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A novel mixed framework and energy-momentum consistent integration scheme in the field of coupled nonlinear thermo-electro-elastodynamics is proposed. The mixed environment is primarily based on a framework for elastodynamics in the case of polyconvex strain energy functions. For this elastodynamic framework, the properties of the so-called tensor cross product are exploited to derive a mixed formulation via a Hu-Washizu type extension of the strain energy function. Afterwards, a general path to incorporate nonpotential problems for mixed formulations is demonstrated. To this end, the strong form of the mixed framework is derived and supplemented with the energy balance as well as Maxwell's equations neglecting magnetic and time dependent effects. By additionally choosing an appropriate energy function, this procedure leads to a fully coupled thermo-electro-elastodynamic formulation which benefits from the properties of the underlying mixed framework. In addition, the proposed mixed framework facilitates the design of a new energy-momentum consistent time integration scheme by employing discrete derivatives in the sense of Gonzalez. A one-step integration scheme of second-order accuracy is obtained which is shown to be stable even for large time steps. Eventually, the performance of the novel formulation is demonstrated in several numerical examples.

El interés, incluso teórico, de Torrente Ballester por el juego y sus relaciones con la ficción literaria ha quedado de manifiesto en el título de su conocido trabajo crítico sobre el Quijote (Torrente Ballester, 1984) que parafraseamos aquí aplicado a La saga/fuga de J. B. A la luz de algunos trabajos anteriores, este ensayo plantea la posible alegorización previrtual del juego en esta obra, para muchos, cumbre de la novelística torrentina. En la lectura crítica de este virtual videojuego, José Bastida –J. B., trasunto alófono de G.T.B.– es el narrador interactivo –o internarrador, a su vez remedo del diseñador o game designer, como en The Beginner’s Guide (Everything Unlimited, 2015) de Davey Wreden– que ha creado el mundo de Castroforte y los J. B.; pero este, a medida que va cobrando existencia y autonomía, se comporta como una Inteligencia Artificial que interactúa con su diseño de una manera abierta a múltiples combinaciones impredecibles que escapan a su control: tal es la saga… La fuga, por su parte, se erige ahora enseguida en su símbolo emblemático, cuando Bastida lo descubra, y con ello la posibilidad de quedar atrapado dentro de la historia en forma de variaciones y repeticiones infinitas (perfecta metáfora del medio videolúdico y sus mecánicas, por otra parte), y el objetivo se convierta en abandonar el mundo virtual que ha creado, como si de una escape room o de un videojuego del género de evasión se tratase.

Fault barriers are key structures for studying seismic hazard in regions of intense brittle deformation. The interaction between fault sets affects their seismogenic behavior, if some of them act as barriers. The Granada Basin, in the Betic Cordillera, is a region affected by shallow brittle deformation, as it was the scenario for the recent Granada 2021 seismic sequence. This seismicity presented a swarm behavior at the beginning of the sequence, followed by mainshock-aftershock features. Geological and gravity data presented here reveal that the basement is affected by two sets of NW-SE and NE-SW normal faults and intensely deformed by vertical NW-SE joints. Improved relocation of the Granada 2021 seismicity reveals a confined chimney-shape seismicity caused by the activity of a 2 km long NW-SE normal fault segment. The confinement of the sequence is associated with the NE-SW fault set acting as a barrier that restricts the rupture area, limiting the maximum magnitude, and favoring the recurrence of events with smaller magnitude. The chimney-shape of the seismic sequence suggests that the deformation is propagated vertically to the surface, facilitated by preexisting fractures. The shallow extensional deformation during the uplift of the central Betic Cordillera drove the activity of the local structures obliquely to the regional extensional trends, as evidenced by the seismic sequence. This multidisciplinary study improves the knowledge on the origin of the Granada Basin and underlies the important role of preexisting fractures on fault segmentation and seismic propagation, decreasing the seismic potential of this area., Spanish projects Evaluación de la Peligrosidad de Inestabilidades de Laderas Asociadas a Terremotos (CGL2015-65602-R AEI-FEDER), B-RNM-301-UGR18 (Junta de Andalucía/FEDER), P18-RT-3275 (Junta de Andalucía/FEDER), Programa Operativo FEDER Andalucía 2014–2020 – call made by the University of Jaén (Ref. 126344), POAIUJA 2021/2022 from the University of Jaén, Andalusian research groups RNM-148, Andalusian research groups RNM-282, Andalusian research groups RNM-370

