). Hyphae were septate, branched, with moderately lobed appressoria. Conidiophores presented 3 to 4 cells and measured 85 to 148 × 7 to 9 μm. Foot-cells of conidiophores were 37 to 50 μm long. Conidia were produced singly, oblong-elliptical to oblong, measured 30 to 50 × 13 to 18 μm with a length/width ratio of 2.0 to 3.3, lacked conspicuous fibrosin bodies, and with angular/rectangular wrinkling of the outer walls. Germ tubes were produced in the subterminal position of conidia. Chasmothecia were not found. These structures are typical of the powdery mildew Pseudoidium anamorph of the genus Erysiphe. The specific measurements and morphological characteristics were consistent with those of E. heraclei DC. (1). To confirm identity of the causal fungus, the complete internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA of KUS-F27279 was amplified with primers ITS5 and P3 (4) and sequenced directly. The resulting 561-bp sequence was deposited in GenBank (Accession No. KF111807). A GenBank BLAST search of this sequence showed >99% similarity with those of many E. heraclei isolates, e.g., Pimpinella affinis (AB104513), Anethum graveolens (JN603995), and Daucus carota (EU371725). Pathogenicity was confirmed through inoculation by gently pressing a diseased leaf onto leaves of five healthy potted chervil plants. Five non-inoculated plants served as a control treatment. Plants were maintained in a greenhouse at 22 ± 2°C. Inoculated plants developed signs and symptoms after 6 days, whereas the control plants remained healthy. The fungus present on the inoculated plants was identical morphologically to that originally observed on diseased plants. Chervil powdery mildews caused by E. heraclei have been reported in Europe (Bulgaria, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Romania, Switzerland, and the former Soviet Union) and the United States (2,3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of powdery mildew caused by E. heraclei on chervil in Asia as well as in Korea. The plant is cultivated in commercial farms for its edible leaves in Korea. Occurrence of powdery mildew is a threat to quality and marketability of this herb, especially those grown in organic farming where chemical control options are limited. References: (1) U. Braun and R. T. A. Cook. Taxonomic Manual of the Erysiphales (Powdery Mildews), CBS Biodiversity Series No. 11, CBS, Utrecht, 2012. (2) D. F. Farr and A. Y. Rossman. Fungal Databases, Syst. Mycol. Microbiol. Lab., Online publication. ARS, USDA. Retrieved July 29, 2013. (3) S. T. Koike and G. S. Saenz. Plant Dis. 88:1163, 2004. (4) S. Takamatsu et al. Mycol. Res. 113:117, 2009.

Arid regions in Egypt are characterized by poor nutrients and unfavorable environmental conditions which negatively affect growth and productivity of medicinal and aromatic plants including Anthriscus cerefolium L. Thus, the main objective of the present investigation was to study the effect of different levels of NK fertilizers, on the morphological and biochemical characteristics of this plant under arid regions conditions. The effects of NP on the growth (fresh weight and dry weight of herb) were measured and quantitative analysis of essential oils and photosynthetic pigments content of chervil were performed. The results indicated that, N and/or K fertilizer increased herb and essential oil yield as well as photosynthetic pigments comparing with control. The main constituents of essential oil (methyleugenol, estragole, 2-allyl-1,4-dimethoxybenzene) were affected by fertilizers treatments.

Leafy salad vegetables, also known as potherbs, leafy greens, or salad greens, are among the universally used most important vegetable crops grown globally and available throughout the year. Although nearly all vegetables can be consumed raw but only few are commonly referred to as salad crops, and of these, only few are considered as leafy salad based on the criterion that the leaves alone are consumed. Leafy salad crops have been defined as those crops, only the leaves of which are harvested for use as raw vegetable. However, most of these crops are considered high-risk vegetables since their leaves and petioles are susceptible to attack by pests and environmental extremes. The leafy salad vegetables thrive best during cooler and moist seasons and do not tolerate hot weather. These vegetables most often come from short-lived herbaceous plants, such as endive ( Cichorium endivia L.), lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.), Brussels sprouts ( Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera), cabbage ( Brassica oleracea var. capitata), celery ( Apium graveolens ), celtuce ( Lactuca sativa var. asparagina), chervil ( Anthriscus cerefolium ), chicory ( Cichorium intybus ), Chinese cabbage ( Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis and B. rapa subsp. chinensis), collard greens ( Brassica oleracea ), dill ( Anethum graveolens ), garden cress ( Lepidium sativum ), kale ( Brassica oleracea var. acephala), mustard ( Brassica juncea ), parsley ( Petroselinum crispum ), sorrel ( Rumex acetosa ), summer purslane ( Portulaca oleracea ), Swiss chard ( Beta vulgaris var. cicla), turnip greens ( Brassica rapa var. rapifera), and watercress ( Nasturtium officinale ). These vegetables have mostly crisp, tasty, and tender edible leaves, which are valued for their appetizing succulence, bulk, and nutrients. Leafy salad vegetables are low in energy and fat but high in protein, dietary fiber, iron and calcium and very high in phytochemicals, such as vitamin C, carotenoids, lutein, folate, magnesium and vitamin K.

