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Halophilic archaea are a unique group of microorganisms that thrive in high–salt environments, exhibiting remarkable adaptations to survive extreme conditions. Archaeological wood and El–Hamra Lake serve as a substrate for a diverse range of microorganisms, including archaea, although the exact role of archaea in archaeological wood biodeterioration remains unclear. The morphological and chemical characterizations of archaeological wood were evaluated using FTIR, SEM, and EDX. The degradation of polysaccharides was identified in Fourier transform infrared analysis (FTIR). The degradation of wood was observed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The energy dispersive X–ray spectroscopy (EDX) revealed the inclusion of minerals, such as calcium, silicon, iron, and sulfur, into archaeological wood structure during burial and subsequent interaction with the surrounding environment. Archaea may also be associated with detected silica in archaeological wood since several organosilicon compounds have been found in the crude extracts of archaeal cells. Archaeal species were isolated from water and sediment samples from various sites in El–Hamra Lake and identified as Natronococcus sp. strain WNHS2, Natrialba hulunbeirensisstrain WNHS14, Natrialba chahannaoensis strain WNHS9, and Natronococcus occultus strain WNHS5. Additionally, three archaeal isolates were obtained from archaeological wood samples and identified as Natrialba chahannaoensisstrain W15, Natrialba chahannaoensisstrain W22, and Natrialba chahannaoensisstrain W24. These archaeal isolates exhibited haloalkaliphilic characteristics since they could thrive in environments with high salinity and alkalinity. Crude extracts of archaeal cells were analyzed for the organic compounds using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). A total of 59 compounds were identified, including free saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, saturated fatty acid esters, ethyl and methyl esters of unsaturated fatty acids, glycerides, phthalic acid esters, organosiloxane, terpene, alkane, alcohol, ketone, aldehyde, ester, ether, and aromatic compounds. Several organic compounds exhibited promising biological activities. FTIR spectroscopy revealed the presence of various functional groups, such as hydroxyl, carboxylate, siloxane, trimethylsilyl, and long acyl chains in the archaeal extracts. Furthermore, the archaeal extracts exhibited antioxidant effects. This study demonstrates the potential of archaeal extracts as a valuable source of bioactive compounds with pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of novel 2‐(chloromethyl)‐5‐(3, 5‐disubstituted‐1H‐indol‐2‐yl)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole (3 a–h) derivatives have been synthesized as potential COX inhibitors, anti‐TB, and anti‐oxidant activities. The structures were confirmed by IR, NMR (1H and 13C) mass spectral techniques. The physicochemical properties, ADME, and drug‐likeness profile for the synthesized compounds were evaluated by SwissADME. Based on our interest in indole chemistry and SAR study, foresaid indole compounds were examined for in vitro COX inhibitory activity, anti‐TB, and antioxidant activities. The physicochemical and ADME studies were disclosed for newly synthesized compounds. The compounds 3 a,3 b and 3 c recognized outstanding COX‐II inhibitions with IC50 values of 0.28, 0.24, and 0.45 μM compared to standard drugs. The compounds 3 a,and3 b showed outstanding anti‐TB activity with MIC value 0.78 μg/mL. The compounds 3 a,3 b, and 3 c attested outstanding antioxidant activity at 10 μg/ml with a rate of inhibition of 66.52 %, 68.25 %, and 65.95 % respectively. Finally, the molecular docking studies carried out with cyclooxygenase‐2 (PDB ID: 6COX), M. tuberculosis enoyl reductase (INHA) complexed with 1‐cyclohexyl‐N‐(3,5‐dichlorophenyl)‐5‐oxopyrrolidine‐3‐carboxamide (PDB ID: 4TZK), and cytochrome c peroxidase (PDB ID: 2X08), for all the newly synthesized derivatives. Finally, selected compounds were taken for their molecular dynamic studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidative stress is implicated in the pathophysiology of several illnesses. Catalase (CAT), an antioxidant enzyme, remains a prime target for oxidative stress related therapies. Unfortunately, the labile nature, difficulty in recovering and reusing, and insufficient delivery systems limit its use in therapy. This study used a simple biomineralization process for the synthesis of vaterite porous calcium carbonate (CaCO 3) microspheres (MS) for the development of cross-linked immobilized (CAT-MS). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), particle size analysis, and zeta-potential measurements were used for CaCO 3 -MS characterization. CAT was immobilized efficiently with a high immobilization yield (99 %). The immobilized enzyme had a higher Km than free CAT with a 1.7 fold increase in Vmax and Kcat. CAT-MS displayed a longer half-life, efficient reusability, enhanced storage stability, and excellent stability against various denaturants compared to free CAT. Furthermore, CAT-MS demonstrated negligible cytotoxicity in the fibroblast cell line (BJ1), where CAT-MS recorded higher cell viability than free CAT, (p< 0.05) indicating exceptional biocompatibility. This study raises the potential of an eco-friendly approach that enforces wide and safe catalase application in intracellular therapy for treating oxidative stress-associated diseases. [Display omitted] • Catalase-loaded CaCO 3 microspheres (CAT-MS) were synthesized by a modified process. • High immobilization yield and prominent loading efficiency were achieved. • CAT-MS had a longer half-life and enhanced thermal and storage stability. • immobilization improved reusability and stability against various denaturants. • CAT-MS demonstrated high biocompatibility in vitro cell line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetic mellitus (DM) is characterized by hyperglycaemia and defective macromolecular metabolism, arising from insulin resistance or lack of insulin production. The present study investigates the potential of artemisinin, a sesquiterpene lactone isolated from Artemisia annua, to exert anti-diabetic and antioxidant effects through modulation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) signalling pathway. Our computational analyses demonstrated a high binding affinity of artemisinin with proteins belonging to the PI3K/AKT signalling cascade. α-Amylase and α-glucosidase studies revealed a notable increase in inhibition percentages with artemisinin treatment across concentrations ranging from 10 to 160 µM. A similar significant (p < 0.05) dose-dependent inhibition of free radicals was observed for the in vitro anti-oxidant assays. Further, toxicological profiling of artemisinin in the in vivo zebrafish embryo-larvae model from 4 to 96 h post-fertilization (hpf) did not exhibit any harmful repercussions. In addition, gene expression investigations confirmed artemisinin's potential mechanism in modulating hyperglycaemia and oxidative stress through the regulation of the PI3K/AKT pathway. Overall, our investigation suggests that artemisinin can be used as a therapeutic intervention for diabetes and oxidative stress, opening up opportunities for future investigation in clinical settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Milk, on account of its abundant protein content, is recognized as a vital source of bioactive substances. In this study, the bioactive ingredients in milk were obtained by a combination of protease hydrolysis and fermentation with Lactobacillus plantarum. The compositions of protease hydrolysate (PM) and fermentation supernatant (FM) were determined, and their anti-oxidant and anti-bacterial activities were evaluated. Using LC-MS/MS, the molecular weights and sequences of the peptides were characterized, among which a total of 25 bioactive peptides were identified. The DPPH radical scavenging results demonstrated that FM exhibited an enhanced anti-oxidant capacity compared to PM. The bacterial survival rate results revealed that FM had a remarkable anti-bacterial ability compared to PM. Additionally, the anti-bacterial component and potential anti-bacterial mechanisms were determined. The results of cytoplasmic membrane depolarization, cell membrane permeability, and morphological observation indicated that FM could interact with bacterial membranes to achieve its anti-bacterial effect. These findings suggested that FM, as a bioactive substance of natural origin, holds potential applications in the functional food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective(s): Rhabdomyolysis, a potentially life-threatening condition, occurs when myoglobin is released from damaged muscle cells, leading to acute kidney injury (AKI). Alpha lipoic acid (ALA), an organosulfur compound known for its anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, was examined in this study for its potential impact on