This paper presents a new Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics computational framework for the solution of inviscid free surface flow problems. The formulation is based on the Total Lagrangian description of a system of first-order conservation laws written in terms of the linear momentum and the Jacobian of the deformation. One of the aims of this paper is to explore the use of Total Lagrangian description in the case of large deformations but without topological changes. In this case, the evaluation of spatial integrals is carried out with respect to the initial undeformed configuration, yielding an extremely efficient formulation where the need for continuous particle neighbouring search is completely circumvented. To guarantee stability from the SPH discretisation point of view, consistently derived Riemann-based numerical dissipation is suitably introduced where global numerical entropy production is demonstrated via a novel technique in terms of the time rate of the Hamiltonian of the system. Since the kernel derivatives presented in this work are fixed in the reference configuration, the non-physical clumping mechanism is completely removed. To fulfil conservation of the global angular momentum, a posteriori (least-squares) projection procedure is introduced. Finally, a wide spectrum of dedicated prototype problems is thoroughly examined. Through these tests, the SPH methodology overcomes by construction a number of persistent numerical drawbacks (e.g. hour-glassing, pressure instability, global conservation and/or completeness issues) commonly found in SPH literature, without resorting to the use of any ad-hoc user-defined artificial stabilisation parameters. Crucially, the overall SPH algorithm yields equal second order of convergence for both velocities and pressure.

[Background] The current therapies for hepatic encephalopathy (HE) are not completely effective in all patients, probably due to the physiopathological heterogeneity and the different conditions underlying the bout of HE. We hypothesized that oral glutamine challenge (OGC) is able to predict the risk of HE through the identification of various features and types of HE., [Methods] We included 238 cirrhotic patients (198 without and 40 with a previous HE episode) that underwent OGC, obtaining baseline and 60 minutes post‐load ammonia levels. Combined evaluation of baseline hyperammonemia (>78 mcg/dL) and impaired OGC (Δ >32 mcg/dL) defined low‐, intermediate‐ and high‐risk groups. Patients were censored at HE, liver transplantation and death or 6 years of follow‐up., [Results] The 28.3% (56/198) of the main cohort suffered from HE during the follow‐up. In the competing risk analysis, both intermediate‐ (subhazard ratio (sHR) 2.01 (95% CI 1.00‐4.14); P = .048) and high‐risk groups (sHR 4.67 (95% CI 2.19‐9.98); P = .0001) were associated with the first HE episode, together with age and albumin. Similar results were found for repeated HE events. The cumulative incidence for HE of the high‐risk group was two and four times greater than the intermediate‐ and low‐risk groups, respectively. The HE grade was also higher in individuals with the greatest risk (P = .035). The most common precipitant factor was diuretics in the high‐risk group, while infections and electrolyte imbalance predominated in the rest of patients., [Conclusion] Oral glutamine challenge identified patients at risk of HE and defined specific features of the episodes. This tool could be useful in the decision‐making process for the adequate management of HE.

© 2022 Elsevier. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ This paper presents a new Updated Reference Lagrangian Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) algorithm for the analysis of large deformation isothermal elasticity and elasto-plasticity. Taking as point of departure a Total Lagrangian setting and considering as referential configuration an intermediate configuration of the deformation process, the equation of conservation of linear momentum and three geometric conservation laws (for the deformation gradient, its cofactor and its determinant) are re-written leading to a very generic system of first order conservation laws. The key feature of the formulation is a suitable multiplicative decomposition of the conservation variables, leading to a very simple final set of equations with striking similarities to the conventional Total Lagrangian system albeit re-written in terms of alternative Referential Updated conservation variables which are evolved in time. Taking advantage of this new Updated Reference Lagrangian formalism, a second order entropy-stable SPH upwinding stabilisation method will be introduced. With respect to previous publications by the group, a new three-stage Runge–Kutta time integration method is implemented in order to increase the CFL stability restriction. Finally, and to demonstrate the robustness and applicability of the methodology, a wide spectrum of challenging problems will be presented and compared, including some benchmark three-dimensional large deformation elasto-plasticity problems. To facilitate its ease of implementation, the paper explores the use of a series of novel expressions for the evaluation of kernels and the gradients of kernels to provide the SPH user the freedom to choose amongst various options, all leading to equally convincingly robust results. The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support received through the project Marie SkłodowskaCurie ITN-EJD ProTechTion, funded by the European Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation program with Grant Number 764636. The third author also gratefully acknowledges the support provided by the EPSRC Strategic Support Package: Engineering of Active Materials by Multiscale/Multiphysics Computational Mechanics - EP/R008531/1. The fourth author acknowledges the support of the Serra Hunter Programme of the Generalitat de ´ Catalunya, the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Grant agreement No. PID2020-113463RB-C33) and the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness through the Severo Ochoa programme for centres of excellence in RTD (Grant agreement No. CEX2018-000797-S).

