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Despite the existence of various therapeutic approaches, diabetes mellitus and its complications have been an increasing burden of mortality and disability globally. Hence, it is necessary to evaluate the efficacy and safety of medicinal plants to support existing drugs in treating diabetes. Xanthones, the main secondary metabolites found in Gentiana dinarica and Gentiana utriculosa, display various biological activities. In in vitro cultured and particularly in genetically transformed G. dinarica and G. utriculosa roots, there is a higher content of xanthones. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare antidiabetic properties of secondary metabolites (extracts) prepared from these two Gentiana species, cultured in vitro and genetically transformed with those collected from nature. We compare HPLC secondary metabolite profiles and the content of the main extract compounds of G. dinarica and G. utriculosa methanol extracts with their ability to scavenge DPPH free radicals and inhibit intestinal α-glucosidase in vitro. Anti-hyperglycemic activity of selected extracts was tested further in vivo on glucose-loaded Wistar rats. Our findings reveal that the most prominent radical scavenging potential and potential to control the rise in glucose level, detected in xanthone-rich extracts, were in direct correlation with an accumulation of xanthones norswertianin and norswertianin-1-O-primeveroside in G. dinarica and decussatin and decussatin-1-O-primeveroside in G. utriculosa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explains the potential role of non-functionalized graphene produced using flash joule heating technology on Drosophila melanogaster. Several characterizations of the produced graphene were conducted via field emission-scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction studies. After being characterized, the graphene powder was orally administered to flies at doses ranging from 0.02 to 0.5%, establishing its non-toxic properties as a prerequisite for potential therapeutic applications. Experiments such as Trypan blue and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) revealed that graphene causes no harm to the larval gut's plasma membrane and nucleus. Behavioral assays such as crawling and climbing assays on larvae and adults demonstrated the non-neurotoxic nature of graphene. The high sucrose diet-induced diabetic Drosophila melanogaster model was used to study antidiabetic properties. In contrast, Gram + ve bacteria B. subtilis and Gram − ve P. aeruginosa were used to study the antibacterial properties of graphene. A better metabolic profile was evidenced after graphene treatment, including a 36% decrease in hemolymph-free glucose levels and significantly reduced lipid droplets at the highest concentration. In addition, the highest concentration of graphene treatment resulted in a 57% reduced fluorescent intensity of reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by diabetic flies. Considering all these evidence, this study concludes that graphene's non-toxic and antidiabetic properties can be used to mitigate the symptoms associated with Type II diabetes and obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditionally, Dioscoreophyllum cumminsii has been reported for its ability to treat diabetes; however, the stem bark of the plant has not been scientifically exploited for its antidiabetic activity. The study aims to investigate the effect of the antidiabetic properties of Dioscoreophyllum cumminsii stem extract on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Thirty rats were made diabetic by a single intraperitoneal administration of streptozocin (STZ), at a dose of 45 mg/kg bw. After confirming they are diabetic, 21 days of administration was conducted on the rats which are divided into 6 groups; Control (not diabetic group); 100 mg/kg bw Metformin (standard group), Untreated group, and then 50 mg/kg bw, 100 mg/kg bw and 200 mg/kg bw of Dioscoreophyllum cumminsii stem extract. Analyses were carried out on the serum and liver after it was excised from the animals. The activity of liver G6PD and serum HDL was increased significantly in the group treated with metformin and 200 mg/kg bw extract. A significant decrease was observed in the liver glycogen concentration in the 50 mg/kg bw group. The liver glucose concentration showed a significant increase in the groups treated with 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg bw plus the metformin group. Also, there was a significant increase in triglyceride concentration in 50 mg/kg bw of the extract. The findings revealed that in a dose-dependent manner, the aqueous extract of D. cumminsii stem bark demonstrated hypoglycemic potential compared to the standard drug, metformin, thus, indicating the antidiabetic properties of Dioscoreophyllum cumminsii stem extract on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medicinal plants offer a valuable source of natural compounds with specific and selective bioactivity. These compounds have been isolated since the mid-nineteenth century and are now commonly used in modern medications. L. octovalvis (Jacq.) P.H.Raven, C. aconitifolius, and C. longirostrata are Mexican medicinal plants consumed regularly, and research has shown that they contain bioactive compounds capable of promoting the inhibition of digestive enzymes. This is noteworthy since enzyme inhibitors are bioactive substances that interact with enzymes, diminishing their activity and thereby contributing to the management of diseases and metabolic disturbances. To investigate the activity of these plants, individual analyses were conducted, assessing their proximal composition, bioactive compounds, and inhibition of α-Amylase, α-Glucosidase, lipase, and pepsin. The results revealed that all three plants exhibited enzymatic inhibition. When comparing the plants, it was determined that C. aconitifolius had the lowest concentration required for a 50% inhibition in α-Amylase, α-Glucosidase, and lipase, as indicated by the IC50 values. For pepsin, C. longirostrata demonstrated the lowest IC50 value. By understanding the bioactive compounds present in these plants, we can establish the relationship they have with enzymatic inhibition, which can be utilized for future investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most dangerous