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6. The road to recovery: a synthesis of outcomes from ecosystem restoration in tropical and sub-tropical Asian forests

Author

Banin, Lindsay F., Raine, Elizabeth H., Rowland, Lucy M., Chazdon, Robin L., Smith, Stuart W., Rahman, Nur Estya Binte, Butler, Adam, Philipson, Christopher, Applegate, Grahame G., Axelsson, E. Petter, Budiharta, Sugeng, Chua, Siew Chin, Cutler, Mark E.J., Elliott, Stephen, Gemita, Elva, Godoong, Elia, Graham, Laura L.B., Hayward, Robin M., Hector, Andy, Ilstedt, Ulrik, Jensen, Joel, Kasinathan, Srinivasan, Kettle, Christopher J., Lussetti, Daniel, Manohan, Benjapan, Maycock, Colin, Ngo, Kang Min, O'Brien, Michael J., Osuri, Anand M., Reynolds, Glen, Sauwai, Yap, Scheu, Stefan, Silalahi, Mangarah, Slade, Eleanor M., Swinfield, Tom, Wardle, David A., Wheeler, Charlotte, Yeong, Kok Loong, Burslem, David F.R.P., Banin, Lindsay F., Raine, Elizabeth H., Rowland, Lucy M., Chazdon, Robin L., Smith, Stuart W., Rahman, Nur Estya Binte, Butler, Adam, Philipson, Christopher, Applegate, Grahame G., Axelsson, E. Petter, Budiharta, Sugeng, Chua, Siew Chin, Cutler, Mark E.J., Elliott, Stephen, Gemita, Elva, Godoong, Elia, Graham, Laura L.B., Hayward, Robin M., Hector, Andy, Ilstedt, Ulrik, Jensen, Joel, Kasinathan, Srinivasan, Kettle, Christopher J., Lussetti, Daniel, Manohan, Benjapan, Maycock, Colin, Ngo, Kang Min, O'Brien, Michael J., Osuri, Anand M., Reynolds, Glen, Sauwai, Yap, Scheu, Stefan, Silalahi, Mangarah, Slade, Eleanor M., Swinfield, Tom, Wardle, David A., Wheeler, Charlotte, Yeong, Kok Loong, and Burslem, David F.R.P.

Abstract

Current policy is driving renewed impetus to restore forests to return ecological function, protect species, sequester carbon and secure livelihoods. Here we assess the contribution of tree planting to ecosystem restoration in tropical and sub-tropical Asia; we synthesize evidence on mortality and growth of planted trees at 176 sites and assess structural and biodiversity recovery of co-located actively restored and naturally regenerating forest plots. Mean mortality of planted trees was 18% 1 year after planting, increasing to 44% after 5 years. Mortality varied strongly by site and was typically ca 20% higher in open areas than degraded forest, with height at planting positively affecting survival. Size-standardized growth rates were negatively related to species-level wood density in degraded forest and plantations enrichment settings. Based on community-level data from 11 landscapes, active restoration resulted in faster accumulation of tree basal area and structural properties were closer to old-growth reference sites, relative to natural regeneration, but tree species richness did not differ. High variability in outcomes across sites indicates that planting for restoration is potentially rewarding but risky and context-dependent. Restoration projects must prepare for and manage commonly occurring challenges and align with efforts to protect and reconnect remaining forest areas.

Published
2023

9. The road to recovery: a synthesis of outcomes from ecosystem restoration in tropical and sub-tropical Asian forests

Author

Banin, Lindsay F., primary, Raine, Elizabeth H., additional, Rowland, Lucy M., additional, Chazdon, Robin L., additional, Smith, Stuart W., additional, Rahman, Nur Estya Binte, additional, Butler, Adam, additional, Philipson, Christopher, additional, Applegate, Grahame G., additional, Axelsson, E. Petter, additional, Budiharta, Sugeng, additional, Chua, Siew Chin, additional, Cutler, Mark E. J., additional, Elliott, Stephen, additional, Gemita, Elva, additional, Godoong, Elia, additional, Graham, Laura L. B., additional, Hayward, Robin M., additional, Hector, Andy, additional, Ilstedt, Ulrik, additional, Jensen, Joel, additional, Kasinathan, Srinivasan, additional, Kettle, Christopher J., additional, Lussetti, Daniel, additional, Manohan, Benjapan, additional, Maycock, Colin, additional, Ngo, Kang Min, additional, O'Brien, Michael J., additional, Osuri, Anand M., additional, Reynolds, Glen, additional, Sauwai, Yap, additional, Scheu, Stefan, additional, Silalahi, Mangarah, additional, Slade, Eleanor M., additional, Swinfield, Tom, additional, Wardle, David A., additional, Wheeler, Charlotte, additional, Yeong, Kok Loong, additional, and Burslem, David F. R. P., additional