This article presents a vertex-centered finite volume algorithm for the explicit dynamic analysis of large strain contact problems. The methodology exploits the use of a system of first order conservation equations written in terms of the linear momentum and a triplet of geometric deformation measures (comprising the deformation gradient tensor, its co-factor, and its Jacobian) together with their associated jump conditions. The latter can be used to derive several dynamic contact models ensuring the preservation of hyperbolic characteristic structure across solution discontinuities at the contact interface, a clear advantage over the standard quasi-static contact models where the influence of inertial effects at the contact interface is completely neglected. Taking advantage of the conservative nature of the formalism, both kinetic (traction) and kinematic (velocity) contact interface conditions are explicitly enforced at the fluxes through the use of appropriate jump conditions. Specifically, the kinetic condition is enforced in the usual linear momentum equation, whereas the kinematic condition can now be easily enforced in the geometric conservation equations without requiring a computationally demanding iterative algorithm. Additionally, a total variation diminishing shock capturing technique can be suitably incorporated in order to improve dramatically the performance of the algorithm at the vicinity of shocks. Moreover, and to guarantee stability from the spatial discretization standpoint, global entropy production is demonstrated through the satisfaction of semi-discrete version of the classical Coleman–Noll procedure expressed in terms of the time rate of the so-called Hamiltonian energy of the system. Finally, a series of numerical examples is examined in order to assess the performance and applicability of the algorithm suitably implemented in OpenFOAM. The knowledge of the potential contact loci between contact interfaces is assumed to be known a priori. Callum J. Runcie and Chun Hean Lee gratefully acknowledge the support provided by the EPSRC Strategic Support Package: Engineering of Active Materials by Multiscale/Multiphysics Computational Mechanics - EP/R008531/1. Antonio J. Gil and Chun Hean Lee would like to acknowledge the financial support received through the project Marie Skłodowska-Curie ITN-EJD ProTechTion, funded by the European Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation program with Grant number 764636. Callum J. Runcie and Chun Hean Lee would also like to acknowledge the many useful discussions with Dr. Peter Grassl from University of Glasgow.

The fabrication of evermore sophisticated miniaturised soft robotic components made up of Electro-Active Polymers (EAPs) is constantly demanding parallel development from the in-silico simulation point of view. The incorporation of crystallographic anisotropic micro-architectures, within an otherwise nearly uniform isotropic soft polymer matrix, has shown great potential in terms of advanced three-dimensional actuation (i.e. stretching, bending, twisting), especially at large strains, that is, beyond the onset of geometrical pull-in instabilities. To accommodate for this in-silico response, this paper presents a phenomenological invariant-based polyconvex transversely isotropic framework for the simulation of EAPs at large strains. This research expands previous work developed by Gil and Ortigosa for isotropic EAPs with the help of the pioneering work by Schr\"{o}eder and Neff in the context of polyconvexity for materials endowed with crystallographic architectures in single physics mechanics. The paper also summarises key important results both in terms of the existence of minimisers and material stability. In addition, a series of numerical examples is presented in order to demonstrate the effect that the anisotropic orientation and the contrast of material properties, as well as the level of deformation and electric field, have upon the response of the EAP when subjected to large three-dimensional stretching, bending and torsion, including the possible development of wrinkling.

Understanding active tectonics and seismicity in extensional settings requires the analysis of high-angle normal faults (HANFs) and the transfer of deformation at depth. The debate surrounds the role of low-angle normal faults (LANFs) in triggering high magnitude earthquakes. The central Betic Cordillera is an active seismic zone affected by the NNW-SSE Eurasia-Nubia convergence and orthogonal extension. The seismicity and present-day stress determined by earthquake focal mechanisms reveals the activity of a NE-SW extensional system in the shallowest 12 km of the Granada Basin. The structure of the sedimentary infill, as derived by geological field and gravimetric techniques, suggests the formation of a half-graben tilted to the N-NE. Seismologic data suggest the activity of HANFs above 6–7 km depth and a LANF zone around 6–12 km depth, with related earthquakes of up to Mw 4.0 and 20° to 30° fault dips. High-precision leveling lines highlight the importance of the Granada Fault in the system, with average vertical displacement rates of 0.35–1.1 mm/yr. These data suggest creep fault behavior at the surface and increased seismicity at depth. The upper crustal extension in the collisional Betic Cordillera is accommodated by a top-to-the-WSW extensional detachment related to westward motion and rollback in the Gibraltar Arc and the gravitational collapse of the cordillera, in a framework of NNW-SSE shortening. This comprehensive study draws a new scenario that advances understanding of relationships between HANFs and LANFs., Spanish projects DAMAGE. Grant Number: CGL2016-80687-R AEI/FEDER, Evaluación de la Peligrosidad de Inestabilidades de Laderas Asociadas a Terremotos. Grant Number: CGL2015-65602-R AEI-FEDER, Junta de Andalucia; European Regional Development Fund. Grant Numbers: AGORA P18-RT-3275, PAPEL B-RNM-301-UGR18, Programa Operativo FEDER-Andalucia 2014–2020, University of Jaén. Grant Number: POAIUJA 21/22, Junta de Andalucía (Andalusian Board). Grant Numbers: RNM-148, RNM-282, RNM-370

