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Written sources and archaeological data indicate that the vast territory from the Great Wall of China in the east to the Carpathian Mountains in the west in the first millennium BC was inhabited by the Sak and Sauromat–Sarmatian tribes, who formed a "nomadic culture". Warlike nomads, skilled horsemen, accurate archers and courageous warriors are known in history as "nomadic horsemen tribes". The settlement of nomadic tribes from the steppes of Central Asia to Eastern Europe and Asia Minor in the first half of the first millennium went down in history as the first wave of the "Great Migration" of the peoples from the East to the West. Today this fact is confirmed by written sources and archaeological evidences. As the result of these resettlements, various cultural conflicts have occurred throughout the history of mankind, and nomadic tribes have become recognized by the ancient peoples of Eastern Europe and Asia Minor. The issue of resettlement is the subject of research of foreign and local scientists. However, as it is one of the most important topics that needs to be studied the authors decided conduct scientific research on this topic, study the reasons and ways of migration of the nomadic horsemen tribes to Eastern Europe and Asia Minor, systematize old and new data, conduct a scientific analysis based on the experience of foreign and local researchers. Moreover, scientific conclusions have been done as well as the periods and directions of the conquering campaigns of nomadic horsemen in Asia Minor have been studied.

Urbanization is a global phenomenon and is influenced by complex processes in the society. In Kazakhstan, the formation of towns was based on the implementation of a policy of the Russian Empire, which put in motion the processes of urbanization there. This policy was later continued in the Soviet times too. It began with the discovery of rich deposits of minerals on the sites of small Kazakh vernacular settlements, and their extraction. Gradually, these settlements turned into towns: infrastructure was built; population increased. Invariably, the living conditions of people engaged in industrial production also improved. However, at the end of the 20th century, these small towns are still experiencing a deep social and economic crisis. Although the modern independent Kazakhstan has begun to address them, this issue is still urgent. This paper examines the process of the formation of urban vernacular settlements in Kazakhstan with a case study of East Kazakhstan. The research employs archival documents containing objective information. It uses comparative historical analysis to identify the causes and reveal the processes of transformation of vernacular settlements into towns. It concludes that the emergence of some settlements in East Kazakhstan has been associated with the colonial policy of the Russian Empire. The towns are an important and inevitable part of urbanization. It is easier for the migrants and the villagers to adapt to the towns. This is because towns lack tensions and survival problems of the big cities, but retain all of their symbols and infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human settlements are an outcome of people occupying land. In the 1940s and 1950s, a pivotal era unfolded in the demographic landscape of Kazakhstani lands. This period was shaped by the policies of the Soviet government, particularly during the Second World War, which saw the mass deportation of various Soviet people, along with those captured during the war, to Kazakhstan and Central Asia. Consequently, this period witnessed the establishment of numerous settlements and villages across Kazakhstan, along with an unprecedented demographic transformation within its rural population. This article delves into the demographic history of Kazakhstan's rural population from 1945 to 1955 and transformation of its landscape. The study employs a multifaceted approach, intertwining analyses of demography, social life, and migration processes prevalent during this period. Employing contemporary historical scholarship, the research investigates the nuanced interplay of various factors that shaped the demographic landscape of rural Kazakhstan during this time. It reveals a tapestry of intersecting influences that reshaped the social fabric of the region and the settlements. Through an analysis of demographic trends and migration patterns, it elucidates the profound impact of historical events and government policies on the rural people of Kazakhstan during the post-war era. By contextualizing demographic shifts within the broader socio-political frameworks, the research reveals the significance of rural population dynamics in deciphering the larger narrative of Kazakhstan's historical trajectory of human settlements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]