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Objective To describe the types of decision-making support interventions offered to racial and ethnic minority adults diagnosed with breast or prostate cancer and to draw any associations between these interventions and patient-reported quality of life (QoL) outcomes. Methods We conducted literature searches in five bibliographic databases. Studies were screened through independent review and assessed for quality. Results were analyzed using inductive qualitative methods to determine thematic commonalities and synthesized in narrative form. Results Searches across five databases yielded 2496 records, which were screened by title/abstract and full-text to identify 10 studies meeting inclusion criteria. The use of decision aids (DAs), trained personnel, delivery models and frameworks, and educational materials were notable decision-making support interventions. Analysis revealed six thematic areas: 1) Personalized reports; 2) Effective communication; 3) Involvement in decision-making; 4) Health literacy; 5) Social support; and 6) Feasibility in clinical setting. Conclusion Evidence suggests decision-making support interventions are associated with positive outcomes of racial and ethnic minorities with patient-reported factors like improved patient engagement, less decisional regret, higher satisfaction, improved communication, awareness of health literacy and cultural competence. Practice implications Future decision-making interventions for racial and ethnic minority cancer patients should focus on social determinants of health, social support systems, and clinical outcomes like QoL and survival.

Background Most COVID-19 infections result in a viral syndrome characterized by fever, cough, shortness of breath, and myalgias. A small but significant proportion of patients develop severe COVID-19 resulting in respiratory failure. Many of these patients also develop multi-organ dysfunction as a byproduct of their critical illness. Although heart failure can be a part of this, there also appears to be a subset of patients who have primary cardiac collapse from COVID-19. Objective Conduct a systematic review of COVID-19-associated myocarditis, including clinical presentation, risk factors, and prognosis. Discussion Our review demonstrates two distinct etiologies of primary acute heart failure in surprisingly equal incidence in patients with COVID-19: viral myocarditis and Takotsubo cardiomyopathy. COVID myocarditis, Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, and severe COVID-19 can be clinically indistinguishable. All can present with dyspnea and evidence of cardiac injury, although in myocarditis and Takotsubo this is due to primary cardiac dysfunction as compared to respiratory failure in severe COVID-19. Conclusion COVID-19-associated myocarditis differs from COVID-19 respiratory failure by an early shock state. However, not all heart failure from COVID-19 is from direct viral infection; some patient's develop takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Regardless of etiology, steroids may be a beneficial treatment, similar to other critically ill COVID-19 patients. Evidence of cardiac injury in the form of ECG changes or elevated troponin in patients with COVID-19 should prompt providers to consider concurrent myocarditis.

Background The objective of this study was to assess the overall quality of study-level meta-analyses in high-ranking journals using commonly employed guidelines and standards for systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Methods 100 randomly selected study-level meta-analyses published in ten highest-ranking clinical journals in 2016–2017 were evaluated by medical librarians against 4 assessments using a scale of 0–100: the Peer Review of Electronic Search Strategies (PRESS), Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), Institute of Medicine’s (IOM) Standards for Systematic Reviews, and quality items from the Cochrane Handbook. Multiple regression was performed to assess meta-analyses characteristics’ associated with quality scores. Results The overall median (interquartile range) scores were: PRESS 62.5(45.8–75.0), PRISMA 92.6(88.9–96.3), IOM 81.3(76.6–85.9), and Cochrane 66.7(50.0–83.3). Involvement of librarians was associated with higher PRESS and IOM scores on multiple regression. Compliance with journal guidelines was associated with higher PRISMA and IOM scores. Conclusion This study raises concerns regarding the reporting and methodological quality of published MAs in high impact journals Early involvement of information specialists, stipulation of detailed author guidelines, and strict adherence to them may improve quality of published meta-analyses.

This mapping study is the first bibliometric analysis of literature on Guillain–Barre Syndrome (GBS). By identifying core journals, analyzing cited references, categorizing journals into Zones, and...

Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) is characterized by often bilateral vestibular schwannomas (VS) that result in progressive hearing loss and compression of nearby brainstem structures causing cranial nerve palsies. Treatment of these tumors remains challenging, as both surgical removal and expectant management can result in symptom progression. Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) has been investigated for the management of NF2-associated VS; however, the role, promises, and pitfalls of this treatment modality remain unclear.Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Reviews were searched for studies assessing SRS outcome in NF2-associated VS only. Primary endpoints included tumor control, serviceable hearing, presence of tinnitus, and cranial nerve V and VII symptoms.A total of 16 studies (589 patients harboring 750 tumors) were analyzed. Clinical tumor control was achieved in 88% of cases (95% CI 80-95%); salvage surgery was needed in 8% (95% CI 4-13%) of cases. Treatment resulted in a worsening of pre-treatment serviceable hearing (OR = 0.26, p 0.01), increased facial nerve (OR = 1.62, p 0.01) and trigeminal nerve (OR = 1.42, p = 0.07) impairment. The incidence of vestibular symptoms and hydrocephalus were not consistently reported and thus could not be assessed.The treatment of NF2-associated VS continues to pose a challenge, as current SRS regimens result in impaired hearing and worse cranial nerve comorbidities, despite achieving high tumor control. It remains unclear if these findings have to be regarded as treatment complications or, rather, continued disease progression.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE:Immune checkpoint-inhibitor (ICI)-based therapy is the standard of care for first-line treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). It is unclear whether prior re...

