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Copyright of Actualités Pharmaceutiques is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Actualités Pharmaceutiques is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Actualités Pharmaceutiques is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Actualités Pharmaceutiques is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

La voie du CD40-CD40 ligand (CD40L) est un pivot de la communication entre les cellules du système immunitaire. Elle permet de générer un signal pro-inflammatoire et s'inscrit ainsi dans la pathogénie des maladies dysimmunitaires, du rejet de greffe et de l'athérosclérose. Devant cette cible thérapeutique de choix, plusieurs générations d'anticorps monoclonaux anti-CD40L ont émergé depuis les années 1990. Les premiers anticorps développés étaient responsables d'événements thromboemboliques pour lesquels les mécanismes commencent à être précisés. Les nouvelles générations d'anticorps ont été élaborées pour s'affranchir de cette toxicité et sont en cours de développement dans diverses indications, dont le lupus systémique, la polyarthrite rhumatoïde, le syndrome de Sjögren ou la thrombopénie immunologique. En parallèle de ces thérapies ciblées, des données suggèrent l'impact de plusieurs médicaments parmi les molécules utilisées en cardiologie et immunologie clinique sur l'expression du CD40L. L'objectif de cette revue est de rappeler les enjeux cliniques liés à l'axe CD40-CD40L et de présenter les traitements actuels ou à venir bloquant le CD40L qui permettraient au clinicien de diversifier ses options de prise en charge thérapeutique des maladies dysimmunitaires. The CD40-CD40 ligand (CD40L) pathway is a backbone of communication between cells of the immune system. It makes it possible to generate a proinflammatory signal and thus participates in the pathogenesis of dysimmune diseases, transplant rejection and atherosclerosis. Because of this therapeutic target of choice, several generations of anti-CD40L monoclonal antibodies have emerged since the 1990s. The first generation of antibodies was responsible for thromboembolic toxicity for which the mechanisms are starting to be defined. New generations of antibodies were designed to overcome this toxicity and are still being developed in lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren's syndrome or immunologic thrombocytopenia. In addition to these targeted therapies, there are data suggesting the impact of several drugs among molecules used in cardiology and clinical immunology on the level of CD40L. The objective of this review is to recall the clinical issues related to the CD40-CD40L axis and to present current or future treatments that block CD40L which would allow clinicians to diversify their options for managing dysimmune diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La dermatite atopique est une dermatose inflammatoire chronique qui touche des millions d'enfants et d'adultes en France. Sa prise en charge, symptomatique, vise à limiter l'inflammation cutanée et le prurit. Les solutions thérapeutiques sont soit locales, soit systémiques. Les dermocorticoïdes sont prescrits en première intention. Les anticorps monoclonaux, dont certains encore en cours d'évaluation, constituent une piste de traitement prometteuse. Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory dermatosis that affects millions of children and adults in France. Its symptomatic treatment aims to limit skin inflammation and pruritus. Therapeutic solutions are either local or systemic. Dermocorticoids are prescribed as a first-line treatment. Monoclonal antibodies, some of them still being evaluated, are a promising treatment option. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vouloir s'y retrouver dans les nombreux anticorps monoclonaux présents sur le marché amène à se confronter à la diversité des techniques et à la variété des formats et des mécanismes d'action, avec la difficulté de repérer ce qui importe le plus pour les classer. Qui plus est, leur incessante expansion, avec le développement de nouveaux anticorps, s'accompagne d'une diversification toujours plus importante ainsi qu'une remise en cause permanente des classifications et de la nomenclature. Au final, malgré toute cette diversité et ces innovations, le format IgG humain reste le garant de la longue demi-vie de ces biomédicaments et le meilleur garant d'une faible immunogénicité, ce qui a d'importantes conséquences en termes de suivi théra- nostique pour ces traitements. Trying to find your way among the myriad of