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Liolaemus representa al grupo de saurios más diverso en Sudamérica. Las especies de este género, habitan en diferentes ecosistemas caracterizándose por su endemismo, cuyo conocimiento taxonómico incrementó a partir de 1837, principalmente en Argentina y Chile, mientras que en el Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia (Bolivia) el conocimiento taxonómico y filogenético del género empezó a tener relevancia a partir del 2002, orientando apropiadamente la riqueza real con la que cuenta el país. Sin embargo, en Bolivia los estudios de densidad poblacional, dieta y reproducción empezaron a reportarse desde la década de los ochenta, los estudios de distribución potencial a partir del 2007 y los relacionados a la ecología térmica a partir del 2015. Es indudable que los estudios taxonómicos están fortaleciendo al conocimiento del género en Bolivia, los cuales permiten comprender con precisión las áreas de endemismo, importantes para análisis biogeográficos o estudios de modelamiento de distribución potencial de especies, priorizando así su estado de conservación. La falta de una revisión comparativa y taxonómica en los ejemplares depositados en las colecciones científicas y las carencias de información en áreas donde no se llevaron a cabo prospecciones a lo largo de la distribución del género en Bolivia, prolongaron por mucho tiempo la descripción de especies que se encuentran a la espera de ser formalmente reportadas a la comunidad científica y a la sociedad, para luego encarar estudios en diferentes disciplinas. Este trabajo presenta una actualización de la riqueza del género Liolaemusen Bolivia, haciendo énfasis en los principales trabajos y avances en los últimos dieciocho años., Liolaemus represents the most diverse group of saurians in South America. The species of this genus, inhabit different ecosystems characterized by their endemism, whose taxonomic knowledge increased from 1837 to date, mainly in Argentina and Chile, while in the Plurinational State of Bolivia (Bolivia) the taxonomic and phylogenetic knowledge of the genus began to have relevance from 2002 to date, properly guiding the real wealth that the country has. However, in Bolivia, studies of population density, diet and reproduction began to be reported in the 1980s, studies of potential distribution began in 2007 and those related to thermal ecology began in 2015. There is no doubt that taxonomic studies are strengthening the knowledge of the genus in Bolivia, which allows a precise understanding of the areas of endemism, important for biogeographic analysis or modeling studies of potential distribution of species, thus prioritizing their conservation status. The lack of a comparative and taxonomic review of the specimens deposited in scientific collections and the lack of information in areas where no prospecting was carried out throughout the distribution of the genus in Bolivia, prolonged for a long time the description of species that are waiting to be formally reported to the scientific community and society, and then face studies in different disciplines. This work presents an update of the genus Liolaemus richness in Bolivia, emphasizing the main works and advances in the last eighteen years., Asociación Herpetológica Argentina

Three new species of Psychrophrynella from the Bolivian section of the Cordillera de Apolobamba are described. The new species are distinguished from their closest relatives mainly by characters such as colour pattern, size, and skin texture. With the addition of these three new species, the diversity of the genus Psychrophrynella in Bolivia increases to 21 species. The protected Area Natural de Manejo Integrado Nacional (ANMIN) Apolobamba holds seven endemic species, and it is highly likely that more undescribed forms will be discovered when new surveys are conducted in this region, underscoring the need to preserve its rich endemic amphibian fauna., This research was partially funded by projects CLG2008-04164 and CLG2011-30393 of the Spanish government (PI: I. De la Riva). Drawings were made by I. Díez-Cortaberría. This paper greatly benefited from the comments of two anonymous reviewers and the Associate Editor.

La revisión exhaustiva en los ejemplares del grupo Liolaemus montanus depositados en la Colección Boliviana de Fauna permite ampliar la distribución geográfica de la especie Liolaemus pleopholis de oeste a este llegando a territorio boliviano y considerarla como un primer registro para el país., Asociación Herpetológica Argentina (AHA)

Se registran las dos poblaciones más altas de lagartijas pertenecientes al género Liolaemus grupo montanus (Etheridge, 1995), los individuos capturados de esas poblaciones fueron depositados en la Colección Boliviana de Fauna (CBF) Registro de la población más alta del género Liolameus en la República de Bolivia, departamento de La Paz, provincia Franz Tamayo, municipio Pelechuco, 4.8 km al este de la comunidad de Puyo Puyo, Cordillera de Apolobamba, cerro Moraruni 15º00'49.8"S 69º07'47.0"O, macho adulto (CBF-3373; Fig. 1) y hembra adulta (CBF-3374). Registro de la segunda población más alta del género Liolaemus en la República de Bolivia, departamento de La Paz, provincia Los Andes, municipio Pucarani a 5 km noroeste de la represa Tuni, Cordillera de La Paz, cerro Paco Thojo 16º12'31.3"S 68º16'12.4"O, macho adulto (CBF-3368; Fig. 2) y hembra adulta (CBF-3366).

Según el modelo de distribución potencial para Liolaemus variegatus desarrollado por Embert (2007), la especie se encontraría únicamente en el departamento de Cochabamba, con una distribución restringida a nivel nacional, razón por la cual, está considerada como especie vulnerable en el libro rojo de los vertebrados de Bolivia. Sin embargo, una revisión rigurosa de varios ejemplares depositados en la Colección Boliviana de Fauna, muestra que Liolaemus variegatus se distribuye hasta el departamento de Tarija al sur de Bolivia, ampliando su distribución conocida a 517 km aproximadamente de la localidad tipo (Tiraque, Cochabamba)., Asociación Herpetológica Argentina

La revisión rigurosa de especímenes del género Liolaemus, depositados en la Colección Boliviana de Fauna, permite ampliar la distribución de la especie endémica Liolaemus variegatus a más de 500 km al sur del país en el departamento de Tarija.

Fotos, cuadros y gráficos estadísticos, mapas.- 26 x 21 cm

Cocoa, mainly produced by 5 to 6 millions of smallholder farmers, is considered as one of the most sustainable production system in the humid tropics. Little is known about the sustainability of different cocoa production systems. A long-term experiment is set up in Alto Beni at 400m above sea level with a humid winter dry climate, 1’540 mm annual rainfall. The trial assesses the sustainability of five cocoa (Theobroma cacao) production systems with the parameters of yield and yield stability, input-output efficiency of nutrients and energy, soil fertility, biodiversity, economic result, climate change mitigation and adaptation. The two-factorial experiment is arranged in an completely randomised block design; the five cocoa treatments, based on local and international practices, are four times repeated. The production systems are differentiated by the diversity of shade canopy and by crops, from mono culture full sun cocoa to a agroforestry cocoa with leguminous species (Inga edulis, Erythrina poeppigiana) shade canopy, including fruits (e.g. Euterpe precatoria, Theobroma grandiflorum) and timber (e.g. Centrolobium ochroxylum, Swietenia macrophylla) species, and a higher diversified agroforestry system based on the natural successions of species. The management of the cocoa is conventional and organic. The five treatments are: mono culture full sun cocoa conventional, mono culture full sun organic, agroforestry conventional, agroforestry organic and successional agroforestry organic. Fallow plots and nearby forests plots are monitored for soil fertility and biodiversity. Field clearing started in 2007 followed by maize (Zea mays) crop and end of 2008 the cocoa plots (48m×48 m) were established. The results of the baseline studies concerning soil fertility show good nutrient level for cocoa production; the variance of soil parameters is documented in a soil map. According the FAO soil classification (2006) the soils are Lixisole and Luvisole with high base saturation.

Osteocephalus castaneicola sp. n. Figs. 2 (A���E), 3 (A���B) Holotype. CBF 6051, adult male from the vicinity of the settlement of San Antonio de Filadelfia, 11 �� 18 ��� S, 67 �� 23 ��� W, ca. 200 m a.s.l., Provincia Manuripi, Departamento Pando, Bolivia, collected on 22 November 2007 by J. Moravec, M. Guerrero-Reinhard and G. Calder��n. Paratopotypes. NMP 6 V 73810 / 1���3, two adult males and an adult female, same locality and collecting data as holotype; CBF 6052, adult female, same locality and collecting data as holotype; Paratypes. CBF 6053���6054, adult male and adult female from San Antonio del Matti, 11 �� 30 ���S, 68 �� 53 ���W, ca. 270 m a.s.l., Provincia Manuripi, Departamento Pando, Bolivia, collected on 27 November 2007 by J. Moravec, M. Guerrero-Reinhard and G. Calder��n; NMP 6 V 73820, adult female, same locality and collecting data as CBF 6053���6054. Diagnosis. A medium-sized species of Osteocephalus as revealed from mtDNA analyses, which can be distinguished by the following combination of characters: (1) medium size, SVL 47.8���51.3 mm in males, 47.7���63.3 mm in females; (2) snout rounded in dorsal view, rounded and slightly inclined posteroventrally in lateral view; (3) canthus rostralis distinct, angular, distinctly curved medially; loreal region concave; (4) low frontoparietal ridges well-marked in large individuals; (5) tympanum large, round to oval, about 62.5���76.5 % of eye diameter, tympanic annulus distinct; supratympanic fold markedly developed; (6) vocal slits absent, vocal sac indistinct; (7) vomerine odontophores large, prominent, angular, narrowly separated or in contact medially, between oblique choanae, bearing 6���14 vomerine teeth each; (8) skin on dorsal surfaces with numerous minute tubercles; (9) low tarsal and ulnar tubercles present, slightly larger than dorsal tubercles; (10) axillary membrane absent; (11) basal webbing on hand [webbing formula II (2 ��� ��� 2 +)���(3 ��� ��� 3 +) III (3 ��� ��� 3)��� (2 2 / 3 ��� 3 ���) IV]; toes about three fourths webbed [webbing formula I (1 ��� 1 1 / 4)���(1 2 / 3 ��� 2 ���) II (1 ��� 1 +)���(2 ��� ��� 2) III (1 ��� 1 +)���(1 2 / 3 ��� 2) IV (1 2 / 3 ��� 2 ���)���(1 ��� ��� 1) V]; (12) single round distal subarticular tubercle under the fourth finger; (13) dark keratinous excrescences restricted to prepollex; (14) in life, dorsum tan, pale brown to purple brown, with scarce narrow irregular dark brown markings; a narrow pale supralabial line expanding in a subocular spot; flanks pale, without markings; hidden surfaces of thighs light brown; throat and belly creamy white; a narrow dark line along the mandible; ventral surfaces of thighs fleshy pink; iris bicoloured with a dark horizontal stripe, golden above, bronze below, both parts with fine dark reticulate to radiate lines; tibiae green or white; (15) in life, newly metamorphosed juveniles light brown dorsally, with a dark interorbital spot, bright orange iris, and creamy white upper arms, knees and heels. Comparisons. Morphologically, O. castaneicola can be distinguished from all other Amazonian species of Osteocephalus by absence of vocal slits and by the following combinations of characters: from O. alboguttatus by more extensive webbing and by colouration (O. alboguttatus: toes two thirds webbed, light brown dorsum with small blackish dots, flanks and upper surface of thighs with