OBJECTIVES Cancer patients with comorbid diabetes have a 50% increased risk of all-cause mortality compared with cancer patients without diabetes. Less attention to diabetes management (glucose control, medication adherence, and diabetes self-management behaviors) during active cancer treatment is hypothesized as an explanation for worse outcomes among diabetic cancer patients. The objective of this systematic review is to determine and quantify how a cancer diagnosis impacts diabetes management. METHODS Quantitative and qualitative studies evaluating diabetes management among patients were identified by searching 4 databases: MEDLINE, EMBASE, The Cochrane Library, and Web of Science. Two independent reviewers extracted data and summarized results from eligible studies. Study quality was formally assessed. RESULTS Thirty-six studies met all inclusion criteria. We observed heterogeneity across studies in terms of study design, sample size, cancer site, type of diabetes management evaluated, and quality. Numerous articles discussed that overall, glucose control, medication adherence, and diabetes self-management behaviors declined following a cancer diagnosis. However, findings were inconsistent across studies. CONCLUSIONS Although the effects of a cancer diagnosis on diabetes management are mixed, when results across studies were synthesized together, diabetes management appeared to generally decline after a cancer diagnosis. Declines in diabetes management seem to be primarily due to shifts in the priority of care from diabetes management to cancer. A next critical step in this line of work is to identify patient and provider level predictors of better or worse diabetes management to design and test interventions aimed at improving effective diabetes management for cancer patients.

Background: Awareness of disease status has been identified as a factor in the treatment decision-making process. Women with recurrent ovarian cancer are facing the challenge of making treatment decisions throughout the disease trajectory. It is not understood how women with ovarian cancer perceive their disease and subsequently make treatment decisions. Purpose: The purpose of this phenomenological study was to understand the lived experience of women with recurrent ovarian cancer, how they understood their disease and made their treatment decisions. Methods: A qualitative design with a descriptive phenomenological method was used to conduct 2 in-depth interviews with 12 women (n = 24 interviews). Each interview was ∼60 minutes and was digitally recorded and professionally transcribed. Data collection focused on patients' understanding of their disease and how patients participated in treatment decisions. A modified version of Colaizzi's method of phenomenological reduction guided data analysis. Results: Three themes emerged to describe the phenomenon of being aware of disease status: (1) perceiving recurrent ovarian cancer as a chronic illness, (2) perceived inability to make treatment decisions, and (3) enduring emotional distress. Conclusions and Implications: This study revealed how 12 women conceptualized recurrent ovarian cancer as a chronic disease and their perceived inability to make treatment decisions because of lack of information and professional qualifications, resulting in enduring emotional distress. Future research should replicate the study to confirm the persistence of the themes for racially, ethnically, and religiously diverse patient samples and to improve understanding of awareness of disease status and decision-making processes of patients.

Background Large vestibular schwannomas (VS) pose a treatment challenge for both microsurgery (MS) and stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). Technical developments have allowed for safer irradiation of large tumors. It remains unclear if SRS can achieve appropriate tumor control and acceptable cranial nerve toxicities. In this study, we assess outcomes of irradiation for large VS. Methods PubMed MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane were searched for all the studies assessing SRS outcome in large VS. Primary endpoints included clinical and radiographic tumor control, need for salvage surgery, serviceable hearing, cranial nerve V and VII impairment, presence of hydrocephalus requiring shunting, and presence of vertigo/dizziness. Results Twenty-two studies were identified that met selection criteria for analysis from an initial pool of 1272 reports. They were evaluated according to treatment protocol: 1) single-dose SRS (13 studies, 483 patients), 2) combination of MS and SRS (7 studies, 182 patients), and 3) fractionated SRS (3 studies, 82 patients). Tumor control was achieved in 89%, 94%, and 91% of patients, respectively. Odds ratios (ORs) of post- over pretreatment serviceable hearing were 0.42 (P < .01), 0.47 (P = .05), and 0.60 (P = .22); for facial nerve impairment, these ORs were 1.08 (P = .69), 3.45 (P = .28), and 0.87 (P = .71), respectively. Conclusions The management of large VS remains challenging. All treatment modalities resulted in high tumor control rates and worsening of pretreatment hearing. None, however, caused significant facial nerve impairment, suggesting that management strategies incorporating focal irradiation can be successful.

BACKGROUND One of the hallmarks of neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) is the presence of bilateral vestibular schwannomas (VSs) that result in progressive hearing loss and compression of nearby brainstem structures causing cranial nerve palsies. Treatment of these tumors remains challenging, as both surgical removal and expectant management can result in symptom progression. Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) has recently been investigated for the management of NF2-associated VSs; however, the role, promises, and pitfalls of this treatment modality remain unclear. METHODS Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Reviews were searched for studies assessing SRS outcome in NF2-associated VSs only. Primary endpoints included tumor control, serviceable hearing, presence of tinnitus, and cranial nerve V and VII symptoms. RESULTS A total of 16 studies (589 patients harboring 750 tumors) was included in this analysis. Clinical tumor control was achieved in 88% of cases (95% CI: 80%-95%); salvage surgery was needed in 8% (95% CI: 4%-13%) of cases. Treatment resulted in a worsening of pre-treatment serviceable hearing (OR of 0.26, p < 0.01), in an increase of facial nerve impairment (OR of 1.62, p < 0.01), and showed a trend for increase trigeminal nerve impairment as well (OR of 1.42, p = 0.07). The incidence of vestibular symptoms and hydrocephalus requiring shunting could not be assessed since these measures were not reported consistently. CONCLUSIONS The treatment of NF2-associated VS continues to pose a challenge, as current SRS regimens result in impaired hearing and worse cranial nerve comorbidities, despite achieving high tumor control. It remains unclear if these findings have to be intended as treatment complications or, rather, continuous disease progression despite tumor control.