rhabdomyolysis-induced AKI in rats. Materials and Methods: Six groups of rats were included in the study, with each group consisting of six rats (n=6): Control, rhabdomyolysis, rhabdomyolysis treated with different doses of ALA (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg), and ALA alone (20 mg/kg) groups. Rhabdomyolysis was induced by intramuscular injection of glycerol on the first day of the experiment, while ALA was administered intraperitoneally for four consecutive days. Renal function parameters, oxidative stress markers, and histological changes in the kidneys were evaluated. Western blot analysis was performed to measure the levels of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) proteins. Results: A significant increase in serum urea, creatinine, renal malondialdehyde, NGAl, and TNF-a protein levels was observed in glycerol-injected rats. In addition, a significant decrease in glutathione was recorded. Compared to the rhabdomyolysis group, treatment with ALA recovered kidney histological and biochemical abnormalities. Conclusion: Results suggest that rhabdomyolysis-induced AKI is associated with increased oxidative stress and inflammation. Treatment with ALA improved kidney histological abnormalities and reduced oxidative stress markers in rats. Therefore, ALA may have a potential protective effect against rhabdomyolysis-induced AKI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an intracellular organelle that contributes to the folding of proteins and calcium homeostasis. Numerous elements can disrupt its function, leading to the accumulation of proteins that are unfolded or misfolded in the lumen of the ER, a condition that is known as ER stress. This phenomenon can trigger cell death through the activation of apoptosis and inflammation. Glucoraphanin (GRA) is the predominant glucosinolate found in cruciferous vegetables. Various mechanical and biochemical processes activate the enzyme myrosinase, leading to the hydrolysis of glucoraphanin into the bioactive compound sulforaphane. Sulforaphane is an organosulfur compound that belongs to the isothiocyanate group. It possesses a wide range of activities and has shown remarkable potential as an anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumor, and anti-angiogenic substance. Additionally, sulforaphane is resistant to oxidation, has been demonstrated to have low toxicity, and is considered well-tolerable in individuals. These properties make it a valuable natural dietary supplement for research purposes. Sulforaphane has been demonstrated as a potential candidate drug molecule for managing a range of diseases, primarily because of its potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties, which can be mediated by modulation of ER stress pathways. This review seeks to cover a wealth of data supporting the broad range of protective functions of sulforaphane, improving various diseases, such as cardiovascular, central nervous system, liver, eye, and reproductive diseases, as well as diabetes, cancer, gastroenteritis, and osteoarthritis, through the amelioration of ER stress in both in vivo and in vitro studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic colonic inflammation with a significant health hazard. Aspergillus awamori (A. awamori) is a microorganism with various bioactive compounds with natural antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The present work aimed to elucidate the protective and therapeutic effects of varying concentrations of A. awamori against acetic acid (AA)-induced ulcerative colitis (UC) in rats. Nine groups of albino male rats were established: a control negative group (G1), a control positive group (G2,AA), and preventive protocol groups (including G3A, G4A, and G5A) that received 100 mg, 50 mg, and 25 mg/kg b.w, respectively, of A. awamori orally and daily from the 1st day of the experiment and for 7 consecutive days. Then, they were subjected to one dose of AA intrarectally on day 8th. G3B, G4B, and G5B were termed as curative protocol groups that received one dose of AA on day 8th and then administered 100 mg, 50 mg, and 25 mg/kg b.w. of A. awamori, respectively, on day 9th and continued receiving these doses daily until day 16th. Rats in the AA group exhibited marked histopathological alterations of the distal colon, with an exaggeration of the DAI. In addition, a remarkable increase in oxidative stress was represented by the elevation of MDA and NO levels with a decline in SOD and GPx activities. In addition, upregulation of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β mRNA expressions and downregulation of Muc2 and Nrf2 levels were detected. Unambiguously, a remarkable anti-inflammatory effect was noticed either in A. awamori prevented or treated groups expounded by reducing and regulating TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β with improved pathological lesion scoring. The Muc2, Nrf2, and bcl-2 gene levels were upregulated and restored also. In summary, the findings in this work reveal that A. awamori supplementation successfully alleviated the UC induced by AA, which had a better effect when administered before colitis induction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective; Oxidative stress results in neuronal degeneration leading to cognitive decline. Microglia in brain tissue produces reactive oxygen species (ROS), which modulate synaptic communication between neurons. ROS can lead to neuroinflammation, which can cause neurodegeneration and memory loss. Talinum triangulare was investigated for its cognitive, anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory potentials in male wistar rats. Materials and methods; 25 adult female rats weighing between 150 g–200 g were grouped (n = 5) into Group 1 (control group) received 1 mL/kg of distilled water, group 2–5 were administered with 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg T. triangulare methanol extract and 2.5 mg/kg donepezil, 100 mg/kg cadmium respectively via oral gavage. The administration lasted for 21 days and neuro behavioural parameters, biochemical and histological analysis of the hippocampus were evaluated. The assessment of spatial learning and memory was evaluated using Classic labyrinth task. Results; There was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced escape time latency and increased time latency in the probe trial in Morris water maze; and reduced time latency in the labyrinth by T. triangulare methanol extract (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) compared with the control and cadmium treated groups. T. triangulare methanol extract and donepezil significantly (p < 0.05) reduced acetylcholinesterase (AChE), tissue necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) activities and significantly (p < 0.05) increased gluthathione peroxidase activity (GPx) and catalase (CAT) respectively. Conclusion; These findings revealed that T. triangulare methanol extract enhanced cognitive function and exhibited anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory potentials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel binary compounds as 3-(1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2-phenyl-2H benzo [f] indazole-4,9-dione (10) and fused compounds as 2-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxy-7-methoxy-2-oxo-1,2 dihydroquinolin-3-yl) naphthalene-1,4-dione (7) and naphtha [2,3-b] furan-3,4,9 (2H)-trione (6) based on Lawsone 'that plays as important precursor' was synthesized by reaction with 1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carbaldehyde and halo-compounds, such as 2-chloro-acetyl chloride or 3-bromo-4-hydroxy-7-methoxyquinolin-2(1H)-one. Spectra and elemental analysis of newly synthesized compounds were investigated. The target molecules were showed easy access to antioxidant (calorimetrical measurement) and antitumor (Ehrlich ascites carcinoma [EAC] cells) activities. Geometrical isomers (enol, Keto conformers, and syn, anti-conformers) were achieved by density functional theory (DFT) that conformed to the spectral analysis of the investigated compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was conducted to investigate the antibacterial and antioxidative effects of Aloe barbadensis leaf methanolic extract (ABLME) on the quality and spermatozoa fertilising potential of extended goat semen. 