small round white spots, beneath whitish with dark reticulation) (Boulenger 1882, Duellman 1978); from O. buckleyi by absence of large tarsal tubercles, absence of patagium and by eye colouration (O. buckleyi: large tubercles along the tarsus, well developed patagium, light iris without conspicuous dark pattern) (Boulenger 1882, Cochran & Goin 1970; examined specimens listed in the Appendix); from O. cabrerai by absence of large dorsal, ulnar and tarsal tubercles, absence of patagium and by colouration (O. cabrerai: large wart-like tubercles on head and dorsum, large tubercles along the ulna and tarsus, small patagium, irregularly mottled dorsal pattern, light iris with very fine vermiculation) (Cochran & Goin 1970; examined specimens listed in the Appendix); from O. carri (Cochran & Goin) by colouration (O. carri: dense large irregular dark spots on the dorsum, black spots on flanks, fuscous throat and chest) (Cochran & Goin 1970); from O. deridens by larger size and by colouration (O. deridens: SVL up to 34.9 mm in males and 50.6 mm in females, dorsum light or dark tan with or without irregular darker or lighter markings, golden yellow iris with a dark horizontal stripe and regular dark radiation (Jungfer et al. 2000; examined specimens listed in the Appendix); from O. elkejungingerae (Henle) by skin texture and by colouration (O. elkejungingerae: conspicuous tubercles with keratinized tips in breeding males, dorsum with broad light dorsolateral stripes in juvenile and subadult specimens (Henle et al. 1983; Jungfer et al. 2000; examined specimens listed in the Appendix); from O. fuscifacies by larger size and by colouration (O. fuscifacies: SVL up to 45.6 mm in males and 53.2 in females, dorsum light or dark tan with or without irregular darker or lighter markings, light subocular spot absent, venter dark with creamy white granules or creamy white, golden iris with a dark horizontal stripe and regular dark radiation (Jungfer et al. 2000; examined specimens listed in the Appendix); from O. heyeri Lynch by larger size and by colouration (O. heyeri: SVL up to 36.1 mm in males and 47.7 mm in females, dorsum brown with darker markings and pale spots, flanks with pale spots, hidden surfaces of limbs dark brown with pale spots, iris dark) (Lynch 2002); from O. leoninae Jungfer & Lehr by larger size and by colouration (O. leoninae: SVL up to 42.0 mm in males and 53.2 mm in females, upper part of iris yellow without dark markings, unpigmented nuptial pads, bold dorsal pattern) (Jungfer & Lehr 2001, Ch��vez et al. 2008); from O. leprieurii by nuptial excrescences restricted to prepollex, skin texture and by colouration (O. leprieurii: prepollical and subdigital nuptial excrescences, numerous conspicuous tubercles with keratinized tips in breeding males, golden iris with dark vermiculation, white supralabial stripe in juveniles) (Jungfer & H��dl 2002); from O. mutabor by skin texture and by colouration (O. mutabor: numerous conspicuous tubercles with keratinized tips in breeding males, bold dark transverse markings, golden yellow iris with dark vermiculation, white dorsolateral stripes in juveniles) (Jungfer & H��dl 2002; examined specimens listed in the Appendix); from O. oophagus by head shape and by colouration (O. oophagus: truncate snout in dorsal view, white mottling or reticulation on posterior half of the flanks, golden iris with regular black radiation, orange spots on elbow, knee and heel in juveniles) (Jungfer & Schiesari 1995; examined specimens listed in the Appendix); from O. pearsoni by skin texture and by colouration (O. pearsoni: small nonspinous tubercles in males, black reticulation on the venter, dark iris) (Trueb & Duellman 1971, Jungfer & Schiesari 1995, Jungfer & Lehr 2001); from O. planiceps by smaller size, skin texture, keratinous excrescences restricted on prepollex and by colouration (O. planiceps: SVL up to 65.9 mm in males and 88.2 mm in females, numerous conspicuous tubercles with keratinized tips in breeding males, keratinous excrescences extending laterally to disc of thumb, dark spots on flanks, iris with regular black radiation) (Cope 1874, Duellman & Mendelson 1995, Jungfer & Lehr 2001, examined specimens listed in the Appendix); from O. subtilis Martins & Cardoso by larger size and by colouration (O. subtilis: SVL up to 38.8 mm in males, dark iris) (Martins & Cardoso 1987); from O. taurinus by smaller size, less webbing on the hands and by colouration (O. taurinus: SVL up to 81.0 mm in males and 94.1 in females, fingers one-half webbed, dark spots on flanks, small brown flecks on the throat, chest and sides of the belly, greenish gold iris with regular black radiation) (Duellman 2005; examined specimens listed in the Aappendix); from O. verruciger by skin texture and by colouration (O. verruciger: numerous conspicuous tubercles with keratinized tips in breeding males, uniform reddish brown iris) (Trueb & Duellman 1971, Jungfer et al. 2000, Jungfer & H��dl 2002); from O. yasuni by skin texture and by colouration (O. yasuni: numerous conspicuous tubercles with keratinized tips in breeding males, yellow venter in adults, iris with irregular dark reticulation, intense yellow-orange venter and webbing in juveniles) (Ron & Pramuk 1999, Jungfer et al. 2000, Jungfer & H��dl 2002, Cisneros-Heredia 2007). There are seven available names in the synonymy of four Osteocephalus species: Hyla festae Perraca, 1904 (type locality: Ecuador: ���Valle de Santiago��� (= lower R��o Zamora) Province of Morona-Santiago) in the synonymy of O. buckleyi; Hyla leprieurii britti Melin, 1941 (type locality: Brazil: ���R��o Uaup��s (north of the R��o Jap�����, Amazonas) and Osteocephalus ayarzaguenai Gorzula & Se��aris, 1997 (type locality: Venezuela: ���Campamento Airo, Valle del R��o Karuay���, Estado Bol��var) in the synonymy of O. leprieurii; Osteocephalus flavolineatus Steindachner, 1862 (type locality: Brazil: ���Cocuy��� (= Cucu��), Amazonas) and Hyla depressa Andersson, 1945 (type locality: Ecuador: ���R��o Pastaza, Watershed���) in the synonymy of O. taurinus; and Hyla riopastazae Andersson, 1945 (type locality: Ecuador: ���Ba��os, R��o Pastaza, Provincia Tungurahua���) and Hyla orcesi Funkhouser, 1956 (type locality: Ecuador: ���[R��o] Pacayacu, a stream that flows into the Cotapino, drainage of the Suno, R��o Napo region���) in the synonymy of O. verruciger. The new species differs from all of them by the following combination of characters: from Hyla festae by smaller size and by colouration (female holotype of H. festae: SVL 75.0 mm, large median longitudinal dark brown blotch on the dorsum, dark brown spots on flanks, throat and belly) (Trueb & Duellman 1971); from Hyla leprieurii britti by nuptial excrescences restricted to prepollex and by skin texture (male holotype of H. l. britti: prepollical and subdigital nuptial excrescences and tuberculate dorsum) (Trueb & Duellman 1971, Jungfer & H��dl 2002), from Osteocephalus ayarzaguenai by colouration (O. ayarzaguenai: golden iris with dark vermiculation) (Jungfer & H��dl 2002; examined specimen listed in the Appendix); from Osteocephalus flavolineatus by smaller size and colouration (female holotype of O. flavolineatus: SVL 81.8 mm, light middorsal stripe, spots on the flanks) (Cochran & Goin 1970, Trueb & Duellman 1971); from Hyla depressa by smaller size, skin texture, and by colouration (male holotype of H. depressa: SVL 68.9 mm, tuberculate dorsum, light middorsal stripe) (Cochran & Goin 1970, Trueb & Duellman 1971); from Hyla riopastazae by colouration (H. riopastazae: brown spots and mottling on throat, chest and belly) (Trueb & Duellman 1971); and from Hyla orcesi by skin texture and by colouration (H. orcesi: tuberculate dorsum, ventral surfaces dirty brown) (Cochran & Goin 1970, Trueb & Duellman 1971). Description of the holotype. Adult male 51.3 mm SVL. Head narrower than body, slightly longer than wide; snout rounded in dorsal view, moderately protruding in lateral view; distance from nostril to eye shorter than diameter of eye; canthus rostralis distinct, angular, curved medially; loreal region concave; internarial area slightly depressed; nostrils moderately protuberant, directed laterally; interorbital area flat, IOD 112.2 % of ELW; lateral margins of the frontoparietals barely visible through skin; eye large, strongly protuberant, its diameter about five times depth of lip below eye; tympanic membrane clearly evident, large, slightly wider than high, about two third of eye length, separated from eye by ca. 50 % of its diameter; tympanic annulus distinct; supratympanic fold conspicuous, covering upper edge of tympanum, continuing above insertion of arm. Arm slender, axillary membrane absent; small low tubercles scattered along ventrolateral edge of forearm; relative length of fingers IVariation. Variation of measurements of the type series is given in Table 3. Osteocephalus castaneicola exhibits sexual dimorphism in body size, but sexual dimorphism of dorsal skin texture is absent. Both breeding males and females bear similar minute flat to round tubercles on dorsal surfaces of head, body and limbs. The most conspicuous dorsal tubercles are present in female paratopotype CBF 6052 (Fig. 2 C), having SVL 47.7 mm and containing numerous small immature eggs. The new species shows considerable variation in number of vomerine teeth (6���14 on each odontophore). Vomerine odontophores are separated in holotype, paratopotype NMP 6 V 72810 / 1 and paratypes CBF 6054 and NMP 6 V 73820, but in contact in the remaining types. Some variation seems to be evident in distinctiveness of lateral margins of the frontoparietals. They are not visible through skin in smaller individuals (SVL up to 47 mm; paratopotype CBF 6052 and paratype CBF 6053) and best pronounced in largest individuals (SVL above 59 mm; female paratopotype NMP 6 V 73810 / 3 and female paratypes CBF 6054 and NMP 6 V 73820). Some differences can be found in shape of distal subarticular tubercle of the fourth finger. It is single in holotype and four other type specimens, but it shows a slight tendency to bifidity in the paratopotype NMP 6 V 73810 / 3 and paratypes CBF 6053 and NMP 6 V 73820. The finger and toe webbing formulae vary as follows: II (2 ��� ��� 2 +)���(3 ��� ��� 3 +) III (3 ��� ��� 3)���(2 2 / 3 ��� 3 ���) IV and I (1 ��� 1 1 / 4) ���(1 2 / 3 ��� 2 ���) II (1 ��� 1 +)���(2 ��� ��� 2) III (1 ��� 1 +)���(1 2 / 3 ��� 2) IV (1 2 / 3 ��� 2 ���)���(1 ��� ��� 1) V. General dorsal colouration in alcohol varies from light tan to dark tan with purple-red tint or to reddishbrown. Dorsal pattern varies mostly regarding distinctness and shape of the irregular darker markings. A more or less distinct interorbital streak narrower than the diameter of the eye is present in all individuals. Dorsal markings are fused in a large, irregular, indistinct dorsal spot in the male paratype CBF 6053, whereas dorsal pattern of paratopotypes CBF 6052, NMP 6 V 73810 /1, 73810/ 3 and paratype 73820 is almost missing. Ventral colouration in alcohol varies from cream white to yellowish-white. A fine dark brown mottling is present on the throat and pectoral area of the female paratype NMP 6 V 73820. Colour of tibiae seems to vary independently of age or size of individual specimens. The bones are green in the holotype and paratopotypes NMP 6 V 73810 / 1 ��� 3 (SVL 48.4���59.1 mm) and white in paratopotype CBF 6052 and paratypes CBF 6053, 6054 and NMP 6 V 73820 (SVL 47.7���63.3 mm). In life, dorsal colouration varies from tan to brown. A slight purple-red tint observed in most specimens by day turns into ochre by night (Fig. 2 D). Newly metamorphosed juveniles are light brown dorsally with a dark interorbital spot, bright orange iris, and creamy white upper arms, knees and heels (Fig. 2 E). Distribution, ecology and threat status. The known localities of Osteocephalus castaneicola lie in western and central part of the Departamento Pando, northern Bolivia (Fig. 4). This area is located in the south-western Amazon basin within the zone of tall evergreen lowl, Published as part of Moravec, Ji �� ��, Aparicio, James, Guerrero-Reinhard, Marcelo, Calder��n, Gonzalo, Jungfer, Karl-Heinz & Gvo��d��k, V��clav, 2009, A new species of Osteocephalus (Anura: Hylidae) from Amazonian Bolivia: first evidence of tree frog breeding in fruit capsules of the Brazil nut tree, pp. 37-54 in Zootaxa 2215 on pages 43-49, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.189932, {"references":["Boulenger, G. A. (1882) Catalogue of the Batrachia Salientia s. Ecaudata in the collection of the British Museum. Ed. 2., (reprinted: Wheldon & Wesley, ltd. and Verlag J. Cramer, 1966), London, 503 pp.","Duellman, W. E. (1978) The biology of an equatorial herpetofauna in Amazonian Ecuador. Miscellaneous Publications, The University of Kansas, Museum of Natural History, 65, 1 - 352.","Cochran, D. & Goin, C. J. (1970) Frogs of Colombia. United States National Museum Bulletin, 288, 1 - 655.","Jungfer, K. - H., Ron, S., Seipp, R. & Almendariz, A. (2000) Two new species of hylid frogs, genus Osteocephalus, from Amazonian Ecuador. Amphibia-Reptilia, 21, 327 - 340.","Lynch, J. D. (2002) A new species of the genus Osteocephalus (Hylidae: Anura) from the western Amazon. