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Aim of study: Determining the main physical and mechanical properties of Spanish juniper wood from Soria (Spain) considering the effects of heartwood formation and the presence of defects and imperfections; and comparing the resulting characteristics with similar existing data for other regional softwood species of commercial interest. Area of study: Berlanga de Duero (Soria, Castilla y León), Spain.Material and Methods: Wood physico-mechanical performance was determined by Spanish UNE standards in order to provide proper comparisons to other regional softwood species. An individual tree representing average plot characteristics was selected in all eight 10 m radius circular plots that were established well-representing the heterogeneity of this woodland. The age of every tree was determined reading the number of growth rings at the base of each sampled tree. Every physico-mechanical property was assessed at least 4 times for every wood sample type (sapwood and heartwood, whether clear or with the presence of defects) of each tree. Two-way ANOVA was run to assess significant differences in the results. Post hoc all pairwise comparisons were performed using Tukey's test (p < 0.05).Research highlights: Spanish juniper wood resulted harder than other regional commercial conifers, and showed semi-heavyweight heartwood and lightweight sapwood; whereas shrinkage figures remarked its great dimensional stability. The high presence of knots within heartwood made it even heavier, harder, and more resistant to compression parallel to grain. A commercial use of this rare precious wood may contribute to juniper forests preservation in the frame of forest sustainable management plans. Key words: heartwood effect; Juniperus thurifera L.; physico-mechanical wood properties; wood classification; wood defects.

Aim of study: Assessing the effect of soil development on the stand structure of a Spanish juniper forest traditionally shaped by livestock browsing and wood extraction. Area of study: Berlanga de Duero (Soria, Castilla y León), Spain.Material and Methods: A stand inventory served to record stand structure. Tree age, height, DBH, basal area, and overbark volume were determined in each plot. Results were pooled considering two well-differentiated degrees of soil evolution. One-way ANOVAs (and Tukey’s test) and regressions between growth parameters were performed to assess significant differences between growth performances on both types of soils. Research highlights: Deeper soils yielded significant higher plant density and stand stock figures than stony shallower profiles despite the intense past livestock activity in the area; and single tree-size was also significantly greater. Non-significant differences were found for merchantable junipers age (≈120-160 years). Wood extraction and livestock browsing should be limited on shallower soils to allow soil and forest evolution; as well as to preserve the genetic pool better adapted to hardest growing conditions.Keywords: livestock browsing; forest development; Juniperus thurifera L.; soil evolution; stand stock.

Water pollution, resulting from industrial effluents, agricultural runoff, and pharmaceutical residues, poses serious threats to ecosystems and human health, highlighting the need for innovative approaches to effective remediation, particularly for non-biodegradable emerging pollutants. This research work explores the influence of shape-controlled nanocrystalline titanium dioxide (TiO2 NC), synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method, on the photodegradation efficiency of three different classes of emerging environmental pollutants: phenol, pesticides (methomyl), and drugs (sodium diclofenac). Experiments were conducted to assess the influence of the water matrix on treatment efficiency by using ultrapure water and stormwater (basic) collected from an urban drainage system as matrices. The size and shape of the nano-cuboids were accurately controlled during synthesis to assess their impact on photoactivity and selectivity. Regarding total organic carbon removal using TiO2 nano-cuboids in basic environments, the results were particularly remarkable. TiO2 nano-cuboids and truncated bipyramids synthesized in the 200–250 °C temperature range showed an enhanced photocatalytic efficiency when compared to alternative formulations. Diclofenac, methomyl, and phenol were fully mineralized from ultrapure water and basic stormwater. The TiO2 nano-cuboids/nano-bipyramids demonstrated better selectivity and photoactivity in comparison to irregular TiO2 nanoparticles. The differences in photoactivity and selectivity are explained in terms of charge carrier separation and trapping on the different crystal facets. Their performance demonstrates their potential as sustainable materials for the photodegradation of emerging pollutants in various water matrices.