The tested spice seeds of three origins (I, II, III) were stored for 6 years (Anthriscus cerefolium III) and 20 years (Rumex acetosa I, II, III, Sanquisorba minor I, II) respectively, at +10/30, +5 and –20 °C air-tight in 2 x 100 μ PE bags. The seed moisture content of all seeds ranged from 7,4 to 9,9 %. Germination was tested at temperatures from 10 to 30°C (steps of 5°C). High germination results were found for A. cerefolium (III) seeds after 6 years in all storage variants. Seeds of R. acetosa (II, III) germinated in variant –20 after 20 years to a high percentage at 10 to 25°C. After seven years the germination of seeds of all origins decreased in variant –20 at temperatures 10 and 15°C but later tests revealed an increase. Therefore this pattern indicates a temporary dormancy. For S. minor seeds I and II, high germination results were found in variant +5 after 18 and 20 years at germination temperatures from 15 to 25 °C. INTRODUCTION In all civilisations spices were and are still used as completion and enrichment of human food to enhance its digestibility. The production of spices took place in Babylon and Assyria for instance in special laid out gardens and later during the Middle Ages in monasteries (Goock, 1977). Consequently spices were coming along horticultural plants not least because of their small productions areas. Due to the industrialization and the increase of population in Europe and Northern America, the production moved partly to larger agricultural areas in order to supply also the food industry. By cultivating spices of more different species the farmers are also able to enlarge the range of agricultural production. With the increasing commercial production of spices taking place, particularly for the fresh market from the 70s onwards, farmers as well as the official advisory services in Germany have requested data about the seed storage of spices. This requests promoted the first experiments in Geisenheim using seeds of Anthriscus cerefolium (chervil), Rumex acetosa (sorrell) and Sanquisorba minor (burnet). The storage time was calculated for medium-term (5 to 10 years) and for long-term storage conditions (10 to 20 years and more) so as to supply data on the safe conservation of the genetic diversity of these resources. MATERIAL AND METHODS Seeds of A. cerefolium were stored for 6 years and seeds of R. acetosa and of S. minor for 20 years in air-tight welded PE-bags at +10/30°C (room, variant +10/30), + 5°C (fridge, variant +5) and –20°C (freezer, variant –20). The seeds used in the experiment were from different origins. As packing, 100 μ PE-bags were chosen and some seed portions were packed with the same material. Between the PE-films, silica gel was added for humidity control. The experiments started in the beginning of 1978 using seeds harvested in 1977. Seed moisture content (smc) was determined following the ISTA’s rules with three replicates. Germination tests were carried out in 1978, from 1980 to 1985, and in 1994, 1996 and in 1998 at different germination temperatures ranging from 10 to 30°C (steps of 5°C) always according to ISTA. The average of the first germination results of all temperatures are indicated as basic germination. A germination limit for the storage time was fixed depending on first germination results at different temperatures. All data were subjected to analysis of variance – ANOVA – (P = 5%). Proc. IS on Sust. Use Of Plant Biodiv. Eds. E. Duzyaman &Y.Tuzel Acta Hort. 598, ISHS 2003 34 RESULTS The smc of A. cerefolium seeds was 9,66 and the basic germination 95 % (Table 1). The seeds germinated at temperature from 10 to 25°C between 96 and 98 % and at 30°C to 85 %. The ANOVA revealed in variant +10/30 a result of 83, in variant +5 of 82 and in variant –20 of 87 %. Therefore the germination was preserved very well in variant –20. The decrease in germination in all three variants was only caused by the temperature 30°C. This reduced germination is reflected