100 g of fresh A. barbadensis leaves were washed, chopped, dried, ground and extracted with 95.0% methanol (ABLME). The ABLME was added to egg yolk + sodium citrate (EYSC) diluent at 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 g/L and used to extend the goat semen. The extended semen samples were stored at 4oC and were evaluated at 0, 24, 48 and 72 hours post storage. All treatments were replicated thrice in a completely randomized design. Spermatozoa progressive motility (SPM), spermatozoa liveability (SPL), normal spermatozoa (NSP), acrosome integrity (ACI), plasma membrane integrity (PMI), secondary morphological abnormalities (SMA) and microbial load (CFU/mL) were evaluated and analyzed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA at a0.05. Significant reduction in microbial load was observed in samples with 2.0 g/L ABLME (6.83 ± 4.80%) compared to control (27.50 ± 3.20%) at 48 hours. Reduced SMA was recorded for 2.00 g/L ABLME (9.00 ± 0.90%) compared to control (13.67 ± 1.00%). Methanolic extract (2.00 g/L) of A. barbadensis included in egg yolk + sodium citrate diluent gave antibacterial activity to extended buck semen for up to 48 hours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Blocked isocyanate-terminated polyurethane dendrimers of first-generation (G1) to third-generation (G3) build-up with bis-indolyl units were subjected to urethane interchange reaction with 4-hydroxy-2, 2, 6, 6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yloxyl (4-hydroxy TEMPO). The resulting free radical functionalized dendrimers were thoroughly characterized. The electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR)and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) results confirmed that these radical dendrimers are stable and paramagnetic. The cytotoxic effect of G1–G3 TEMPO-dendrimers was studied comprehensively across various cancer cell lines, encompassing human breast cancer (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231), cervical cancer (SiHa), and lung cancer (A549 and NCI-H460), as well as normal lung epithelial cells (L132). It was observed that these TEMPO-dendrimers exerted cytotoxic effects in all cancer cell lines while demonstrating minimal impact on lung epithelial cells. Notably, MDA-MB-231 displayed heightened susceptibility to the TEMPO-dendrimers. Cell cycle analysis and morphological studies revealed that the TEMPO-dendrimers induced G1 phase cell cycle arrest and cell death specifically in breast cancer cells. Further investigations unveiled that these TEMPO-dendrimers triggered oxidative stress-mediated cell death specifically in breast cancer cells. All these findings suggest that the TEMPO radical dendrimers reported in this work exhibited cytotoxic effects in cancer cells by stimulating oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The current review is designed to elaborate and reveal the underlying mechanism of sericin and its conjugates of drug delivery during wounds and wound-related issues. Significance: Wound healing is a combination of different humoral, molecular, and cellular mechanisms. Various natural products exhibit potential in wound healing but among them, sericin, catches much attention of researchers due to its bio-functional properties such as being biodegradable, biocompatible, anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial, photo-protector, anti-inflammatory and moisturizing agent. Methods and Results: Sericin triggers the activity of anti-inflammatory cytokines which decrease cell adhesion and promote epithelial cell formation. Moreover, sericin enhances the anti-oxidant enzymes in the wounded area which scavenge the toxic consequences of reactive species (ROS). Conclusions: This article highlights the mechanisms of how topical administration of sericin formulations along with 4-hexylresorcinol,\Chitosan\Ag@MOF-GO, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), platelet lysate and UV photo cross-linked hydrogel sericin methacrylate which recruits a large number of cytokines on wounded area that stimulate fibroblasts and keratinocyte production as well as collagen deposition that led to early wound contraction. It also reviews the different sericin-based nanoparticles that play a significant role in rapid wound healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geraniol is a common cosmetic and aroma component since, it is a naturally occurring terpenoid in food plants. When used topically, it mainly serves as a pesticide against mites and ticks, as well as mosquitoes. The majority of research indicates that geraniol is safe for both humans and the environment, while when exposed through the skin or the air, some people experience allergies that are not life-threatening. Some aromatic plants' essential oils include geraniol, a commercially significant terpene alcohol. It is a common component in consumer goods made by the flavour and fragrance industries and is considered one among the most essential compounds in these fields. Geraniol is a natural pest control agent with low toxicity, and it has a nice aroma on top of being insecticidal and repellent. One novel family of cancer chemo preventive medicines may be geraniol. Some vascular effects, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and antibacterial biological activity have also been studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food and nutrition security is the main problem faced by developing and underdeveloped countries. Proper utilization of wild edible plants for nutrition security is a great choice for reducing the wastage of these powerful foods. The present investigation has been made to understand the nutritional and phytochemical parameter of selected underutilized fruits such as Diospyros kaki, Pyrus pashia, Ficus semicordata, Diploknema butyracea, Pyracantha crenulata and Rubus niveus. The proximate analyses showed that Diospyros kaki is most promising fruit with 44.86± 0.4 mg/g carbohydrate, 9.29±0.80 mg/g protein, 81.31±0.4, 7% moisture and 1.1±0.11% little amount of ash content. Micronutrient iron was quantify highest in Pyracantha crenulata (3.52±0.24mg/100g) and zinc in Rubus niveus (8.13±0.05 mg/100g). Phytochemical screening was recorded in the ethanolic and aqueous extract, in which Phenolic and flavonoid content were highest in ethanolic extract of Rubus niveus; 64.05±0.13mg GAE/gm, 108.83±2.93mg QE/g extract, respectively and tannin content was highest in case of Diospyros kaki (79.94±0.40mg TAE/100g of extract). The free radical scavenging activity of fruits have been analyzed by DPPH, H2O2 and NO assay; it was observed that the ethanolic extract of Rubus niveus fruit is most promising with an IC50 value 16.97 µg/ml. In contrast, aqueous extract scored IC50 value 28.86 µg/ml. The lowest IC50 value was found in aqueous extract of Diospyros kaki i.e., 81.9 µg/ml in DPPH assay. The potential usage of these plants will help the people of these regions to combat nutrient deficiency diseases. Further development of research may help us to come out with powerful functional foods using these fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Halophilic archaea are a unique group of microorganisms that thrive in high–salt environments, exhibiting remarkable adaptations to survive extreme conditions. Archaeological wood and El–Hamra Lake serve as a substrate for a diverse range of microorganisms, including archaea, although the exact role of archaea in archaeological wood biodeterioration remains unclear. The morphological and chemical characterizations of archaeological wood were evaluated using FTIR, SEM, and EDX. The degradation of polysaccharides was identified in Fourier transform infrared analysis (FTIR). The degradation of wood was observed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The energy dispersive X–ray spectroscopy (EDX) revealed the inclusion of minerals, such as calcium, silicon, iron, and sulfur, into archaeological wood structure during burial and subsequent interaction with the surrounding environment. Archaea may also be associated with detected silica in archaeological wood since several organosilicon compounds have been found in the crude extracts of archaeal cells. Archaeal species were isolated from water and sediment samples from various sites in El–Hamra Lake and identified as Natronococcus sp. strain WNHS2, Natrialba hulunbeirensisstrain WNHS14, Natrialba chahannaoensis strain WNHS9, and Natronococcus occultus strain WNHS5. Additionally, three archaeal isolates were obtained from archaeological wood samples and identified as Natrialba chahannaoensisstrain W15, Natrialba chahannaoensisstrain W22, and Natrialba chahannaoensisstrain W24. These archaeal isolates exhibited haloalkaliphilic characteristics since they could thrive in environments with high salinity and alkalinity. Crude extracts of archaeal cells were analyzed for the organic compounds using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). A total of 59 compounds were identified, including free saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, saturated fatty acid esters, ethyl and methyl esters of unsaturated fatty acids, glycerides, phthalic acid esters, organosiloxane, terpene, alkane, alcohol, ketone, aldehyde, ester, ether, and aromatic compounds. Several organic compounds exhibited promising biological activities. FTIR spectroscopy revealed the presence of various functional groups, such as hydroxyl, carboxylate, siloxane, trimethylsilyl, and long acyl chains in the archaeal extracts. Furthermore, the archaeal extracts exhibited antioxidant effects. This study demonstrates the potential of archaeal extracts as a valuable source of bioactive compounds with pharmaceutical and biomedical applications.