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, 26, 289 - 292.","Jungfer, K. - H. & Lehr, E. (2001) A new species of Osteocephalus with bicoloured iris from Pozuzo (Peru: Departamento de Pasco) (Amphibia: Anura: Hylidae). Zoologische Abhandlungen Staatliches Museum fur Tierkunde Dresden, 51, 321 - 329.","Chavez, G., Medina-Muller, M. & Pereyra, A. (2008) Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae, Osteocephalus leoniae: Distribution extension. Check List, 4, 401 - 403.","Jungfer, K. - H. & Hodl, W. (2002) A new species of Osteocephalus from Ecuador and a redescription of O. leprieurii (Dumeril & Bibron, 1841) (Anura: Hylidae). Amphibia-Reptilia, 23, 21 - 46.","Jungfer, K. - H. & Schiesari, L. C. (1995) Description of a central Amazonian and Guianan tree frog, genus Osteocephalus (Anura, Hylidae), with oophagous tadpoles. Alytes, 13, 1 - 13.","Duellman, W. E. & Trueb, L. (1971) A synopsis of neotropical hylid frogs, genus Osteocephalus. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History, The University of Kansas, 1, 1 - 48.","Cope, E. D. (1874) On some Batrachia and Nematognathi brought from the upper Amazon by Prof. Orton. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 26, 120 - 137.","Duellman, W. E. & Mendelson, J. R. (1995) Amphibians and reptiles from northern Departamento Loreto, Peru: taxonomy and biogeography. University Kansas Science Bulletin, 55, 329 - 376.","Martins, M. & Cardoso, A. J. (1987) Novas especies de hilidos do Estado do Acre (Amphibia: Anura). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 47, 549 - 558.","Duellman, W. E. (2005) Cuzco Amazonico. The lives of amphibians and reptiles in an Amazonian rainforest. Comstock Publishing Associates, Cornell University Press.","Ron, S. & Pramuk, J. B. (1999) A new species of Osteocephalus (Anura: Hylidae) from Amazonian Ecuador and Peru.","Cisneros-Heredia, D. F. (2007) Notes on some Osteocephalus treefrogs from Amazonian Ecuador. Herpetozoa, 19, 183.","von May, R., Jacobs, J. M., Jennings, R. D., Catenazzi, A. & Rodriguez, L. O. (2007) Anfibios de Los Amigos, Manu y Tambopata, Peru. Rapid Color Guide 236 version 1. Environmental & Conservation Programs, The Field Museum, Chicago. Available from http: // www. fmhn. org. / animalguides (accessed 10 August 2009)"]}

Osteocephalus castaneicola sp. n. Figs. 2 (A–E), 3 (A–B) Holotype. CBF 6051, adult male from the vicinity of the settlement of San Antonio de Filadelfia, 11 ° 18 ’ S, 67 ° 23 ’ W, ca. 200 m a.s.l., Provincia Manuripi, Departamento Pando, Bolivia, collected on 22 November 2007 by J. Moravec, M. Guerrero-Reinhard and G. Calderón. Paratopotypes. NMP 6 V 73810 / 1–3, two adult males and an adult female, same locality and collecting data as holotype; CBF 6052, adult female, same locality and collecting data as holotype; Paratypes. CBF 6053–6054, adult male and adult female from San Antonio del Matti, 11 ° 30 ’S, 68 ° 53 ’W, ca. 270 m a.s.l., Provincia Manuripi, Departamento Pando, Bolivia, collected on 27 November 2007 by J. Moravec, M. Guerrero-Reinhard and G. Calderón; NMP 6 V 73820, adult female, same locality and collecting data as CBF 6053–6054. Diagnosis. A medium-sized species of Osteocephalus as revealed from mtDNA analyses, which can be distinguished by the following combination of characters: (1) medium size, SVL 47.8–51.3 mm in males, 47.7–63.3 mm in females; (2) snout rounded in dorsal view, rounded and slightly inclined posteroventrally in lateral view; (3) canthus rostralis distinct, angular, distinctly curved medially; loreal region concave; (4) low frontoparietal ridges well-marked in large individuals; (5) tympanum large, round to oval, about 62.5–76.5 % of eye diameter, tympanic annulus distinct; supratympanic fold markedly developed; (6) vocal slits absent, vocal sac indistinct; (7) vomerine odontophores large, prominent, angular, narrowly separated or in contact medially, between oblique choanae, bearing 6–14 vomerine teeth each; (8) skin on dorsal surfaces with numerous minute tubercles; (9) low tarsal and ulnar tubercles present, slightly larger than dorsal tubercles; (10) axillary membrane absent; (11) basal webbing on hand [webbing formula II (2 – – 2 +)—(3 – – 3 +) III (3 – – 3)— (2 2 / 3 – 3 –) IV]; toes about three fourths webbed [webbing formula I (1 – 1 1 / 4)—(1 2 / 3 – 2 –) II (1 – 1 +)—(2 – – 2) III (1 – 1 +)—(1 2 / 3 – 2) IV (1 2 / 3 – 2 –)—(1 – – 1) V]; (12) single round distal subarticular tubercle under the fourth finger; (13) dark keratinous excrescences restricted to prepollex; (14) in life, dorsum tan, pale brown to purple brown, with scarce narrow irregular dark brown markings; a narrow pale supralabial line expanding in a subocular spot; flanks pale, without markings; hidden surfaces of thighs light brown; throat and belly creamy white; a narrow dark line along the mandible; ventral surfaces of thighs fleshy pink; iris bicoloured with a dark horizontal stripe, golden above, bronze below, both parts with fine dark reticulate to radiate lines; tibiae green or white; (15) in life, newly metamorphosed juveniles light brown dorsally, with a dark interorbital spot, bright orange iris, and creamy white upper arms, knees and heels. Comparisons. Morphologically, O. castaneicola can be distinguished from all other Amazonian species of Osteocephalus by absence of vocal slits and by the following combinations of characters: from O. alboguttatus by more extensive webbing and by colouration (O. alboguttatus: toes two thirds webbed, light brown dorsum with small blackish dots, flanks and upper surface of thighs with small round white spots, beneath whitish with dark reticulation) (Boulenger 1882, Duellman 1978); from O. buckleyi by absence of large tarsal tubercles, absence of patagium and by eye colouration (O. buckleyi: large tubercles along the tarsus, well developed patagium, light iris without conspicuous dark pattern) (Boulenger 1882, Cochran & Goin 1970; examined specimens listed in the Appendix); from O. cabrerai by absence of large dorsal, ulnar and tarsal tubercles, absence of patagium and by colouration (O. cabrerai: large wart-like tubercles on head and dorsum, large tubercles along the ulna and tarsus, small patagium, irregularly mottled dorsal pattern, light iris with very fine vermiculation) (Cochran & Goin 1970; examined specimens listed in the Appendix); from O. carri (Cochran & Goin) by colouration (O. carri: dense large irregular dark spots on the dorsum, black spots on flanks, fuscous throat and chest) (Cochran & Goin 1970); from O. deridens by larger size and by colouration (O. deridens: SVL up to 34.9 mm in males and 50.6 mm in females, dorsum light or dark tan with or without irregular darker or lighter markings, golden yellow iris with a dark horizontal stripe and regular dark radiation (Jungfer et al. 2000; examined specimens listed in the Appendix); from O. elkejungingerae (Henle) by skin texture and by colouration (O. elkejungingerae: conspicuous tubercles with keratinized tips in breeding males, dorsum with broad light dorsolateral stripes in juvenile and subadult specimens (Henle et al. 1983; Jungfer et al. 2000; examined specimens listed in the Appendix); from O. fuscifacies by larger size and by colouration (O. fuscifacies: SVL up to 45.6 mm in males and 53.2 in females, dorsum light or dark tan with or without irregular darker or lighter markings, light subocular spot absent, venter dark with creamy white granules or creamy white, golden iris with a dark horizontal stripe and regular dark radiation (Jungfer et al. 2000; examined specimens listed in the Appendix); from O. heyeri Lynch by larger size and by colouration (O. heyeri: SVL up to 36.1 mm in males and 47.7 mm in females, dorsum brown with darker markings and pale spots, flanks with pale spots, hidden surfaces of limbs dark brown with pale spots, iris dark) (Lynch 2002); from O. leoninae Jungfer & Lehr by larger size and by colouration (O. leoninae: SVL up to 42.0 mm in males and 53.2 mm in females, upper part of iris yellow without dark markings, unpigmented nuptial pads, bold dorsal pattern) (Jungfer & Lehr 2001, Chávez et al. 2008); from O. leprieurii by nuptial excrescences restricted to prepollex, skin texture and by colouration (O. leprieurii: prepollical and subdigital nuptial excrescences, numerous conspicuous tubercles with keratinized tips in breeding males, golden iris with dark vermiculation, white supralabial stripe in juveniles) (Jungfer & Hödl 2002); from O. mutabor by skin texture and by colouration (O. mutabor: numerous conspicuous tubercles with keratinized tips in breeding males, bold dark transverse markings, golden yellow iris with dark vermiculation, white dorsolateral stripes in juveniles) (Jungfer & Hödl 2002; examined specimens listed in the Appendix); from O. oophagus by head shape and by colouration (O. oophagus: truncate snout in dorsal view, white mottling or reticulation on posterior half of the flanks, golden iris with regular black radiation, orange spots on elbow, knee and heel in juveniles) (Jungfer & Schiesari 1995; examined specimens listed in the Appendix); from O. pearsoni by skin texture and by colouration (O. pearsoni: small nonspinous tubercles in males, black reticulation on the venter, dark iris) (Trueb & Duellman 1971, Jungfer & Schiesari 1995, Jungfer & Lehr 2001); from O. planiceps by smaller size, skin texture, keratinous excrescences restricted on prepollex and by colouration (O. planiceps: SVL up to 65.9 mm in males and 88.2 mm in females, numerous conspicuous tubercles with keratinized tips in breeding males, keratinous excrescences extending laterally to disc of thumb, dark spots on flanks, iris with regular black radiation) (Cope 1874, Duellman & Mendelson 1995, Jungfer & Lehr 2001, examined specimens listed in the Appendix); from O. subtilis Martins & Cardoso by larger size and by colouration (O. subtilis: SVL up to 38.8 mm in males, dark iris) (Martins & Cardoso 1987); from O. taurinus by smaller size, less webbing on the hands and by colouration (O. taurinus: SVL up to 81.0 mm in males and 94.1 in females, fingers one-half webbed, dark spots on flanks, small brown flecks on the throat, chest and sides of the belly, greenish gold iris with regular black radiation) (Duellman 2005; examined specimens listed in the Aappendix); from O. verruciger by skin texture and by