metabolic diseases. The incidence of this disease continues to increase and is often associated with severe complications. Plants and natural plant products with a healing effect have been successfully used in the treatment of many disease entities since the beginning of the history of herbalism and medicine. At present, great emphasis is placed on the biodiversity of crops and the replacement of the monoculture production system of popular temperate climate plants, such as apple, pear, plum, and vine, with alternative fruit species. Very promising fruit plants are Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas); mulberry (Morus alba); bird cherry (Prunus padus); sour cherry (Prunus cerasus); plants of the genus Amelanchier, Sorbus, and Crategus; medlar (Mespilus germanica); quince (Cydonia oblonga); plants of the genus Vaccinium; and wild roses. When promoting the cultivation of alternative fruit-bearing plants, it is worth emphasizing their beneficial effects on health. This systematic review indicates that the antidiabetic effect of various parts of fruit plants is attributed to the presence of polyphenols, especially anthocyanins, which have different mechanisms of antidiabetic action and can be used in the treatment of diabetes and various complications associated with this disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease. It is characterized by hyperglycemia, which means an increased glucose levels in the serum. This disease can be a result of an insufficient insulin production by the pancreatic β cells, lack of tissue response to the action of this hormone or both these states occurring together. In the course of diabetes a disturbed metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids is observed. These disorders are often accompanied by chronic oxidative stress. Treatment of type 2 diabetes is based on the use of synthetic oral antidiabetic drugs. These drugs provide good glycemic control in the diabetics’ body and improve their quality of life, however, they are not without side effects. Therefore, a comprehensive approach to the patient and additional implementation of compounds that allow to reduce the negative effects of oxidative stress and limit the occurrence of diabetic complications in the process of their treatment seem promising. The scientific world is particularly interested in plants with antioxidant properties. Honokiol is a polyphenolic compound from the neolignans group that can be found in the bark of various magnolia species. Both honokiol and 4-O-methylhonokiol are known for their pro-health properties and multidirectional action on the body, including the glycemic control and restoration of proper lipid metabolism. Therefore, this review focuses on arranging the available scientific literature, covering the issues of the influence of neolignans: honokiol and 4-O-methylhonokiol on the health of a patient suffering from type 2 diabetes and its complications. Data collected in this manuscript shows a beneficial effect of these compounds on the organs most exposed to diabetic complications - including the pancreas, heart muscle or kidneys, as well as the prevention of excessive obesity in the context of affecting the white adipose tissue. After an in-depth analysis of many scientific articles, it can be deduced that these compounds may prove to be promising agents supporting conventional therapies with antidiabetic drugs in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and its accompanying diseases.

A phytochemical study on the Potamogeton pusillus L. led to the isolation and identification of a novel biflavonoid, pusillin A (1) with known seven compounds, including rosmarinic acid (2), luteolin-7-sulfate (3), eriodictyol-7-sulfate (4), chrysoeriol-7-sulfate (5), eriodictyol (5), luteolin (7) and chrysoeriol (8). Their structures were elucidated based on spectrometric analysis, including LC-Q-TOF/MS and NMR. All compounds were screened for in vitro antidiabetic activity using the spectrophotometric method. Sulfated flavones (1, 3, 4, and 5) exhibited prominent a-glucosidase inhibitory activity, and compounds 2, 6, 7, and 8 showed moderate inhibitory activities. All isolates were reported for the first time from the plant material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microgreens are immature edible leafy greens with a higher concentration of phytonutrients than in mature leaves, which makes them a novel functional food. This research featured antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, and antidiabetic properties of coriander microgreens. Aqueous and ethanolic extractions of coriander microgreens and mature leaves underwent a phytochemical analysis of antioxidant potential using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate) free radical method and the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. The analysis of antidiabetic and anticarcinogenic properties included the method of α-amylase enzyme inhibition and the MTT colorimetric assay. The screening test inferred the presence of alkaloids, terpenoids, glycosides, steroids, tannins, flavonoids, phenols, carbohydrates, and proteins in both microgreens and mature leaves. The quantitative analysis showed that the ethanolic extract of the microgreen sample exhibited higher total phenols. Total flavonoids, steroids, carbohydrates, and proteins were higher both in microgreen extracts, if compared with those of mature leaves. Ascorbic acid, chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, and carotenoids demonstrated a more substantial presence in mature leaves. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis of coriander microgreens revealed such bioactive compounds as thienopyrimidines, phenolic amide, imidazo pyridazine, phenolic constituents, and essential oil. Mature leaves were rich in phenolic compounds, steroids, terpenoids, essential oils, and fatty acid esters. All these substances are known for their therapeutic antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anticarcinogenic properties. The microgreen samples exhibited greater ferric reducing antioxidant power, α-amylase enzyme inhibition, and cytotoxicity activity at a lower concentration of extract than mature leaves. Coriander microgreens proved to have a promising antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, and antidiabetic potential and can be used in daily food additives.