by the results of storage time (Table 2). High germination was found at 10 to 25°C for 6 years in all variants. The smc of R. acetosa seeds of three origins was extended from 9,86 to 9,89 % and the basic germination for seeds I was 78, for seeds II and III 97 respectively 93 % (Table 3). Seeds I germinate at 10 to 25°C between 79 and 82 %, at 30°C to 66 %, whereas seeds II and III showed at all temperatures a germination of more than 90 %. Consequently the optimal germination temperature range for seeds II and III was more extensive than for seeds I. The ANOVA results ranged from 32 to 44 in variant +10/30, from 54 to 73 in variant +5 and from 65 to 82 % in variant –20. In spite of the high basic germination of seeds II and III seeds II germinated in variant +10/30 and +5 to a higher percentage. After 7 years, the germination of seeds of all origins was decreasing at 10 and 15°C in variant –20. They germinated only to an average of 27 % whereas after six years it was 81 % (Table 4). Germination tests after 16 years revealed an average of 87 %. This pattern indicates a temporary dormancy only appearing at temperatures 10 and 15°C in variant –20. There were no effects of origin. As table 5 shows the germination limit of 75 % was preserved for seeds I at germination temperatures from 10 to 25°C in all variants between 2 and 3 years. Seeds II and III indicated a high germination mostly at temperatures from 10 to 30°C in variant +10/30 and +5 for 2 to 7 years. In variant –20 the germination of seeds II and III at 10 to 25°C remained unchanged for 20 years. These results indicate the reduction of the optimal germination range to temperatures of 10 to 25°C. In table 5 the temporary dormancy was not considered because of its limited appearance only in variant –20 at 10 and 15°C. The smc of S. minor seeds of two origins was 7,75 and 7,42 % and the basic germination was 77 and 85 % (Table 6). Seeds I germinated at 10 to 25°C between 78 and 82 % and seeds II between 83 and 91 %. 30°C reduced the germination of seeds I and II to 67 % respectively to 75 %. The results of the ANOVA were in +10/30 variant 47 and 57 %, in +5 variant 68 and 78 % and in –20 variant 58 and 63 %. Therefore the highest results for both origins were found in +5 variant. Basic germination as well as germination in every variant was higher for seeds II than for seed I. The higher germination results in variant +5 correspond to the numbers of years in which the germination was also high. Seeds of both origins germinated in variant +10/30 between 2 and 4 years and in variant –20 between 4 and 5 years (Table 7). 30°C reduced germination in all variants considerably. In variant +5 seeds I and II germinated at 10°C during 5 and 6 years of storage to a high percentage. At 15 to 25°C the high germination went on for 18 years or remained after 20 years without any decrease. In table 1, 3 and 6 the results of the estimation are also being provided. The main factor influencing the storage results of A. cerefolium seeds was the germination temperature (B) with 59 % (Table 1). The interaction germination temperature x storage time (BxC) showed an influence of 24 %. For seeds of R. acetosa the ANOVA marked out an influence of the factor storage time (C) from 33 to 40 % (Table 3). The influence of the factor storage temperature (A) ranged from 20 to 23 % and the germination temperature (B) from 6 to 20 %. The interaction storage temperature x storage time (AxC) revealed an influence of 17 to 21 %. Similar to the results of R. acetosa were those of S. minor (Table 6). The ANOVA indicated a high influence of the factor storage time (C) with 46 % for seeds I respectively 53 % for seeds II. The value of the factor storage temperature (A) ranged from 13 to 16 %. The influence of the interaction storage temperature x storage time (AxC) was about 23 %. Altogether the ANOVA revealed high significant differences for the single factors as well as for the interactions.