clinically-approved monoclonal antibodies may lead you to face the diversity of isolation procedures and the variety of formats and of mechanisms of action, with the difficulty of spotting which matters the most to classify them. Even more, their continuous expansion, with the development of new antibodies, goes hand in hand with an important diversification and to a permanent reconsideration of the classification and the nomenclature. In the end, despite all these diversity and those innovations, the human IgG format still guarantees the long half-life of those biopharmaceuticals and their lowest possible immunogenicity, which has important consequences in terms of therapeutic drug monitoring [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Les agents anti-interleukine-6 peuvent induire une hypogammaglobulinémie secondaire en inhibant l'un des effets pléiotropes de l'IL-6 sur les lymphocytes B. • Il est important que les cliniciens identifient les facteurs de risque d'infection tels qu'une hypogammaglobulinémie secondaire à certains immunosuppresseurs comme le tocilizumab. • Déterminer le taux sérique d'IgG avant de débuter un traitement par tocilizumab pourrait contribuer à réduire la morbidité associée aux infections, comme décrit chez des patients sous rituximab. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depuis 2018, trois antagonistes du calcitonin gene-related peptide sont commercialisés en Europe, l'érénumab, le frémanézumab et le galcanézumab. Si cette nouvelle classe pharmacologique est perçue comme prometteuse par les neurologues pour la prévention des crises chez les patients migraineux, elle pose d'importantes questions de sécurité sur le plan cardio-vasculaire. Since 2018, three calcitonin gene-related peptide antagonists have been marketed in Europe: erenumab, frenamezumab and galcanezumab. While this new pharmacological class is seen as promising by neurologists for the prevention of attacks in migraine patients, it raises important cardiovascular safety issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Actualités Pharmaceutiques is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Résumé Les biothérapies des rhumatismes inflammatoires chroniques ont révolutionné leur prise en charge. Ces nouveaux médicaments sont susceptibles d’induire des effets secondaires multiples, parfois sévères et ceux-ci peuvent atteindre l’appareil respiratoire. Les présentations cliniques et radiologiques sont multiples et l’apparition de symptômes respiratoires chez un patient sous biothérapie doit faire suspecter un effet iatrogénique avec au premier plan la survenue de pneumopathies interstitielles diffuses parfois très sévères, de granumolatoses et d’anomalies auto-immunes. La complication infectieuse doit toujours être éliminée. La démarche est complexe et doit être rigoureuse ce d’autant que la maladie rhumatismale est, par elle-même, associée à des atteintes pneumologiques variées. The use of biologics has shown strong clinical benefits in patients with rheumatic diseases. Biologics-induced lung disease may manifest as variable clinical radiological patterns, including interstitial lung diseases, sarcoid-like or auto-immune manifestations. Although some risk factors have been identified, the precise mechanisms of biologics-induced infiltrative lung disease are largely unknown. Drug causality should be carefully evaluated and infectious diseases ruled out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Yttrium-90-Ibritumomab Tiuxetan (Zevalin ® ) is used in the treatment of non- Hodgkin's lymphoma. Extravasation is an iatrogenic complication that is fortunately rare. However, the treatment of this complication is often complex due to the risk of extensive skin necrosis and unpredictable evolution of localized irradiation. This vesicant drug requires emergency management when extravasation occured. Radiations burns have specificities. Therefore, wound coverage involves specific plastic surgical techniques. Here, we report the case of a man presenting a chronic and extensive skin necrosis of upper arm treated with an antero-lateral thigh free flap. Moreover, we compare our experience of Zevalin ® extravasation management to other past publications and propose recommendations to prevent this unacceptable complication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Actualités Pharmaceutiques is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Un nouveau médicament de la classe des immunosuppresseurs sélectifs, l'ofatumumab (Kesimpta®), a été mis sur le marché. Il est indiqué dans le traitement des patients