This study was supported by the Secretaría de Educación Superior, Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovacion (Senescyt) and the Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja. Additionally, this research was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Research Project DAMAGE CGL2016-80867-R AEI/FERDER), the University of Jaén (Programa Operativo FEDER Andalucía 2014-2020 Project 1263446 call made by UJA 2018; POAIUJA 2021-2022 and CEACTEMA), and Junta de Andalucía (Research Groups RNM148 and RNM282; Projects PAPEL B-RNM-301-UGR18 and AGORA P18-RT-3275)., GNSS observations constitute the main tool to reveal Earth’s crustal deformations in order to improve the identification of geological hazards. The Ecuadorian Andes were formed by Nazca Plate subduction below the Pacific margin of the South American Plate. Active tectonic-related deformation continues to present, and it is constrained by 135 GPS stations of the RENAGE and REGME deployed by the IGM in Ecuador (1995.4–2011.0). They show a regional ENE displacement, increasing towards the N, of the deformed North Andean Sliver in respect to the South American Plate and Inca Sliver relatively stable areas. The heterogeneous displacements towards the NNE of the North Andean Sliver are interpreted as consequences of the coupling of the Carnegie Ridge in the subduction zone. The Dolores–Guayaquil megashear constitutes its southeastern boundary and includes the dextral to normal transfer Pallatanga fault, that develops the Guayaquil Gulf. This fault extends northeastward along the central part of the Cordillera Real, in relay with the reverse dextral Cosanga–Chingual fault and finally followed by the reverse dextral Sub-Andean fault zone. While the Ecuadorian margin and Andes is affected by ENE–WSW shortening, the easternmost Manabí Basin located in between the Cordillera Costanera and the Cordillera Occidental of the Andes, underwent moderate ENE–WSW extension and constitutes an active fore-arc basin of the Nazca plate subduction. The integration of the GPS and seismic data evidences that highest rates of deformation and the highest tectonic hazards in Ecuador are linked: to the subduction zone located in the coastal area; to the Pallatanga transfer fault; and to the Eastern Andes Sub-Andean faults., Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad DAMAGE CGL2016-80867-R AEI/FERDER MINECO, Secretaría de Educación Superior, Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación SENESCYT, Universidad de Jaén UJA, European Regional Development Fund 1263446,POAIUJA 2021-2022 ERDF, Junta de Andalucía AGORA P18-RT-3275,PAPEL B-RNM-301-UGR18,RNM148,RNM282

The computational modelling of the heart motion within a cardiac cycle is an extremely challenging problem due to (a) the complex multi-scale interaction that takes place between the electrophysiology and electrochemistry at cellular level and the macro-scale response of the heart muscle, and (b) the large deformations and the strongly anisotropic and quasi-incompressible behaviour of the myocardium. These pose an extreme challenge to the scalability of electro-mechanical solvers due to the size and conditioning of the system of equations required to obtain accurate solutions, both in terms of wall deformation and transmembrane potential propagation. In the search towards an efficient modelling of electro-activation, this paper presents a coupled electromechanical computational framework whereby, first, we explore the use of an efficient stabilised low order tetrahedral Finite Element methodology and compare it against a very accurate super enhanced mixed formulation previously introduced by the authors in Garcia-Blanco et al. (2019) and, second, we exploit the use of tailor-made staggered and staggered linearised solvers in order to assess their feasibility against a fully monolithic approach. Through a comprehensive set of examples, culminating in a realistic ventricular geometry, we aim to put forward some suggestions regarding the level of discretisation and coupling required to ensure sufficiently reliable results yet with an affordable computational time.

In Ortigosa et al. (2018), the authors presented a new family of time integrators for large deformation electromechanics. In that paper, definition of appropriate algorithmic expressions for the discrete derivatives of the internal energy and consideration of multi-variable convexity of the internal energy was made. These two ingredients were essential for the definition of a new energy–momentum (EM) time integrator in the context of large deformation electromechanics relying on materially stable (ellipticity compliant) constitutive models. In Betsch et al. (2018), the authors introduced a family of EM time integrators making use of mixed variational principles for large strain mechanics. In addition to the displacement field, the right Cauchy–Green deformation tensor , its co-factor and its Jacobian were introduced as unknown fields in the formulation. An elegant cascade system of kinematic constraints was introduced in this paper, crucial for the satisfaction of the required conservation properties of the new family of EM time integrators. The objective of the present paper is the introduction of new mixed variational principles for EM time integrators in electromechanics, hence bridging the gap between the previous work presented by the authors in Ortigosa et al. (2018) and Betsch et al. (2018), opening up the possibility to a variety of new Finite Element implementations. The following characteristics of the proposed EM time integrator make it very appealing: (i) the new family of time integrators can be shown to be thermodynamically consistent and second order accurate; (ii) piecewise discontinuous interpolation of the unknown fields (except displacements and electric potential) has been carried out, in order to yield a computational cost comparable to that of standard displacement–potential formulations. Finally, a series of numerical examples are included in order to demonstrate the robustness and conservation properties of the proposed scheme, specifically in the case of long-term simulations.