Background There is lack of uniformity in reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) terminology for nonmelanocytic lesions (NMLs). Objective To review published RCM terms for NMLs and identify likely synonymous terms. Methods We conducted a systematic review of original research articles published up to August 19, 2017, adhering to Preferred Reporting Items for Systemic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Two investigators gathered all published RCM terms used to describe basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and seborrheic keratosis/solar lentigo/lichen planus–like keratosis (SK/SL/LPLK). Synonymous terms were grouped on the basis of similarity in definition and histopathologic correlates. Results The inclusion criteria was met by 31 studies. Average frequency of use per term was 1.6 (range 1-8). By grouping synonymous terms, the number of terms could be reduced from 58 to 18 for BCC, 58 to 36 for SCC, 23 to 12 for SK/SL/LPLK, and from 139 to 66 terms (52.5% reduction) in total. The frequency of term usage stratified by anatomic layer (suprabasal epidermis vs epidermal basal layer, dermoepidermal junction, and superficial dermis) was 27 (25.7%) versus 78 (74.2%) for BCC; 60 (64.5%) versus 33 (34.5%) for SCC, and 15 (45.4%) versus 18 (54.5%) for SK/SL/LPLK, respectively. Limitations Articles that were not peer reviewed were excluded. Conclusion Systematic review of published RCM terms provides the basis for future NMLs terminology consensus.

Objective: The aim of this exploratory study was to assess personal, work-related, and client-related burnout among information professionals who support systematic review (SR) work.Methods: The Copenhagen Burnout Inventory, a validated tool for assessing burnout, was administered to information professionals who support SR work. A broad range of health sciences or medical librarians and information professionals were targeted via professional email discussion lists and news outlets. Questionnaire responses were captured electronically using Qualtrics Survey Software and quantitatively analyzed.Results: Respondents experienced an average personal burnout score of 48.6, work-related score of 46.4, and client-related score of 32.5 out of 100. Respondents who reported spending >80% of their job duties on SR work had significantly lower personal burnout scores than those who reported spending

BACKGROUND: Immune checkpoint-inhibitor (ICI)-based therapy is the standard of care for first-line treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). It is unclear whether prior removal of the primary tumor influences the efficacy of these treatments. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies of first-line ICI in mRCC to determine whether the efficacy of ICI-therapy, compared to sunitinib, is altered based on receipt of prior nephrectomy. METHODS: We systematically reviewed studies indexed in MEDLINE (PubMed), Embase, and Scopus and conference abstracts from relevant medical societies as of August 2020 to identify randomized clinical trials assessing first-line immunotherapy-based regimes in mRCC. Studies were included if overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) outcomes were reported with data stratified by nephrectomy status. We pooled hazard ratios (HRs) stratified by nephrectomy status and performed random effects meta-analysis to assess the null hypothesis of no difference in the survival advantage of immunotherapy-based regimes based on nephrectomy status, while accounting for study level correlations. RESULTS: Among 6 randomized clinical trials involving 5,121 patients, 3,968 (77%) had undergone prior nephrectomy. We found an overall survival benefit for immunotherapy-based regimes, compared to sunitinib, among both patients who had undergone nephrectomy (HR 0.75, 95% CI 0.63 −0.88) and those who had not (HR 0.74, 95% CI 0.59 −0.92), without evidence of difference based on nephrectomy history (P = 0.70; I(2) = 36%). Results assessing PFS were similar (P = 0.45, I(2) = 0%). CONCLUSIONS: These clinical data suggest that prior nephrectomy does not affect the efficacy of ICI-based regimens in mRCC relative to sunitinib. © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to measure the feasibility of an alternative and augmentative communication (AAC) application and an iPad (a customized tablet) to facilitate communication in post-operative patients with head and neck cancer. DESIGN: A prospective feasibility study. METHODS: The study was conducted in the main postanesthesia care unit at an urban comprehensive cancer center in the northeast United States between January 2014 and September 2014. The participants included patients with head and neck cancer who underwent surgery that resulted in altered communication. Patient questionnaires were developed and administered to measure feasibility and patient satisfaction at different time points (preoperative, postoperative, one to four days postoperatively). FINDINGS: Of 38 patients consented to the study, 25 (66%) were able to use the customized tablet. Of these 25 patients, 15 (60%) were satisfied or somewhat satisfied with it. In addition, 84% found the customized tablet to be very or somewhat helpful for communication following surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Patients were satisfied with the customized tablet and the study found that using technology such as this was feasible in the immediate postoperative period.

Increasingly physicians and patients express concern and frustration about the lack of time spent together during office visits. Some studies suggest a substantial number of patients fail t...

BACKGROUND: Within gastrointestinal malignancies, primary liver (HCC) and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), are frequently associated with visceral thromboses (VT). Thrombus formation in the portal (PVT), mesenteric (MVT), or splenic vein (SVT) system leads to portal hypertension and intestinal ischemia. VT in PDAC may convey a risk of increased distal thrombosis and poses therapeutic uncertainty regarding the role of anticoagulation. RATIONALE: An increasing number of reports describe VT associated with PDAC. It is possible that early diagnosis of these events may help reduce morbidity and speculatively improve oncologic outcomes. OBJECTIVES: Perform a systematic review to study VT (portal, mesenteric and splenic vein thromboses) associated with PDAC and provide a comprehensive review. DATA SOURCE: PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus, and the Cochrane library. DATA EXTRACTION AND ASSESSMENT: Two blinded independent observers extracted and assessed the studies for diagnosis of PVT, MVT, SVT in PDAC. Studies were restricted to English literature published between 2007 and 2016. RESULTS: Eleven articles identified. Five case reports and 7 retrospective studies were found with a total of N=127 patients meeting the inclusion criteria. The mean age at diagnosis was 64 years. PVT found in 35% (N= 46), SVT 52% (N= 65), MVT 13% (N= 15). Mean follow up time 26 months. Only 3 of the selected articles studied the impact of anticoagulation in visceral thrombosis. All patients with non-visceral thrombosis (e.g. DVT, PE) were therapeutically treated, in contrast, only rare instances of patients with VT received treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Visceral thrombosis in PDAC is a frequent finding at diagnosis or during disease progression. Evidence to guide treatment choices is limited and current management is based on inferred experience from non-oncologic settings. Anticoagulation appears to be safe in VT with most of the large studies recommending a careful assessment for patients with high risk of bleeding.