Resumen: La hemodiálisis domiciliaria (HDD) con monitores de bajo flujo de líquido de diálisis ha ganado popularidad en los últimos años gracias a su sencillez de diseño, portabilidad y capacidad de desplazamiento. No obstante, existen dudas respecto a la adecuación que este tipo de técnica ofrece, pues utiliza monitores con baño a flujos bajos y lactato. El objetivo de este estudio fue demostrar los beneficios clínicos de la HDD con el monitor NxStage System One® introducido recientemente en España.Presentamos los resultados de un estudio observacional, retrospectivo que incluyó de manera no seleccionada a los primeros pacientes con HDD corta mediante este monitor en 12 centros en España. Se analizó la evolución clínica de 86 pacientes a 0, 6 y 12 meses, incluyendo datos relacionados con la prescripción, evolución de parámetros analíticos de dosis de diálisis, anemia, metabolismo óseo-mineral, evolución de la diuresis residual, utilización de fármacos y datos relacionados con permanencia en la técnica, y causas de salida a lo largo del seguimiento. Pudimos demostrar que este monitor proporcionó una adecuada dosis de diálisis, con tasa óptima de ultrafiltración, con mejoría de los principales marcadores bioquímicos de adecuación en diálisis. El uso de esta técnica se asoció con una disminución de antihipertensivos, captores del fósforo y agentes eritropoyéticos, observándose, además, muy buenos resultados de supervivencia tanto del paciente como de la técnica. La sencillez de este monitor unida a sus buenos resultados clínicos debería facilitar el crecimiento y utilización de la HDD, tanto en pacientes incidentes como prevalentes. Abstract: Home hemodialysis (HHD) with low-flow dialysate devices has gained popularity in recent years due to its simple design, portability, and ability to provide greater freedom of movement for our patients. However, there are doubts about the adequacy that this technology offers, since it uses monitors with low-flow bath and lactate. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the clinical benefits of low-flow HHD with the NxStage System One® recently introduced in Spain. We present the results of an observational, retrospective cohort study that included the first patients who started short daily HHD with this device in 12 Spanish centers. We analyzed the evolution of 86 patients at 0, 6 and 12 months, including data related to prescription, and evolution of biochemical parameters related to dialysis dose, anemia, mineral-bone metabolism; evolution of residual renal function, medication usage, and causes of withdrawal during the followup. We were able to demonstrate that this NxStage System One® monitor, in patients with HHD, have provided an adequate dialysis dose, with optimal ultrafiltration rate, with improvement of main biochemical markers of dialysis adequacy. The usage of this technique was associated to a decrease of antihypertensive drugs, phosphate binders and erythropoietin agents, with very good results both patient and technique survival. The simplicity of the technique, together with its good clinical outcomes, should facilitate the growth and utilization of HHD, both in incident and prevalent patients.

Home hemodialysis (HHD) with low-flow dialysate devices has gained popularity in recent years due to its simple design, portability, and ability to provide greater freedom of movement for our patients. However, there are doubts about the adequacy that this technology offers, since it uses monitors with low-flow bath and lactate. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the clinical benefits of low-flow HHD with the NxStage System One® recently introduced in Spain. We present the results of an observational, retrospective cohort study that included the first patients who started short daily HHD with this device in 12 Spanish centers. We analyzed the evolution of 86 patients at 0, 6 and 12 months, including data related to prescription, and evolution of biochemical parameters related to dialysis dose, anemia, mineral-bone metabolism; evolution of residual renal function, medication usage, and causes of withdrawal during the followup. We were able to demonstrate that this NxStage System One® monitor, in patients with HHD, have provided an adequate dialysis dose, with optimal ultrafiltration rate, with improvement of main biochemical markers of dialysis adequacy. The usage of this technique was associated to a decrease of antihypertensive drugs, phosphate binders and erythropoietin agents, with very good results both patient and technique survival. The simplicity of the technique, together with its good clinical outcomes, should facilitate the growth and utilization of HHD, both in incident and prevalent patients. Resumen: La hemodiálisis domiciliaria (HDD) con monitores de bajo flujo de líquido de diálisis ha ganado popularidad en los últimos años gracias a su sencillez de diseño, portabilidad y capacidad de desplazamiento. No obstante, existen dudas respecto a la adecuación que este tipo de técnica ofrece, pues utiliza monitores con baño a flujos bajos y lactato. El objetivo de este estudio fue demostrar los beneficios clínicos de la HDD con el monitor NxStage System One® introducido recientemente en España.Presentamos los resultados de un estudio observacional, retrospectivo que incluyó de manera no seleccionada a los primeros pacientes con HDD corta mediante este monitor en 12 centros en España. Se analizó la evolución clínica de 86 pacientes a 0, 6 y 12 meses, incluyendo datos relacionados con la prescripción, evolución de parámetros analíticos de dosis de diálisis, anemia, metabolismo óseo-mineral, evolución de la diuresis residual, utilización de fármacos y datos relacionados con permanencia en la técnica, y causas de salida a lo largo del seguimiento. Pudimos demostrar que este monitor proporcionó una adecuada dosis de diálisis, con tasa óptima de ultrafiltración, con mejoría de los principales marcadores bioquímicos de adecuación en diálisis. El uso de esta técnica se asoció con una disminución de antihipertensivos, captores del fósforo y agentes eritropoyéticos, observándose, además, muy buenos resultados de supervivencia tanto del paciente como de la técnica. La sencillez de este monitor unida a sus buenos resultados clínicos debería facilitar el crecimiento y utilización de la HDD, tanto en pacientes incidentes como prevalentes.