atteints de sclérose en plaques, une maladie auto-immune qui affecte le système nerveux central. A new drug in the class of selective immunosuppressants, ofatumumab (Kesimpta®), has been launched. It is indicated for the treatment of patients with multiple sclerosis, an autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To generate monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) for developing a rapid malaria diagnostic urine-based assay (RUBDA), using Plasmodium-infected human urinary antigens.Methods: Plasmodium-infected human urinary (PAgHU) and cultured parasite (CPfAg) antigens were used to generate mouse MAbs. The reactivity and accuracy of the MAbs produced were then evaluated using microplate ELISA, SDS-PAGE, Western blotting assay, microscopy and immunochromatographic tests.Results: Ninety-six MAb clones were generated, of which 68.8% reacted to both PAgHU and CPfAg, 31.3% reacted to PAgHU only, and none reacted to CPfAg only. One promising MAb (UCP4W7) reacted in WBA, to both PAgHU and CPfAg, but not to Plasmodium-negative human urine and blood, Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni antigens nor measles and poliomyelitis vaccines.Conclusion: MAb UCP4W7 seems promising for diagnosing Plasmodium infection. Urine is a reliable biomarker source for developing non-invasive malaria diagnostic tests. SDS-PAGE and MAb-based WBA appear explorable in assays for detecting different levels of Plasmodium parasitaemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé Les anticorps monoclonaux sont les premières thérapies ciblées à avoir été mises sur le marché, à la fin des années 1990. Indiquées dans des formes avancées de cancer, ces molécules, non disponibles dans le circuit officinal, ont permis la mise au point de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques basées sur le traitement de l’angiogenèse, processus majeur de la tumorigenèse permettant d’irriguer les tumeurs. En dépit d’une efficacité qui n’est plus à démontrer, les anticorps monoclonaux présentent de nombreux effets indésirables. Summary Monoclonal antibodies were the first targeted therapies to be placed on the market, at the end of the 1990s. Indicated in advanced forms of cancer, these molecules, not available from the community pharmacy, have enabled new therapeutic strategies to be developed based on the treatment of angiogenesis, a key process of tumorigenesis which serves to irrigate the tumours. Despite their proven efficacy, monoclonal antibodies present a number of adverse effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé Les traitements systémiques sont utilisés dès que la surface cutanée affectée par le psoriasis est importante ou quand les applications locales quotidiennes d’actifs sur de grandes surfaces et/ou au long cours sont devenues trop contraignantes, voire impossibles. Lors de leur dispensation, le pharmacien doit rappeler les modalités de prise et mettre en garde contre les effets indésirables de ces médicaments. Summary Systemic treatments are used when the area of skin affected by the psoriasis has become very extensive or when the daily topical applications over large areas and/or over the long term has become too restrictive, or even impossible. When dispensing the medication, the pharmacist must remind the patient of how to take it and warn them of the possible side effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé Les antinéoplasiques qualifiés de « ciblés » constituent un groupe de médicaments qui sont capables de bloquer la croissance des cellules cancéreuses. Agissant en différents points stratégiques, les thérapies ciblées apportent une aide précieuse et novatrice au patient dans sa lutte contre la maladie. Summary Targeted antineoplastics. Antineoplastics qualified as “targeted” form a group of drugs which are able to block the growth of cancer cells. Acting at different strategic points, targeted therapies offer a valuable and innovative technique to help patients in their fight against the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Diabetes & Metabolism is the property of Masson Editeur and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Résumé: Les anticorps monoclonaux sont déjà nombreux sur le marché. Toutefois, une dizaine d’entre eux seulement est disponible en officine de ville. Les mécanismes d’action de ces médicaments, utilisés dans des pathologies diverses, sont variés. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: Les anticorps monoclonaux ont une nomenclature complexe, mais rationnelle et prévisible compte tenu des fragments clés imposés. Ils sont parfois appelés les “mab”, ce qui vient de l’anglais monoclonal anti-bodies. Aujourd’hui, il existe des anticorps murins, chimériques, humanisés et humains destinés à traiter de nombreuses pathologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rise of target therapies is a new hope in digestive oncology, including for treating metastatic colorectal cancer. Constant improvement in response and survival have been achieved, since the introduction of 5-fluorouracil as a single agent several decades ago, through the development of new cytotoxics such as irinotecan or oxaliplatin, or more recently with the era of biologics (e.g., bevacizumab or cetuximab). Panitumumab is a new 100%-human monoclonal antibody that targets the extracellular domain of the EGFR- 1 receptor. Because its mechanism of action is similar to that of cetuximab, chosing the best biologics to be used could be therefore an uneasy task. This review covers panitumumab’s pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic characteristics, a new target therapy that could be an attractive therapeutic option in digestive oncology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Virological and antigenic characteristics of two Indian Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) vaccine viruses namely “PPRV-Sungri/96” and “PPRV-AR/87” were investigated. This investigation included, type of cytopathic effect (CPE) produced, one-step growth curve, antigenic reactivity of viral antigens using a panel of 18 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and ability of viruses for neutralization using a monoclonal antibody directed to haemagglutinin (H) protein. Findings surprisingly indicated that the PPRV-AR/87 is a fast growing virus with an entirely different pattern of cytopathic effect in Vero cell system. This virus has a relatively short replication cycle of 21h with no clearly defined eclipse phase. Whereas, PPRV-Sungri/96 has a replication cycle of 72h with distinct eclipse phase. Both viruses showed very good antigenic correlation (r =0.823) based on reactivity with 18 MAbs in an indirect ELISA, indicating that they are closely antigenically related. PPRV-AR/87 showed a poor neutralization index with antihaemaglutinin MAb 4B11 and poor reactivity in sandwich ELISA using an anti-nucleocapsid (N) MAb as compared to PPRV-Sungri/96. The findings suggest that both these vaccine viruses can easily be differentiated based on the pattern of cytopathic effect and degree of neutralization using MAb 4B11. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Copyright of IBS, Immuno-analyse & Biologie Specialisee is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bio Tribune Magazine is the property of Lavoisier and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: Engineering monoclonal antibodies, now widely used in the clinic, has made it possible to develop a new generation of antibodies with optimized functional properties. These antibodies should allow a significant improvement of the treatment of diseases where only few drugs are available, if any. However, the cost of treatments with monoclonal antibodies requires further improvements in production and purification technologies, and raises the question of generic antibodies. The present review summarizes some of the technological past and present challenges in the field. To cite this article: D. Bourel, J.-L. Teillaud, C. R. Biologies 329 (2006). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

High-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GSs) play an important role in the breadmaking quality of wheat flour. In China, cultivars such as Triticum aestivum 'Xiaoyan No. 6' carrying the 1Bx14 and 1By15 glutenin subunits usually have attributes that result in high-quality bread and noodles. HMW-GS 1Bx14 and 1By15 were isolated by preparative sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and used as an antigen to immunize BALB/c mice. A resulting monoclonal antibody belonging to the IgG1 subclass was shown to bind to all HMW-GSs of Triticum aestivum cultivars, but did not bind to other storage proteins of wheat seeds in a Western blot analysis. After screening a complementary DNA expression library from immature seeds of 'Xiaoyan No. 6' using the monoclonal antibody, the HMW-GS 1By15 gene was isolated and fully sequenced. The deduced amino acid sequence showed an extra stretch of 15 amino acid repeats consisting of a hexapeptide and a nonapeptide in the repetitive domain of this y-type HMW subunit. Bacterial expression of a modified 1By15 gene, in which the