Kakadu plum (Terminalia ferdinandiana), endemic to Australia, is growing in popularity due to its high levels of vitamin C and strong antioxidant properties. In this study, Kakadu plum fruit powder was used as a functional food ingredient with other plant materials to develop value-added products to enhance their nutritional and commercial value. The present study determined the bioactive properties of nine products, including three Kakadu plum fruit powder samples produced from different processing batches and five Kakadu plum-blended products. Vitamin C, the total phenolic content, and the ellagic acid content were determined. Bioactive properties such as antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antimicrobial assays were also performed. Cytotoxicity was tested to obtain more specific product information regarding food safety. Kakadu plum-blended products showed lower cytotoxicity and lower bioactive properties (antioxidant and antibacterial activities) in comparison to Kakadu plum powder. However, overall, most of the bioactive properties were shown to be higher in the blends when compared with the commercial blueberry powder as a benchmark antioxidant product. Therefore, there is great potential for Kakadu plum to contribute to the growing functional food and ingredient markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this present study, we reported the synthesis of some Schiff base derivatives by one pot grinding method from 2-hydroxy benzohydrazide and Aromatic aldehydes. NMR and IR spectroscopy were used to characterize the synthesized compounds. The antioxidant, antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory properties of the Schiff base derivatives 3(a-j) were studied. Regarding standards, all the compounds demonstrated good biological activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medicinal plants offer a valuable source of natural compounds with specific and selective bioactivity. These compounds have been isolated since the mid-nineteenth century and are now commonly used in modern medications. L. octovalvis (Jacq.) P.H.Raven, C. aconitifolius, and C. longirostrata are Mexican medicinal plants consumed regularly, and research has shown that they contain bioactive compounds capable of promoting the inhibition of digestive enzymes. This is noteworthy since enzyme inhibitors are bioactive substances that interact with enzymes, diminishing their activity and thereby contributing to the management of diseases and metabolic disturbances. To investigate the activity of these plants, individual analyses were conducted, assessing their proximal composition, bioactive compounds, and inhibition of α-Amylase, α-Glucosidase, lipase, and pepsin. The results revealed that all three plants exhibited enzymatic inhibition. When comparing the plants, it was determined that C. aconitifolius had the lowest concentration required for a 50% inhibition in α-Amylase, α-Glucosidase, and lipase, as indicated by the IC50 values. For pepsin, C. longirostrata demonstrated the lowest IC50 value. By understanding the bioactive compounds present in these plants, we can establish the relationship they have with enzymatic inhibition, which can be utilized for future investigations.

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most dangerous metabolic diseases. The incidence of this disease continues to increase and is often associated with severe complications. Plants and natural plant products with a healing effect have been successfully used in the treatment of many disease entities since the beginning of the history of herbalism and medicine. At present, great emphasis is placed on the biodiversity of crops and the replacement of the monoculture production system of popular temperate climate plants, such as apple, pear, plum, and vine, with alternative fruit species. Very promising fruit plants are Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas); mulberry (Morus alba); bird cherry (Prunus padus); sour cherry (Prunus cerasus); plants of the genus Amelanchier, Sorbus, and Crategus; medlar (Mespilus germanica); quince (Cydonia oblonga); plants of the genus Vaccinium; and wild roses. When promoting the cultivation of alternative fruit-bearing plants, it is worth emphasizing their beneficial effects on health. This systematic review indicates that the antidiabetic effect of various parts of fruit plants is attributed to the presence of polyphenols, especially anthocyanins, which have different mechanisms of antidiabetic action and can be used in the treatment of diabetes and various complications associated with this disease.

This study aimed to investigate the Pseudostellaria heterophylla polysaccharides (PF40) physicochemical and antidiabetic characteristics. The ultraviolet–visible (UV) spectra, Fourier transform infrared radiation (FT-IR) spectra, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra, zeta potential, surface characteristics, and conformational and thermal stability properties of PF40 were characterized. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), combined with Congo red test, revealed that PF40 powder has mainly existed in amorphous form with triple-helix conformation. The single-molecular structure of PF40 exhibited a multi-branched structure extending from the center to the periphery by scanning probe microscopy (SPM) scanning. The monosaccharide residue of PF40 was an α-pyranoid ring and exhibits good stability below 168 °C. Experimental studies on antidiabetic characteristics found that PF40 could significantly improve STZ-induced intestinal mucosal damage and reduce the apoptosis of villus epithelial cells. PF40 combined with metformin could significantly improve the symptoms of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats, the molecular mechanism might be through inhibiting the expression of RORγ protein and increasing Foxp3 protein in the jejunum of T2DM rats, and then restoring the STZ-induced imbalance of T helper 17(Th17)/ regulatory T cells (Treg) cells, thereby