This work reports the preliminary results of the development of composite self-assembling membranes obtained by the combination of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) with commercial Degussa P25 titanium dioxide (TiO2). The purpose is to demonstrate the possibility of combining, in the same self-standing material, the capability to treat wastewater containing both inorganic and organic pollutants by exploiting the established ability of rGO to capture metal ions together with that of TiO2 to degrade organic substances. Moreover, this study also investigates the potential photocatalytic properties of tionite (TIO), to demonstrate the feasibility of replacing commercial TiO2 with such waste-derived TiO2-containing material, fulfilling a circular economy approach. Thus, rGO–TiO2 and rGO–TIO composite membranes, 1:1 by weight, were prepared and characterized by SEM-EDX, XRD, thermogravimetry, as well as by Raman and UV-Vis spectroscopies to verify the effective and homogeneous integration of the two components. Then, they were tested towards 3-mg L−1 aqueous synthetic solutions of Fe3+ and Cu2+ ions to evaluate their metal adsorption ability, with values of the order of 0.1–0.2 mmol gmembrane−1, comparable or even slightly higher than those of pristine rGO. Finally, the ability of the composites to degrade a common organic pesticide, i.e., Imidacloprid®, was assessed in preliminary photocatalysis experiments, in which maximum degradation efficiencies of 25% (after 3 h) for rGO–TiO2 and of 21% (after 1 h) for rGO–TIO were found. The result of tionite-containing membranes is particularly promising and worthy of further investigation, given that the anatase content of tionite is roughly 1/6 of the one in commercial TiO2.

Abstract Background Most people who make the transition to renal replacement therapy (RRT) are treated with a fixed dose thrice-weekly hemodialysis réegimen, without considering their residual kidney function (RKF). Recent papers inform us that incremental hemodialysis is associated with preservation of RKF, whenever compared with conventional hemodialysis. The objective of the present controlled randomized trial (RCT) is to determine if start HD with one sessions per week (1-Wk/HD), it is associated with better patient survival and other safety parameters. Methods/design IHDIP is a multicenter RCT experimental open trial. It is randomized in a 1:1 ratio and controlled through usual clinical practice, with a low intervention level and non-commercial. It includes 152 incident patients older than 18 years, with a RRF of ≥4 ml/min/1.73 m2, measured by renal clearance of urea (KrU). The intervention group includes 76 patients who will start with incremental HD (1-Wk/HD). The control group includes 76 patients who will start with thrice-weekly hemodialysis régimen. The primary outcome is assessing the survival rate, while the secondary outcomes are the morbidity rate, the clinical parameters, the quality of life and the efficiency. Discussion This study will enable to know the number of sessions a patient should receive when starting HD, depending on his RRF. The potentially important clinical and financial implications of incremental hemodialysis warrant this RCT. Trial registration U.S. National Institutes of Health, ClinicalTrials.gov. Number: NCT03239808, completed 13/04/2017. Sponsor: Foundation for Training and Research of Health Professionals of Extremadura.