Published
2022
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10. Ecological and Cultural Understanding as a Basis for Management of a Globally Significant Island Landscape

Author

Walker, Kim E., primary, Baldwin, Claudia, additional, Conroy, Gabriel C., additional, Applegate, Grahame, additional, Archer-Lean, Clare, additional, Arthington, Angela H., additional, Behrendorff, Linda, additional, Gilby, Ben L., additional, Hadwen, Wade, additional, Henderson, Christopher J., additional, Jacobsen, Chris, additional, Lamb, David, additional, Lieske, Scott N., additional, Ogbourne, Steven M., additional, Olds, Andrew D., additional, Ota, Liz, additional, Ribbe, Joachim, additional, Sargent, Susan, additional, Schaffer, Vikki, additional, Schlacher, Thomas A., additional, Stevens, Nicholas, additional, Srivastava, Sanjeev K., additional, Weston, Michael A., additional, and Ellison, Aaron M., additional

Published
2022
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17. The community capacity curve applied to reforestation: a framework to support success.

Author

Herbohn, John, Ota, Liz, Gregorio, Nestor, Chazdon, Robin, Fisher, Robert, Baynes, Jack, Applegate, Grahame, Page, Tony, Carias, Dora, Romero, Claudia, Putz, Francis E., and Firn, Jennifer

Abstract

Community involvement is critical for the success of many interventions designed to promote reforestation. To secure this involvement, it helps to recognize that communities are heterogenous both within and among themselves and possess diverse mixes of livelihood assets required to implement reforestation. We explore the relationship between livelihood assets and reforestation success and outline a conceptual model that we call the community capacity curve (CCC) applied to reforestation. We argue that the shape of the CCC is sigmoidal. Importantly, communities at the lower end of the CCC have limited capacity to implement reforestation projects without substantial and ongoing capacity building and other sorts of support, including through livelihood projects that improve food security and provide cash benefits. Communities at the higher part of the CCC have greater capacity to implement reforestation projects, especially projects focused on biodiversity and environmental services. The CCC can help design, implement, monitor and assess reforestation projects, select appropriate livelihood activities and types of reforestation, select communities suited to a reforestation project, guide implementation and understand projects' successes and failure. The CCC also provides a framework to engage with policy makers and funding bodies to explore the types of support for communities to reforest successfully. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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22. Species-Specific Allometric Equations for Predicting Belowground Root Biomass in Plantations: Case Study of Spotted Gums (Corymbia citriodora subspecies variegata) in Queensland

Author

Huynh, Trinh, Applegate, Grahame, Lewis, Tom, Pachas, Anibal Nahuel A., Hunt, Mark A., Bristow, Mila, Lee, David J., Huynh, Trinh, Applegate, Grahame, Lewis, Tom, Pachas, Anibal Nahuel A., Hunt, Mark A., Bristow, Mila, and Lee, David J.