Purpose The purpose of this review was to synthesize current knowledge about anxiety among adolescent survivors of pediatric cancer and highlights areas for future research. Methods Systematic literature searches were conducted in five databases for articles published anytime before December 28, 2015. Manuscripts were reviewed by a team of six coders. Included manuscripts reported outcomes relevant to anxiety, worry, and post-traumatic stress in survivors of pediatric cancer (age at the time of study: 10–22 years) who were off treatment. Results Twenty-four articles met inclusion criteria. Included results were categorized into the following domains: post-traumatic stress, anxiety, cancer-related worry, and interventions. With the exception of post-traumatic stress, there was little research about anxiety in this population; however, studies generally indicated that adolescent survivors of pediatric cancer are at elevated risk for anxiety, post-traumatic stress symptoms, and cancer-related worry. Conclusions This review provides preliminary evidence that anxiety is a relevant, but understudied, psychosocial outcome for adolescent survivors of pediatric cancer. More research is needed to better understand the presentation of anxiety in this population, its effect on survivors' quality of life, and possible areas for intervention.

BackgroundOveruse, the provision of health services for which harms outweigh the benefits, results in suboptimal patient care and may contribute to the rising costs of cancer care. We performed a systematic review of the evidence on overuse in oncology.MethodsWe searched Medline, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, SCOPUS databases, and 2 grey literature sources, for articles published between December 1, 2011 and March 10, 2017. We included publications from December 2011 to evaluate the literature since the inception of the ABIM Foundation's Choosing Wisely initiative in 2012. We included original research articles quantifying overuse of any medical service in patients with a cancer diagnosis when utilizing an acceptable standard to define care appropriateness, excluding studies of cancer screening. One of 4 investigator reviewed titles and abstracts and 2 of 4 reviewed each full-text article and extracted data. Methodology used PRISMA guidelines.ResultsWe identified 59 articles measuring overuse of 154 services related to imaging, procedures, and therapeutics in cancer management. The majority of studies addressed adult or geriatric patients (98%) and focused on US populations (76%); the most studied services were diagnostic imaging in low-risk prostate and breast cancer. Few studies evaluated active cancer therapeutics or interventions aimed at reducing overuse. Rates of overuse varied widely among services and among studies of the same service.ConclusionsDespite recent attention to overuse in cancer, evidence identifying areas of overuse remains limited. Broader investigation, including assessment of active cancer treatment, is critical for identifying improvement targets to optimize value in cancer care.

Introduction Burn clinicians commonly experience ethical dilemmas as a direct result of a patient’s burn injury, yet literature on ethics in burns are scarce. A bibliometric analysis of literature on burn patients and ethics is necessary to support decision-making of burn-injured patients and their families. By identifying core journals, analyzing cited references, categorizing journals into Zones, and estimating database coverage, the results of this study informs burn specialists of the most relevant journals related to discussions about ethical issues in treating burn patients. Methods This study examined references during a three-year period (2016–2018) from a sample core of journals using the mapping protocol from the Nursing and Allied Health Resources Section (NAHRS) of the Medical Library Association (MLA). Following the prescribed steps in the NAHRS protocol, the investigators polled experts from the burn unit in a U.S. urban academic medical center inquiring about resources they believe contain the highest amount of content related to burns and ethics. Using the following search strategy, the investigators queried Scopus, a subscription-based discovery portal, to retrieve references from the source journals published during the years 2016–2018. Results Based on professional responses, analysis of journal impact factors from the Journal Citation Reports (JCR) provided by Clarivate Analytics and a search of burns and ethics articles in MEDLINE, three journals informed the source titles for this study: Burns, BMC Medical Ethics, and Journal of Medical Ethics. There were 225 cited references pulled from the bibliographies of source journal publications: 183 references were from journal articles; 99 of these published in Burns. The years 2009–2013 accounted for the highest number of references inclusive of all publication types (n=61), followed by 2014–2018 (n=52). According to Bradford’s Law of Scattering, the n for this study was 4.4 (49 journals in Zone 2 divided by the 11 journals in Zone 1). Each zone makes up approximately 33% of the total number of cited references in all journals. Conclusions Results of this mapping study reveal there is a need for further published research on burns and ethics. Advancing burn clinicians’ understanding of ethics and burns will improve the overall care of burn-injured patients and supports the clinician in meeting their own professional ethical obligations. Applicability of Research to Practice Directly applicable to practice.