Abstract Utilising biofertilizers is a sustainable alternative of integrated nutrient management in plants. Commercialized biofertilizers for non-legumes include Azotobacter and Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria (PSB), without reported adverse effects on human health, including consumption of raw salad vegetables. However, no commercial biofertilizers for non-legumes are based on rhizobia, despite proven human safety from decades of legume inoculation research. A comparative analysis investigating the yield of tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum), and content of Lycopene, Vitamin C and antioxidants was undertaken to assess the potential commercial viability of Rhizobium as a biofertilizer for non-leguminous plants. Rhizobium amendment gave a lesser yield of tomatoes (3 ± 1) compared to Azotobacter (4 ± 1), but was better than the control (2 ± 1), and PSB (2 ± 1). It showed highest lycopene content (0.7 ± 0.02 mg/100 g) compared to other amendments. The Vitamin C (32.4 ± 0.01 mg/100 g) with Rhizobium amendment surpassed that of Azotobacter (24.9 ± 0.09 mg/100 g) and control (12.84 ± 0.03 mg/100 g). Antioxidant activity of cherry tomatoes grown in Rhizobium-amended soil, was 1.34 times higher than chemically-fertilized plant yield. This study therefore affirms the suitability of rhizobia as a biofertilizer for stimulating the growth and productivity of non-leguminous plants such as tomato (S. lycopersicum) and its potential to be commercialized for use in non-leguminous plants.

Objective(s): Rhabdomyolysis, a potentially life-threatening condition, occurs when myoglobin is released from damaged muscle cells, leading to acute kidney injury (AKI). Alpha lipoic acid (ALA), an organosulfur compound known for its anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, was examined in this study for its potential impact on rhabdomyolysis-induced AKI in rats. Materials and Methods: Six groups of rats were included in the study, with each group consisting of six rats (n=6): Control, rhabdomyolysis, rhabdomyolysis treated with different doses of ALA (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg), and ALA alone (20 mg/kg) groups. Rhabdomyolysis was induced by intramuscular injection of glycerol on the first day of the experiment, while ALA was administered intraperitoneally for four consecutive days. Renal function parameters, oxidative stress markers, and histological changes in the kidneys were evaluated. Western blot analysis was performed to measure the levels of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) proteins.Results: A significant increase in serum urea, creatinine, renal malondialdehyde, NGAl, and TNF-α protein levels was observed in glycerol-injected rats. In addition, a significant decrease in glutathione was recorded. Compared to the rhabdomyolysis group, treatment with ALA recovered kidney histological and biochemical abnormalities. Conclusion: Results suggest that rhabdomyolysis-induced AKI is associated with increased oxidative stress and inflammation. Treatment with ALA improved kidney histological abnormalities and reduced oxidative stress markers in rats. Therefore, ALA may have a potential protective effect against rhabdomyolysis-induced AKI.

Objective(s): During aging, cerebral structures undergo changes due to oxidative stress. The consumption of some plants seems to improve neurological health. For example, rosemary extract (RE) which is widely used as a flavoring food has anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities. Therefore, we aimed to study the effect of RE on the changes related to the aging process in the prefrontal cortex (PFC).Materials and Methods: Twenty-four male Wistar rats including young and old were purchased. Each group was divided into two subgroups: vehicle and rosemary (old vehicle (OV), old rosemary (OR), young vehicle (YV), and young rosemary (YR) groups). Then, we examined the number of intact neurons, myelin base protein (MBP), white matter (WM), levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in the PFC. Results: The results showed that in the old vehicle rats compared to the young group without treatment, except for the MDA level (which increased), other variables significantly decreased (P≤0.05). Additionally, RE consumption demonstrated a significant elevation of WMA, MBP intensity, number of intact neurons, and GPx activity level, while MDA levels significantly reduced in the treated old rats compared to the old vehicle group (P≤0.05). However, there was no significant difference between the OR and YV groups (P≥0.05). Conclusion: Overall, it seems that RE can protect and improve aging damages in the PFC due to its anti-oxidant properties. So, the use of RE can be a suitable strategy to prevent aging complications in the brain.

Nonessential heavy metals are toxic to human health. In this study, mercury, a hazardous metal, was detected by colorimetric analysis using Murraya koenigii. The eco-friendliness of this method was also emphasized. UV spectrum is a broad peak observed at 200–250 nm in P. guajava leaf extracts. The UV spectrum of green synthesized P. guajava exhibited an absorption band of 418 nm, which confirms the nanoparticle synthesis. FTIR analysis of the vibrational peak around 3307 cm−1 is assigned to ν(O–H) stretching that could possibly emanate from carbohydrates or phenolics. The peaks found around 2917 and 2849 cm−1 are ascribed to the –C-H stretch of the alkyl group, and the peak around 1625 cm−1 is due to the enolic β-diketones or -C = O stretch of carboxylic acids, while the corresponding -C-O stretch is observed around 1375 and 1029 cm−1. The assignment of peaks is similar. It is clear from the SEM image that the constituent parts were non-uniform sphere-shaped, agglomerated, and of an average size of 30.9 nm. XRD analysis was utilized to determine the structural characteristics and crystalline nature of P. guajava. The observed intensity peaks at 32.35°, 36.69°, 39.24°, 44.76°, 59.42°, and 67.35° represent the 2θ values for P. guajava in the diffraction pattern, aligning with the values in the standard database. The synthesized AgNPs tested antibacterial properties against various strains of microorganisms, including Escherichia coli, 25 μg/mL 6.02 ± 0.17 and 100 μg/mL 7.3 ± 0.05, Staphylococcus aureus, 25 μg/mL 05.02 ± 0.07 and 100 μg/mL 11.3 ± 1.12, Streptococcus mutans, 25 μg/mL 04.02 ± 0.19 and 100 μg/mL 11.1 ± 0.11, Enterococcus faecalis, 25 µg/mL 0.8.05 ± 0.11 and 100 µg/mL 11.7 ± 0.02. The short novelty of Psidium guajava (guava) lies in its potential relevance to human health, as it has been found to possess bioactive compounds with various medicinal properties, such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities, making it a promising natural resource for therapeutic applications.