Abstract

Spotted gum (Corymbia citriodora spp. variegata; CCV) has been widely planted, has a wide natural distribution, and is the most important commercially harvested hardwood species in Queensland, Australia. It has a great capacity to sequester carbon, thus reducing the impact of CO2 emissions on climate. Belowground root biomass (BGB) plays an important role as a carbon sink in terrestrial ecosystems. To explore the potential of biomass and carbon accumulation belowground, we developed and validated models for CCV plantations in Queensland. The roots of twenty-three individual trees (size range 11.8–42.0 cm diameter at breast height) from three sites were excavated to a 1-m depth and were weighed to obtain BGB. Weighted nonlinear regression models were most reliable for estimating BGB. To evaluate the candidate models, the data set was cross-validated with 70% of the data used for training and 30% of the data used for testing. The cross-validation process was repeated 23 times and the validation of the models were averaged over 23 iterations. The best model for predicting spotted gum BGB was based on a single parameter, with the diameter at breast height (D) as an independent variable. The best equation BGB = 0.02933 × D2.5805 had an adjusted R2 of 0.854 and a mean absolute percentage error of 0.090%. This equation was tested against published BGB equations; the findings from this are discussed. Our equation is recommended to allow improved estimates of BGB for this species.

Published
2021

23. Field methods for above and belowground biomass estimation in plantation forests

Author

Huynh, Trinh, Lee, David J., Applegate, Grahame, Lewis, Tom, Huynh, Trinh, Lee, David J., Applegate, Grahame, and Lewis, Tom

Abstract

A practical and cost-effective destructive sampling method for estimating above and belowground biomass of Corymbia citriodora subspecies variegata grown in plantations is described. The methodology includes details on selecting sample trees, weighing tree components in the field, excavating root systems and obtaining fresh weights and laboratory analyses of components to determine oven dry weights. The development of these sampling procedures is a basic step towards successful, consistent collection of biomass data in 18-20 years old plantation forests. This methodology was developed for eucalypt hardwood timber plantations in Queensland, Australia. However, these procedures can be applied to plantations elsewhere as well as to trees in native forest environments with minor modifications. The methodology developed for field sampling of the tree components and the derivation of allometric relationships for predicting individual tree biomass (above and belowground) highlighted the following:•Accurate quantification of above and belowground biomass of eucalypts.•Description of measured variables for developing allometric relationships.•Integration of field and laboratory measurements to streamline data collection.

Published
2021

29. Why estimates of the peat burned in fires in Sumatra and Kalimantan are unreliable and why it matters.

Author

Jessup, Timothy C., Vayda, Andrew P., Cochrane, Mark A., Applegate, Grahame B., Ryan, Kevin C., and Saharjo, Bambang Hero

Subjects
PEAT, CARBON emissions, EL Nino
Abstract

Most recent estimates of carbon emissions from Indonesia's peatland fires are based on extrapolation from a narrow base of empirical evidence, raising concerns about the reliability of fire emissions estimates. Measurements of peat fires during ENSO periods are not representative of fires in other years, yet they underlie many estimates of peat fire emissions in 'normal' years. Errors may enter into estimates of area burned, quantity of peat combusted and fire emission factors. Problems arise in extrapolating from a few empirical measurements without accounting for conditions that influence combustibility of peat and the heavy fuels through which surface fires transition to become peat fires. These conditions are influenced by drainage and fire history. Our analysis is based on a critical look at a sample of peat fire and emissions studies, including the two most widely cited ones, as well as at the uses made of those studies. Undue extrapolation from unrepresentative empirical studies contributes significantly to the uncertainty of emissions estimates in studies that rely on models rather than empirical observation. We do not offer our own estimates; rather, we argue that the base of evidence must be broadened. We point to examples of empirically based research that more reliably show the contribution of peat fires to overall peatland carbon emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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31. Without management interventions, endemic wet-sclerophyll forest is transitioning to rainforest in World Heritage listed K'gari (Fraser Island), Australia

Author

Krishnan, Vithya, Robinson, Nicole, Firn, Jennifer, Applegate, Grahame, Herbohn, John, Schmidt, Susanne, Krishnan, Vithya, Robinson, Nicole, Firn, Jennifer, Applegate, Grahame, Herbohn, John, and Schmidt, Susanne