The antilipoperoxidant activity of Anthriscus cerefolium L. (Hoffm.), chervil, Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nym. ex A. W. Hill., parsley extracts were evaluated with ascorbic acid induced lipid peroxidation on rat brain homogenates. These results are completed by the antiradical potential of these extracts against a solution of OH. radical. In all cases luteolin-7-O-glucoside was used as a reference material.

Summary A preference hierarchy of the oligophagous carrot fly for 30 umbelliferous host-plant species or varieties and six non-hosts was assessed. Foliage of the test plants was presented to a laboratory population of the fly in oviposition choice experiments together with leaves of a standard plant, the susceptible carrot cultivar “Danvers”. Only two species (Anthriscus cerefolium, Carum carvi) were more acceptable than the standard plant, while about half the species received significantly fewer eggs. Some umbellifers (Anethum graveolens, Pimpinella major) had a low acceptability similar to that of non-hosts (non-umbelliferous plants). The results obtained with dual and multiple choice assays were in agreement. A multiple choice assay with potted plants yielded a similar ranking of the species as assays using detached leaves, indicating that foliage is representative for whole plants. Variability in the exploratory runs performed by the females on the leaves prior to egg-laying is described and quantified for hosts and non-hosts. Differences in post-alighting pre-ovipositional behaviour of the female flies on the leaves accounted for a major part of the variation recorded in egg-laying.

Whole chervil (Anthriscus cerefolium L.) harvested in a commercial operation was placed in a plastic container at 5°C under different CO2 concentrations (0.05, 0.5 or 1.0%) and PPFDs (photosynthetic photon flux density ; 0, 0.5, 1.0 or 2.0μmol m-2 s-1) to determine CO2 exchange rate at an atmospheric O2 conc. of 20%. The CO2 exchange rate was calculated from the difference between CO2 conc. of outflow and inflow air (flow rate : 4.8L h-1) through the plastic container. The CO2 exchange rate decreased with increasing CO2 conc. or increasing PPFD. Relationship of CO2 conc. and PPFD where the CO2 exchange rate becomes 0 was obtained by drawing a 3-dimensional (CO2 conc., PPFD and CO2 exchange rate) graph. Three combinations of CO2 conc. and PPFD (0.05%+ 1.6μmol m-2 s-1: C0.05P1.6 ; 0.5%+0.5μmol m-2 s-1: C0.5P0.5 ; 1.0%+0.2μmol m-2 s-1: C 1.0P0.2) were then selected among the relationship for the following storage experiment. Whole chervil was stored at 5°C and at O2 conc. of 20% for 27 d under the conditions of the 3 combinations or under the usual low temperature storage conditions (0.04%+0 pmol m-2 s-1: Cont) as control. The color difference (ΔEab) values of the leaves of chervil in Cont, C0.05P1.6, C0.5P0.5 and C1.OPO.2 on the last day of storage (day 27) were 36, 22, 10 and 17 respectively, and there were significant differences among those values each other. The ΔEab values in Cont, C0.05P1.6, C0.5P0.5 and C1.0P0.2 were kept less than 9 until day 6, day 12, day 24 and day 15 respectively. A five-rank subjective visual quality score of chervil on day 27 in C0.5P0.5 was significantly higher than those in Cont and C0.05P1.6, and that in C 1.0P0.2 was significantly higher than Cont. These results indicate that the optimum conditions, at 5°C and at O2 conc. of 20%, of low light irradiation-CA storage for preservation of the visual quality of postharvest whole chervil exist around the combination of 0.5%CO2 and 0.5μmol m-2 s-1 PPFD.

Chervils (Anthriscus cerefolium L.), a kind of fresh culinary herb, harvested and packed in drawn polystyrene packages in a commercial operation were stored at 5°C for 27 d under different gas compositions (0.05% CO2+20% O2, L ; 0.5% CO2+ 10% O2, M; 1 % CO2+5% O2, H) at a photosynthetic photon flux density of O (dark, D) or 1 (low light irradiation using an array of red light-emitting diodes, R) μmol m-2 s-1, applying (A) or without applying (N) a nutrient agar-gel to the cut ends of their stems. The color difference (ΔEab) value of the leaves of chervils in MRA was kept less than 4 during storage, and was significantly lower than the other treatments including LDN (control : usual low temperature storage) with a ΔE ab of 16 on the last day of storage (day 27) . ΔEab values in LDN, HDN and MRA were less than 3 (stored chervils with ΔEab values less than 3 are considered salable) until day 12, day 18 and day 27, respectively, indicating that storage duration of postharvest chervils stored under controlled atmosphere (CA) and CA combined with low light irradiation and nutrient gel application was prolonged 1.5 times and 2.3 times longer, respectively, than under usual low temperature storage. Subjective visual quality scores showed a similar tendency to that on ΔEab ; the total percentage of scores 3 (salable) and 2 (limit of salability) in MRA and HRA was both 90% while that was 59% in LDN. These results indicate that CA combined with low light irradiation and nutrient gel application was effective for preservation of the visual quality of postharvest chervils during low temperature storage.