GNSS positioning is nowadays applied for surveying and other geomatic applications. Although dual-frequency GNSS receivers are widely used, low-cost single-frequency receivers have been relegated to navigation applications. However, their advantages make them optimum candidates for positioning applications in many scientific areas. To know the precision limits of these measuring systems, the evaluation of the uncertainty of measurement results obtained by them is required. For that, it is recommended to apply standard operating procedures (SOP). The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) published the standard ISO 17123-8 aimed at specifying field procedures to be adopted when determining and evaluating the precision of GNSS field measuring systems in real-time kinematic (RTK). Using this standard, we evaluate the positioning performance of two GNSS receivers, the geodetic dual-frequency Leica GS10 with AS10 antenna using a network RTK solution, and the low-cost single-frequency u-blox NEO-M8P using a single-base RTK solution. Considering the different sources of uncertainty and their influence quantities, the combined uncertainty budget for the dual-frequency receiver gives combined standard uncertainties on the horizontal position at the order of ±2.5 mm and close to ±4.5 mm for the vertical coordinate. In the case of the low-cost receiver, the combined standard uncertainties are close to ±5.5 mm for the horizontal position and ±11 mm for heights. The results indicate that just as the geodetic receiver satisfies the horizontal and vertical sub-centimetric precision limits established for high precision applications, the low-cost receiver can achieve a competitive positioning performance to survey-grade receivers in real-time positioning for short baselines.

A family of numerical models for the phenomenological linear flexoelectric theory for continua and their particularisation to the case of three-dimensional beams based on a skew-symmetric couple stress theory is presented. In contrast to the standard strain gradient flexoelectric models which assume coupling between electric polarisation and strain gradients, we postulate an electric enthalpy in terms of linear invariants of curvature and electric field. This is achieved by introducing the axial (mean) curvature vector as a strain gradient measure. The physical implication of this assumption is many-fold. Firstly, analogous to the standard strain gradient models, for isotropic (non-piezoelectric) materials it allows constructing flexoelectric energies without breaking material’s centrosymmetry. Secondly, unlike the standard strain gradient models, nonuniform distribution of volumetric part of strains (volumetric strain gradients) do not generate electric polarisation, as also confirmed by experimental evidence to be the case for some important classes of flexoelectric materials. Thirdly, a state of plane strain generates out of plane deformation through strain gradient effects. Finally, under this theory, extension and shear coupling modes cannot be characterised individually as they contribute to the generation of electric polarisation as a whole. As a first step, a detailed comparison of the developed couple stress based flexoelectric model with the standard strain gradient flexoelectric models is performed for the case of Barium Titanate where a myriad of simple analytical solutions are assumed in order to quantitatively describe the similarities and dissimilarities in effective electromechanical coupling under these two theories. From a physical point of view, the most notable insight gained is that, if the same experimental flexoelectric constants are fitted in to both theories, the presented theory in general, reports up to 200% stronger electromechanical conversion efficiency. From the formulation point of a view, the presented flexoelectric model is also competitively simpler as it eliminates the need for high order strain gradient and coupling tensors and can be characterised by a single flexoelectric coefficient. In addition, three distinct mixed flexoelectric variational principles are presented for both continuum and beam models that facilitate incorporation of strain gradient measures in to a standard finite element scheme while maintaining the C0 continuity. Consequently, a series of low and high order mixed finite element schemes for couple stress based flexoelectricity are presented and thoroughly benchmarked against available closed form solutions in regards to electromechanical coupling efficiency. Finally, nanocompression of a complex flexoelectric conical pyramid for which analytical solution cannot be established is numerically studied where curvature induced necking of the specimen and vorticity around the frustum generate moderate electric polarisation.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the main agent responsible for chronic liver disease. Recent advances in anti-HCV treatment strategies have significantly increased the viral clearance rate (>90%). However, sustained antiviral responses vary in different cohorts, and high costs limit the broad use of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs). The goal of this study is to evaluate the inhibitory ability of well characterized (LC-QTOF-MS/MS) aqueous extracts obtained from edible mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) to diminish HCV viral replication. Our data have demonstrated an in vitro inhibitory effect of A. bisporus extracts on NS3/4A protease and HCV replication. Fractionation by ultra-filtration and sequential liquid–liquid extraction showed that the compounds responsible for the inhibition are water-soluble with low molecular weights (

Designing engineering components that make optimal use of materials requires consideration of the nonlinear static and dynamic characteristics associated with both manufacturing and working environments. The modeling of these characteristics can only be done through numerical formulation and simulation, which requires an understanding of both the theoretical background and associated computer solution techniques. By presenting nonlinear solid mechanics, dynamic conservation laws and principles, and the associated finite element techniques together, the authors provide in this second book a unified treatment of the dynamic simulation of nonlinear solids. Alongside a number of worked examples and exercises are user instructions, program descriptions, and examples for two MATLAB computer implementations for which source codes are available online. While this book is designed to complement postgraduate courses, it is also relevant to those in industry requiring an appreciation of the way their computer simulation programs work.