Abstract

Wet-sclerophyll forests are unique ecosystems that can transition to dry-sclerophyll forests or to rainforests. Understanding of the dynamics of these forests for conservation is limited. We evaluated the long-term succession of wet-sclerophyll forest on World Heritage listed K'gari (Fraser Island)—the world's largest sand island. We recorded the presence and growth of tree species in three 0.4 hectare plots that had been subjected to selective logging, fire, and cyclone disturbance over 65 years, from 1952 to 2017. Irrespective of disturbance regimes, which varied between plots, rainforest trees recruited at much faster rates than the dominant wet-sclerophyll forest trees, narrowly endemic species Syncarpia hillii and more common Lophostemon confertus. Syncarpia hillii did not recruit at the plot with the least disturbance and recruited only in low numbers at plots with more prominent disturbance regimes in the ≥10 cm at breast height size. Lophostemon confertus recruited at all plots but in much lower numbers than rainforest trees. Only five L. confertus were detected in the smallest size class (<10 cm diameter) in the 2017 survey. Overall, we find evidence that more pronounced disturbance regimes than those that have occurred over the past 65 years may be required to conserve this wet-sclerophyll forest, as without intervention, transition to rainforest is a likely trajectory. Fire and other management tools should therefore be explored, in collaboration with Indigenous landowners, to ensure conservation of this wet-sclerophyll forest.

Published
2019

33. Testing the generality of below-ground biomass allometry across plant functional types

Author

Paul, Keryn I., primary, Larmour, John, additional, Specht, Alison, additional, Zerihun, Ayalsew, additional, Ritson, Peter, additional, Roxburgh, Stephen H., additional, Sochacki, Stan, additional, Lewis, Tom, additional, Barton, Craig V.M., additional, England, Jacqueline R., additional, Battaglia, Michael, additional, O'Grady, Anthony, additional, Pinkard, Elizabeth, additional, Applegate, Grahame, additional, Jonson, Justin, additional, Brooksbank, Kim, additional, Sudmeyer, Rob, additional, Wildy, Dan, additional, Montagu, Kelvin D., additional, Bradford, Matt, additional, Butler, Don, additional, and Hobbs, Trevor, additional

Published
2019
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34. Testing the generality of above-ground biomass allometry across plant functional types at the continent scale

Author

Paul, Keryn I., primary, Roxburgh, Stephen H., additional, Chave, Jerome, additional, England, Jacqueline R., additional, Zerihun, Ayalsew, additional, Specht, Alison, additional, Lewis, Tom, additional, Bennett, Lauren T., additional, Baker, Thomas G., additional, Adams, Mark A., additional, Huxtable, Dan, additional, Montagu, Kelvin D., additional, Falster, Daniel S., additional, Feller, Mike, additional, Sochacki, Stan, additional, Ritson, Peter, additional, Bastin, Gary, additional, Bartle, John, additional, Wildy, Dan, additional, Hobbs, Trevor, additional, Larmour, John, additional, Waterworth, Rob, additional, Stewart, Hugh T.L., additional, Jonson, Justin, additional, Forrester, David I., additional, Applegate, Grahame, additional, Mendham, Daniel, additional, Bradford, Matt, additional, O'Grady, Anthony, additional, Green, Daryl, additional, Sudmeyer, Rob, additional, Rance, Stan J., additional, Turner, John, additional, Barton, Craig, additional, Wenk, Elizabeth H., additional, Grove, Tim, additional, Attiwill, Peter M., additional, Pinkard, Elizabeth, additional, Butler, Don, additional, Brooksbank, Kim, additional, Spencer, Beren, additional, Snowdon, Peter, additional, O'Brien, Nick, additional, Battaglia, Michael, additional, Cameron, David M, additional, Hamilton, Steve, additional, McAuthur, Geoff, additional, and Sinclair, Jenny, additional

Published
2016
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35. Applying reduced impact loggin to advance sustainable forest management

Author

Enters, Thomas (ed.), Durst, Patrick B. (ed.), Applegate, Grahame B. (ed.), Kho, Peter C.S. (ed.), and Man, Gary

Subjects
U10 - Informatique, mathématiques et statistiques, Rotation de coupe, Aménagement forestier, Impact sur l'environnement, Modèle mathématique, K10 - Production forestière
Abstract

There is broad consensus that timber harvesting must be improved to achieve sustainable forest management. Reduced impact logging (RIL) is a key component of better forest management. Its implementation is largely contingent on satisfying economic and institutional concerns. In tropical forests, RIL has been tested and applied on a small scale for more than a decade. Various timber-producing countries in Asia and the Pacific have recognized its potential for advancing sustainable forest management. Yet many questions remain and the lack of sound and appropriate information continues to impede the widespread application of RIL. This publication helps fill that critical information gap. It includes a wealth of information that was presented during the International conference on the application of reduced impact logging to advance sustainable forest management, held from 26 February to 1 March 2001, in Kuching, Malaysia. The conference assessed past and ongoing efforts to implement RIL and considered options for future application. This publication reflects an important milestone in the efforts to improve forest management in the region. While acknowledging that considerable challenges lie ahead, it provides reason for cautious optimism concerning the wider application of RIL in the future.