colouration (O. verruciger: numerous conspicuous tubercles with keratinized tips in breeding males, uniform reddish brown iris) (Trueb & Duellman 1971, Jungfer et al. 2000, Jungfer & Hödl 2002); from O. yasuni by skin texture and by colouration (O. yasuni: numerous conspicuous tubercles with keratinized tips in breeding males, yellow venter in adults, iris with irregular dark reticulation, intense yellow-orange venter and webbing in juveniles) (Ron & Pramuk 1999, Jungfer et al. 2000, Jungfer & Hödl 2002, Cisneros-Heredia 2007). There are seven available names in the synonymy of four Osteocephalus species: Hyla festae Perraca, 1904 (type locality: Ecuador: “Valle de Santiago” (= lower Río Zamora) Province of Morona-Santiago) in the synonymy of O. buckleyi; Hyla leprieurii britti Melin, 1941 (type locality: Brazil: “Río Uaupés (north of the Río Japú”, Amazonas) and Osteocephalus ayarzaguenai Gorzula & Señaris, 1997 (type locality: Venezuela: “Campamento Airo, Valle del Río Karuay”, Estado Bolívar) in the synonymy of O. leprieurii; Osteocephalus flavolineatus Steindachner, 1862 (type locality: Brazil: “Cocuy” (= Cucuí), Amazonas) and Hyla depressa Andersson, 1945 (type locality: Ecuador: “Río Pastaza, Watershed”) in the synonymy of O. taurinus; and Hyla riopastazae Andersson, 1945 (type locality: Ecuador: “Baños, Río Pastaza, Provincia Tungurahua”) and Hyla orcesi Funkhouser, 1956 (type locality: Ecuador: “[Río] Pacayacu, a stream that flows into the Cotapino, drainage of the Suno, Río Napo region”) in the synonymy of O. verruciger. The new species differs from all of them by the following combination of characters: from Hyla festae by smaller size and by colouration (female holotype of H. festae: SVL 75.0 mm, large median longitudinal dark brown blotch on the dorsum, dark brown spots on flanks, throat and belly) (Trueb & Duellman 1971); from Hyla leprieurii britti by nuptial excrescences restricted to prepollex and by skin texture (male holotype of H. l. britti: prepollical and subdigital nuptial excrescences and tuberculate dorsum) (Trueb & Duellman 1971, Jungfer & Hödl 2002), from Osteocephalus ayarzaguenai by colouration (O. ayarzaguenai: golden iris with dark vermiculation) (Jungfer & Hödl 2002; examined specimen listed in the Appendix); from Osteocephalus flavolineatus by smaller size and colouration (female holotype of O. flavolineatus: SVL 81.8 mm, light middorsal stripe, spots on the flanks) (Cochran & Goin 1970, Trueb & Duellman 1971); from Hyla depressa by smaller size, skin texture, and by colouration (male holotype of H. depressa: SVL 68.9 mm, tuberculate dorsum, light middorsal stripe) (Cochran & Goin 1970, Trueb & Duellman 1971); from Hyla riopastazae by colouration (H. riopastazae: brown spots and mottling on throat, chest and belly) (Trueb & Duellman 1971); and from Hyla orcesi by skin texture and by colouration (H. orcesi: tuberculate dorsum, ventral surfaces dirty brown) (Cochran & Goin 1970, Trueb & Duellman 1971). Description of the holotype. Adult male 51.3 mm SVL. Head narrower than body, slightly longer than wide; snout rounded in dorsal view, moderately protruding in lateral view; distance from nostril to eye shorter than diameter of eye; canthus rostralis distinct, angular, curved medially; loreal region concave; internarial area slightly depressed; nostrils moderately protuberant, directed laterally; interorbital area flat, IOD 112.2 % of ELW; lateral margins of the frontoparietals barely visible through skin; eye large, strongly protuberant, its diameter about five times depth of lip below eye; tympanic membrane clearly evident, large, slightly wider than high, about two third of eye length, separated from eye by ca. 50 % of its diameter; tympanic annulus distinct; supratympanic fold conspicuous, covering upper edge of tympanum, continuing above insertion of arm. Arm slender, axillary membrane absent; small low tubercles scattered along ventrolateral edge of forearm; relative length of fingers I Measurements of the holotype: SVL 51.3; HL 17.7; HW 16.6; EN 5.3; ED 6.1; TD 4.0; ELW 4.9; IOD 5.4; TL 27.3; FL 33.4. In alcohol, head and dorsum tan with several narrow irregular darker tan to dark brown markings (including an indistinct interorbital stripe) narrowly outlined by pale brown line; dorsal surfaces of limbs tan with darker tan crossbars outlined by a pale brown line. A narrow pale supralabial line expanding in a subocular spot; a dark canthal stripe extending from nostril to the anterior margin of eye; a broad dark brown postocular stripe extending from posterior margin of eye across the tympanum to insertion of arm. Flanks pale with several inconspicuous small darker markings; a dark supracloacal spot; hidden surfaces of thighs tan. Throat and belly creamy white; a narrow dark line along the lower jaw; ventral surfaces of thighs yellowish white; plantar surfaces pale brown. Tibiae green. In life, dorsal and lateral colouration differed only slightly from the preserved specimen in having a slight purple-red tint by day. Ventral surfaces of forearms and thighs fleshy pink; tibiae green. Iris bicoloured with dark brown horizontal stripe, golden above, bronze below, both parts with fine dark reticulate to radiate lines (Fig. 2 A). Variation. Variation of measurements of the type series is given in Table 3. Osteocephalus castaneicola exhibits sexual dimorphism in body size, but sexual dimorphism of dorsal skin texture is absent. Both breeding males and females bear similar minute flat to round tubercles on dorsal surfaces of head, body and limbs. The most conspicuous dorsal tubercles are present in female paratopotype CBF 6052 (Fig. 2 C), having SVL 47.7 mm and containing numerous small immature eggs. The new species shows considerable variation in number of vomerine teeth (6–14 on each odontophore). Vomerine odontophores are separated in holotype, paratopotype NMP 6 V 72810 / 1 and paratypes CBF 6054 and NMP 6 V 73820, but in contact in the remaining types. Some variation seems to be evident in distinctiveness of lateral margins of the frontoparietals. They are not visible through skin in smaller individuals (SVL up to 47 mm; paratopotype CBF 6052 and paratype CBF 6053) and best pronounced in largest individuals (SVL above 59 mm; female paratopotype NMP 6 V 73810 / 3 and female paratypes CBF 6054 and NMP 6 V 73820). Some differences can be found in shape of distal subarticular tubercle of the fourth finger. It is single in holotype and four other type specimens, but it shows a slight tendency to bifidity in the paratopotype NMP 6 V 73810 / 3 and paratypes CBF 6053 and NMP 6 V 73820. The finger and toe webbing formulae vary as follows: II (2 – – 2 +)—(3 – – 3 +) III (3 – – 3)—(2 2 / 3 – 3 –) IV and I (1 – 1 1 / 4) —(1 2 / 3 – 2 –) II (1 – 1 +)—(2 – – 2) III (1 – 1 +)—(1 2 / 3 – 2) IV (1 2 / 3 – 2 –)—(1 – – 1) V. General dorsal colouration in alcohol varies from light tan to dark tan with purple-red tint or to reddishbrown. Dorsal pattern varies mostly regarding distinctness and shape of the irregular darker markings. A more or less distinct interorbital streak narrower than the diameter of the eye is present in all individuals. Dorsal markings are fused in a large, irregular, indistinct dorsal spot in the male paratype CBF 6053, whereas dorsal pattern of paratopotypes CBF 6052, NMP 6 V 73810 /1, 73810/ 3 and paratype 73820 is almost missing. Ventral colouration in alcohol varies from cream white to yellowish-white. A fine dark brown mottling is present on the throat and pectoral area of the female paratype NMP 6 V 73820. Colour of tibiae seems to vary independently of age or size of individual specimens. The bones are green in the holotype and paratopotypes NMP 6 V 73810 / 1 – 3 (SVL 48.4–59.1 mm) and white in paratopotype CBF 6052 and paratypes CBF 6053, 6054 and NMP 6 V 73820 (SVL 47.7–63.3 mm). In life, dorsal colouration varies from tan to brown. A slight purple-red tint observed in most specimens by day turns into ochre by night (Fig. 2 D). Newly metamorphosed juveniles are light brown dorsally with a dark interorbital spot, bright orange iris, and creamy white upper arms, knees and heels (Fig. 2 E). Distribution, ecology and threat status. The known localities of Osteocephalus castaneicola lie in western and central part of the Departamento Pando, northern Bolivia (Fig. 4). This area is located in the south-western Amazon basin within the zone of tall evergreen lowl

Moravec, Ji Ř Í, Aparicio, James, Guerrero-Reinhard, Marcelo, Calderón, Gonzalo, Jungfer, Karl-Heinz, Gvoždík, Václav (2009): A new species of Osteocephalus (Anura: Hylidae) from Amazonian Bolivia: first evidence of tree frog breeding in fruit capsules of the Brazil nut tree. Zootaxa 2215: 37-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.189932

Dendropsophus reichlei sp. n. Figs. 1 (A–D), 2 (Α −C) Holotype. CBF 6073, adult male, from the vicinity of the settlement of Limón, 11 ° 44 ’ S, 68 ° 34 ’ W, ca. 260 m a.s.l., Provincia Manuripi, Departamento Pando, Bolivia, collected on 29 November 2007 by M. Guerrero- Reinhard, G. Calderon and J. Moravec. Paratypes. CBF 6074–6075, NMP 6 V 73617 / 1–2, HLMD-RA- 3065, adult males, from the surroundings of the settlement San Antonio de Filadelfia, 11 ° 18 ’ S, 67 ° 23 ’ W, collected on 23 November 2007 by M. Guerrero-Reinhard, G. Calderon and J. Moravec. Referred material. An adult female in a private collection of Marcelo Guerrero-Reinhard, from the vicinity of Estacion Biológica Tahuamanu, 11 ° 24 ’ S, 69 °01’ W, collected in 2005 by G. Calderon and M. Guerrero- Reinhard. Diagnosis. A species of the genus Dendropsophus, based on preliminary comparisons of a sequence of the 16 S rRNA gene (J. Faivovich, unpubl.), distinguished from other species of Dendropsophus by the following combination of characters: (1) small size, SVL 17.7 –19.0 mm in males, 21.5 mm in female, head slightly narrower than body; (2) snout short, rounded in dorsal view, truncate in lateral view; (3) canthus rostralis distinct, rounded in cross-section; loreal region slightly concave; (4) tympanum evident, round, about one third of eye length, tympanic annulus indistinct; supratympanic fold distinct; (5) vomerine odontophores small, barely prominent, separated medially, between posterior halves of choanae; (6) skin on dorsal surfaces smooth, with minute scattered low tubercles; (7) tarsal fold and tubercles on outer edge of tarsus absent; ulnar folds and tubercles absent; (8) axillary membrane extensively developed; (9) fingers about one third webbed; toes about three fourth webbed; (10) bifid distal subarticular tubercle under fourth finger; (11) pectoral glands lacking; (12) generally, darker colouration of loreal-tympanic region contrasting to lighter dorsal head colouration, one or two small white to cream spots below the eye; (13) in life, dorsum tan to pale brown at night to reddish or purple brown by day, with numerous small irregular dark brown markings; head dark brown laterally; flanks ventrally and posteriorly translucent pink without chromatophores; hidden surfaces of thighs yellowish brown to orange brown with numerous dark melanophores; (14) in life, throat yellow; belly bright yellow in pectoral and central part, translucent pink in posterior and lateral parts; ventral surfaces of thighs translucent fleshy pink; (15) in life, iris periphery silver brown to reddish brown with dark brown mottling, inner iris dark reddish brown with darker mottling; bones white; (16) advertisement call consisting of two moderately long high-pitched notes with distinct amplitude modulation and an internote-interval of 152–163 ms; each note containing 16–29 pulses. Comparisons. External morphology and preliminary comparisons of a sequence of the 16 S rRNA gene (J. Faivovich, unpubl.) indicate that