In Parts I (Bonet et al., 2015) and II (Gil et al., 2016) of this series, a novel computational framework was presented for the numerical analysis of large strain fast solid dynamics in compressible and nearly/truly incompressible isothermal hyperelasticity. The methodology exploited the use of a system of first order Total Lagrangian conservation laws formulated in terms of the linear momentum and a triplet of deformation measures comprised of the deformation gradient tensor, its co-factor and its Jacobian. Moreover, the consideration of polyconvex constitutive laws was exploited in order to guarantee the hyperbolicity of the system and show the existence of a convex entropy function (sum of kinetic and strain energy per unit undeformed volume) necessary for symmetrisation. In this new paper, the framework is extended to the more general case of thermo-elasticity by incorporating the first law of thermodynamics as an additional conservation law, written in terms of either the entropy (suitable for smooth solutions) or the total energy density (suitable for discontinuous solutions) of the system. The paper is further enhanced with the following key novelties. First, sufficient conditions are put forward in terms of the internal energy density and the entropy measured at reference temperature in order to ensure ab-initio the polyconvexity of the internal energy density in terms of the extended set comprised of the triplet of deformation measures and the entropy. Second, the study of the eigenvalue structure of the system is performed as proof of hyperbolicity and with the purpose of obtaining correct time step bounds for explicit time integrators. Application to two well-established thermo-elastic models is presented: Mie–Gruneisen and modified entropic elasticity. Third, the use of polyconvex internal energy constitutive laws enables the definition of a generalised convex entropy function, namely the ballistic energy, and associated entropy fluxes, allowing the symmetrisation of the system of conservation laws in terms of entropy-conjugate fields. Fourth, and in line with the previous papers of the series, an explicit stabilised Petrov–Galerkin framework is presented for the numerical solution of the thermo-elastic system of conservation laws when considering the entropy as an unknown of the system. Finally, a series of numerical examples is presented in order to assess the applicability and robustness of the proposed formulation.

This paper presents a novel Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics computational framework for the simulation of large strain fast solid dynamics in thermo-elasticity. The formulation is based on the Total Lagrangian description of a system of first order conservation laws written in terms of the linear momentum, the triplet of deformation measures (also known as minors of the deformation gradient tensor) and the total energy of the system, extending thus the previous work carried out by some of the authors in the context of isothermal elasticity and elasto-plasticity (Lee et al., 2016; Lee et al., 2017; Lee et al., 2019). To ensure the stability (i.e. hyperbolicity) of the formulation from the continuum point of view, the internal energy density is expressed as a polyconvex combination of the triplet of deformation measures and the entropy density. Moreover, and to guarantee stability from the spatial discretisation point of view, consistently derived Riemann-based numerical dissipation is carefully introduced where local numerical entropy production is demonstrated via a novel technique in terms of the time rate of the so-called ballistic free energy of the system. For completeness, an alternative and equally competitive formulation (in the case of smooth solutions), expressed in terms of the entropy density, is also implemented and compared. A series of numerical examples is presented in order to assess the applicability and robustness of the proposed formulations, where the Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics scheme is benchmarked against an alternative in-house Finite Volume Vertex Centred implementation.

49 pages, 15 figures, The seafloor of the Alboran Sea reflects its complex tectonic, sedimentary, and oceanography dynamics as a consequence of the geological context, involving interaction between the Eurasian and African plates, and oceanographic context, as it is where the Atlantic and Mediterranean waters meet. Their physiography has a semi-enclosed configuration characterized by two margins (the Spanish Iberian and North Africa—mostly Moroccan margins) enclosing deep basins. Tectonic activity is mainly attested by folds and faults that predominantly affect the central and eastern seafloor sectors, as well as numerous seamounts and fluid-flow features (pockmarks, mud volcanoes, and diapirs) that dot the seafloor. The sedimentary and oceanographic processes allow us to distinctly define two principal environments in the Alboran Sea: the shallow proximal margin (continental shelf); and the deep distal margin (continental slope and base of the slope) with the adjacent sub-basins. The shelf mostly comprises prodeltaic and infralittoral prograding wedges, with local bedform fields, submarine valleys, and wave-cut terraces. Coastal and fluvio-marine sedimentary processes, acting since the last glacial period, are responsible for these features. The deep marine environment is characterised by the ubiquity of contourites, whose continuity is interrupted by turbidite systems, canyons, and landslides. The alongslope action of the Mediterranean waters and their interfaces with the Atlantic water has been the main process governing transport, seafloor reworking, and sedimentation of contourites. Mass-movement processes are responsible for the formation of: (1) turbidite systems—turbidity flows and mass flows were dominant during the last glacial sea-level lowstand, evolving to dilute gravity flows during present interglacial high stand; and (2) landslides—the main triggering factors comprising over-steepening, seismicity, under consolidation due to overpressure by interstitial fluids, stratigraphy, and high sedimentation rates. Locally, still-undetermined biological activity in the Spanish and coral activity in the Moroccan margin generated fields of mounded bioconstructions. The seafloor morphology of the Alboran Sea offers interesting clues for assessing the main potential geological hazards, with tectonic seismicity and landslides (as well as their related tsunamis) being some of the most important potential hazards affecting coastal populations. In addition, the seafloor morphology in combination with assemblages of habitat-forming species enables habitat identification and mapping, This work was supported by the following Spanish projects INCRISIS, DAMAGE (CGL2016-80687-R AEI/FEDER), FAUCES (CTM2015-65461-C2-1-R) and ALSSOMAR S2S (CTM2017-88237-P), RNM 148 and RNM 328 groups of Junta de Andalucía, MONCARAL and RIGEL projects (Instituto Español de Oceanografía) Marboro cruises. Likewise, this study was supported by the French program Actions Marges and the EUROFLEETS program-SARAS cruise (FP7/2007-2013; 228344)