A number of culinary herb species Allium schoenoprasum L., Anethum graveolens L., Anthriscus cerefolium (L.) Hoffm., Artemisia dracunculus L., Coriandrum sativum L., Levisticum officinale Koch. Mentha spicata L., Origanum majorana L., Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nym. ex A. W. Hill, Salvia officinalis L., Satureja hortensis L. and Thymus vulgaris L. were dried by warm-air and microwave ovens. The microbiological quality of the raw and dried material was determined for total bacterial count, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and coliforms. The volatile oil content of seven plant species was determined by gas chromatography following drying at temperatures from 40–100°C, revealing that at temperatures >60°C, most of the volatile constituents were lost. Exposure of herbs to microwaves was evaluated as a method of both drying and reducing the microbial load present on the plants. The microflora was reduced by two to three logarithmic cycles, but the effect on the volatile oil profile was profoun...

Scandix cerefolium Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 1: 257. 1753. "Habitat in apris & arvis Europae australioris." RCN: 2057. Lectotype (Jafri in Jafri & El-Gadi, Fl. Libya 117: 16. 1985): Herb. Linn. No. 364.4 (LINN). Current name: Anthriscus cerefolium (L.) Hoffm. (Apiaceae). Note: See detailed reviews by Spalik & Jarvis (in Taxon 38: 290, f. 2. 1989) and Reduron & Spalik (in Acta Bot. Gallica 142: 63-64. 1995)., Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part S), pp. 806-877 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 825, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971

Oxygen free radicals play an important role in the development of different disorders like inflammatory-immune injury, carcinogenesis, hepatic toxicity and artherosclerosis. The antioxydant role of a wide spectrum of natural products has been established. Flavonoids and other phenolic compounds (proanthocyanidins, rosmarinic acid, hydroxicinnamic derivatives, catechines, etc.) of plant origin have been reported as scavengers and inhibitors of lipid peroxidation. We have studied the antioxidant activity as well as content and composition of natural phenolics in a series of medicinal plants with phytotherapeutical significance. Thus we determined the total phenol contents and studied the composition of flavonoids, polyphenols, phenolic acids of different vegetative and reproductive organs of medicinal plants: Anthriscus cerefolium (L.) Hoffm., Petroselinum crispum L., Cichorium intybus L., Helichrysum arenarium D.C.„cempervivum tectorum L., Taravacum officinale Web. Characteristic constituents in the various crude drugs were determined by chromatographic (TLC, HPLC) and spectroscopic (UV, UV-VIS) methods. The non specific scavenger activities of the medicinal plant extracts were studied by the chemiluminometric technique. The changes of chemiluminescence intensity of the H,G,•0H-luminol system at increasing concentrations of the H702/ -OH were measured. Inhibitory effects of selected standardized fractions from plants were tested on ascorbic acid induced lipid peroxidation in rat liver and homogenates. The best correlation were established with total phenolics in some medicinal plants (S. tectorum, T. officinale) while activities in other cases seem to be influenced by flavonoids (P. crispum, H. arenarium, A. cerefolium) and by hydroxicinnamic derivatives (C. intybus).

Standardised aqueous extracts of chervil (Anthriscus cerefolium L. Hoffm.) (Apiacae) were investigated for antioxidant effect. Numerous in vitro test methods were used to determine whether the extracts, from different vegetative parts (root, herb) had H-donor, metal binding, reductive, free radical scavenging and membrane protective activity. Apiin was used as a reference material. The herb extract showed better activity in all experiments than the root extract. The present results underline that the wateric chervil extracts have antioxidant and anti-lipoperoxidant activity.

The composition of the essential oil from the different above ground plant parts of Anthriscus cerefolium and A. caucalis collected in the urban area of Vienna has been studied. The essential oils of A. cerefolium were dominated by estragole (= methylchavicol) and 1-allyl-2,4-dimethoxybenzene, occurring in various proportions. The oils from young flowering plants had more estragole than 1-allyl-2,4-dimethoxybenzene. Fruits from one location reached 95% estragole in the essential oil. In A. caucalis, the main compound of all oils was cis-chrysanthenyl acetate (up to 74%) followed by cis-chrysanthenol (up to 16%). The fruit oils displayed a higher proportion of cis-chrysanthenyl acetate than the leaf or stem oils.

