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The recent discovery of Ediacaran ophiolites in the SW Iberian Massif has made it possible to pinpoint the evolution of the Cadomian basement of Europe. The Calzadilla and Merida ophiolites (gabbroic protoliths dated at c. 600 and 594 Ma, respectively) have geochemical characteristics typical of supra-subduction zone ophiolites. They are interpreted as originating during the initial opening of a fore-arc basin with boninitic magmatism (Calzadilla), followed by the formation of a back-arc basin with arc-tholeiites (Merida). Widening of the back-arc leads to the rifting and drifting of a section of the active continental margin (Cadomia). These oceanic domains initiated a rapid contraction, culminating in the collision of Cadomia with Gondwana (c. 590-540 Ma). The application of a PANALESIS model to this paleogeographic setting confirms the plausibility of Cadomian rifting and the likely opening of broad oceanic domains. It also confirms the final collision of Cadomia with Gondwana, although the synthetic and regional data disagree in the precise chronology of the convergence and collision of Cadomia with the West Africa Craton. This work shows that the evolution of the Cadomian basement is much more complex than traditionally considered.

Ultramafic-hosted volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits (UM-VMS) located in the Havana-Matanzas ophiolite (Cuba) are the only known example of this type of mineralization in the Caribbean realm. UM-VMS from Havana- Matanzas are enriched in Cu, Ni, Co, Au, and Ag. The mineralization consists of massive sulfide bodies mostly composed of pyrrhotite and hosted by serpentinized upper mantle peridotites. Chemical composition of unaltered cores in Cr-spinel grains found within the massive sulfide mineralization and in the peridotite host indicates formation in the fore-arc region of the Greater Antilles volcanic arc. A first stage of serpentinization probably took place prior to the sulfide mineralization event. The UM-VMS mineralization formed by the near-complete replacement of the silicate assemblage of partially serpentinized peridotites underneath the seafloor. The sequence of sulfide mineralization has been divided into two stages. The first stage is characterized by a very reduced hydrothermal mineral assemblage consisting of pyrrhotite, Co–Ni–Fe diarsenides, chalcopyrite, Co-rich pentlandite, and electrum. In the second stage, pyrite and Co–Ni–Fe sulfarsenides partially replaced pyrrhotite and diarsenides, respectively, under a more oxidizing regime during the advanced stages of ongoing serpentinization. The proposed conceptual genetic model presented here can be useful for future exploration targeting this type of deposit in the Caribbean region and elsewhere., Spanish Government PI0975, CAP Investigacion PUCP-2022 Program PID 2019- 105625RB-C21, MCIN/AEI PRE 2020-092140 2022-A- 0047

The authors greatly appreciate Javier Escuder Viruete and two anonymous reviewers with many constructive suggestions that helped we improve the manuscript. Haoyu Hu acknowledges support by Federal State Funding at Kiel University while Yamirka Rojas-Agramonte acknowledges support by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) grant RO4174/3-3 and Antonio GarciaCasco acknowledges support by the Agencia Estatal de Investigacion (AEI) grant MICINN PID2019-105625RB-C21. This is UTD Geosciences contribution #1682. Open access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL., The Greater Antilles islands of Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico and Jamaica plus the Virgin Islands host fragments of the fossil convergent margin that records Cretaceous subduction (operated for about 90 m.y.) of the American plates beneath the Caribbean plate and ensuing arc-continent collision in Late Cretaceous-Eocene time. The “soft” collision between the Greater Antilles Arc (GAA) and the Bahamas platform (and the margin of the Maya Block in western Cuba) preserved much of the convergent margin. This fossil geosystem represents an excellent natural laboratory for studying the formation and evolution of an intraoceanic convergent margin. We compiled geochronologic (664 ages) and geochemical data (more than 1,500 analyses) for GAA igneous and metamorphic rocks. The data was classified with a simple fourfold subdivision: fore-arc mélange, fore-arc ophiolite, magmatic arc, and retro-arc to inspect the evolution of GAA through its entire lifespan. The onset of subduction recorded by fore-arc units, together with the oldest magmatic arc sequence shows that the GAA started in Early Cretaceous time and ceased in Paleogene time. The arc was locally affected (retro-arc region in Hispaniola) by the Caribbean Large Igneous Province (CLIP) in Early Cretaceous and strongly in Late Cretaceous time. Despite multiple biases in the database presented here, this work is intended to help overcome some of the obstacles and motivate systematic study of the GAA. Our results encourage exploration of offshore regions, especially in the east where the forearc is submerged. Offshore explorations are also encouraged in the south, to investigate relations with the CLIP., Federal State Funding at Kiel University, German Research Foundation (DFG) RO4174/3-3, Agencia Estatal de Investigacion (AEI) grant MICINN