coding sequence for the signal peptide was removed and a BamHI site eliminated, gave rise to a protein with mobility identical to that of HMW-GSs extracted from seeds of 'Xiaoyan No. 6' via SDS-PAGE. This approach for isolating genes using specific monoclonal antibody against HMW-GS genes is a good alternative to the extensively used polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology based on sequence homology of HMW-GSs in wheat and its relatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objective. – Most of coxsackieviruses A (CV-A) are difficult to isolate in cell culture and are responsible for flask paralysis in suckling mice. The aim of the present work was to analyze the ability of immune and RT-PCR techniques to detect viral components of three different serotypes, CV-A6, CV-A13, and CV-A14, in skeletal muscles of experimentally infected suckling mice. Material and methods. – The antigen detection was done by immunofluorescence technique on trypsinized muscular cells and by immunoperoxidase assay on frozen sections of skeletal muscle, using a monoclonal antibody directed towards a conserved epitope of the VP1 capsid protein among enteroviruses. The nested RT-PCR technique used primers located in the 5′ non coding region of viral RNA. Results. – The group antigen was present in muscle cells of suckling mice infected by the three serotypes of CV-A which were assayed. Similarly, the muscle specimens were positive by nested RT-PCR. A kinetic study performed with CV-A13 and CV-A14 showed that the RT-PCR assay was positive as soon as 24 h after infection whereas the detection of VP1 antigen and symptoms of flask paralysis were observed only 48 and 72 h after infection, respectively. Conclusion. – These results show that the tested serotypes of CV-A can be easily detected in muscle specimens of suckling mice by using antigenic and molecular techniques currently available for the diagnosis of enterovirus infections. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Thirty years after their discovery by Milstein and Köhler, monoclonal antibodies have now come of age as therapeutics. Nineteen monoclonal antibodies are on the market and/or have got authorization to be used for the treatment of severe diseases. Many technical efforts have been devoted over the last two decades to the generation of second generation mAbs with better affinities, decreased immunogenicity and optimized effector functions. The development of molecular engineering techniques applied to antibody molecules has also made it possible to design bi-specific antibodies and fusion molecules exhibiting different modules with bi-functional activities. The use of proteomics and genomics combined with phage display allows now the rapid selection of antibodies directed against new targets at a high rate. Many efforts are currently focused on the selection of high-responder patients, the optimization of antibody delivery, schemes of infusion, antibody pharmaco-kinetics and bio-distribution, as well as on a better control of the severe side-effects generated by some antibody treatments. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We produced four monoclonal antibodies (mAb) and two polyclonal antibodies using the purified cytokine expressed in bacteria and characterized them. Specific binding of each of the mAb and polyclonal antibodies to recombinant swine IL-4 (rSwIL-4) purified from Escherichia coli and baculovirus was demonstrated in an indirect ELISA and/or in western blotting. We established a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for measuring concentration of SwIL-4 in biological samples and established an enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay for detecting IL-4-secreting cells using a mAb and a polyclonal IgG from goat. The detection limit of the sandwich ELISA for SwIL-4 was 78 pg/ml. Using sandwich ELISA, SwIL-4 was detected in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of pigs experimentally infected with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and could quantitate in supernatants of mitogen-stimulated PBMC culture. The ELISPOT system is useful for the detection of IL-4 producing cells in swine PBMC culture. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

En utilisant des anticorps monoclonaux (Amclx) anti-IgGs de zébu, plusieurs sortes d'épitopes ont pu être identifiés : spécifiques du zébu, communs au zébu et au boeuf, au zébu et au mouton ou aux trois espèces. Ces épitopes et leur position sur la molécule d'IgG (de zébu) ont pu être déterminés pour certains d'entre eux.