The water-distilled essential oil of Anthriscus cerefolium (Umbelliferae) growing wild in Turkey was analyzed by GC/MS. Four compounds comprising the total oil were methyl chavicol (83.10%), 1-allyl-2,4-dimethoxybenzene (15.15%), undecane (1.75%) and β-pinene (

Chervil (Anthriscus cerefolium) is a culinary herb in the Apiaceae family that is grown commercially in California. In 2003 and 2004, shade house plantings of chervil in central coastal California exhibited symptoms and signs of a powdery mildew disease. White, epiphytic mycelia and conidia were present on petioles and leaves. Severely affected leaflets became slightly twisted and bent. Mycelium was amphigenous and effused or in patches. Hyphae measured 5.0 to 7.5 μm in diameter and had lobed appressoria. Conidiophores were straight and had cylindric foot cells measuring 25.0 to 37.5 × 7.5 to 10.0 μm, followed by a longer cell and one to two shorter cells. Conidia formed singly, were cylindric, and measured (37.5-) 40.0 to 50.0 (-52.5) × 15.0 to 17.5 μm. Conidia lacked fibrosin bodies and germinated at the ends with either a very short or a long germ tube forming a lobed appressorium (Polygoni type). No cleistothecia were observed. On the basis of these characteristics, the fungus was identified as Erysiphe heraclei (1). To confirm pathogenicity, severely colonized chervil leaves from a commercial nursery were gently pressed onto leaves of potted chervil plants. Plants were then maintained in a greenhouse (22 to 24°C). After 10 to 12 days, signs of powdery mildew developed on the foliage of inoculated plants, and the pathogen morphology matched that of the originally observed pathogen. Noninoculated control plants did not develop powdery mildew. To investigate the host range of this chervil isolate, parsley (Petroselinum crispum) and celery (Apium graveolens) plants were inoculated in the same way as described. However, after more than 3 weeks, no powdery mildew developed on these two Apiaceae plants. Control chervil plants again developed the disease. To our knowledge, this is the first report of powdery mildew of chervil caused by E. heraclei in California. Disease impact was severe, and in some cases, chervil crops were not harvested. The inability of the chervil isolate to infect two other Apiaceae plants that are listed as hosts of E. heraclei indicates that this pathogen may consist of strains having different host ranges. Reference: (1) U. Braun. Nova Hedwigia 89:1, 1987.

The structure of the protein bodies from seeds of the family Umbelliferae has not been studied extensively since late in the 19th century. Using light and electron microscopy structural aspects of the protein bodies of carrot (Daucus carota L. cv. Imperator 408), wild carrot (Daucus carota L.), caraway (Carum carvi L.), anise (Pimpinella anisum L.), dill (Anethum graveolens L.), celery (Apium graveolens L. cv. Tall Utah), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill), parsnip (Pastinaca sativa L. cv. Hollow Crown), parsley (Petroselinum sativum L. cv.Moss Curled), and chervil (Anthriscus cerefolium L. cv. Curled) were studied. Both endosperm and embryo protein bodies were investigated. Structurally, the protein bodies from all these genera were similar in that two types of protein bodies were found. One type consisted of a homogeneous, proteinaceous matrix and a number of variously sized, globoid crystal inclusions. The other type consisted of a homogeneous, proteinaceous matrix and either an individual or, more commonly, an aggregate of calcium-rich crystals arranged in a cluster usually termed a druse. Both types of protein bodies were never found in the same cell. Only globoid crystals were found in the embryo protein bodies. Protein bodies in the embryos were smaller, more numerous per cell, and often contained a flocculent, proteinaceous matrix.

SUMMARY Clusters of isometric virus-like particles c. 22 nm in diameter, embedded in amorphous electron-dense material, were found in the phloem tissue of Anthriscus cerefolium (chervil) plants infected with the semi-persistent aphid-borne virus, anthriscus yellows (AYV). The particles resembled those seen previously in thin sections of AYV-transmitting aphids (Cavariella aegopodii). The particles were found only in the central vascular bundle of the petiole and its continuation in the leaf midrib. They were also found in extracts made by grinding petiole and midrib tissue in 10 % sucrose using Carborundum. These results confirm earlier studies which suggest that AYV is confined to deeper-lying tissues.

Viral dieback of carrot, chervil, coriander, dill and wild Umbelliferae is described. Disease incidence in carrot crops grown for seed is often high but low in ware carrot. There is no secondary spread in carrot crops.