Objective: The goal of this scoping review was to collect data on patient- and family-centered care (PFCC) programs and initiatives that have included the direct involvement of librarians and information professionals to determine how librarians are involved in PFCC and highlight opportunities for librarians to support PFCC programs.Methods: Systematic literature searches were conducted in seven scholarly databases in the information, medical, and social sciences. Studies were included if they (1) described initiatives presented explicitly as PFCC programs and (2) involved an information professional or librarian in the PFCC initiative or program. Based on the definition of PFCC provided by the Institute for Patient- and Family-Centered Care, the authors developed a custom code sheet to organize data elements into PFCC categories or initiatives and outcomes. Other extracted data elements included how the information professional became involved in the program and a narrative description of the initiatives or programs.Results: All included studies (n=12) identified patient education or information-sharing as an integral component of their PFCC initiatives. Librarians were noted to contribute to shared decision-making through direct patient consultation, provision of health literacy education, and information delivery to both provider and patient with the goal of fostering collaborative communication.Conclusions: The synthesis of available evidence to date suggests that librarians and information professionals should focus on patient education and information-sharing to support both patients or caregivers and clinical staff. The burgeoning efforts in participatory care and inclusion of patients in the decision-making process pose a unique opportunity for librarians and information professionals to offer more personalized information services.

A cancer diagnosis during adolescence or young adulthood (AYA; defined as ages 15-39) generates unique medical and psychosocial needs as developmental milestones are simultaneously impacted. Past research highlights that AYAs' experiences and psychosocial outcomes are different, and more research and attention is needed. We aimed to identify and synthesize literature regarding psychosocial outcomes, unique needs, and existing psychosocial interventions pertaining to individuals diagnosed with cancer exclusively during AYA, and to highlight areas for future research.A systematic literature search was conducted using MEDLINE (via PubMed), EMBASE, Cochrane, Web of Science, and PsycINFO (via OVID). Grey literature was searched using key term variations and combinations. Overall, 15,301 records were assessed by two independent reviewers, with 38 studies meeting inclusion criteria.Data synthesis of the 38 articles was organized by four main themes based on quality of life and survivorship: physical well-being (7 studies), psychological well-being (8 studies), social well-being (9 studies), and survivorship care (14 studies). The paucity of studies for such broad inclusion criteria highlights that this population is often combined or subsumed under other age groups, missing needs unique to these AYAs.AYA cancer survivors' experiences are nuanced, with interacting variables contributing to post-treatment outcomes. AYAs require age-appropriate and flexible care, informational needs and treatment-related education that foster autonomy for long-term survivorship, as well as improved follow-up care and psychological outcomes.By incorporating these findings into practice, the informational and unmet needs of AYAs can be addressed effectively. Education and programming is lacking specific and general subject matter specific to AYAs, incorporating ranging needs at different treatment stages.

Background Attention to existential needs is a component of comprehensive oncologic care, and understanding these needs among informal caregivers of patients with brain tumors is necessary to provide them with comprehensive psychosocial care. The purpose of this systematic review was to synthesize the literature on existential distress experienced by these informal caregivers to inform the development of psychotherapeutic interventions for this population. Methods A systematic review was conducted using electronic medical databases. Studies that examined any element of existential distress among informal caregivers of patients with brain tumors were included. A final sample of 35 articles was reviewed. Results Six existential themes emerged: identity; isolation; responsibility and guilt; death anxiety; deriving meaning and personal growth; and spirituality and religion. The unique existential experience of parenting a patient with a brain tumor also emerged. Existential distress in all areas was identified as experienced early in the cancer trajectory and as a critical, unmet need. Conclusions Existential distress is well documented among informal caregivers of patients with brain tumors and is a significant driving force of burden. Awareness and acknowledgement of this distress, as well as interventions to ameliorate this suffering, are needed. More candid communication between health care providers and caregivers about brain tumor prognosis and caregivers' existential distress may improve their psychosocial outcomes.

e12634 Background: Neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy includes anthracyclines and taxanes has been used in early stage breast cancer. Studies have demonstrated superiority of weekly and dose dense Paclitaxel when compared with every 3 week regimen. Both weekly and dose dense administration of paclitaxel is an acceptable treatment as they are thought to have similar disease free and overall survival. The two regimens have clearly different toxicity profile but not many studies have compared them against each other. We conducted this analysis to compare efficacy of both regimens in terms of pCR if used in neoadjuvant setting and compared both regimen in terms of grade 3-4 neurotoxicity. Methods: Systematic literature searches were conducted in four databases for randomized controlled trials published in English. The databases searched were: (1) MEDLINE (2) Embase, (3) The Cochrane Library, and (4) Scopus. 18 studies were included in pCR data analysis. Total of 38 studies were included in this meta-analysis for the toxicity analysis. Results: Our analysis showed no significant difference in the rate of pathological complete response between weekly paclitaxel and dose dense paclitaxel (p=0.266). Meta-analysis showed the overall estimate proportion for weekly paclitaxel causing neurotoxicity was 0.04 (95% CI: 0.02-0.06) and for the dose dense paclitaxel 0.10 (95% CI: 0.05-0.17). The test for heterogeneity between two sub-groups in toxicity analysis was p=0.042. Conclusions: Our analysis showed no significant difference in rate of pCR between two regimens however rate of grade 3-4 neurological toxicity was more in dose dense paclitaxel as compared to weekly paclitaxel. This difference in neurological toxicity with no corresponding difference in rate of pathological complete response can be an important factor in deciding the chemotherapy regimen for our patients.