Abstract Background Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a respiratory ailment that causes the substitution of healthy lung tissue with scar tissue due to collagen deposition and fibroblast proliferation. The incidence of PF increased with the successive waves of Coronaviruses and other viruses affecting the lungs. Therefore, the priority is moving toward treatment with medicinal plants for their active constituents. Salvia officinalis L. herbal drug (sage, family; Lamiaceae) is characterized by its strong antioxidative activity. This study aims to declare the effect of using sage ethanol extract (SOEE) as a protective agent from PF through an in vivo study on mercuric chloride (HgCl2)-induced lung fibrosis and in vitro evaluation of its anticancer, antiviral, and antioxidant activities concerning its phytoconstituents. Results Twelve compounds were isolated and identified as apigenin, luteolin, genkwanin, quercetin, hispidulin, luteolin-7-O-β- glucopyranoside, rutin, rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid chlorogenic acid, and ellagic acid. The results of antioxidants indicated that SOEE exhibited the greatest efficacy as an antioxidant agent in the 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl assay with inhibitory concentration (IC50) 23.21 ± 1.17 µg/ mL followed by 1864.71 and 1793.80 µM Trolox equivalent/mg extract for ferric ion reducing antioxidant power and 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), respectively. SOEE showed notable cytotoxic activity against A549. Oral administration of SOEE at 69.4 and 173.5 mg/kg.bw afforded a noteworthy protective effect against HgCl2-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Also, lung superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and reduced glutathione (GSH) were increased by SOEE. That was in parallel with working to reduce the malondialdehyde (MDA), necrosis factor kappa (NF-κB), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) levels. The lung P53, Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, AKT, and vanin-1 gene expression was upregulated in SOEE-treated rats compared to HgCl2-treated rats. Conclusion SOEE reduces acute lung injury and can be used to inhibit the proliferation and migration of lung fibrotic cells. These activities may be related to its high antioxidant activity, which could result from the phenolic constituents. The authors recommended using sage in the treatment of lung diseases to protect from lung fibrosis. Additional animal and human experiments are needed for future research. Graphical abstract

Traditional nutraceutical therapy is a promising approach in the management of inflammatory disorders. Fenugreek, bottle gourd, and betel leaf are rich sources of polyphenolic secondary metabolites. They are abundantly found in the Indian subcontinent for the preparation of healthy traditional functional food. Traditional evidence recommended that these herbs could control inflammation. The study was conducted with those herbs to validate their protective role against inflammatory mediators of arthritis and asthma through in‐silico and in‐vitro models. Phytochemical tests revealed the presence of flavonoids, amino acids, polyphenols, and saponins. Molecular docking was performed against six potential inflammatory bio‐marker proteins, like, LOX‐5, 15‐LOX, PLA2, IL‐6, TNFR1 & TNF‐α with the phyto‐marker compounds of test herbs and found satisfactory binding scores against inflammatory bio‐markers. Extended studies with Fenugreek and betel leaf aqueous fractions showcased 87 % and 91 % inhibition of protein denaturation at 200 μg/ml. Bottle‐gourd and betel‐leaf demonstrated 96 % and 98 % inhibition against 15‐Lipoxygenase at 100 μg/ml. TNF‐α and IL‐6 were dropped significantly by 49 % and 36 % upon treatment of betel leaf at 200 μg/ml from the LPS‐stimulated PBMC cultured cells. Findings may recommend the development of commercial anti‐inflammatory polyherbal phytopharmaceuticals for controlling polyarthritis and inflammatory complications subject to preclinical in‐vivo and clinical investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Backgound: Alzheimer disease (AD) is a disastrous disease characterized by accretion of amyloid-beta plaques, neurofibrillary tangles inducing oxidative stress, loss of neuronal functions and continuous progression of cognitive impairment leading to severe dementia. Material and Methods: The newly synthesized benzimidazole derivative 4-chloro-3-(2-phenyl-1H-benzimidazole-1-sulfonyl) benzoic acid (CB) was evaluated for its anti-Alzheimer activity using in silico, in vivo, in vitro and molecular techniques (ELISA, WB & IHC). Results:In-silico studies revealed that CB has atomic contact energy values of −3.9 to −8.9 kcal/mol against selected targets. In vitro assay showed that CB caused acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl inhibition. In-vivo findings revealed improvement in dementia as observed in the morris water maze test and Ymaze test. Amyloid-beta disaggregation, increased level of anti-oxidants, decreased expressions of inflammatory markers and enhanced cellular architecture were found in the cortex and hippocampus of treated rats in the histopathological examination, immunohistochemistry analysis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and western blot analysis. Conclusions: This study revealed that CB possess different binding affinities with the Alzheimer-related targets and it possess anti-Alzheimer activity, mediated via AChE and amyloid-beta inhibition, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work was carried out with a view to determining the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcer properties of the aqueous lyophilized extract of Markhamia lutea. In vitro proteinases inhibition, albumin denaturation, hemolysis of red blood cells by heat, inhibition of the proton pump H+/K+ATPase, FRAP (Ferric reducing antioxidant power) and DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) assays were performed. In vivo, cold water immersion-induced ulceration and methylene blue-induced ulceration was used to determine the anti-ulcer properties of the lyophilizate (100, 200 and 300 mg/kg). In vitro, the lyophilizate (400 μg/mL) significantly inhibited protein denaturation (66.65 %), hemolysis of red blood cells (56.54 %), proteinase activity (69.22 %); then the IC50 was 26.31 μg/mL on proton pump activity. It has also developed a strong ferric reducing antioxidant power (EC50=52.96 mmol FeSO4/g) as well as free radicals scavenging activity (EC50=22.38 μg/mL). In vivo, the aqueous lyophilizate (200 and 300 mg/kg) protected the gastric mucosa (70.68 and 79.00 % protection respectively) and reduced (p<0.05) acetylcholine, calcium and corticosterone concentrations. A decrease in malondialdehyde level, an increased glutathione level and an increased in catalase and SOD activities were recorded. In the methylene blue test, it significantly increased gastric fluid pH, while reducing gastric volume and improving hematological parameters in ulcer animals. In addition, the histological sections show that the aqueous lyophilizate of M. lutea protected the gastric mucosa from the deleterious effects of stress. The aqueous lyophilizate of M. lutea has anti-ulcer properties thanks to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-secretory properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pruritus, or itching, is a distressing symptom associated with various dermatological and systemic diseases. L-carnitine (βeta hydroxy-γ-tri methyl amino-butyric acid), is a naturally occurring substance, it controls numerous physiological processes. The present research aims to identify L-carnitine for its anti-pruritic effect via nitric oxide-dependent mechanism. Methods: Chloroquine-induced pruritus serves as an experimental model to investigate possible therapeutic interventions. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of L-carnitine in combating oxidative stress, nitric oxide, and inflammatory cytokines in a chloroquine-induced pruritus model. Results: L-carnitine treatment significantly reduced scratching behavior compared to the disease group (***P < 0.001 vs. chloroquine group), indicating its antipruritic potential. The markers of oxidative stress, GST, GSH, Catalase, and LPO were dysregulated in the disease model, but administration of L-carnitine restored GST, GSH, and Catalase levels and decreased LPO levels (***P < 0.001 vs. chloroquine group), thereby alleviating oxidative stress. L-carnitine also reduced nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity, suggesting that it modulates nitric oxide signaling pathways involved in pruritus. In addition, L-carnitine lowered levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), inflammatory marker nuclear factor kappa B (p-NFκB) and also reduces an inflammatory enzyme, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), determined by ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) (***P < 0.001 vs. chloroquine group). It downregulates nNOS mRNA expression confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Conclusion: These findings highlight the therapeutic effects of L-carnitine in alleviating chloroquine-induced pruritus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most important bulbs crops farmed in India is garlic (Allium sativum L.). It is a rich source of bioactive substances that satisfy a person’s daily nutritional demands for well-being. Allicin is the most prominent bioactive compound in garlic that exhibits various pharmacological properties including highly antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, anti-diabetic, antimicrobial, anti-aging, and anti-hyperlipidemic effects. It offers defense against a variety of malignancies such as asthma, bronchitis, hemorrhoids, fever, cough, headache, stomach discomfort, low and high blood sugar, and snakebites can all be treated with garlic. Raw garlic has been proven the ‘Panacea’ for cardiovascular and heart-related diseases since earlier ago. This review emphasizes the biological role of this wonderful medicinal plant in the treatment of various ailments. The medicinal effects of different constituents of this plant have been also addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of trash from agricultural waste materials has been acknowledged as a feasible substitute for producing nanoparticles in an economical and sustainable manner. In the present study, an agro-waste Limonia acidissima shell extract was used in synthesizing pure and rare earth (Samarium) doped Zinc Oxide nanoparticles. XRD, FT-IR, SEM, TEM, SAED, and UV–Vis spectroscopic analysis examine the crystal structure, surface morphology and size, and optical properties of the prepared nanomaterials. The surface defects and oxygen vacancies were examined from the photoluminescence spectrum (PL). The oxidation state of Zn (2p), O (1 s) and Sm (3 d) was confirmed from XPS studies. The antibacterial performance of pure and doped ZnO NPs was evaluated against two pathogens: Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus oralis, by agar well diffusion method at different concentrations with amoxicillin as a positive control. Besides, the DPPH radical scavenging activity was calculated as 91.15% (ZW) and 82.15% (ZSW) at 500 μg/mL. These results strongly endorse the potential of Sm-doped ZnO as a new biocidal agent for clinical and healthcare applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanotechnology is an emerging area of science with diverse implementations, including medicine and drug delivery. Often for drug delivery, nanoparticles and nanocarriers were used. Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease with numerous complications, including advanced glycation end products (AGEs). AGEs advance neurodegeneration, obesity, renal dysfunction, retinopathy, and many more. Here, we have used zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesised with Sesbania grandiflora (hummingbird tree). ZnO nanoparticles and S. grandiflora are known for their biocompatibility and medicinal property, such as anti-cancer, anti-microbial, anti-diabetic, and anti-oxidant. So, we analysed the anti-diabetic, anti-oxidant, anti-AGEs, and cytotoxic effects of green synthesised and characterised ZnO nanoparticles with S. grandiflora (SGZ) and the leaf extract of S. grandiflora. Characterisation results indicated the synthesis of ZnO Nps at maximum concentration; the anti-oxidant assay showed 87.5% free radicle scavenging with DPPH. Additionally, anti-diabetic (72% α-amylase and 65% of α-glucosidase inhibition) and cell viability also exhibited promising results. In conclusion, SGZ can reduce the absorption of carbohydrates from the diet, elevate glucose uptake, and prevent protein glycation. So, it could be a potential tool for treating diabetes, hyperglycemia, and AGE-related diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective(s): During aging, cerebral structures undergo changes due to oxidative stress. The consumption of some plants seems to improve neurological health. For example, rosemary extract (RE) which is widely used as a flavoring food has anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities. Therefore, we aimed to study the effect of RE on the changes related to the aging process in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Materials and Methods: Twenty-four male Wistar rats including young and old were purchased. Each group was divided into two subgroups: vehicle and rosemary (old vehicle (OV), old rosemary (OR), young vehicle (YV), and young rosemary (YR) groups). Then, we examined the number of intact neurons, myelin base protein (MBP), white matter (WM), levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in the PFC. Results: The results showed that in the old vehicle rats compared to the young group without treatment, except for the MDA level (which increased), other variables significantly decreased (P≤0.05). Additionally, RE consumption demonstrated a significant elevation of WMA, MBP intensity, number of intact neurons, and GPx activity level, while MDA levels significantly reduced in the treated old rats compared to the old vehicle group (P≤0.05). However, there was no significant difference between the OR and YV groups (P≥0.05). Conclusion: Overall, it seems that RE can protect and improve aging damages in the PFC due to its anti-oxidant properties. So, the use of RE can be a suitable strategy to prevent aging complications in the brain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Folic acid (FA) plays an important role in the maintenance of normal neurological functions such as memory and learning function. Neuroinflammation contributes to the progression of cognitive disorders and Alzheimer's disease. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effect of FA supplementation on cognitive impairment, oxidative stress, and neuro-inflammation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-injured rats. For this purpose, the rats were given FA (5–20 mg/kg/day, oral) for 3 weeks. In the third week, LPS (1 mg/kg/day; intraperitoneal injection) was given before the Morris water maze (MWM) and passive avoidance (PA) tests. Finally, the brains were removed for biochemical assessments. In the MWM test, LPS increased the escape latency and traveled distance to find the platform compared to the control group, whereas all doses of FA decreased them compared to the LPS group. The findings of the probe trial showed that FA increased the traveling time and distance in the target area. LPS impaired the performance of the rats in the PA test. FA increased delay and light time while decreasing the frequency of entry and time in the dark region of PA. LPS increased hippocampal levels of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β. The hippocampal level of malondialdehyde was also increased but thiol content and superoxide dismutase activity were decreased in the LPS group. However, treatment with FA restored the oxidative stress markers along with a reduction in the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In conclusion, FA could ameliorate the memory and learning deficits induced by LPS via normalizing the inflammatory response and oxidative stress markers in the brain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flavonoids are a diverse group of naturally occurring plant compounds that are primarily composed of phenols in their free form or glycosides. Flavonoid medicines are primarily composed of 2‐phenyl‐g‐benzopyrone. This family consists of monomeric flavanols, flavanones, anthocyanidins, flavones, isoflavonoids, and flavonols. The study's main objective is to review the newly discovered natural flavones and flavanols, as well as the biological and pharmacological actions of these essential flavonoids. As per the available data, 3‐hydroxy flavone plays a vital role in the prevention of a range of diseases. Research studies have confirmed that 3‐hydroxyflavone has a broad range of pharmacological properties like therapeutic effects against pain, inflammation, oxidative stress; hepatotoxicity, hypertension, ulcerogenesis, allergy, platelet dysfunction, microbes, fungi, viruses, rhinovirus, malaria, and carcinogens. 