The physical and mechanical processes rooted in the hydrated, serpentinized mantle above subduction zones (the “cold nose”) remain debated and poorly understood, despite fundamental consequences on the elastic loading of the seismogenic interface. The fluids crossing this interface are expected to generate nests of seismicity and at the same time weaken the interface hanging wall through serpentinization and metasomatic processes. Ultramafic and jadeitite samples from two natural laboratories where such fossil settings are now visible at the Earth’s surface are used here to document multi-scale deformation mechanisms and fluid-rock interaction processes. Field relationships enable tracking the pathways followed by the fluids during HP metamorphism. Petrographic, geochemical, geochronological and microstructural observations demonstrate the complex interplay between brittle and plastic deformation processes throughout the gradual hydration of the cold nose mantle over millions of years. Changes in bulk rock geochemical and paragenetic sequence also reveal the evolution of the composition of the fluid source through time. These results shed light on the geometry of the cold nose above the interface, with implications for volatile budget estimates, rheology of the plate interface (including the various types of seismicity) as well as the interpretation of Vp/Vs ratios from active subduction settings worldwide.

Department of Mineralogy, Petrology and Applied Geology, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain 2 Department of Mineralogy and Petrology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Avenida Fuentenueva s/n, 18002 Granada, Spain 3 Andalusian Earth Science Institute (IACT), Spanish Research Council (CSIC)–University of Granada, Avenida de las Palmeras, 4, 18100 Armilla, Granada, Spain 4 Institute of Geology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Coyoacán, CDMX, México

Los Esquistos de Santa Marta localizados en el segmento NW de la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, en el Caribe Colombiano, corresponden a una secuencia metamórfica del Cretácico Superior con protolito volcano-sedimentario de afinidad oceánica y continental. Las cuatro formaciones en las que se han dividido estos esquistos (Concha, Punta Betín, Cinto y Rodadero) presentan un grado metamórfico que varía entre la facies esquisto verde y la facies anfibolita alta. Las relaciones de campo y las características petrográficas de los esquistos anfibólicos indican la existencia de un incremento abrupto en el grado de metamorfismo entre las formaciones Concha y Punta Betín y la Formación Rodadero. Las condiciones de presión y temperatura calculadas por termobarometría convencional y bases termodinámicas internamente consistentes para los dos grupos de rocas anfibólicas indican presiones entre 3 y 5 kbar y temperaturas entre 300 y 500 °C para Concha y Punta Betín, y entre 7,6 y 9,5 kbar y entre 565 y 665 °C para Rodadero. Esto sugiere que las rocas de más alto grado fueron sobrepuestas sobre las de más bajo grado probablemente durante la exhumación sin-metamórfica. Estas relaciones petrológicas en conjunto con las características composicionales de los anfíboles cálcicos es similar a otras rocas formadas en un tipo bárico de media presión y temperatura, que sugiere que los Esquistos de Santa Marta habrían sido formados en un ambiente colisional, probablemente asociado con la colisión del arco del Caribe y la margen continental Suramericana en el Maastrichtiano-Paleógeno.

High-Presssure metabasites embedded in a serpentinite or metasedimentary matrix from the Sancti Spiritus dome (Escambray massif, Central Cuba) have been studied in order to better understand the origine and the evolution of the Northern Carribean boundary plate during the Cretaceous, in a global subduction context. Geochemical analyses (major, trace elements and isotopes) of the high pressure rocks show that they could be partially derived from the Cretaceous calc-alkaline arc described in Central Cuba, these were probably incorporated in the subduction zone by tectonic erosion. The High-Pressure rocks record a prograde path from the epidote bearing amphibolite facies to the barroisite bearing eclogite facies (P = 19 ± 2 Kbar, T = 590 ± 90 °C). These metabasites show evidence of retrogression starting from the glaucophane bearing eclogite facies to the lawsonite bearing blueschist facies. Therefore, these HP/LT rocks are characterized by a counter-clockwise cooling P/T path, which can be explained by the exhumation of HP rocks while the subduction was still active. Concordant geochronological data (Rb/Sr and Ar/Ar) suggest that the main exhumation of HP/LT rocks from the Sancti Spiritus dome occurred 70 Ma ago by top to SW thrusting. The retrogressed trajectory of these rocks, means that the northeast subduction of the Farallon plate continued after 70Ma. The final exhumation can be correlated with the beginning of the collision between the Bahamas platform and the Cretaceous island arc that induced a change of the subduction kinematic.