maintaining intestinal immune homeostasis. Results identified in this study provided important information regarding the structure and antidiabetic characteristics of Pseudostellaria heterophylla polysaccharides, which can contribute to the development of Pseudostellaria heterophylla polysaccharides for industrial purposes in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is an increasing emphasis on the consumption of whole grain products, moreover, unconventional and underutilized grains such as Amaranth and Acha are reported to have tremendous health benefits, and their incorporation into whole wheat flour could significantly modify the functionality of flour or its product(s). In this study, bread, an important dietary staple food; was produced from blends of whole-grain wheat, amaranth and acha flours, combined in different ratios (70:30:0, 70:0:30, 70:20:10, 70:10:20 and 70:15:15 represented by MM1, MM2, MM3, MM4 and MM5 respectively). Rheology and pasting properties of the flour blends, quality attributes, antioxidant properties, α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition, as well the glycaemic indices (GI) of the multigrain breads were evaluated using standard methods. Whole wheat flour supplementation with amaranth flour and/or acha flour, modified the rheology and pasting properties of composite flours, increased the ash, fibre and protein contents of bread while reducing the carbohydrate content. Multigrain breads also exhibited significant hydroxyl (OH) radical scavenging ability, Fe2+ chelation and inhibit of Fe2+- induced lipid peroxidation. Bread with greater amaranth flour substitution (MM1B and MM4B) have higher α-amylase (IC50 = 1.90, 1.41 mg/mL) and α-glucosidase (IC50 = 0.83, 1.39 mg/mL) inhibitory abilities, while multigrain breads generally possessed low GI (42–51) value whereas, white flour bread (control) had intermediate GI (65). The synergistic properties contributed by the grains may have conferred on the bread its potential as a dietary product for better health maintenance, thus, multigrain bread is of greater dietary and health importance than white bread. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the Pseudostellaria heterophylla polysaccharides (PF40) physicochemical and antidiabetic characteristics. The ultraviolet–visible (UV) spectra, Fourier transform infrared radiation (FT-IR) spectra, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra, zeta potential, surface characteristics, and conformational and thermal stability properties of PF40 were characterized. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), combined with Congo red test, revealed that PF40 powder has mainly existed in amorphous form with triple-helix conformation. The single-molecular structure of PF40 exhibited a multi-branched structure extending from the center to the periphery by scanning probe microscopy (SPM) scanning. The monosaccharide residue of PF40 was an α-pyranoid ring and exhibits good stability below 168 °C. Experimental studies on antidiabetic characteristics found that PF40 could significantly improve STZ-induced intestinal mucosal damage and reduce the apoptosis of villus epithelial cells. PF40 combined with metformin could significantly improve the symptoms of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats, the molecular mechanism might be through inhibiting the expression of RORγ protein and increasing Foxp3 protein in the jejunum of T2DM rats, and then restoring the STZ-induced imbalance of T helper 17(Th17)/ regulatory T cells (Treg) cells, thereby maintaining intestinal immune homeostasis. Results identified in this study provided important information regarding the structure and antidiabetic characteristics of Pseudostellaria heterophylla polysaccharides, which can contribute to the development of Pseudostellaria heterophylla polysaccharides for industrial purposes in the future.

• Enzymatic hydrolysis and germination improved the antioxidants properties of lentils. • The combined processes positively affected α-glucosidase inhibition activity. • Synergistic action between both processes reduced antinutritional factors in lentils. • Five phenolic compounds were identified in lentil extracts by UHPLC-MS/MS. This work aimed to evaluate the effects of germination, enzymatic hydrolysis and their combined association on the antioxidant and antidiabetic properties and content of digestive protease inhibitor compounds of lentils. Results showed that the biotransformation of lentils positively impacted their biological activity. For antioxidant properties, the enzymatic hydrolysis of non-germinated lentils promoted an increase of 56 and 96 % in ferric reducing power and ABTS-radical scavenging, respectively, compared to the control sample (lentil extract without any treatment). Germination and enzymatic hydrolysis positively affected the antidiabetic properties of lentil extracts, reaching maximum values of 94 and 45 % for α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition activity, respectively. Non-germinated and hydrolyzed (NGH) lentil extracts showed an increase of 44 % in α-amylase inhibition capacity, while the combined use of germination and enzymatic hydrolysis increased α-glucosidase inhibition by 17 % compared to the control sample. The enzymatic hydrolysis, associated or not with germination, was the most adequate process to reduce the negative effects of digestive proteases, reaching minimum inhibition values of 0.01, 0.16 and 12.05 % in pepsin, trypsin and pancreatin enzymes against 20.44, 61.05 and 48.54 % for control samples, respectively. Phenolic compounds identified by UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS in lentil extracts included 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, ferulic acid, rutin, coumaric acid and vanillic acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of vacuum, solar, convective, infrared, and freeze drying (VD, SD, CD, IRD, FD) on Durvillaea antarctica were evaluated in terms of nutritional