3‐Hydroxy flavone has limited utility because of their poor solubility and bioavailability. This has led to the search for new drug delivery methods, such as nanoparticles. To get over these problems, it would be preferable to administer 3‐hydroxyflavone via the biocompatible nanoparticles. It is expected that nanoparticles will improve the solubility of 3‐hydroxyflavone, enhance its therapeutic properties and facilitate its transport to the brain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key summary points: Aim: To evaluate the relationship between frailty, and thiol/disulfide homeostasis parameters, and ischemia-modified albumin levels. Findings: Native thiol, total thiol levels, and disulfide–thiol ratios were associated with physical frailty. Message: Thiol/disulfide homeostasis parameters can be used to identify physical frailty. Newly developed oxidative stress parameters are required to determine frailty, as indicated by both phenotype and cumulative models. Aim: To evaluate relationship between frailty and oxidative stress through thiol/disulfide homeostasis parameters [Native thiol (NT), total thiol (TT), and disulfide levels (D), disulfide–native thiol (D/NT), disulfide–total thiol (D/TT), native thiol–total thiol (NT/TT) ratios, and ischemia-modified albumin levels (IMA)]. Materials and methods: In total, 139 community-dwelling older adults were included. The frailty status, defined by the FRIED frailty index (FFI) and Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS), and comprehensive geriatric assessment results compared with thiol/disulfide homeostasis parameters and ischemia-modified albumin levels. Results: NT and TT levels were significantly lower in the frail group (respectively; p = 0.014, p = 0.020). The FFI scores were correlated with the levels of NT, TT, D/NT, D/TT, and NT/TT (respectively; r = − 0.25, r = − 0.24, r = 0.17, r = 0.17, r = − 0.17). The significant correlation could not be retained with the CFS scores. In ROC analysis, the AUC for NT was calculated as 0.639 in diagnosing frailty according to the FFI (95% CI 0.542–0.737), AUC was 0.638 for TT (95% CI 0.540–0.735), and AUC was 0.610 for NT/TT (95% CI 0.511–0.780). The AUC was calculated as 0.610 for both D/NT and D/TT in diagnosing physical frailty (95% CI 0.511–0.708). Conclusion: Thiol/disulfide homeostasis parameters can be a potential biomarker in diagnosing physical frailty. However, further studies are needed for diagnosing frailty defined with cumulative deficit models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medicinal herbs have been used since the time of the Vedas. The plants have therapeutic qualities in every part. Secondary metabolites of extensive variety are present in medicinal plants and are utilised in the production of medications as well as in the treatment of many different ailments. Withania somnifera is a medicinal plant, have various properties. 'Ashwagandha' is the popular name of Withania somnifera. It is offered as churna, a finely sieved powder that can be combined with ghee, water or honey. It has memory-enhancing, anti-oxidant, anti-stress, anti-venom, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects. It is employed to treat a variety of clinical problems. In addition to being used as a suppressant in HIV/AIDS patients, Withania somnifera is used to treat ulcers, emaciation, colds, coughs, diabetes, conjunctivitis, insomnia, senile dementia, epilepsy, leprosy, Parkinson's disease, nervous disorders, rheumatism, arthritis, intestinal infections, bronchitis and asthma. The review article concentrates on the Withania somnifera plant's different pharmacological qualities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: 7,12-Dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA) is a member of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon family. It is a member of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon family. It is a mutagenic, carcinogenic, and immunosuppressor agent. Cannabidiol (CBD) is a phytocannabinoid. It has anticonvulsant, anti-inflammatory, anti-anxiety, antioxidant, and anti-cancer properties. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible protective and therapeutic benefits of CBD oil in DMBA-induced leukemia in rats. Method: Experimental animals were divided into six groups of five rats each. Group 1 (normal control) included healthy rats. Group 2 included normal rats that received olive oil. Group 3 included normal rats that received CBD. Group 4 included the DMBA-induced leukemic group. Group 5 (prophylactic group) included rats that received CBD as a prophylaxis before IV injection with DMBA. Group 6 (treated group) included DMBA-induced leukemic rats that received CBD as treatment. Liver functions (total, direct and indirect bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), albumin, globulin, and albumin globulin ratio) were measured. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were also measured. Total RNA extraction followed by-real time qRT-PCR gene expression of LC3-II, Beclin, mTOR, and P62 was performed. Histopathological examination of liver and spleen tissues was performed. Results: Administration of CBD in groups 5 and 6 resulted in a significant improvement of the levels of liver functions compared to the leukemic untreated rats. Also, the levels of catalase and SOD significantly increased after treatment with CBD compared to the leukemic group. After treatment with CBD in groups 5 and 6, there were downregulations in the expression of all studied genes compared to leukemic untreated rats. Treatment with CBD was more statistically effective than prophylactic use. Conclusion: Administration of CBD resulted in a significant improvement in the biochemical, antioxidant status, morphological, and molecular measures in DMBA-induced leukemia in adult male rats. The therapeutic use was more effective than the prophylactic one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: One of the most prevalent cancers worldwide is lung cancer with the second top fatality rate. The purpose of this work is to disclose the anti-proliferative ability of hydroalcoholic Ficus benghalensis bark extract against lung cancer cell line (A549). Materials and Methods: Antioxidant property of Ficus benghalensis bark extract was studied using a, a-diphenyl-ß-picrylhydrazyl and Hydrogen Peroxide assays. The investigation of anti-proliferative property of Ficus benghalensis hydroalcoholic bark extract was carried out through tetrazolium salt-based cytotoxicity assay, cell viability assessment using trypan blue dye and morphometric analysis. The cytotoxic potency was analysed by propidium iodide staining, oxidative stress markers determination and expression of apoptotic gene markers such as Bax, c-MYC and PARP. Results: The anti-oxidant assays revealed the great radical scavenging property of Ficus benghalensis bark extract. Ficus benghalensis hydroalcoholic bark extract showed 50.12% inhibition at 50 µg/mL which is also confirmed by viability assay. In morphometric analysis the distortion of cells were noted in treated groups. The nuclear staining and gene expression studies further confirms the anti-cancer activity of Ficus benghalensis hydroalcoholic bark extract. The estimation of release of nitric oxide and lipid peroxidation was high in treated groups which also supports the previous results. Conclusion: The study emphasize the anti proliferative and anti oxidant property of Ficus benghalensis hydroalcoholic bark extract against A549 cell line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Striae distensae (SD), commonly known as Stretch marks or striae, are one of the most common benign dermal lesions frequently seen in females that often cause a significant physical and psychological impact. A number of treatment modalities ranging from topicals to invasive approaches are commercially available, however, none of the available options is capable of complete eradication of SD. As effectiveness of most of the available topical formulations for SD is attributed to the combined effects of their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and proliferative effects, allicin and probiotic based topical formulations are hypothesized to be effective in treatment and prevention of SD. Both allicin and probiotics are able to reduce the inflammatory response via suppression of transcription factor i.e., nuclear factor (NF)-κB, and pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines levels. Moreover, the antioxidant effect of allicin and probiotics is considered to decrease the reactive oxygen species induced fragmentation of collagen. Also, the effects of allicin on the collagen and elastin tissue as well as beneficial effects of probiotics and their metabolites on skin elasticity and skin hydration are expected to provide multiple target approach for the management of SD. Altogether, a combination formulation containing both allicin and probiotics is considered to be novel approach for the prevention and management of SD.