One of the most significant parameters for seismic hazard assessment analyses is the fault slip rate. The combination of both geological (long-term) and geodetic (short-term) data offers a more complete characterization of the seismic potential of active faults. Moreover, geodetic data are also a helpful tool for the analysis of geodynamic processes. In this work, we present the results of a local GPS network from the Baza sub-Basin (SE Spain). This network, which includes six sites, was established in 2008 and has been observed for seven years. For the first time, we obtain short-term slip rates for the two active faults in this area. For the normal Baza Fault, we estimate slip rates ranging between 0.3 ± 0.3 mm/yr and 1.3 ± 0.4 mm/yr. For the strike-slip Galera Fault, we quantify the slip rate as 0.5 ± 0.3 mm/yr. Our GPS study shows a discrepancy for the Baza Fault between the short-term slip rates and previously reported long-term rates. This discrepancy indicates that the fault could be presently in a period with a displacement rate higher than the mean of the magnitude 6 seismic cycle. Moreover, the velocity vectors that we obtained also show the regional tectonic significance of the Baza Fault, as this structure accommodates one-third of the regional extension of the Central Betic Cordillera. Our GPS-related slip rates form the basis for future seismic hazard analysis in this area. Our results have further implications, as they indicate that the Baza and Galera Faults are kinematically coherent and they divide the Baza sub-Basin into two tectonic blocks. This points to a likely physical link between the Baza and Galera Faults; hence, a potential complex rupture involving both faults should be considered in future seismic hazard assessment studies., We acknowledge the comments of Editor Prof. Irina M. Artemieva and two anonymous reviewers, which significantly improved the quality of this paper. This research was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and University (Research Projects: RTI2018-100737-BI00 and CGL2016-80687-R), the University of Alicante (Research Project: VIGROB053), the University of Jaén (PAIUJA 2019-2020 and Programa Operativo FEDER Andalucía 2014-2020 - call made by UJA 2018), the University of Granada (B-RNM-301-UGR18) and the Junta de Andalucía regional government (RNM148, RNM282, and RNM370 and P18-RT-3275 research groups). We thank all observers who collected the data of survey-mode GPS measurements.

This paper presents a novel computational framework for the in silico analysis of rank-one multilayered electro-active polymer composites exhibiting complex deformation patterns. The work applies the principles of rank-n homogenisation in the context of extremely deformable dielectric elastomers actuated beyond the onset of geometrical instabilities. Following previous work by the authors (Gil and Ortigosa, 2016; Ortigosa and Gil, 2016; Ortigosa and Gil, 2016) Convex Multi-Variable (CMV) energy density functionals are used to describe the physics of the individual microscopic constituents, which is shown to guarantee ab initio the existence of solutions for the microstructure problem, described in terms of the so-called deformation gradient and electric displacement amplitude vectors. The high nonlinearity of the quasi-static electro-mechanical problem is resolved via a monolithic multi-scale Newton–Raphson scheme, which is enhanced with a tailor-made arc length technique, used to circumvent the onset of geometrical instabilities. A tensor cross product operation between vectors and tensors and an additive decomposition of the micro-scale deformation gradient (in terms of macro-scale and fluctuation components) are used to considerably reduce the complexity of the algebra. The possible loss of ellipticity of the homogenised constitutive model is strictly monitored through the minors of the homogenised acoustic tensor. A series of numerical examples is presented in order to demonstrate the effect that the volume fraction, the contrast and the material properties, as well as the level of deformation and electric field, have upon the response of the composites when subjected to large three dimensional stretching, bending and torsion, including the possible development of wrinkling.

[EN] In this paper, a procedure for the design of a bubble reactor which allows the control of the humidity of a gas stream used as combustion air is presented. This reactor is designed to be used as a component of an altitude simulator test facility for the optimization, homologation and calibration of new hybrid engines. The design has been carried out by means of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) multi-phase models and validated against the experimental data obtained from the developed prototype. A discussion about the adequate mesh topology and cell size is presented, as well as a comparison between the two available models for the air-water interphase. Lastly, a validation of the CFD results using experimental data shows that the model that should be used is the multi-regime interaction model, from which the final design for the bubble reactor was obtained., This research has been partially supported by Universitat Politecnica de Valencia through project PAID-01-18.