Dendropsophus reichlei is related to species currently placed in the D. microcephalus group (sensu Faivovich et al. 2005), although this species group is probably paraphyletic. Comparing external habitus, the new species is most similar to D. coffea (Köhler, Jungfer & Reichle), D. cruzi (Pombal & Bastos), D. juliani Moravec, Aparicio & Köhler, D. meridianus (B. Lutz) and D. minusculus (Rivero) by sharing dark loreal-tympanic region sharply outlined and contrasting against lighter dorsal head colouration. However, D. reichlei differs from these five species by exhibiting a clear white subocular spot, indistinct or absent in the mentioned species, details of ventral colouration (Murphy 1997, Pombal & Bastos 1998, Köhler et al. 2005, Moravec et al. 2006), and mainly advertisement call characteristics (see Discussion). Dark loreal-tympanic region and a different advertisement call distinguish D. reichlei from D. joannae (Köhler & Lötters) and D. leali (Bokermann), the former differing also by smaller size, tuberculate dorsal skin and a red inner iris in life (Köhler & Lötters 2001). Three other small species, D. nanus (Boulenger), D. sanborni (Schmidt) and D. walfordi (Bokermann), differ from D. reichlei by having numerous thin brown lines on a yellowish dorsum, a longer, more pointed snout and a different advertisement call (Martins & Jim 2003). Brazilian D. bipunctatus (Spix) and D. studerae (Carvalho-e-Silva, Carvalho-e-Silva & Izeckson) mainly differ from D. reichlei by having a loreal region with numerous white blotches (Carvalho-e-Silva et al. 2003). Other small Amazonian species of Dendropsophus associated with the D. microcephalus group, the weakly defined D. minimus group or not associated with any of the species groups (see Faivovich et al. 2005) include: D. aperomeus (Duellman), D. haraldschultzi (Bokermann), D. mathiassoni (Cochran & Goin), D. microcephalus (Cope) (including the subspecific form D. m. miserus (Werner)), D. minimus (Ahl), D. miyatai (Vigle & Goberdhan-Vigle), D. rhodopeplus (Günther), D. riveroi (Cochran & Goin) and D. tintinnabulum (Melin). All of these species differ from D. reichlei by morphological and/or bioacoustical characters: D. aperomeus exhibits a white supracloacal stripe (Duellman 1982), lacking in D. reichlei; D. haraldschultzi has a more slender body with thin longitudinal lines on dorsum (Rodríguez & Duellman 1994); D. mathiassoni has a dorsum without any pattern and dorsolateral lymphatic sacs visible through the skin (Cochran & Goin 1970); males of D. microcephalus are larger in size (Savage 2002); D. minimus has a concealed tympanum (Köhler & Lötters 2001, Köhler et al. 2005), D. miyatai exhibits red markings on dorsum and a pink venter (Rodríguez & Duellman 1994); D. rhodopeplus has a yellow dorsum with red markings and a red lateral stripe (Duellman 1974); D. riveroi lacks contrasting colouration and a sharp canthus rostralis in cross-section (Köhler et al. 2005; see also Discussion); and D. tintinnabulum has a high-pitched bell-like advertisement call (Lutz 1973). Species in the D. rubicundulus clade of the D. microcephalus group (sensu Faivovich et al. 2005) mainly differ from the new species by a green dorsum in life, a regular dorsal stripe pattern and longer more pointed snouts (Napoli & Caramaschi 1998, 1999). From species of the D. decipiens clade (sensu Faivovich et al. 2005), D. reichlei differs by colour pattern and advertisement call (Lutz 1973, Carvalho-e-Silva et al. 2003). Species of the D. minutus group (sensu Faivovich et al. 2005) differ by the presence of a white supracloacal stripe and mostly a white line on heel, lacking in D. reichlei. Members of the Amazonian D. leucophyllatus, D. marmoratus and D. parviceps species groups differ by general colour pattern, body proportions and call characters (e.g. Duellman & Crump 1974, De la Riva & Duellman 1997). Description of holotype. Body moderately robust; head slightly narrower than body, shorter than wide, widest below eyes; snout rounded in dorsal view, truncate in lateral view; distance from nostril to eye shorter than diameter of eye; canthus rostralis distinct, rounded; loreal region slightly concave; lips slightly flared; internarial area slightly depresed; nostrils barely protuberant, directed dorsolaterally; interorbital area flat, IOD 158.9 % of ELW; eye large, strongly protuberant, its diameter about four times depth of lip below eye; tympanic membrane small, round, clearly evident, its diameter about one third of eye length, separated from eye by ca. 135 % of its diameter; tympanic annulus distinct ventrally, indistinct anteriorly and posteriorly; supratympanic fold evident, slightly obscuring upper edge of tympanum. Arm slender, not hypertrophied; axillary membrane extending to second third of upper arm; ulnar folds and tubercles absent; fingers of medium length, bearing small, round discs; relative length of fingers 1 In alcohol, dorsal surfaces of head, body, and limbs purple brown with numerous small inconspicuous scattered dark brown flecks and markings. An indistinct interorbital streak containing a round darker spot situated asymmetrically at the right upper eyelid, small dark round spot in prescapular region, and three obscure irregular dark bars on shanks are obvious. Flanks whitish; supratympanic fold dark brown; upper lip whitish, with scattered melanophores and distinct white spot below the eye; loreal-tympanic region dark brown; region around nostrils dark brown, tip of snout white with two small irregular white spots laterally; dorsal surfaces of hands, feet, and webbing covered by melanophores (melanophores reduced on inner two fingers and toes); posterior surfaces of thighs whitish with densely scattered melanophores; cloacal sheath dark brown; lower lip whitish, posterior third with scattered melanophores; throat yellowish, with several melanophores scattered anteriorly; belly, and ventral surfaces of limbs whitish; palmar and plantar surfaces covered by melanophores. In life, dorsum reddish brown with a similar pattern of dark markings and spots as in the preserved specimen; head dark brown laterally; flanks ventrally and posteriorly translucent pink without chromatophores; finger tips yellow dorsally, hidden surfaces of thighs yellowish brown with numerous dark melanophores; throat yellow; axillar region translucent pink; belly bright yellow in pectoral and central part, translucent pink in posterior and lateral parts; ventral surfaces of thighs translucent fleshy pink; palmar and plantar surfaces yellowish, scattered with dark melanophores; iris reddish brown with dark brown mottling; bones white. Variation. Variation of measurements of male type specimens is given in Table 1. The single known female (referred material) has the following measurements: SVL 21.5; HL 7.1; HW 7.6; EN 1.8; ED 2.5; TD 0.9; ELW 1.8; IOD 2.5; TL 11.6. Body proportions of six adult males are as follows: HL/SVL 0.35–0.36; HW/ SVL 0.35–0.37; HW/HL 1.00– 1.02; EN/ED 0.52–0.65; ED/HL 0.34–0.43; ED/HW 0.37–0.43; TD/ED 0.29– 0.37; ELW/IOD 0.77 –1.00; IOD/ED 0.62–0.85; TL/SVL 0.43–0.51; FL/SVL 0.67–0.72. Photographs of the paratypes NMP 6 V 73617 / 1 and CBF 6074 are shown in Fig. 2 A–C. Dendropsophus reichlei exhibits considerable variation in presence of vomerine teeth. They are barely evident in the holotype and paratypes CBF 6074 and HLMD-RA- 3065, but distinct in the remaining paratypes (2–4 small teeth on each vomerine odontophore). Some variation seems to be evident in the size and distinctiveness of subarticular tubercles. The length of the distal subarticular tubercle of the first toe reaches ca. 0.60 mm in holotype and paratypes NMP 6 V 73617 / 2 and HLMD-RA- 3065 and ca. 0.45 mm in the paratypes CBF 6074–6075 and NMP 6 V 73617 / 1. The finger and toe webbing formulae vary as follows: II (1 2 / 3 − 2 –)—(2 1 / 2−3) III (2)—(2 − 2 +) IV and I (1 − 1 3 / 4)—(2 –− 2) II (1 − 1 +)—(2 −− 2) III (1 −− 1 1 / 4)—(2) IV (2)—(1 − 1 1 / 3) V. The axillary membrane extends along nearly the whole upper arm in CBF 6074 and NMP 6 V 73617 / 1–2. General dorsal colouration in alcohol varies from light brown with purple tint to purple brown. Dorsal pattern varies mostly regarding density and distinctness of the scattered irregular small dark flecks and markings (“pepper-and-salt” pattern). A distinct dark interorbital streak and small transverse mark in scapular region is present in NMP 6 V 73617 / 2 and HLMD-RA- 3065 (barely distinct in CBF 6074–6075 and NMP 6 V 73617 / 1). A more or less obvious pattern of 1-3 dark transverse bars on forearm and 3–4 transverse bars on shanks is evident in all paratypes. One distinct white subocular spot is present below the eyes of all paratypes, except CBF 6075. The latter specimen possesses a clear subocular spot below the right eye and an inconspicuous trace of a spot below the left eye. The female has two small white spots below each eye. Vocalization. The advertisement call of well-motivated males (Fig. 3) consists of two moderately long, high-pitched notes repeated in fast succession. If less motivated, males emit single notes at irregular intervals. Notes are distinctly pulsed and lack an obvious frequency modulation. Amplitude modulation within the note is emphasized with the maximum call energy occurring at its beginning followed by a rapid decrease and continuing with relatively low energy for most of the note's duration. Generally, call energy is distributed within a very wide frequency band with recognizable frequencies from approximately 2000 up to 21000 Hz. Numerical call parameters are as follows (range followed by mean ± standard deviation in parentheses): note duration, 68–112 ms (92.6 ± 13.1; n= 21); inter-note interval in motivated two-note calls, 152–163 ms (n= 2); pulses/note, 16–29 (23.6 ± 6.1; n= 12); maximum call energy at 6212–6634 Hz (6363 ± 114; n= 20); secondary frequency peaks at approximately 12400 and 19500 Hz. Calls were repeated at an approximate rate of 12–35 calls per minute, but repetition rate is highly variable and strongly depends on male motivation. Distribution, ecology and threat status. The known range of Dendropsophus reichlei covers western and central parts of the Departamento Pando, northern Bolivia (Fig. 4) and is entirely located in the southwestern Amazon basin within the zone of tall evergreen lowland rainforest. At all known localities, D. reichlei inhabited very humid swampy or flooded shores of smaller streams running through undisturbed terra firme forest. These places were densely overgrown with herbaceous plants (mostly family Araceae), ferns and palms. Abundant herbaceous lianas climbing higher tree strata were another typical character in the D. reichlei habitat. During wet nights, unmotivated males were heard calling from the canopy of high trees. In cases of long or heavy rains, males descended to 2–4 m above the inundated ground and emitted motivated calls while hidden on horizontally oriented leafs. Density of D. reichlei was rather low, as observed local assemblages of calling males did not exceed 4–6 individuals. Other hylid species found in sympatry with D. reichlei include Dendropsophus minutus (Peters), Hypsiboas cinerascens (Spix), H. geographicus (Spix), Osteocephalus buckleyi (Boulenger), Phyllomedusa bicolor (Boddaert), P. c a m b a De la Riva, P. vaillantii Boulenger. Reproductive mode and larvae are unknown. According to the sparse data available and its partly secretive habits, we here classify D. reichlei as “Data Deficient” according to the IUCN criteria. Etymology. The specific name is a patronym for our colleague and friend Steffen Reichle in recognition of his important contributions to the knowledge and conservation of the Bolivian fauna and his assistance leading to the discovery of this new species.