composition, color, bioactive components, and antioxidant and antidiabetic activities. Nutritional composition of the dried seaweeds scarcely varied, while a tendency to lose the reddish tone occurred. CD-seaweed had highest phytochemical and vitamin contents, while FD-samples showed best retention of pigments. Both samples also exhibited the strongest antioxidant and antidiabetic activities. The highest essential amino acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids contents were found in IRD- and SD-samples, respectively. In general, FD and CD were proved to be viable drying options for D. antarctica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Zinc is an essential trace element with prominent roles in the structural and functional aspects of insulin. Several reports are available on the development of zinc complexes with various ligands to reduce the toxicity of zinc. In the present study, an attempt has been made to synthesize a zinc-avicularin complex and it was subjected to spectral characterization and systematic antidiabetic properties. Design: The zinc-avicularin complex was synthesized by molar ratio method and characterized by spectral studies such as FT-IR, mass, ¹H NMR and 13C NMR. Acute toxicity and dosage fixation studies were carried out as per OCED guidelines. HFD fed-low dose streptozotocin induced experimental type 2 diabetes was chosen as the animal model. The oral glucose tolerance test performed in the control and experimental groups of rats. The levels of fasting blood glucose, hemoglobin, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), plasma insulin, urine sugar, protein, urea, uric acid and creatinine were determined by established methods. The activities of serum AST, ALT and ALP were assayed. Results: The spectral studies provide evidence for the complexation between zinc ions with avicularin. Acute toxicity and dosage fixation studies revealed the non toxic nature of the complex and the optimum dose as 5 mg/kg b.w./rat/day orally for 30 days. The biochemical alterations observed in the experimental diabetic rats were reverted to the physiological range after treatment with zinc-avicularin complex as well as metformin. Conclusion: The newly synthesized and characterized zinc-avicularin complex is non toxic and elicits significant antihyperglycemic activity which in turn may be due to the insulin stimulatory and/or insulin mimetic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Pasteurization of bitter gourd juice was done using thermal and irradiation. • Protocols optimized for 5 log cycle reduction of most pertinent pathogens. • Effect of pasteurization temperature and irradiation on bioactivity studied. • Effect of preservatives on bioactivity and sensory during storage evaluated. • Treatment at 65 °C with sodium benzoate resulted in best quality juice. Abstract Debittered bitter gourd juice was subjected to gamma irradiation doses of 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5 and 2.5 kGy and thermal pasteurization at temperatures of 65, 75, 85 and 95 °C. Shigella boydii was the most heat resistant pathogen tested (D 10 of 42.8 s at 65 °C) while Bacillus cereus was the most resistant pathogen to irradiation with a D 10 of 0.46 kGy. No significant (p < 0.05) effect of thermal pasteurization was observed on antidiabetic (α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition) activity, however, a 10% increase in α-glucosidase inhibition was observed in irradiated (2.5 kGy) samples. A significant (p < 0.05) but marginal reduction (up to 10%) was observed in antidiabetic activity during storage for a period of 90 days. Thermal pasteurization at 65 °C demonstrated significantly (p < 0.05) higher sensory quality as compared to irradiated (2.5 kGy) samples. This is first report on effect of pasteurization on antidiabetic activity of bitter gourd juice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes mellitus is a complex disorder characterised by insufficient insulin production or insulin resistance. Disease incidence is accumulating at a rapidly increasing rate, resulting in a considerable social, health and economic burden in the modern world. Bioactive peptides show significant potential for use in health management strategies, particularly as components of drugs and functional foods for diabetes treatment. Many antidiabetic bioactive peptides have been isolated and validated. The aim of this review was to update the state of knowledge of the origin, structural characteristics and action. Additionally, the potential mechanisms of bioactive peptides on key enzymes and proteins, such as α‐amylase, α‐glucosidase, glucagon‐like peptides and dipeptidyl peptidase‐IV, that participate in glycaemic level control from the intake of carbohydrates to blood glucose regulation were overviewed. This knowledge should facilitate research and industrial efforts to better understand and evaluate the potential of bioactive peptides with antidiabetic properties for blood glucose level management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Walnut trees (Juglans regia) are a priceless source of nutrients and beneficial molecules. Besides the nuts, also the leaves have been commonly used to prepare teas and decoctions, with the purpose of curing diabetic symptoms. In vivo trials have ascertained the walnut leaf capability to ameliorate hyperglycaemia in humans. However, conclusive studies aimed at identifying the molecules responsible for the antidiabetic activity of the walnut leaves are still missing. This paper reports on a bio-guided separation of the walnut leaf extract that led to the isolation and NMR-based identification of two compounds belonging to the megastigmane class as the major antidiabetic molecules of the extract. An in-depth evaluation of their potential to affect the glucose uptake in HepG2 and Caco-2 cell lines was also conducted. The presented results are ultimately expected to allow a more rational use of walnut leaf-based beverages in the therapy of diabetes.