Introduction: Progressive haemodialysis (HD) is a starting regime for renal replacement therapy (RRT) adapted to each patient's necessities. It is mainly conditioned by the residual renal function (RRF). The frequency of sessions with which patients start HD (one or two sessions per week), is lower than that for conventional HD (three times per week). Such frequency is increased (from one to two sessions, and from two to three sessions) as the RRF declines. Methodology/Design: IHDIP is a multicentre randomized experimental open trial. It is randomized in a 1:1 ratio and controlled through usual clinical practice, with a low intervention level and non-commercial. It includes 152 patients older than 18 years with chronic renal disease stage 5 and start HD as RRT, with an RRF of ≥4 ml/min/1.73 m2, measured by renal clearance of urea (KrU). The intervention group includes 76 patients who will start with one session of HD per week (progressive HD). The control group includes 76 patients who will start with three sessions per week (conventional HD). The primary purpose is assessing the survival rate, while the secondary purposes are the morbidity rate (hospital admissions), the clinical parameters, the quality of life and the efficiency. Discussion: This study will enable us to know, with the highest level of scientific evidence, the number of sessions a patient should receive when starting the HD treatment, depending on his/her RRF. Trial registration: Registered at the U.S. National Institutes of Health, ClinicalTrials.gov under the number NCT03239808. Resumen: Introducción: La hemodiálisis (HD) progresiva es una modalidad de inicio del tratamiento renal sustitutivo adaptada a las necesidades individuales de cada paciente. Está condicionada fundamentalmente por la función renal residual (FRR). En ella, la frecuencia de sesiones con las que el paciente inicia HD (una o 2 sesiones por semana) es menor que en la HD convencional (3 por semana). Dicha frecuencia aumenta (de una a 2, y de 2 a 3) con el declinar de la FRR. Metodología/diseño: DiPPI es un estudio abierto, multicéntrico, experimental, aleatorizado 1:1 y controlado con procedimiento de práctica clínica habitual, de bajo nivel de intervención y no comercial. Incluye 152 pacientes mayores de 18 años, con enfermedad renal crónica estadio 5, que inician HD como tratamiento renal sustitutivo; y la FRR, medida por aclaramiento renal de urea (KrU) es ≥4 ml/min/1,73 m2. El estudio se basa en un grupo de intervención con 76 pacientes que iniciarán HD con una sola sesión por semana (modalidad progresiva) y un grupo control con 76 pacientes que comenzarán con 3 sesiones por semana. El objetivo primario es evaluar la supervivencia y los objetivos secundarios son la morbilidad (hospitalizaciones), los parámetros clínicos habituales, la calidad de vida y la eficiencia. Discusión: Este estudio permitirá conocer, con la máxima evidencia científica, cuántas sesiones debe recibir un paciente al inicio del tratamiento con HD, dependiendo de su FRR. Registro: Registrado en U.S. National Institutes of Health, ClinicalTrials.gov con número NCT03239808. Keywords: Chronic renal failure, Incremental haemodialysis, Progressive haemodialysis, Randomized clinical trial, Palabras clave: Insuficiencia renal crónica, Hemodiálisis incremental, Hemodiálisis progresiva, Estudio aleatorizado controlado

Resumen: Introducción: La hemodiálisis (HD) progresiva es una modalidad de inicio del tratamiento renal sustitutivo adaptada a las necesidades individuales de cada paciente. Está condicionada fundamentalmente por la función renal residual (FRR). En ella, la frecuencia de sesiones con las que el paciente inicia HD (una o 2 sesiones por semana) es menor que en la HD convencional (3 por semana). Dicha frecuencia aumenta (de una a 2, y de 2 a 3) con el declinar de la FRR. Metodología/diseño: DiPPI es un estudio abierto, multicéntrico, experimental, aleatorizado 1:1 y controlado con procedimiento de práctica clínica habitual, de bajo nivel de intervención y no comercial. Incluye 152 pacientes mayores de 18 años, con enfermedad renal crónica estadio 5, que inician HD como tratamiento renal sustitutivo; y la FRR, medida por aclaramiento renal de urea (KrU) es ≥ 4 ml/min/1,73 m2. El estudio se basa en un grupo de intervención con 76 pacientes que iniciarán HD con una sola sesión por semana (modalidad progresiva) y un grupo control con 76 pacientes que comenzarán con 3 sesiones por semana. El objetivo primario es evaluar la supervivencia y los objetivos secundarios son la morbilidad (hospitalizaciones), los parámetros clínicos habituales, la calidad de vida y la eficiencia. Discusión: Este estudio permitirá conocer, con la máxima evidencia científica, cuántas sesiones debe recibir un paciente al inicio del tratamiento con HD, dependiendo de su FRR. Registro: Registrado en U.S. National Institutes of Health, ClinicalTrials.gov con número NCT03239808. Abstract: Introduction: Progressive haemodialysis (HD) is a starting regime for renal replacement therapy (RRT) adapted to each patient's necessities. It is mainly conditioned by the residual renal function (RRF). The frequency of sessions with which patients start HD (one or two sessions per week), is lower than that for conventional HD (three times per week). Such frequency is increased (from one to two sessions, and from two to three sessions) as the RRF declines. Methodology/Design: IHDIP is a multicentre randomised experimental open trial. It is randomised in a 1:1 ratio and controlled through usual clinical practice, with a low intervention level and non-commercial. It includes 152 patients older than 18 years with chronic renal disease stage 5 and start HD as RRT, with an RRF of ≥ 4 ml/min/1.73 m2, measured by renal clearance of urea (KrU). The intervention group includes 76 patients who will start with one session of HD per week (progressive HD). The control group includes 76 patients who will start with three sessions per week (conventional HD). The primary purpose is assessing the survival rate, while the secondary purposes are the morbidity rate (hospital admissions), the clinical parameters, the quality of life and the efficiency. Discussion: This study will enable us to know, with the highest level of scientific evidence, the number of sessions a patient should receive when starting the HD treatment, depending on his/her RRF. Trial registration: Registered at the U.S. National Institutes of Health, ClinicalTrials.gov under the number NCT03239808. Palabras clave: Insuficiencia renal crónica, Hemodiálisis incremental, Hemodiálisis progresiva, Estudio aleatorizado controlado, Keywords: Chronic renal failure, Incremental haemodialysis, Progressive haemodialysis, Randomized clinical trial