Dendropsophus juliani sp. nov. Figs. 1���5 Hyla cruzi��� K��hler, 2003: 381. Dendropsophus sp.��� Moravec and Aparicio, 2006:in press. Holotype. CBF 5923, adult male, from the vicinity of the settlement of Barrac��n on the road from Cobija to Riberalta, 160 m a.s.l., 11 �� 33 ��� S, 66 �� 56 ��� W, Provincia Madre de Dios, Departamento Pando, Bolivia, collected on 26 January 2006 by Jiř�� Moravec. Paratypes. CBF 5924���5927, NMP 6 V 72799 / 1���3, HLMD��RA��� 3051 adult males, same locality as the holotype, collected on 26���28 January 2006 by Jiř�� Moravec. Diagnosis. A small species of Dendropsophus distinguished by the following combination of characters: (1) small size, SVL 19.7���21.2 mm in males, head slightly wider than body; (2) snout short, acutely rounded in dorsal view, truncate and slightly inclined posteroventrally in lateral view; (3) canthus rostralis distinct, rounded in crosssection; loreal region slightly concave; (4) tympanum barely evident, round, about one third of eye length; tympanic annulus indistinct; supratympanic fold weakly developed; (5) vomerine odontophores prominent, separated medially, between choanae; (6) skin on dorsal surfaces smooth, with minute scattered tubercles; (7) tarsal fold and tubercles on outer edge of tarsus absent; ulnar folds and tubercles absent; (8) axillary membrane extensively developed; (9) fingers about one third webbed; toes about three fourths webbed; (10) bifid distal subarticular tubercle under fourth finger; (11) pectoral glands lacking; (12) generally, colouration of loreal��tympanic region and flanks sharply contrasting with colouration of dorsum; (13) in life, dorsum pale yellowish��tan to reddishtan at night and tan to reddish��brown by day, with inconspicuous dark brown markings; head greenish laterally at night and pale brown to dark brown by day; flanks pink at night and pale brown to dark brown by day; (14) in life, throat yellowish��green to bluish��green at night and yellowish��green by day; belly light yellow, translucent greenish in posterior part; ventral surfaces of thighs translucent greenish��yellow; (15) in life, iris periphery light silver brown with dark brown vermiculation, inner iris dark brown; bones white; (16) advertisement call composed of a series of very short notes rapidly repeated at a rate of about 10���12 notes/second, each note containing 3���6 pulses. Comparisons. Dendropsophus juliani shares most characters with species currently placed in the D. microcephalus group (sensu Faivovich et al., 2005). Superficially, the new species is most similar to D. coffea (K��hler, Jungfer and Reichle), D. cruzi (Pombal and Bastos), D. meridianus (B. Lutz) and D. minusculus (Rivero) by sharing a tan dorsal colouration sharply contrasting with the flanks. However, D. juliani mainly differs from these four species by the advertisement call characteristics and by exhibiting a greenish vocal sac in life (Murphy, 1997; Pombal and Bastos, 1998; K��hler et al., 2005). Three other small species, D. nanus (Boulenger), D. sanborni (Schmidt) and D. walfordi (Bokermann), differ from D. juliani by having numerous thin brown lines on a yellowish dorsum, a longer, more pointed snout and a different advertisement call (Martins and Jim, 2003). Superficially, individuals of D. juliani might be similar to D. leali (Bokermann) in size, dorsal colouration and skin texture. However, D. leali lacks greenish ventral colours in life as well as the dark brown lateral stripe. In addition, it emits a different advertisement call (K��hler and L��tters, 2001). Dendropsophus joannae (K��hler and L��tters) from northern Bolivia is distinguished from D. juliani mainly by having tuberculate dorsal skin, a red inner iris in life, smaller size, and a different advertisement call (K��hler and L��tters, 2001). Dendropsophus bipunctatus (Spix) and D. studerae (Carvalho��e��Silva, Carvalho��e��Silva and Izeckson) from northeastern Brazil mainly differ from D. juliani by having a loreal region with numerous white blotches (Carvalho��e��Silva et al., 2003). Other small species of Dendropsophus known from the Amazonian region and either associated with the D. microcephalus group, the weakly defined D. minimus group or not associated with any particular species group (see Faivovich et al., 2005) include: D. aperomeus (Duellman), D. haraldschultzi (Bokermann), D. mathiassoni (Cochran and Goin), D. microcephalus (Cope) (including the subspecific form D. m. miserus (Werner)), D. minimus (Ahl), D. miyatai (Vigle and Goberdhan��Vigle), D. rhodopeplus (G��nther), D. riveroi (Cochran and Goin) and D. tintinnabulum (Melin). All of these species differ from D. juliani by morphological and/or bioacoustical characters: D. aperomeus exhibits a white supracloacal stripe (Duellman, 1982), lacking in D. juliani; D. haraldschultzi has a more slender body with thin longitudinal lines on dorsum (Rodr��guez and Duellman, 1994); D. mathiassoni has a dorsum without any pattern and dorsolateral lymphatic sacs visible through the skin (Cochran and Goin, 1970); males of D. microcephalus are larger in size and exhibit a yellow vocal sac in life (Savage, 2002); D. minimus has a concealed tympanum (K��hler et al., 2005); D. miyatai exhibits red markings on dorsum and a pink venter (Rodr��guez and Duellman, 1994); D. rhodopeplus has a yellow dorsum with red markings and a red lateral stripe (Duellman, 1974); D. riveroi lacks contrasting colouration and has a different advertisement call (K��hler et al., 2005); and D. tintinnabulum has a high��pitched bell��like advertisement call (Lutz, 1973). Species in the D. rubicundulus clade of the D. microcephalus group (sensu Faivovich et al., 2005) differ from the new species by having a green dorsum in life that changes to pinkish or violet in preservative, a regular dorsal stripe pattern and longer, more pointed snouts (Napoli and Caramaschi, 1998; 1999). From species of the D. decipiens clade (sensu Faivovich et al., 2005), D. juliani differs by colour pattern and advertisement call (Lutz, 1973; Carvalho��e��Silva et al., 2003). Description of holotype. Body moderately robust; head wider than body, shorter than wide, widest below eyes; snout acutely rounded in dorsal view, truncate and slightly inclined posteroventrally in lateral view; distance from nostril to eye shorter than diameter of eye; canthus rostralis distinct, rounded; loreal region slightly concave; lips slightly flared; internarial area slightly depressed; nostrils barely protuberant, directed dorsolaterally; interorbital area flat, IOD 131.6 % of ELW; eye large, strongly protuberant, its diameter about four times depth of lip below eye; tympanic membrane small, round, barely evident, its diameter about one third of eye length, separated from eye by slightly larger distance than its diameter; tympanic annulus indistinct; supratympanic fold evident but weakly developed, slightly obscuring upper edge of tympanum. Arm slender, not hypertrophied; axillary membrane extending to second third of upper arm; ulnar folds and tubercles absent; fingers of medium length, bearing small, round discs; relative length of fingers 1 II 1 1 / 3 ��� 3 �� III 2 ��� 2 + IV. Legs moderately long, slender; heels overlapping when limbs flexed perpendicular to axis of body; tarsal fold and tarsal tubercles absent; toes moderately long, bearing round discs slightly smaller than those of fingers; relative length of toes 1 I 1 +��� 2 �� II 1 ����� 2 �� III 1��� 2 IV 2 ��� 1 V. Skin on dorsum, head, and dorsal surfaces of limbs smooth, with few scattered minute tubercles; skin on flanks smooth; skin on venter coarsely granular; skin on throat smooth; skin on lower surfaces of thighs slightly granular. Cloacal opening directed posteriorly at upper level of thighs; cloacal sheath consisting of two parts separated by a horizontal wrinkle, caudal part covering upper edge of cloacal opening; cloacal folds and tubercles absent. Tongue nearly round, slightly notched posteriorly, posterior and lateral margins not attached to floor of mouth; vomerine odontophores small, prominent, separated medially, between posterior halves of choanae, bearing three and two vomerine teeth (left/right); choanae medium��sized, oval; vocal slits long, extending from anterior third of lateral base of tongue to angle of jaws; vocal sac large, single, median, subgular. In alcohol, dorsal surfaces of head, body, and limbs reddish��tan with inconspicuous dark brown markings, consisting of a narrow interorbital streak, small obscure marking in prescapular region, inverted V��shaped mark in scapular region, inconspicuous mark in sacral region (posterior part of dorsum somewhat faded) and obscure small irregular flecks on shanks. Flanks with dark brown stripe, sharply outlined and contrasting against dorsum, fading in groin; groin whitish; supratympanic fold dark brown; upper lip whitish, with some scattered melanophores; loreal region dark brown; region around nostrils dark brown, tip of snout whitish; dorsal surfaces of hands and feet whitish with closely arranged melanophores (melanophores reduced on inner two fingers and toes); webbing, and posterior surfaces of thighs whitish without melanophores; cloacal sheath dark brown; lower lip whitish, posterior two thirds with scattered melanophores; throat yellowish; belly and ventral surfaces of limbs whitish. In life, dorsal and lateral colouration differs only slightly from the preserved specimen in being somewhat darker coloured, and having more yellowish tint of the whitish parts. Fingers yellow dorsally, shanks with more distinct dark flecks forming three obscure transverse bars. Axillar region translucent fleshy white; groin translucent greenish; throat yellowish��green; belly bright yellow, translucent greenish posteriorly; ventral surfaces of upper limbs translucent fleshy white, fingers greenish��yellow ventrally; ventral surfaces of thighs, shanks, and fingers translucent greenish��yellow; iris periphery light silver brown with dark brown vermiculation, inner iris dark brown; bones white. Measurements of the holotype: SVL 20.7; HL 7.0; HW 7.5; IOD 2.5; EN 1.6; ED 2.5; ELW 1.9; TD 0.8; TL 10.3; FL 14.3. Var i at io n. Variation of measurements and body proportions of the type specimens is given in Tab. 1. A photograph of the paratype NMP 6 V 72799 / 1 is shown in Fig. 3; lateral and dorsal aspects of the head of the Paratype NMP 6 V 72799 / 3 are depicted in Fig. 4. Some variation seems to be evident in distinctiveness of the tympanum. In CBF 2925 the tympanum is more evident and the tympanic annulus more distinct than in other type specimens. In contrast, the tympanum is difficult to detect in CBF 5927 and NMP 6 V 72799 / 2, possibly a result of fixation artifacts. In the holotype and NMP 6 V 72799 / 1 the supernumerary and carpal tubercles are less prominent than in the other specimens. The outer metatarsal tubercle is less pronounced in some individuals (holotype, CBF 2925���5927, NMP 6 V 72799 / 1���2). The finger and toe webbing formulae vary as follows: II (1 1 / 2 ��� 1 2 / 