Vingt-neuf anticorps monoclonaux (ACM) dirigés contre les souches virales vaccinales RPV-RBOK et RPVL de peste bovine (RPV) et la souche PPRV NIG 75/3 de la peste des petits ruminants (PPRV) ont été caractérisés par radioimmunoprécipitation (RIPA), immunofluorescence ((FI) et immunoenzymologie (ELISA). Vingt-sept d'entre eux étaient dirigés contre la nucléoprotéine (N); deux ACM étaient spécifiques de la protéine de fusion (F) et de la protéine de matrice (M) du virus homologue. Pour ceux qui n'étaient pas précipitants, la réactivité au regard de la protéine de structure était confirmée par (FI et ELISA. La réactivité en (FI de ces ACM a permis de classer des souches RPV et PPRV d'origine géographique différente et de les comparer à deux autres morbillivirus, la rougeole (MV) et la maladie de Carré (CDV). L'ACM dirigé contre la M n'a pas indiqué de variations épitopiques au sein des souches PPRV et l'AcM anti-Fl a délimité un site unique sur l'ensemble des souches RPV et PPRV tout en les distinguant de MV et de CDV. Les ACM anti-N ont été purifiés, biotinylés et analysés par compétition réciproque au regard des souches RPV-RBOK et PPRV-NIG 75/1 utilisées comme antigène de l'ELISA. Ils ont défini sur la nucléoprotéine de ces virus respectivement 6 et 7 sites antigéniques. Sur l'ensemble des sites délimités, certains étaient uniques à RPV (2 sites) et d'autres à PPRV (3 sites). Les ACM qui les reconnaissaient ont permis de distinguer les deux virus sans ambiguïté. Quatre sites se chevauchant sur les virus RPV et PPRV étaient conservés sur l'ensemble des morbillivirus et les sites restants étaient communs à 2 morbillivirus au moins. Trois ACM caractérisés dans cette étude sont de bons candidats pour des tests de diagnostic différentiel.

Les Cowdria ont été purifiées par centrifugation en gradient de densité. L'ADN a été utilisé pour la construction de banques génomiques d'expression. La protéine immunodominante Cr32 a été purifiée et la séquence N-terminale d'acides aminés déterminée. Les banques génomiques d'expression ont été criblées avec des anticorps monoclonaux spécifiques de la protéine Cr32, mais aucun n'a réagi. Une partie du gène codant pour la Cr32 a ensuite été amplifiée utilisant des amorces provenant de la séquence N-terminale et d'une autre séquence d'acides aminés interne. La séquence amplifiée a servi de sonde pour détecter le fragment d'ADN génomique codant pour la protéine Cr32. Ce fragment, provenant du stock Sénégal de Cowdria ruminantium, a alors été cloné. Une partie du gène, représentant les deux tiers de la longueur totale, a été exprimée dans le vecteur pGEX2T. Le produit d'expression obtenu est reconnu par les anticorps monoclonaux spécifiques de la Cr32.

L'aptitude de deux tests ELISA d'absorption immuno-enzymatique utilisant, l'un un anticorps monoclonal spécifique anti-Trypanosoma brucei obtenu sur souris, l'autre des anticorps polyclonaux spécifiques de Trypanosoma evansi produits sur lapin, a été évaluée en vue de la détection des antigènes circulants comme méthode de diagnostic des infections à Trypanosoma evansi dans le sérum des dromadaires. Quatre vingt onze sérums d'un troupeau camelin témoin au Kenya indemne de T. evansi ont tous donné des résultats négatifs au test ELISA des anticorps monoclonaux et seuls deux d'entre eux (2,2 p. 100) ont donné des résultats faussement positifs avec les anticorps polyclonaux. Lors d'analyses ultérieures des sérums d'animaux infectés, les anticorps monoclonaux ont décelé les antigènes dans 90 sérums sur 108 testés (83,3 p. 100). Cette proportion s'est révélée inférieure pour les polyclonaux qui ont détecté les antigènes dans 67 des 110 sérums testés soit 60,9 p. 100. Dans une enquête portant sur 316 sérums provenant des régions de Gao et Nara au Mali, une forte proportion a réagi positivement aux antigènes (43,5 p. 100 pour le monoclonal et 42,9 p. 100 pour le polyclonal). Les tests ELISA se sont montrés au moins six fois plus sensibles que la technique de centrifugation de l'hématocrite.