© 2020 Elsevier. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Manufacturing new Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scanners represents a computational challenge to industry, due to the large variability in material parameters and geometrical configurations that need to be tested during the early design phase. This process can be highly optimised through the employment of user-friendly computational metamodels constructed on the basis of Reduced Order Modelling (ROM) techniques, where high-dimensional parametric offline solutions are obtained, stored and assimilated in order to be efficiently queried in real time. This paper presents a novel Proper Generalised Decomposition (PGD) based metamodel for the analysis of electro-magneto-mechanical interactions in the context of MRI scanner design, with three distinct novelties. First, the paper derives, from scratch, a five-dimensional parametrised offline solution process, expressed in terms of (axisymmetric) cylindrical coordinates, external excitation frequency, electrical conductivity of the embedded shields and strength of the static magnetic field. Second, by exploiting the staggered nature of the coupled problem at hand, an efficient sequential PGD algorithm is derived and compared against a previously published monolithic PGD algorithm. As a third novelty, the paper draws some interesting comparisons against an alternative tailor-made ROM technique, where the electromagnetic equations are solved using a Proper Orthogonal Decomposition model. A series of numerical examples are presented in order to illustrate, motivate and demonstrate the validity and potential of the considered approach, especially in terms of cost reduction.

This work focuses on a reservoir with water leaks since its construction, the Beninar reservoir. The purpose of this reservoir was to regulate the Adra River basin, lying between the provinces of Almeria and Granada, and located south of Sierra Nevada Mountains (in the Inner Zones of the Betic Cordilleras, SE Spain). This basin extends over 746 km2, at an altitude of 2780 m, with a very rough terrain and frequent torrential water flow. Due to the continuous extension of greenhouses in the east and west parts of Almeria, the water demand for agriculture and urban consumption increases day by day. As a consequence, aquifers are being overexploited, causing the current system to not be sustainable for a long time, that is, the storage capacity of the underground media and their possible contributions to an efficient management of resources have not been adequately taken into account. The Beninar dam has always had problems with water leaks. The dam was built even knowing that the land was not the most suitable, due to the frequent earth movements that took place in the town of Beninar, which was submerged beneath the waters of the reservoir. In this work, we process multi-temporal SAR datasets coming from the C-band satellites ERS-1/2, Envisat, and Sentinel-1A/B using MT-InSAR techniques, being able to monitor the deformation behavior of this dam for a long time period of more than 25 years, from 1992 to 2018.

Unexpected seismicity has been detected in the past few years along the northern Guadiana Menor River (Guadalquivir foreland basin) at the northern boundary of the Betic Cordillera. Earthquake focal mechanisms evidence the activity of N-S to NNE-SSW sinistral faults in the basement. Yet continuous GPS (CGPS) data show a westward movement in both the Prebetic Arc and the eastern Guadalquivir basin infill, which disagrees with the strike-slip faults. To more precisely describe the structure and evolution of the area, new Bouguer anomaly data from the southeastern basin combined with seismicity data, electric resistivity tomography profiles (ERT), and surface studies are provided. Given the soft consistency of the sedimentary infill in the area, surface evidence of faulting is scarce, limited to elongated channel and minor vertical faults affecting Quaternary sediments, where ERT profiles suggested the presence of faults. These results suggest that the Guadalquivir basin infill, the Prebetic Arc and the central Betic Cordillera move towards the west, independent from the Iberian crust, but indicating to some extent an upward propagation of the basement deformation. However, the basement is coupled with the Alboran Domain and undergoes NNW-SSE Eurasia-Nubia convergence and orthogonal extension. This scenario is suggestive of the initial stages of indentation tectonics, better developed in the eastern Betic Cordillera and the central Alboran Sea., We acknowledge the comments of the editors Prof. Margaret Rusmore and Prof. Paola Vannucchi, the reviewers Dr. Pablo Granado, Dr. Federico Torcal Medina, and two anonymous reviewers, which served to improve the quality of this paper. This study was supported by the Spanish project DAMAGE (CGL2016-80687-R AEI/FEDER), by the Spanish project Evaluación de la Peligrosidad de Inestabilidades de Laderas Asociadas a Terremotos (CGL2015-65602-R AEI-FEDER), by the Andalusian research groups RNM-148, RNM-282, RNM-370, by PAIUJA 2019/20 from the University of Jaén, by the Programa Operativo FEDER Andalucía 2014-2020 (call made by the University of Jaén 2018), by projects B-RNM-301-UGR18 (call made by the University of Granada), project P18-RT-3275 and by the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports, through a PhD grant (FPU program, reference 16/04038).