3)���(2 2 / 3 ��� 3 ��) III (2 ����� 2 +)���(2 ����� 2 +) IV and I (1 ��� 1 1 / 4)���(1 +��� 2 ��) II (1 ����� 1)���(2 ����� 2) III (1 �� ��� 1 +)���(2 ����� 2) IV (2 ����� 2)���(1 ����� 1) V. The axillary membrane extends along nearly whole upper arm in CBF 5926, NMP 6 V 72799 / 1���2. Overall dorsal colouration in alcohol varies from yellowish��tan to reddish��brown. Dorsal pattern varies mostly regarding presence, shape and distinctness of the dark interorbital streak, inverted V��shaped mark in scapular region and presence of other smaller markings (irregular dark small spots scattered on dorsum in CBF 5925, 5927, NMP 6 V 72799 / 2, and HLMD��RA��� 3051). The sharply outlined lateral stripe of light grey colour is present in all paratypes except in CBF 5926 and NMP 6 V 72799 / 1. In the latter two specimens, lateral and dorsal colouration is not clearly defined and yellowish tan dorsal colouration is broken in smaller spots forming a triangle between snout and proximal margin of upper eyelids, two longitudinal dorsolateral bars extending from posterior margin of the upper eyelids to scapular area, and a pattern of irregularly scattered spots on the presacral and sacral region. The colour pattern of the spotted specimen (NMP 6 V 72799 / 1) is shown in Fig. 3, and that of a calling male (not collected) in Fig. 5. Advertisement call. Seven calls of four individuals were analyzed. Air temperature during recording was 24 ��C. The recordings were obtained from a small chorus of males. The call (Fig. 6) consists of a long series of very short notes repeated in regular intervals. Notes are distinctly pulsed and lack any frequency modulation. The initial note of a call might be slightly longer than subsequent notes. Call energy is distributed within a narrow frequency band between 3300���4400 Hz. Numerical call parameters are as follows (range followed by mean �� standard deviation in parentheses): call duration, 656���1108 ms (847.5 207.2); notes/call, 7���14 (10.0 2.8); note duration, 11���26 ms (17.6 5.1); pulses/note, 3���6 (3.8 1.1); note repetition rate, 10.9���12.3 notes/sec (11.5 0.5); maximum call energy at 3427���4114 Hz (3773 199). Calls were repeated at an approximate rate of 8���12 calls per minute. Distribution and ecology. Dendropsophus juliani is known from the surroundings of the small settlement of Barrac��n, Departamento Pando, Bolivia (Fig. 7). Furthermore, a population from the northern Departamento Santa Cruz is tentatively referred to D. juliani (Fig. 7; see Discussion). The type locality is situated in an alluvial plain of the small river Arroyo Jenichiquia. In general, the area consists of tall western Amazonian forest represented mostly by old secondary forest with many large emergent trees (e.g. Bertholletia excelsa, Dipteryx micrantha, Ficus schultesii, etc.), which were not selected for timber harvest 30���40 years ago. An important feature of the area is the presence of isolated enclaves of open or overgrown pampas associated with poorly drained soils, which penetrate the closed forest from the South and East (Alverson et al., 2003). At the type locality, D. juliani was a relatively common species. Males called from graminoids emergent from small lakes or flooded depressions or from bushes over the water surface (ca. 5���50 cm above water). Nevertheless, single males were observed calling from bushes and young trees up to 250 cm above the ground and a chorus of males was heard calling from dense bushes and trees growing on the banks of Arroyo Jenichiquia. Calling activity started approximately 30 min. before sunset. Other hylid species found in sympatry with D. juliani include Dendropsophus leucophyllatus (Beireis), D. minutus (Peters), Hypsiboas boans (Linnaeus), H. cinerascens (Spix), H. lanciformis Cope, Phyllomedusa bicolor (Boddaert), P. c a m b a De la Riva, Scinax ruber (Laurenti) and S. parkeri (Gaige). Females and larvae of D. juliani are unknown. Etymology. The specific name is a patronym for our colleague and friend Juli��n Faivovich in recognition of his important contributions to hylid frog systematics., Published as part of Moravec, Ji �� ��, Aparicio, James & K��hler, J��rn, 2006, A new species of tree frog, genus Dendropsophus (Anura: Hylidae), from the Amazon of northern Bolivia, pp. 23-40 in Zootaxa 1327 on pages 24-33, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.174129, {"references":["Moravec, J. & Aparicio, J. (2006) First record of Atractus latifrons (Gunther, 1868) from Bolivia (Serpentes: Colubridae). C asopis Narodniho muzea, R ada p r irodov e dna, 175, in press.","Faivovich, J., Haddad, C. F. B., Garcia, P. C. A., Frost, D. R., Campbell, J. A. & Wheeler, W. C. (2005) Systematic review of the frog family Hylidae, with special reference to Hylinae: phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 294, 1 - 240.","Murphy, J. C. (1997) Amphibians and Reptiles of Trinidad and Tobago. Krieger, Malabar, Florida, 245 pp.","Pombal, J. P. Jr. & Bastos, R. P. (1998) Nova especie de Hyla Laurenti, 1768 do centro-oeste brasileiro e a posicao taxonomica de H. microcephala werneri Cochran, 1952 e H. microcephala meridiana B. Lutz, 1952 (Anura, Hylidae). Boletim do Museu Nacional Rio de Janeiro, Zoologia, 390, 1 - 14.","Kohler, J., Jungfer, K. - H. & Reichle, S. (2005) Another new species of small Hyla (Anura, Hylidae) from Amazonian sub-Andean forest of western Bolivia. Journal of Herpetology, 39, 43 - 50.","Martins, I. A. & Jim, J. (2003) Bioacoustic analysis of advertisement call in Hyla nana and Hyla sanborni (Anura, Hylidae) in Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 63, 507 - 516.","Kohler, J. & Lotters, S. (2001) A new species of minute Hyla from the southwestern Amazon Basin (Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae). Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 36, 105 - 112.","Rodriguez, L. O. & Duellman, W. E. (1994) Guide to the frogs of the Iquitos Region, Amazonian Peru. University of Kansas Natural History Museum Special Publications, 22, 1 - 80.","Cochran, D., & Goin, C. J. (1970) Frogs of Colombia. United States National Museum Bulletin, 288, 1 - 655.","Savage, J. M. (2002) The amphibians and reptiles of Costa Rica. A herpetofauna between two continents, between two seas. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, London, 934 pp.","Lutz, B. (1973) Brazilian species of Hyla. University of Texas Press, Austin, London, 260 pp.","Napoli, M. F. & Caramaschi, U. (1998) Duas novas especies de Hyla Laurenti, 1768 do Brasil central afins de H. tritaeniata Bokermann, 1965 (Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae). Boletim do Museu Nacional Rio de Janeiro, Zoologia, 391, 1 - 12.","Napoli, M. F. & Caramaschi, U. (1999) Geographic variation of Hyla rubicundula and Hyla anataliasiasi, with the description of a new species (Anura, Hylidae). Alytes, 16, 165 - 189.","Alverson, W. S., Urrelo, J., Foster, R. B., Rojas, J., Ayaviri, D. & Sosa, A. (2003) Vegetation and flora. In: Alverson, W. S. (Ed.), Bolivia: Pando, Madre de Dios. Rapid biological inventories: 0 5, The Field Museum, Chicago, pp. 66 - 71, 82 - 92."]}

Dendropsophus juliani sp. nov. Figs. 1–5 Hyla cruzi— Köhler, 2003: 381. Dendropsophus sp.— Moravec and Aparicio, 2006:in press. Holotype. CBF 5923, adult male, from the vicinity of the settlement of Barracón on the road from Cobija to Riberalta, 160 m a.s.l., 11 ° 33 ’ S, 66 ° 56 ’ W, Provincia Madre de Dios, Departamento Pando, Bolivia, collected on 26 January 2006 by Jiří Moravec. Paratypes. CBF 5924–5927, NMP 6 V 72799 / 1–3, HLMD­RA– 3051 adult males, same locality as the holotype, collected on 26–28 January 2006 by Jiří Moravec. Diagnosis. A small species of Dendropsophus distinguished by the following combination of characters: (1) small size, SVL 19.7–21.2 mm in males, head slightly wider than body; (2) snout short, acutely rounded in dorsal view, truncate and slightly inclined posteroventrally in lateral view; (3) canthus rostralis distinct, rounded in crosssection; loreal region slightly concave; (4) tympanum barely evident, round, about one third of eye length; tympanic annulus indistinct; supratympanic fold weakly developed; (5) vomerine odontophores prominent, separated medially, between choanae; (6) skin on dorsal surfaces smooth, with minute scattered tubercles; (7) tarsal fold and tubercles on outer edge of tarsus absent; ulnar folds and tubercles absent; (8) axillary membrane extensively developed; (9) fingers about one third webbed; toes about three fourths webbed; (10) bifid distal subarticular tubercle under fourth finger; (11) pectoral glands lacking; (12) generally, colouration of loreal­tympanic region and flanks sharply contrasting with colouration of dorsum; (13) in life, dorsum pale yellowish­tan to reddishtan at night and tan to reddish­brown by day, with inconspicuous dark brown markings; head greenish laterally at night and pale brown to dark brown by day; flanks pink at night and pale brown to dark brown by day; (14) in life, throat yellowish­green to bluish­green at night and yellowish­green by day; belly light yellow, translucent greenish in posterior part; ventral surfaces of thighs translucent greenish­yellow; (15) in life, iris periphery light silver brown with dark brown vermiculation, inner iris dark brown; bones white; (16) advertisement call composed of a series of very short notes rapidly repeated at a rate of about 10–12 notes/second, each note containing 3–6 pulses. Comparisons. Dendropsophus juliani shares most characters with species currently placed in the D. microcephalus group (sensu Faivovich et al., 2005). Superficially, the new species is most similar to D. coffea (Köhler, Jungfer and Reichle), D. cruzi (Pombal and Bastos), D. meridianus (B. Lutz) and D. minusculus (Rivero) by sharing a tan dorsal colouration sharply contrasting with the flanks. However, D. juliani mainly differs from these four species by the advertisement call characteristics and by exhibiting a greenish vocal sac in life (Murphy, 1997; Pombal and Bastos, 1998; Köhler et al., 2005). Three other small species, D. nanus (Boulenger), D. sanborni (Schmidt) and D. walfordi (Bokermann), differ from D. juliani by having numerous thin brown lines on a yellowish dorsum, a longer, more pointed snout and a different advertisement call (Martins and Jim, 2003). Superficially, individuals of D. juliani might be similar to D. leali (Bokermann) in size, dorsal colouration and skin texture. However, D. leali lacks greenish ventral colours in life as well as the dark brown lateral stripe. In addition, it emits a different advertisement call (Köhler and Lötters, 2001). Dendropsophus joannae (Köhler and Lötters) from northern Bolivia is distinguished from D. juliani mainly by having tuberculate dorsal skin, a red inner iris in life, smaller size, and a different advertisement call (Köhler and Lötters, 2001). Dendropsophus bipunctatus (Spix) and D. studerae (Carvalho­e­Silva, Carvalho­e­Silva and Izeckson) from northeastern Brazil mainly differ from D. juliani by having a loreal