Purpose Numerous organizations recommend that patients with cancer receive a survivorship care plan (SCP) comprising a treatment summary and follow-up care plans. Among current barriers to implementation are providers’ concerns about the strength of evidence that SCPs improve outcomes. This systematic review evaluates whether delivery of SCPs has a positive impact on health outcomes and health care delivery for cancer survivors. Methods Randomized and nonrandomized studies evaluating patient-reported outcomes, health care use, and disease outcomes after delivery of SCPs were identified by searching MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and Cochrane Library. Data extracted by independent raters were summarized on the basis of qualitative synthesis. Results Eleven nonrandomized and 13 randomized studies met inclusion criteria. Variability was evident across studies in cancer types, SCP delivery timing and method, SCP recipients and content, SCP-related counseling, and outcomes assessed. Nonrandomized study findings yielded descriptive information on satisfaction with care and reactions to SCPs. Randomized study findings were generally negative for the most commonly assessed outcomes (ie, physical, functional, and psychological well-being); findings were positive in single studies for other outcomes, including amount of information received, satisfaction with care, and physician implementation of recommended care. Conclusion Existing research provides little evidence that SCPs improve health outcomes and health care delivery. Possible explanations include heterogeneity in study designs and the low likelihood that SCP delivery alone would influence distal outcomes. Findings are limited but more positive for proximal outcomes (eg, information received) and for care delivery, particularly when SCPs are accompanied by counseling to prepare survivors for future clinical encounters. Recommendations for future research include focusing to a greater extent on evaluating ways to ensure SCP recommendations are subsequently acted on as part of ongoing care.

Purpose of reviewExistential distress is well documented among patients at end of life (EOL) and increasingly recognized among informal caregivers. However, less information is known about existential concerns among healthcare providers working with patients at EOL, and the impact that such concerns

Research informationists at a comprehensive cancer center sought to evaluate the impact and value of mediated literature searches in support of their users’ work activities. An assessment tool was identified in the literature and modified by the investigators to solicit feedback from library users and identify the major reason(s) why scientists and health care professionals request literature searches, how they use the resulting information, and the impact that the results may or may not have on their research or patient care/decision-making activities. Survey results were qualitatively analyzed, and future avenues of outreach and promotion of mediated literature search services were identified.

Objective To present literature on training patients in the use of effective communication skills. Methods Systematic searches were conducted in six databases. References were screened for inclusion through several phases. Extracted data included intervention study design, sample characteristics, content and structure of training programs, outcomes assessed, and findings reported. Results A total of 32 unique intervention studies were included. Most targeted primary care or cancer patients and used a randomized controlled study design. Interventions used a variety of training formats and modes of delivering educational material. Reported findings suggest that communication training is an effective approach to increase patients’ total level of active participation in healthcare interactions and that some communication behaviors may be more amenable to training (e.g., expressing concerns). Trained patients do not have longer visits and tend to receive more information from their providers. Most studies have found no relationship between communication training and improved health, psychosocial wellbeing, or treatment-related outcomes. Conclusions Findings reinforce the importance and potential benefits of patient communication training. Practice implications Additional research is warranted to determine the most efficacious training programs with the strongest potential for dissemination.

This column outlines some steps and decisions involved in the process of establishing a mobile resources collection development policy. Initial decisions should be made about what platforms will be supported and how the workflow will be organized. There are many criteria to consider when evaluating apps, including subject relevance, quality of content, reputation of the producer/publisher, cost, access, legal issues, and copyright and fair use issues. We describe many resources for gathering apps for potential collection and address solutions for promoting and disseminating the mobile resources. Finally, we address the evaluation of the program and future areas for research.

There is lack of uniformity in reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) terminology for nonmelanocytic lesions (NMLs).To review published RCM terms for NMLs and identify likely synonymous terms.We conducted a systematic review of original research articles published up to August 19, 2017, adhering to Preferred Reporting Items for Systemic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Two investigators gathered all published RCM terms used to describe basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and seborrheic keratosis/solar lentigo/lichen planus-like keratosis (SK/SL/LPLK). Synonymous terms were grouped on the basis of similarity in definition and histopathologic correlates.The inclusion criteria was met by 31 studies. Average frequency of use per term was 1.6 (range 1-8). By grouping synonymous terms, the number of terms could be reduced from 58 to 18 for BCC, 58 to 36 for SCC, 23 to 12 for SK/SL/LPLK, and from 139 to 66 terms (52.5% reduction) in total. The frequency of term usage stratified by anatomic layer (suprabasal epidermis vs epidermal basal layer, dermoepidermal junction, and superficial dermis) was 27 (25.7%) versus 78 (74.2%) for BCC; 60 (64.5%) versus 33 (34.5%) for SCC, and 15 (45.4%) versus 18 (54.5%) for SK/SL/LPLK, respectively.Articles that were not peer reviewed were excluded.Systematic review of published RCM terms provides the basis for future NMLs terminology consensus.

For patients with head and neck cancer, altered communication is a frequently occurring and highly upsetting issue that has been associated with psychological distress, fear, and anger among those with temporary or permanent speech impairment postsurgery. Many postoperative patients express that the most terrifying situation is to wake up from surgery and not be able to speak. Mobile devices have become part of everyday life, and augmentative and alternative communication mobile applications have the potential to enhance the healthcare journey of the patient and provider.

The information services offered by Embedded Librarians over the years have led to the more modern—and domain knowledge-specific—role of the Informationist. A 10-point questionnaire was developed and used to interview 12 attending physicians and three fellows chosen at random. The participants are either on the research track (n = 3) or the clinical track (n = 9). A two-part schematic was also created to capture more detailed feedback about the information needs and information-seeking behavior of clinicians regarding patient care (clinical) and research activities. Bibliographic management tool use and time-related factors were also captured in the interviews and written schematics. The role of the Informationist is an emerging, yet valuable one to assigned clinical groups. Clinician’s knowledge-base, current awareness, productivity, and evidence-based care can be improved by use of Informationist services.

