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Periodontitis (PD) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are immuno-inflammatory diseases where leukocyte infiltration and inflammatory mediators induce alveolar bone loss, synovitis and joint destruction, respectively. One percent of the human population is affected by RA which is an autoimmune disease that target modified self-epitopes while 11% of the global adult population are affected by severe chronic periodontitis in which commensal microflora on the tooth surface is replaced by a dysbiotic consortium of bacteria that promote the chronic inflammatory destruction of periodontal tissue. Despite differences in aetiology, RA and periodontitis show similarity in terms of pathogenesis; both diseases involve chronic inflammation fuelled by pro-inflammatory cytokines, connective tissue breakdown and bone erosion. The two diseases also share risk factors such as smoking and ageing and have strong epidemiological, serological and clinical associations. In this review aetiology, clinical and experimental evidence supporting this association is discussed and the potential mechanisms involved in linking periodontitis to RA are presented.

Prematurity is one of the main causes of neonatal morbidity and mortality. The association between periodontitis and premature delivery and low weight at birth has been suggested in many literature. Pregnancy totally depends on physiological immune tolerance of a women. During pregnancy shifts in the microbial composition of the subgingival dental plaque biofilm promotes the formation of more hazardous and destructive microbial community. In women suffering with periodontitis, the infected periodontal tissues may act as source of bacteria and their products can reach to the foetus-placenta unit through circulation. This helps the bacterial agents and their products to activate inflammatory signalling pathways locally and in extra-oral sites, including the placenta-foetal unit, which may not only induce preterm labor but also restrict the intrauterine growth. Number of literature has shown about the effectiveness of providing periodontal treatment in preventing gestational complications by controlling the infection and inflammation in periodontitis patients during pregnancy. In this review we aimed to throw the light on the current data of association between pregnancy and periodontitis, pathogenic mechanisms underlying this association, evidence of this association and effect of providing periodontal treatment as a safety precaution to the mothers.

Pyogenic granuloma (PG) is an inflammatory hyperplastic lesion of the oral cavity with common etiological factors such as low-grade local irritation, traumatic injury, or hormonal factors. The lesion is nonneoplastic in nature with the recurrence rate of 15.8%. Moreover, as it is a benign lesion, the choice of treatment is surgical excision with the removal of underlying cause if any. The present article highlights the use of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) membrane in the management of PG. This case report presents a 62-year-old female patient who had reported with PG that recurred twice in 7-year period. The lesion appeared with a sessile base and was diagnosed clinically and histopathologically as PG. The PG was surgically excised exposing the underlying bone. The exposed bone surface was then covered with PRF membrane. At 6-month follow-up period, the patient did not show any further recurrence of the lesion.

Ayurveda is considered as the "science of life," because the ancient Indian system of health care focused views of man and his illness. India has an age-old heritage of traditional herbal medicine. Conventional drugs usually provide effective antibiotic therapy for bacterial infections, but there is an increasing problem of antibiotic resistance and a continuing need for new solutions. Hence, now herbal drugs are being preferred to synthetic antibiotics. ′Triphala′ is a well-known powdered preparation in the Indian system of medicine (ISM). It consists of equal parts of the Emblica officinalis, Terminalia chebula, and Terminalia belerica. Currently, Triphala is being extensively researched for its various therapeutic effects including its anti-caries, antioxidant, anti-collagenase, and anti-microbial activities. The present review will focus on the comprehensive appraisal of Triphala and its several applications in dentistry.

Presence or eruption of teeth immediately at or after birth is a rarely reported phenomenon. This condition is referred to as natal teeth, neonatal teeth, congenital teeth, fetal teeth, predeciduous teeth and dentitia praecox. The most affected teeth are lower primary central incisors with the incidence of 1:2000 for natal and 1:3500 for neonatal teeth. The aetiology of this anomaly is still not clear, however, attributes have been reported in relation to congenital teeth, multiple factors and some syndromes. The management of such cases depends on clinical characteristics of natal or neonatal teeth, as well as complications that they might cause. The aim of this paper is to discuss a rare case of occurrence of two natal teeth in both premature dizygotic twin female babies with specific emphasis on the literature review related to concerns regarding prevalence, aetiology, clinical characteristics, differential diagnosis, complications and management.