Pigeon pea was treated by blanching and used to supplement acha flour for the development of functional cracker biscuits. The flour ratios for acha and pigeon pea were 100:0 (ACC), 80:20 (APC1), and 70:30 (APC2), respectively. The developed cracker biscuits were evaluated for chemical acid compositions, antioxidant, as well as antidiabetic properties. Protein contents of the formulated crackers increased with increase in supplementation with pigeon pea flour. The antinutrient content of the formulated snack was low hence may not adversely affect nutrient bioavailability. Glutamic and aspartic acids were the predominant amino acids while methionine and lysine significantly increased as a result of supplementation with pigeon pea flour. The biscuit exhibited good antioxidant properties indicated by its strong ability to scavenge hydroxyl, superoxide, DPPH radicals, and reduced Fe3+ to Fe2+. The formulated snack especially APC2 possessed low glycemic index (47.95%) and significantly inhibited the key digestive enzymes (α‐amylase and α‐glucosidase). All parameters evaluated indicated that APC2 could serve as a functional snack in the management of hyperglycemia (diabetes) and prevention of associated degenerative diseases. Nutrient‐dense snack high protein, essential amino acids Therapeutic properties: contains α‐amylase inhibitor, low GI Plant antioxidant: bioactive properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of addition of basil elicited with jasmonic acid (JA) on the biological properties, oxidative stability, and sensory quality of cakes. Simulated gastrointestinal digestion was used for determination of bioavailability. The antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic potential of fortified cakes were significantly higher than those of the control cakes. The antioxidant activity of the tested cakes was increased after addition of basil, proportionally to the amount of the additive. Additionally, in some cases, better results were obtained using JA-elicited basil instead of the control basil. Basil addition inhibited fat peroxidation in the cakes, measured as the malondialdehyde content. Cakes supplemented with the control and elicited basil were characterized by satisfactory consumer acceptability. Based on the data obtained in the present study, it can be concluded that JA-elicited basil (especially elicited with 100 µM jasmonic acid) can be recommended for food technologists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Cardiovascular diseases and diabetes are the biggest causes of death globally. Therefore, prevention of these diseases is a focus of pharmaceuticals and functional food manufacturers. This review summarizes recent research trends and scientific knowledge in seaweed protein‐derived peptides with particular emphasis on production, isolation and potential health impacts in prevention of hypertension, diabetes and oxidative stress. The current status and future prospects of bioactive peptides are also discussed. Bioactive peptides have strong potential for use in therapeutic drug and functional food formulation in health management strategy, especially cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Seaweeds can be used as sustainable protein sources in the production of these peptide‐based drugs and functional foods for preventing such diseases. Many studies have reported that peptides showing angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition, antihypertensive, antioxidative and antidiabetics activities, have been successfully isolated from seaweed. However, further research is needed in large‐scale production of these peptides, efficient isolation methods, interactions with functional foods and other pharmaceuticals, and their ease to digestion in in vivo studies and safety to validate the health benefits of these peptides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Liver diseases and diabetes are serious health disorders associated with oxidative stress and ageing. Some plant polyphenols can lower the risk of these diseases.Purpose: We investigated the phytochemical profiling of a root extract from Ximenia americana var. caffra using HPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS. The antioxidant activities in vitro were investigated. The hepatoprotective activities were studied in rat models with d-galactosamine (d-GaIN)-induced hepatotoxicity and the antidiabetic activities in STZ-diabetic rats were also investigated.Materials and Methods: HPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS was used to identify plant phenolics. The antioxidant activities in vitro were determined using DPPH and FRAP assays. The in vivo hepatoprotective activities were determined for d-GaIN-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. We determined the liver markers alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), liver peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione content (GSH), albumin and total bilirubin concentration. The histopathological changes in rat liver were also studied. The antidiabetic activities were also investigated in STZ-diabetic rats and serum glucose, serum insulin hormone, and lipid peroxides were determined.Results: The root extract is rich in tannins with 20 compounds including a series of stereoisomers of (epi)catechin, (epi)catechin-(epi)catechin, (epi)catechin-(epi)catechin-(epi)catechin, and their galloyl esters. Promising antioxidant potential was observed in vitro in DPPH assay with EC50 of 6.5 µg extract / 26 µg raw material and in FRAP assay with 19.54 mM FeSO4 compared with ascorbic acid (EC50 of 2.92 µg/ml) and quercetin (FeSO4 24.04 mM/mg), respectively. Significant reduction of serologic enzymatic markers and hepatic oxidative stress markers such as ALT, AST, MDA, GGT, and total bilirubin, as well as elevation of GSH and albumin were observed in rats with d-galactosamine-induced liver damage treated with the extract. These findings agree with a histopathological examination suggesting a hepatoprotective potential for the root extract. The root extract can mediate an antidiabetic effect by reducing elevated blood glucose and serum lipid peroxides levels and by increasing insulin in STZ-diabetic rats by -107, -31.1, +11.3%, respectively.Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that the tannin-rich extract from Ximenia americana var. caffra could be an interesting candidate for the treatment of several health disorders associated with oxidative stress such as hepatocellular injury and diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main features of the okra, Abelmoschus esculentus (L.), are highlighted. The evaluation of interactions between biologically active compounds and other components of the food matrix can be considered as the first action in the investigation of potential benefits of this annual herb. Moreover, updated examples of current and innovative directions in an integrated and multidisciplinary approach are discussed, with particular attention to chemometrics. Among the main effects attributed to okra, its antidiabetic property is the focus. Finally, the use of okra in different fields will be discussed.