2 Background: In 2006, the Institute of Medicine recommended that patients at or near completion of active treatment be provided with a SCP (treatment summary, relevant health information, and follow-up care plan) to improve care delivery and outcomes in the post-treatment period. We systematically reviewed published research to determine if SCPs have a positive impact on health outcomes and healthcare delivery. Methods: Randomized and nonrandomized studies evaluating patient-reported outcomes, healthcare utilization, and disease outcomes after delivery of SCPs were identified by searching MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, and Cochrane Library. Data were extracted by independent raters and summarized based on qualitative synthesis. Results: Eleven nonrandomized and 13 randomized studies met inclusion criteria. Variability was evident across studies in cancer diagnoses, timing of SCP delivery in relation to treatment completion, SCP delivery method and recipients, SCP content, SCP-related counseling, and outcomes assessed. Findings from nonrandomized studies yielded descriptive information only on outcomes such as satisfaction with care and reactions to SCPs. Among randomized studies, findings were near uniformly negative for the impact of SCPs on the most commonly assessed outcomes (physical, functional, and psychological well-being); findings were positive in single studies for other outcomes including amount of information received, satisfaction with care, and physician implementation of recommended survivorship care. Conclusions: Existing research provides minimal evidence that SCPs improve quality of life in cancer survivors. Possible explanations include heterogeneity in study designs and the low likelihood that SCP delivery alone would influence distal health outcomes. Findings are very limited but more positive for proximal outcomes (e.g., information received) and for care delivery, especially when SCPs are accompanied by counseling to prepare survivors for future clinical encounters. In light of current findings, future research should focus to a greater extent on evaluating ways to ensure SCP recommendations are subsequently implemented as part of ongoing care.

Background Few studies have characterized reference values of normal human skin microanatomy parameters. Objective To quantify histologic measurements of epidermal thickness, melanocyte density, hair follicle density, and eccrine gland density as a function of age and anatomic site. Method We searched the PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases for articles published through May 25, 2017. Two reviewers independently screened 2016 articles; 327 relevant articles and 151 additional articles found via forward or reference citations underwent full-text review by 1 of 4 reviewers for relevance, data extraction, and critical appraisal. Weighted averages, meta-analysis, and meta-regression were used in statistical analysis. Results A total of 56 articles were included; when all anatomic locations were used, the overall estimates for epidermal thickness, melanocyte density, hair follicle density, and eccrine gland density were 99.75 μm (95% confidence interval [CI], 83.25-116.25), 955.05 cells/mm 2 (95% CI. 880.89-1029.21), 1.40 hairs/mm 2 (95% CI. 0.91-1.89), and 1.28 glands/mm 2 (95% CI. 0.91-1.64), respectively. Limitations There was significant data heterogeneity across studies, possibly because of differences in histological techniques and absence of standardized microanatomy definitions. Conclusions We established summary estimates for normal human skin microanatomy parameters.

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome in patients with cancer is understudied. Much of what is known-that significant under-recognition and delays in treatment exist-comes from studies of alcohol misuse disorders or non-alcohol-related Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome in patients. We investigated the frequency and associated features of cancer-related Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome in the published literature. We included 90 articles reporting on 129 patients. Only 38 (30%) of 128 patients with data available exhibited the entire triad of classic features of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome: confusion, ataxia, and ophthalmoplegia or nystagmus. Diagnosis during life was missed altogether in 22 (17%) of 128 patients. The operational diagnostic criteria (at least two of the following: nutritional deficiency, ocular signs, cerebellar signs, and either altered mental status or mild memory impairment), which are considered more reliable than the classical triad, were used in only nine (7%) cases, yet 120 (94%) met the operational criteria for diagnosis at the time of presentation when applied retroactively. Complete recovery was reported in only 47 (36%) cases. Given that oncologists or haematologists accounted for only 17 (19%) first authors among the articles included, it is important that oncologists are aware of the risk factors for cancer-related Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, and that they are vigilant about diagnosing and treating the disease especially in the absence of alcohol misuse disorders.

Tobacco use after cancer diagnosis is associated with adverse cancer outcomes, yet reliable prevalence estimates for this behavior are lacking. We conducted a systematic literature review of the prevalence of current tobacco use among individuals with a history of lung or head/neck cancer (CRD #42012002625). An extensive search of electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Web of Science) identified 7,777 potentially relevant articles published between 1980 and 2014 and 131 of these yielded pertinent information. Aggregating results across heterogeneous study designs and diverse patient samples, the overall mean prevalence rate of current tobacco use (mostly cigarette smoking) was 33.0% (median, 31.0%). Among current tobacco users at cancer diagnosis, the mean prevalence rate of current tobacco use (mostly cigarette smoking) was 53.8% (median, 50.3%). In many cases, an operational definition of “current” tobacco use was absent, and biochemical verification of self-reported smoking status was infrequent. These and other observed methodologic limitations in the assessment and reporting of cancer patients' tobacco use underscore the necessity of uniform tobacco use assessment in future clinical research and cancer care. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 24(10); 1450–61. ©2015 AACR.