region with numerous white blotches (Carvalho­e­Silva et al., 2003). Other small species of Dendropsophus known from the Amazonian region and either associated with the D. microcephalus group, the weakly defined D. minimus group or not associated with any particular species group (see Faivovich et al., 2005) include: D. aperomeus (Duellman), D. haraldschultzi (Bokermann), D. mathiassoni (Cochran and Goin), D. microcephalus (Cope) (including the subspecific form D. m. miserus (Werner)), D. minimus (Ahl), D. miyatai (Vigle and Goberdhan­Vigle), D. rhodopeplus (Günther), D. riveroi (Cochran and Goin) and D. tintinnabulum (Melin). All of these species differ from D. juliani by morphological and/or bioacoustical characters: D. aperomeus exhibits a white supracloacal stripe (Duellman, 1982), lacking in D. juliani; D. haraldschultzi has a more slender body with thin longitudinal lines on dorsum (Rodríguez and Duellman, 1994); D. mathiassoni has a dorsum without any pattern and dorsolateral lymphatic sacs visible through the skin (Cochran and Goin, 1970); males of D. microcephalus are larger in size and exhibit a yellow vocal sac in life (Savage, 2002); D. minimus has a concealed tympanum (Köhler et al., 2005); D. miyatai exhibits red markings on dorsum and a pink venter (Rodríguez and Duellman, 1994); D. rhodopeplus has a yellow dorsum with red markings and a red lateral stripe (Duellman, 1974); D. riveroi lacks contrasting colouration and has a different advertisement call (Köhler et al., 2005); and D. tintinnabulum has a high­pitched bell­like advertisement call (Lutz, 1973). Species in the D. rubicundulus clade of the D. microcephalus group (sensu Faivovich et al., 2005) differ from the new species by having a green dorsum in life that changes to pinkish or violet in preservative, a regular dorsal stripe pattern and longer, more pointed snouts (Napoli and Caramaschi, 1998; 1999). From species of the D. decipiens clade (sensu Faivovich et al., 2005), D. juliani differs by colour pattern and advertisement call (Lutz, 1973; Carvalho­e­Silva et al., 2003). Description of holotype. Body moderately robust; head wider than body, shorter than wide, widest below eyes; snout acutely rounded in dorsal view, truncate and slightly inclined posteroventrally in lateral view; distance from nostril to eye shorter than diameter of eye; canthus rostralis distinct, rounded; loreal region slightly concave; lips slightly flared; internarial area slightly depressed; nostrils barely protuberant, directed dorsolaterally; interorbital area flat, IOD 131.6 % of ELW; eye large, strongly protuberant, its diameter about four times depth of lip below eye; tympanic membrane small, round, barely evident, its diameter about one third of eye length, separated from eye by slightly larger distance than its diameter; tympanic annulus indistinct; supratympanic fold evident but weakly developed, slightly obscuring upper edge of tympanum. Arm slender, not hypertrophied; axillary membrane extending to second third of upper arm; ulnar folds and tubercles absent; fingers of medium length, bearing small, round discs; relative length of fingers 1 II 1 1 / 3 — 3 ­ III 2 — 2 + IV. Legs moderately long, slender; heels overlapping when limbs flexed perpendicular to axis of body; tarsal fold and tarsal tubercles absent; toes moderately long, bearing round discs slightly smaller than those of fingers; relative length of toes 1 I 1 +— 2 ­ II 1 ­— 2 ­ III 1— 2 IV 2 — 1 V. Skin on dorsum, head, and dorsal surfaces of limbs smooth, with few scattered minute tubercles; skin on flanks smooth; skin on venter coarsely granular; skin on throat smooth; skin on lower surfaces of thighs slightly granular. Cloacal opening directed posteriorly at upper level of thighs; cloacal sheath consisting of two parts separated by a horizontal wrinkle, caudal part covering upper edge of cloacal opening; cloacal folds and tubercles absent. Tongue nearly round, slightly notched posteriorly, posterior and lateral margins not attached to floor of mouth; vomerine odontophores small, prominent, separated medially, between posterior halves of choanae, bearing three and two vomerine teeth (left/right); choanae medium­sized, oval; vocal slits long, extending from anterior third of lateral base of tongue to angle of jaws; vocal sac large, single, median, subgular. In alcohol, dorsal surfaces of head, body, and limbs reddish­tan with inconspicuous dark brown markings, consisting of a narrow interorbital streak, small obscure marking in prescapular region, inverted V­shaped mark in scapular region, inconspicuous mark in sacral region (posterior part of dorsum somewhat faded) and obscure small irregular flecks on shanks. Flanks with dark brown stripe, sharply outlined and contrasting against dorsum, fading in groin; groin whitish; supratympanic fold dark brown; upper lip whitish, with some scattered melanophores; loreal region dark brown; region around nostrils dark brown, tip of snout whitish; dorsal surfaces of hands and feet whitish with closely arranged melanophores (melanophores reduced on inner two fingers and toes); webbing, and posterior surfaces of thighs whitish without melanophores; cloacal sheath dark brown; lower lip whitish, posterior two thirds with scattered melanophores; throat yellowish; belly and ventral surfaces of limbs whitish. In life, dorsal and lateral colouration differs only slightly from the preserved specimen in being somewhat darker coloured, and having more yellowish tint of the whitish parts. Fingers yellow dorsally, shanks with more distinct dark flecks forming three obscure transverse bars. Axillar region translucent fleshy white; groin translucent greenish; throat yellowish­green; belly bright yellow, translucent greenish posteriorly; ventral surfaces of upper limbs translucent fleshy white, fingers greenish­yellow ventrally; ventral surfaces of thighs, shanks, and fingers translucent greenish­yellow; iris periphery light silver brown with dark brown vermiculation, inner iris dark brown; bones white. Measurements of the holotype: SVL 20.7; HL 7.0; HW 7.5; IOD 2.5; EN 1.6; ED 2.5; ELW 1.9; TD 0.8; TL 10.3; FL 14.3. Var i at io n. Variation of measurements and body proportions of the type specimens is given in Tab. 1. A photograph of the paratype NMP 6 V 72799 / 1 is shown in Fig. 3; lateral and dorsal aspects of the head of the Paratype NMP 6 V 72799 / 3 are depicted in Fig. 4. Some variation seems to be evident in distinctiveness of the tympanum. In CBF 2925 the tympanum is more evident and the tympanic annulus more distinct than in other type specimens. In contrast, the tympanum is difficult to detect in CBF 5927 and NMP 6 V 72799 / 2, possibly a result of fixation artifacts. In the holotype and NMP 6 V 72799 / 1 the supernumerary and carpal tubercles are less prominent than in the other specimens. The outer metatarsal tubercle is less pronounced in some individuals (holotype, CBF 2925–5927, NMP 6 V 72799 / 1–2). The finger and toe webbing formulae vary as follows: II (1 1 / 2 – 1 2 / 3)—(2 2 / 3 – 3 ­) III (2 ­– 2 +)—(2 ­– 2 +) IV and I (1 – 1 1 / 4)—(1 +– 2 ­) II (1 ­– 1)—(2 ­– 2) III (1 ­ – 1 +)—(2 ­– 2) IV (2 ­– 2)—(1 ­– 1) V. The axillary membrane extends along nearly whole upper arm in CBF 5926, NMP 6 V 72799 / 1–2. Overall dorsal colouration in alcohol varies from yellowish­tan to reddish­brown. Dorsal pattern varies mostly regarding presence, shape and distinctness of the dark interorbital streak, inverted V­shaped mark in scapular region and presence of other smaller markings (irregular dark small spots scattered on dorsum in CBF 5925, 5927, NMP 6 V 72799 / 2, and HLMD­RA– 3051). The sharply outlined lateral stripe of light grey colour is present in all paratypes except in CBF 5926 and NMP 6 V 72799 / 1. In the latter two specimens, lateral and dorsal colouration is not clearly defined and yellowish tan dorsal colouration is broken in smaller spots forming a triangle between snout and proximal margin of upper eyelids, two longitudinal dorsolateral bars extending from posterior margin of the upper eyelids to scapular area, and a pattern of irregularly scattered spots on the presacral and sacral region. The colour pattern of the spotted specimen (NMP 6 V 72799 / 1) is shown in Fig. 3, and that of a calling male (not collected) in Fig. 5. Advertisement call. Seven calls of four individuals were analyzed. Air temperature during recording was 24 °C. The recordings were obtained from a small chorus of males. The call (Fig. 6) consists of a long series of very short notes repeated in regular intervals. Notes are distinctly pulsed and lack any frequency modulation. The initial note of a call might be slightly longer than subsequent notes. Call energy is distributed within a narrow frequency band between 3300–4400 Hz. Numerical call parameters are as follows (range followed by mean ± standard deviation in parentheses): call duration, 656–1108 ms (847.5 207.2); notes/call, 7–14 (10.0 2.8); note duration, 11–26 ms (17.6 5.1); pulses/note, 3–6 (3.8 1.1); note repetition rate, 10.9–12.3 notes/sec (11.5 0.5); maximum call energy at 3427–4114 Hz (3773 199). Calls were repeated at an approximate rate of 8–12 calls per minute. Distribution and ecology. Dendropsophus juliani is known from the surroundings of the small settlement of Barracón, Departamento Pando, Bolivia (Fig. 7). Furthermore, a population from the northern Departamento Santa Cruz is tentatively referred to D. juliani (Fig. 7; see Discussion). The type locality is situated in an alluvial plain of the small river Arroyo Jenichiquia. In general, the area consists of tall western Amazonian forest represented mostly by old secondary forest with many large emergent trees (e.g. Bertholletia excelsa, Dipteryx micrantha, Ficus schultesii, etc.), which were not selected for timber harvest 30–40 years ago. An important feature of the area is the presence of isolated enclaves of open or overgrown pampas associated with poorly drained soils, which penetrate the closed forest from the South and East (Alverson et al., 2003). At the type locality, D. juliani was a relatively common species. Males called from graminoids emergent from small lakes or flooded depressions or from bushes over the water surface (ca. 5–50 cm above water). Nevertheless, single males were observed calling from bushes and young trees up to 250 cm above the ground and a chorus of males was heard calling from dense bushes and trees growing on the banks of Arroyo Jenichiquia. Calling activity started approximately 30 min. before sunset. Other hylid species found in sympatry with D. juliani include Dendropsophus leucophyllatus (Beireis), D. minutus (Peters), Hypsiboas boans (Linnaeus), H. cinerascens (Spix), H. lanciformis Cope, Phyllomedusa bicolor (Boddaert), P. c a m b a De la Riva, Scinax ruber (Laurenti) and S. parkeri (Gaige). Females and larvae of D. juliani are unknown. Etymology. The specific name is a patronym for our colleague and friend Julián Faivovich in recognition of his important contributions to hylid frog systematics.