Walnut trees ( Juglans regia ) are a priceless source of nutrients and beneficial molecules. Besides the nuts, also the leaves have been commonly used to prepare teas and decoctions, with the purpose of curing diabetic symptoms. In vivo trials have ascertained the walnut leaf capability to ameliorate hyperglycaemia in humans. However, conclusive studies aimed at identifying the molecules responsible for the antidiabetic activity of the walnut leaves are still missing. This paper reports on a bio-guided separation of the walnut leaf extract that led to the isolation and NMR-based identification of two compounds belonging to the megastigmane class as the major antidiabetic molecules of the extract. An in-depth evaluation of their potential to affect the glucose uptake in HepG2 and Caco-2 cell lines was also conducted. The presented results are ultimately expected to allow a more rational use of walnut leaf-based beverages in the therapy of diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peel is a major by-product during processing of mango fruit into pulp. Recent report indicates that the whole peel powder ameliorated diabetes. In the present study, ethanolic extract of mango peel was analysed for its bioactive compounds, evaluated for α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory properties, oral glucose tolerance test, antioxidant properties, plasma insulin level and biochemical parameters related to diabetes. In addition to gallic and protocatechuic acids, the extract also had chlorogenic and ferulic acids, which were not reported earlier in mango peel extracts. The peel extract inhibited α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities, with IC values of 4.0 and 3.5 μg/ml. Ethanolic extract of peel showed better glucose utilization in oral glucose tolerance test. Treatment of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats with the extract decreased fasting blood glucose, fructosamine and glycated hemoglobin levels, and increased plasma insulin level. Peel extract treatment decreased malondialdehyde level, but increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes significantly in liver and kidney compared to diabetic rats. These beneficial effects were comparable to metformin, but better than gallic acid treated diabetic rats. The beneficial effects of peel extract may be through different mechanism like increased plasma insulin levels, decreased oxidative stress and inhibition of carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzyme activities by its bioactive compounds. Thus, results suggest that the peel extract can be a potential source of nutraceutical or can be used in functional foods and this is the first report on antidiabetic properties of mango peel extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cashew-apple and yacon have been widely recognized as an excellent source of bioactive compounds, including prebiotics and antioxidants, which may be beneficial to health. Experimental data indicates that prebiotics and some specific polyphenols could reduce the severity or incidence of degenerative diseases, such as diabetics. The aim of this study was evaluate the hypoglycemic effect of a functional beverage composed of yacon and cashew-apple in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The growth of lactobacilli in the cecal material, catalase activity in liver and antiproliferative activity using HepG 2 cells were also evaluated. The total antioxidant capacity was determined in the beverage, showing values of 6.45 ± 0.40 μM Trolox ∙ g − 1 of fresh matter (FM), 15.58 ± 0.38 μM Fe 2 SO 4 ∙ g − 1 of FM and 1780.14 ± 99.01 g of functional beverage ∙ g − 1 of DPPH, measured by ABTS, FRAP and DPPH assays, respectively. The fructooligosaccharides (FOS) content (2.97 ± 0.07 FOS/100 mL) and total phenolic were determined (66.52 ± 1.17 mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g of FM), and the majoritarian phenolic compounds were identified by LC–DAD–ESI–MS. In the antiproliferative assay, HepG 2 was significantly inhibited, in a dose-dependent manner, by exposure to the functional beverage. In addition, the functional beverage was tested in vivo . Male Wistar rats were divided into five groups: control, non-treated diabetic, and diabetic treated with 100, 200 or 400 mg of lyophilized functional beverage per kg/day. The results showed a decrease in the glucose levels, a promotion of the growth of lactobacilli in cecal material and an increase in catalase activity in the liver. The results strongly support that yacon and cashew-apple have important hypoglycemic properties that could ameliorate the diabetic state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes is a complicated multifactorial disorder in which the patient generally observes polyphagia, polydipsia, and polyuria due to uncontrolled growth in blood sugar levels. For its management, the pharmaceutical industry is working day and night to find a better drug with no or least toxicity. That's why nowadays a more focused branch is to use herbal phytoconstituents for its prevention. Shikonin is a naphthoquinone natural dye that is isolated from the plants of the Boraginaceae family and has proven its role as an anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-gonadotrophic agent. In our previous study, we have published its anti-diabetic action by inhibiting the enzyme protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B. In this study, we were more focused on finding out the role of Shikonin and its pharmacophores by inhibiting the action of aldose reductase (AR) enzyme. The study was conducted using pharmacophore modeling, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulation studies. The absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion (ADME), and toxicity profile were also evaluated in this study. Along with all the computational biology parameters we also focused on the in vitro activity and kinetic study of inhibitory activity of Shikonin against aldose reductase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Moringa oleifera leaves have been reported to have antidiabetic, antitumor, hypotensive, anti-inflammatory, and diuretic properties as well as antibiotic, antitryponosomal, hypotensive, and anti-inflammatory activities. They are outstanding source of vitamins A, B, C, and also rich in calcium and protein. Objectives: The aim of the study was to formulate Moringa oleifera powdered leaf tablets and to study the in vitro and in vivo properties of the herbal drug from the tablets. Material and methods: The Moringa oleifera powdered leaf was formulated into tablets by direct compression. The in vitro properties of the tablets were evaluated in terms of uniformity of weight, hardness, disintegration time, friability and dissolution rate. Also, the in vivo antidiabetic properties of Moringa oleifera tablets were studied using Wistar rats. Results and discussion: The results of the tablets' weight uniformity gave percentage deviation that was below 5%. Tablet disintegration time ranged from 11.50 ± 0.11 to 14.90 ± 0.27 min. The tablets exhibited friability results lower than 2% and exhibited about 82% to 83% release of the extract at 15 min. In vivo antidiabetic studies showed that at 8 hr, about 54.4% and 40% of glucose reduction occurred in groups that received Moringa oleifera tablets and glibenclamide (Daonil®) respectively, while the negative control groups showed increased blood glucose level with time. Conclusions: This study has shown that Moringa oleifera leaves formulated into tablets possess good physicochemical and antidiabetic properties in addition to being a supplement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foliar pharmacognostical details of three species, well used to control diabetes have been analysed. Species discussed include Boerhavia diffusa, Coccinea indica and Moringa oleifera. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this work we report biochemical ex vivo studies with a vanadium compound containing a pyridinone ligand, the bis(1,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxy-4-pyridinonate)oxovanadium (IV), VIVO(dmpp)2, which has shown to have promising antidiabetic activity. The experiments were carried out on primary adipocytes of 6–8week old Wistar rats. Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake studies were performed using a radioactive assay by measuring the (U)–14C–glucose taken up by the isolated adipocytes for 30min. Adipocytes were incubated with and without insulin and in the presence and absence of different concentrations of VIVO(dmpp)2 (100–500μM) for 45min. We observed that in a nontoxic concentration, as demonstrated by the Alamar Blue test, VIVO(dmpp)2 significantly increases glucose uptake, in the absence of insulin, by 5-folds higher than basal, and it has a significant inhibitory effect of 78% on free fatty acid release in isolated adipocytes from normal rats. We also demonstrated that it promotes the phosphorylation of Akt1, a key protein in the insulin signaling cascade. These results were compared with those obtained with another vanadium compound reported in the literature, with a similar structure, the bis(maltolato)oxovanadium (IV) (BMOV), which is now in clinical trials. Our ex vivo results clearly indicate that VIVO(dmpp)2 is a good candidate to be a promising drug for the treatment of diabetes and other metabolic disorders. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The objective of this work was to evaluate the in vitro antidiabetic and antihypertensive properties of protein hydrolysates obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of black cricket (Gryllus assimilis) protein concentrate. The enzymatic hydrolysis was carried out by isolated application and in binary/ternary combinations of the commercial enzymes Flavourzyme™ 500 L, Alcalase™ 2.4 L and Neutrase™ 0.8 L, using an experimental mixture design. The in vitro antidiabetic properties of the protein hydrolysates were assessed through the ability to inhibit α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities, while the inhibition of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) was used to measure the potential antihypertensive property. The results showed that most of the samples had their inhibitory activities increased after enzymatic hydrolysis when compared with the non-hydrolyzed sample. The highest percentual of inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities was 55.40% and 17.07%, respectively, detected for the protein hydrolysate produced with the binary mixture of Flavourzyme™ 500 L and Neutrase™ 0.8 L. The highest ACE inhibitory activity was 50.84%, detected for the sample produced by the use of a binary combination of Flavourzyme™ 500 L and Alcalase™ 2.4 L. Fractionation by ultrafiltration confirmed that small peptides resulted in improved bioactive properties. Antidiabetic and antihypertensive peptides such as AGDDAPR and YPLDL were identified, in addition to sequences homologous to those already described as bioactive in the BIOPEP database. The enzymatic hydrolysis proved to be a process capable of significantly increasing the in vitro antidiabetic and antihypertensive properties of black cricket protein. [Display omitted] • Cricket protein proved to be a potential source of bioactive peptides. • The hydrolysates were able to inhibit up to 55% of the α-amylase activity. • The hydrolysates were able to inhibit up to 50% of the ACE activity. • Hydrolysis promoted significant changes on the profile of the insect's proteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Karela (Momordica charantia Linn.) is described in ayurveda as beneficial in diabetic disorders and other disease conditions. Modern scientific analyses of its antidiabetic properties reveal that it has the capacity to regulate vitiated carbohydrate digestion, glucose metabolism and utilization, possesses insulin mimetic and secretagogue activities, and corrects the impaired antioxidant defence in diabetes. Therefore, Karela has the potential to attenuate development of diabetes and its complications. This article presents a fusion of ancient ayurvedic knowledge with modern scientific evidences on its multifaceted antidiabetic properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ulva australis Areschoug (Ulvales, Chlorophyta) is traditionally used as a foodstuff in Korea and to treat several diseases, such as hyperlipidemia and urinary ailments. It is now considered an invasive species of the Venice Lagoon (Italy). This work explored U. australis as a potential source of bioactive molecules with biotechnological applications. For that purpose, organic and water extracts were prepared from dried biomass of U. australis and evaluated for radical scavenging activity (RSA), metal chelating activities and for in vitro inhibition of enzymes related with several disorders, namely Alzheimer's disease (acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase), hyperpigmentation (tyrosinase), obesity (lipase), Type-2 diabetes mellitus (α-glucosidase, α-amylase) and skin sagging (elastase). Extracts were also evaluated for total contents of phenolics, flavonoids condensed tannins and carbohydrates. Finally, the fatty acids methyl esters profile of the biomass was established by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Extracts had low to moderate radical scavenging activity on DPPH, and a higher ability to chelate Fe2+ than Cu2+, and the maximum Fe2+ chelating capacity was observed in the tincture (IC 50 = 4.82 mg/mL). Samples had a higher ability to inhibit α-amylase and microbial α-glucosidase than the other tested enzymes. The biomass of U. australis presented a highly saturated fatty acids profile, enriched in palmitic acid. These data suggest U. australis as a promising source of natural products with anti- diabetic properties and as a desirable species for biodiesel production. • U. australis is a potential source of bioactive molecules • Extracts from U. australis has low to moderate Radical scavenging activity • Extracts are rich in phenolics, tannins, flavonoids and polysaccharides • U. australis shows a highly saturated fatty acids profile • Fatty Acid profile of U. australis might be desirable for biodiesel production [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]