This study focused on the reduction of the treatment cost of mature landfill leachate (LL) by enhancing the coagulation pre-treatment before a UVA-LED photo-Fenton process. A more efficient advanced coagulation pretreatment was designed by combining conventional coagulation (CC) and electro-coagulation (EC). Regardless of the order in which the two coagulations were applied, the combination achieved more than 73% color removal, 80% COD removal, and 27% SUVA removal. However, the coagulation order had a great influence on both final pH and total dissolved iron, which were key parameters for the UVA-LED photo-Fenton post-treatment. CC (pH = 5; 2 g L−1 of FeCl36H2O) followed by EC (pH = 5; 10 mA cm−2) resulted in a pH of 6.4 and 100 mg L−1 of dissolved iron, whereas EC (pH = 4; 10 mA cm−2) followed by CC (pH = 6; 1 g L−1 FeCl36H2O) led to a final pH of 3.4 and 210 mg L−1 dissolved iron. This last combination was therefore considered better for the posterior photo-Fenton treatment. Results at the best cost-efficient [H2O2]:COD ratio of 1.063 showed a high treatment efficiency, namely the removal of 99% of the color, 89% of the COD, and 60% of the SUVA. Conductivity was reduced by 17%, and biodegradability increased to BOD5:COD = 0.40. With this proposed treatment, a final COD of only 453 mg O2 L−1 was obtained at a treatment cost of EUR 3.42 kg COD−1.

«El historiador del movimiento congregacional francés del siglo XIX, Claude Langlois, considera que una congregación femenina de reciente fundación adquiría «rostro social» cuando superaba las 100 hermanas. Este trabajo estudia una congregación religiosa de varones, la Société de Marie (Compañía de María, Marianistas), fundada en 1818 en Burdeos (Francia), hasta el año en que la Compañía superó la simbólica cifra de cien hermanos en el curso 1827-1828. El nuevo Instituto responde a la nueva forma de vida religiosa del movimiento congregacional, muy expandida en Francia después de la Revolución. El presente estudio explica el proceso de formación de la nueva Congregación, la motivación mariano-religiosa de su creación, su constitución interna —civil, canónica y administrativa— y la misión escolar adoptada por los primeros miembros; situándolo en el marco político, religioso y socio-cultural francés de la Restauración».

Al advenimiento de la II República, los religiosos marianistas se encontraban firmemente implantados en España a través de obras escolares. Ante las leyes republicanas contrarias a la acción pública de las Congregaciones religiosas, los Marianistas se anticiparon a la legislación dando una identidad legal secular a sus establecimientos docentes. No obstante la enorme preocupación que ello generó entre los superiores, el acierto de esta estrategia se manifestó en el aumento del número de alumnos y de la cantidad de grados académicos de los religiosos.