Calcium mobilization into developing seedlings of several umbelliferous plants including carrot (Daucus carota L. cv. Imperator 408), wild carrot (Daucus carota L.), caraway (Carum carvi L.), anise (Pimpinella anisum L.), dill (Anethum graveolens L.), celery (Apium graveolens L. cv. Tall Utah), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.), parsnip (Pastinaca sativa L. cv. Hollow Crown), parsley (Petroselinum sativum L. cv. Moss Curled), and chervil (Anthriscus cerefolium L. cv. Curled) was investigated with emphasis on carrot and celery. Calcium determinations using atomic absorption spectrometry of carrot and celery embryos obtained from dry mericarps and carrot and celery seedlings collected when the pericarp plus testa plus endosperm remains fell off the seedlings, revealed that some calcium uptake occurred in carrot and possibly celery. It is possible that some of the calcium obtained by the seedlings came from the calcium oxalate crystals but the calcium could also have originated from other calcium sources within the endosperm. Polarized light studies of endosperm remains from carrot, celery, and the other members of the family Umbelliferae investigated, revealed that large numbers of calcium oxalate crystals were present in the endosperm remains after separation from the seedlings. The results of these studies indicate that calcium oxalate crystals are not used extensively as a calcium source during germination and early seedling growth.

The elemental composition of the protein bodies from several members of the Umbelliferae including carrot (Daucus carota L. cv. Imperator 408), wild carrot (Daucus carota L.), caraway (Carum carvi L.), anise (Pimpinella anisum L.), dill (Anethum graveolens L.), celery (Apium graveolens L. cv. Tall Utah), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.), parsnip (Pastinaca sativa L. cv. Hollow Crown), parsley (Petroselinum sativum L. cv. Moss Curled), and chervil (Anthriscus cerefolium L. cv. Curled) was determined using energy dispersive X-ray analysis. Globoid crystals in the endosperm usually contained P, K, and Mg or infrequently P, K, Mg, and Ca. In the embryos of carrot and caraway, P was always present with a combination of K, Mg, or Ca. Calcium was the only element detectable in the calcium-rich crystals. The proteinaceous matrix always contained S and K regardless of the inclusion present in the protein body.Quantitative determinations of P, Mg, K, and Ca are presented for all members studied except wild carrot, chervil, celery, and fennel. In all species analysed in this manner K or Ca were present in the highest amounts followed by P and Mg. Calcium-localization studies showed that most of the Ca is located in the endosperm and pericarp portions of the mericarp.

The chemical composition of the calcium-rich crystal inclusions present in the seed protein bodies of carrot (Daucus carota L. cv. Imperator 408), wild carrot (Daucus carota L.), caraway (Carum carvi L.), anise (Pimpinella anisum L.), dill (Anethum graveolens L.), celery (Apium graveolens L. cv. Tall Utah), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.), parsnip (Pastinaca sativa L. cv. Hollow Crown), parsley (Petroselinum sativum L. cv. Moss Curled), and chervil (Anthriscus cerefolium L. cv. Curled) was determined. Using a variety of methods including X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, microincineration, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, solubility studies, and staining, the chemical composition of the calcium-rich crystal inclusions was identified as calcium oxalate.

SUMMARY Of the eleven cultivated species of Umbelliferae heavily attacked in the field by Cavariella aegopodii Scop., chervil (Anthriscus cerefolium) attracted so many alates that it was killed before a population of alienicolae developed. Carrot was next in order of alate preference and coriander (Coriandrum sativum) and caraway (Carum carvi) were last. Despite its lack of attraction, caraway proved more lastingly suitable as a host and eventually supported the largest population of alienicolae. Of the wild umbellifers tested, wild carrot, Daucus carota ssp. carota, was the species most preferred by the incoming alates and hemlock (Conium maculatum) the least. On hemlock, also, there was little colonization. Although a sequence of wild umbellifers supported C. aegopodii through most of the year, few were suitable winter hosts; the apterae hibernated largely on carrot crops. In spring, cow parsley (Anthriscus sylvestris) was one of the hosts first colonized by immigrant C. aegopodii and carried winged alienicolae before the end of June. The main development of winged alienicolae on Anthriscus and other wild Umbelliferae, however, was in July. The possible role of the wild umbelliferous hosts of C. aegopodii in the spread of motley dwarf virus to carrots is discussed.