Secuencias estratigráficas de Margen Continental Pasivo (MCP) han sido descritas en la región mesoamericana. En Cuba las mismas están representadas por rocas siliciclásticas y carbonatadas. Litologías de origen magmático (hialoclastita, basalto, diabasa y gabro) y meta-magmático (metavolcánicos, metagabro, anfibolita y eclogita) entre otras, aparecen intercaladas en los cortes sedimentarios. Esta actividad magmática se ha relacionado con la fragmentación de Pangea (en un proceso de tipo rift-drift) y con la etapa inicial de desarrollo de la corteza oceánica del proto-Caribe. A partir de la interpretación de una amplia base de datos petrográficos y geoquímicos (considerando información publicada, así como generada en el presente estudio), se propone un modelo conceptual para explicar el magmatismo del MCP que aflora en la Cordillera Guaniguanico y los terrenos metamórficos de Pinos y Escambray: (a) posiblemente durante el Jurásico Inferior (?) - Jurásico Superior (Oxfordiano Medio/Superior) en un ambiente de Margen Continental, se produjo un magmatismo tipo E-MORB por fusión parcial de una fuente mantélica enriquecida; (b) un volumen importante de magma tipo N-MORB fue generado (producto de una fusión parcial de una fuente mantélica empobrecida) cuando la apertura del océano fue suficiente para que se estableciera una dispersión en estado estacionario, sin la influencia de sistemas de pluma mantélica. Este magmatismo alcanzó su máxima generación en el Oxfordiano Superior - Kimmeridgiano temprano?; (c) cuando se produjo el magma de características N-MORB, es probable que además se alojará (en forma de sills y diques) en las secuencias anteriormente formadas en el estadío syn-rift del margen continental. Por lo que es posible encontrar litologías de este tipo en secuencias más antiguas a dicho evento (e.g., formaciones Loma La Gloria y Arroyo Cangre); y (d) durante el Cretácico Inferior tardío al Cretácico Superior basal se registró un magmatismo de tipo E-MORB (e.g., formaciones Yaguanabo y El Tambor), el cual estuvo posiblemente relacionado con una nueva condición de margen vinculado a Caribeana. La mayor parte de las litologías magmáticas y sedimentarias del MCP fueron metamorfizadas en la subducción del Caribe durante el Campaniano Superior tardío y, posteriormente, exhumadas en el periodo Maastrichtiano – Paleoceno temprano., urassic to Cretaceous stratigraphic sequences of Passive Continental Margin (PCM) have been described in several localities of the Mesoamerican region. In Cuba these rocks are widely exposed, being constituted by carbonate and siliciclastic rocks. Magmatic (hyaloclastite, basalt, diabase, and gabbro) and meta-magmatic (metavolcanics, metagabbro, amphibolite, and eclogite) lithologies occur intercalated within these geological sequences. This magmatic activity has been related to the fragmentation of Pangea (in a rift-drift process) and the initial development of the proto-Caribbean oceanic basin. In this work, based on the interpretation of an extensive petrographic and geochemical database (considering published information as well as data generated during this study), a conceptual model is proposed for the PCM magmatism distributed along the Guaniguanico Cordillera and the Pinos and Escambray metamorphic terranes: (a) in a Continental Margin Ridge setting, probably during the Lower Jurassic (?) to Upper Jurassic (Middle/Upper Oxfordian), E-MORB-type magmatism was produced from an enriched mantle; (b) N-MORB-type magma was erupted (produced by partial melting of a depleted mantle) when the ocean opened sufficiently for steady-state spreading to be established, without the influence of a plume system. This magmatism peaked in the Upper Oxfordian - Early Kimmerigdian?; (c) sills and dykes of N-MORB-type magmas also intruded syn-rift sedimentary sequences, explaining the occurrence of this type of magmatism in the earliest deposited sequences of the passive margin (e.g., Loma La Gloria and Arroyo Cangre formations); and (d) E-MORB-type magmatism occurred during late Lower Cretaceous to basal Upper Cretaceous (e.g., Yaguanabo and El Tambor formations), probably linked to the Caribbean margin. The majority of magmatic and sedimentary PMC lithologies were metamorphosed during the Upper Campanian and afterward exhumed in the Maastrichtian - Early Paleocene period., El artículo es una contribución al proyecto “Evolución Geodinámica (Paleogeográfica) de Cuba occidental y central entre el Jurásico Tardío y el Plioceno” del Departamento de Geología, Universidad de Pinar del Río (Cuba) y al proyecto CGL2009-12446 (MINECO, España).