Sustained release of curcumin from the polymeric carrier system chitosan, a natural biopolymer material derived from chitin originated from natural shrimp shell waste, was studied. Six kinetic models, zero order, first order, Korsmeyer–Peppas (KP), Peppas – Sahlin (PS), Higuchi, and Hixson–Crowell, were applied to study the drug release kinetics. The release mechanism of the drug from the curcumin-chitosan composite was evaluated by changing the pH, ionic strength of the release media, and drug concentration. KP and PS models were selected among the studied models to investigate the drug release mechanism from the chitosan biopolymer based on the R2 values (R2 > 0.99). The model constants m in the PS model and n in the KP model stand for the case II relaxation and Fickian diffusion contribution, respectively. The n being

Oxidative stress and its impact on aging are critical areas of research. Natural anti-oxidants, such as saponins found in Polygonatum sibiricum, hold promise as potential clinical interventions against aging. In this study, we utilized the nematode model organism, Caenorhabditis elegans, to investigate the pharmacological effects of Polygonatum sibiricum saponins (PKS) on antioxidation and anti-aging. The results demonstrated a significant anti-aging biological activity associated with PKS. Through experiments involving lifespan and stress, lipofuscin, q-PCR, and ROS measurement, we found that PKS effectively mitigated aging-related processes. Furthermore, the mechanism underlying these anti-aging effects was linked to the SKN-1 signaling pathway. PKS increased the nuclear localization of the SKN-1 transcription factor, leading to the up-regulation of downstream anti-oxidant genes, such as gst-4 and sod-3, and a substantial reduction in intracellular ROS levels within the nematode. In conclusion, our study sheds light on the anti-oxidant and anti-aging properties of PKS in C. elegans. This research not only contributes to understanding the biological mechanisms involved but also highlights the potential therapeutic applications of these natural compounds in combating aging-related processes.

The emergence of metallic nanoparticles through green synthesis has garnered significant recognition, shaping global research efforts towards eco-friendly practices, often termed as the green revolution. Specifically, the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has made considerable strides in the past decade, becoming a prominent fixture in the realm of science and technology. The study explores the synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Cassia fistula L. flowers extract through chemical co-precipitation (CM_AgNPs) and green methods (CFF_AgNPs). Characterization techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), attenuated total reflectance fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD), revealed irregular morphologies with agglomeration, polycrystalline nature, and intrinsic functional groups involved in capping AgNPs. Antioxidant assessment demonstrated superior antioxidative activity (84.48 %) in green-synthesized nanoparticles compared to chemically synthesized ones (75.87 %), and they exhibited dose-dependent anti-inflammatory effects with IC50 values CFF_AgNPs_30.19 μg/mL and CM_AgNPs _34.14 μg/mL respectively. The lower IC50 value of CFF_AgNPs_30.19 μg/mL signifies finer and better activity due to the presence of phytochemicals present in it. Whereas for CM_AgNPs the IC50 value is a 34.14 μg/mL which is solely due to AgNPs. To ensure the promising therapeutic aspects of AgNPs with a careful assessment of their safety profile, cytotoxicity of AgNPs on HEP3B cancer cells was evaluated through MTT assay, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) level measurement. In the in vitro cytotoxicity evaluation, HEP3B demonstrated more pronounced dose-dependent adverse effects upon exposure to CFF_AgNPs compared to CM_AgNPs. This study underscores the bioactive potential of Cassia fistula L. mediated AgNPs, suggesting promising applications in biomedicine with environmental sustainability. The findings contribute to the growing interest in green synthesis methods for metallic nanoparticles and their potential benefits in various fields.

Dragon fruit or pitaya is an incredible functional food that provides nutraceutical benefits owing to its prebiotic activity and has gained attention in recent years owing to its multiple therapeutic values such as anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-microbial, hepatoprotective and anti-hyperlipidemic activities. It also exhibits wound healing, anti-anemic, anti-viral, anti-inflammatory and microvascular protective properties. These therapeutic values have been a result of different phytoconstituents such as polyphenols, pigments, flavonoids, fatty acids, terpenoids, steroids, vitamins, sugars, minerals and dietary fibers which can be extracted from peel, seeds and flesh part. This review describes wide range of functional components that the fruit contains; their method of extraction and the therapeutic activities they offer. The anti-oxidant and anti-cancer effects of the dragon fruit are attributed to the presence of polyphenols, terpenoids, flavonoids and pigments etc. Its nutraceutical activities are facilitated by the fatty acids, vitamins and sugars; while the anti-diabetic effects are mainly due to presence of flavonoids. Further, flavonoids are also responsible for the hepato-protective and tissue repair activities. The increasing interest of researchers on this fruit may further reveal new therapeutic activities of this extraordinary fruit in coming years.

Paraquat (PQ) an herbicide that is commonly used to remove undesirable grasses. However, PQ also causes cardiac damage through reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Didymin (DYD) is a dietary flavone, present in citrus fruits and campanula. DYD displays multiple therapeutic activities i.e., anti-oxidant, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective and free radical salvaging. Therefore, the present study was planned to explore the ameliorative effect of DYD against PQ instigated cardiac damage. 24 rats were separated into 4 groups, control, PQ administered PQ + DYD co-administered orally and DYD only administered group. PQ intoxication significantly reduced anti-oxidants including (SOD, GST, GSH, CAT, GPx and GSR activities, while increasing malondialdehyde (MDA) and ROS levels. PQ intoxication escalated the level of cardiac injury marker i.e., creatine kinase myoglobin binding (CK-MB), troponin, creatinine phosphokinase (CPK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). PQ also augmented inflammatory markers i.e., (TNF-α, IL-1β, NF-κB, IL-6 levels and COX-2 activity). Moreover, PQ intoxication escalated the apoptotic proteins levels (Bax, Caspase-3 and Caspase-9), while decreasing Bcl-2 level. PQ intoxication also prompted histomorphological anomalies in the heart of rats. Conversely, DYD therapy restored all the anomalies and structural abnormalities owing to its cardioprotective potentials.