Objective – To study the information-seeking practices of hospital staff and weigh the impact of hospital libraries on effective information-seeking. Design – Survey questionnaire. Setting – Large public cancer hospital in Greece. Subjects – The authors surveyed 49 physicians, 43 nursing staff members, 25 administrative staff members, 23 paramedical staff members, and 5 technical staff members, totaling 145 health professionals. Methods – Participants were given a questionnaire comprised of five parts: general information (including gender, age, education, position, and professional experience); questions on computer and Internet accessibility; questions regarding individual information needs; questions on information-seeking obstacles; and a question regarding the satisfaction with the current degree of information availability in the hospital. The last question was ranked using a 5-point Likert scale. Each questionnaire was distributed with a cover letter explaining the anonymity and consent of the respondent. Hospital members were randomly selected using a number generator and respondents returned completed surveys to the hospital personnel office in a sealed envelope within a specified time frame. The sampled group was representative of the overall population of the hospital. Main Results – The authors discuss demographic data of respondents: 65.7% were women; 56.7% were over 40 years old; 29.0% were graduates of higher technological institutes; 28.3% were university graduates; 9.7% held a postgraduate degree; 8.3% had a PhD; and 1.4% had only secondary education. As for the remainder of the survey questions: 64% of respondents had access to the Internet both at home and at work, while only 8.2% had no access to the Internet at all; most respondents noted using the Internet for seeking scientific information (83.0%) and e-mail communication (65.3%); the main obstacle respondents noted experiencing when seeking information was the lack of time (3.7 score on Likert scale). A lack of information services was second to the time issue with a Likert scale score of 3.6. Conclusion – Based on the research results, the authors affirmed the invaluable role of hospital libraries. The hospital library can help to eliminate the obstacles faced by healthcare professionals by providing support in the areas of weakness based on the survey results. This can be made possible through the hospital library’s involvement in educational activities, investigation of information technologies, and development of information services to accommodate the difficulties regularly experienced by hospital staff. Researchers revealed that funding for hospital libraries in Greece is an issue preventing many new initiatives, that there is no association to represent hospital libraries in Greece, that the few libraries operating in hospitals in Greece are understaffed with no administrative control, and the majority of Greek hospitals do not have adequate library facilities. These drawbacks contribute to the information-seeking challenges experienced by Greek healthcare professionals.

268 Background: Within the spectrum of gastrointestinal malignancies, primary liver (HCC) and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) are frequently associated with visceral thromboses (VT). Thrombus formation in the portal (PVT), mesenteric (MVT), or splenic vein (SVT) system leads to portal hypertension and intestinal ischemia. VT in PDAC may convey a risk of increased distal thrombosis and poses therapeutic uncertainty regarding the role of anticoagulation. An increasing number of reports describe VT associated with PDAC. It is possible that early diagnosis of these events may help reduce morbidity speculatively improve oncologic outcomes. Methods: Perform a systematic review to study occurrences of visceral thromboses (portal, mesenteric and splenic vein thromboses) associated with PDAC and provide a clinical review on this area. Main databased were searched; PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus, and the Cochrane library. Two blinded independent observers extracted and assessed the studies for diagnosis of PVT, MVT, and SVT in PDAC. Studies were restricted to English literature published after 2007 to 2016. Results: Eleven articles were identified. Five case reports and 7 retrospective studies were found with a total of N=127 patients meeting the inclusion criteria. The mean age at diagnosis was 64 years. PVT was found in 35% (N= 46), SVT in 52% (N= 65), MVT in 13 %( N= 15). Mean follow up time was 26 months. Only 3 of the selected articles studied the impact of anticoagulation in visceral thrombosis. All patients with non-visceral thrombosis (e.g. DVT, PE) were therapeutically treated, in contrast, to only rare occurrences with VT received treatment. Conclusions: Visceral thrombosis in PDAC can be a frequent finding at diagnosis or during disease progression. This literature analysis has shown VT to be a poor prognostic indicator for short term survival. Evidence to guide treatment choices are inadequate and current management is based on inferred experience from other non-oncologic populations. Anticoagulation appeared to be a safe modality in visceral thrombosis with most of the large studies recommending a careful assessment for patients with high risk of bleeding.

Purpose To perform the first meta-analysis of the efficacy of skin-directed therapies for cutaneous metastases. Methods MEDLINE, EMBASE, The Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases were searched for reports of prospective clinical studies published between 1960 and 2013 that assessed the response of skin-directed therapy for cutaneous metastases (47 of 2,955 unique studies were selected). Primary end points of the study were complete and objective response rates. Secondary analyses were preplanned and included subgroup analyses by skin-directed therapy, histology, and recurrence rates. Meta-analyses were performed with random-effect modeling, and extent of heterogeneity between studies was determined with the Cochran Q and I2 tests. Results After applying exclusion criteria, 47 prospective studies of 4,313 cutaneous metastases were assessed. Five skin-directed therapies were identified: electrochemotherapy, photodynamic therapy, radiotherapy, intralesional therapy, and topical therapy. Among all cutaneous metastases, complete response rate was 35.5% (95% CI, 27.6% to 44.3%) and objective response rate was 60.2% (95% CI, 50.6% to 69.0%). Overall recurrence rate was estimated to be 9.2% (95% CI, 3.7% to 21.2%). Melanoma and breast carcinoma comprised 96.8% of all cutaneous metastases studied and had similar objective response rates (54.5% [95% CI, 48.3% to 60.7%] and 54.0% [95% CI, 48.3% to 59.7%], respectively). Grade ≥ 3 toxicity was reported in less than 6% of patients. Conclusion Response to skin-directed therapy for cutaneous metastases is high but heterogeneous across treatment modalities, with low rates of recurrence post-treatment. Treatment was generally well tolerated and conferred improvements in quality of life. Standardization of response criteria for cutaneous metastases and treatment algorithms to optimally use the available skin-directed therapies are needed.

This systematic review synthesizes the complex literature on prognostic awareness in cancer. A total of 37 studies examining cancer patients’ understanding of their prognosis were included. Prognostic awareness definitions and assessment methods were inconsistent across studies. A surprisingly high percentage of patients (up to 75%) were unaware of their poor prognosis, and in several studies, even their cancer diagnosis (up to 96%), particularly in studies conducted outside of North America. This review highlights surprisingly low rates of prognostic awareness in patients with advanced cancer as well as discrepancies in prognostic awareness assessment, suggesting the need for empirically validated measures of prognostic awareness.

e18257Background: Overuse is an increasingly important target for improving health outcomes and reducing cost in oncology. To inform policies for reducing overuse, we performed a systematic review ...