Published
2002

36. Forest Fires in Indonesia: Impacts and Solutions

Author

Fox, James, Applegate, Grahame, Smith, Ross, Mitchell, A J, Packham, David, Tapper, Nigel, Baines, Graham, Fox, James, Applegate, Grahame, Smith, Ross, Mitchell, A J, Packham, David, Tapper, Nigel, and Baines, Graham

Published
2002

40. The road to recovery: a synthesis of outcomes from ecosystem restoration in tropical and sub-tropical Asian forests.

Author

Banin LF, Raine EH, Rowland LM, Chazdon RL, Smith SW, Rahman NEB, Butler A, Philipson C, Applegate GG, Axelsson EP, Budiharta S, Chua SC, Cutler MEJ, Elliott S, Gemita E, Godoong E, Graham LLB, Hayward RM, Hector A, Ilstedt U, Jensen J, Kasinathan S, Kettle CJ, Lussetti D, Manohan B, Maycock C, Ngo KM, O'Brien MJ, Osuri AM, Reynolds G, Sauwai Y, Scheu S, Silalahi M, Slade EM, Swinfield T, Wardle DA, Wheeler C, Yeong KL, and Burslem DFRP

Subjects
Biodiversity, Plants, Asia, Ecosystem, Tropical Climate
Abstract

Current policy is driving renewed impetus to restore forests to return ecological function, protect species, sequester carbon and secure livelihoods. Here we assess the contribution of tree planting to ecosystem restoration in tropical and sub-tropical Asia; we synthesize evidence on mortality and growth of planted trees at 176 sites and assess structural and biodiversity recovery of co-located actively restored and naturally regenerating forest plots. Mean mortality of planted trees was 18% 1 year after planting, increasing to 44% after 5 years. Mortality varied strongly by site and was typically ca 20% higher in open areas than degraded forest, with height at planting positively affecting survival. Size-standardized growth rates were negatively related to species-level wood density in degraded forest and plantations enrichment settings. Based on community-level data from 11 landscapes, active restoration resulted in faster accumulation of tree basal area and structural properties were closer to old-growth reference sites, relative to natural regeneration, but tree species richness did not differ. High variability in outcomes across sites indicates that planting for restoration is potentially rewarding but risky and context-dependent. Restoration projects must prepare for and manage commonly occurring challenges and align with efforts to protect and reconnect remaining forest areas. The abstract of this article is available in Bahasa Indonesia in the electronic supplementary material. This article is part of the theme issue 'Understanding forest landscape restoration: reinforcing scientific foundations for the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration'.

Published
2023
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41. Field methods for above and belowground biomass estimation in plantation forests.

Author

Huynh T, Lee DJ, Applegate G, and Lewis T

Abstract

A practical and cost-effective destructive sampling method for estimating above and belowground biomass of Corymbia citriodora subspecies variegata grown in plantations is described. The methodology includes details on selecting sample trees, weighing tree components in the field, excavating root systems and obtaining fresh weights and laboratory analyses of components to determine oven dry weights. The development of these sampling procedures is a basic step towards successful, consistent collection of biomass data in 18-20 years old plantation forests. This methodology was developed for eucalypt hardwood timber plantations in Queensland, Australia. However, these procedures can be applied to plantations elsewhere as well as to trees in native forest environments with minor modifications. The methodology developed for field sampling of the tree components and the derivation of allometric relationships for predicting individual tree biomass (above and belowground) highlighted the following:•Accurate quantification of above and belowground biomass of eucalypts.•Description of measured variables for developing allometric relationships.•Integration of field and laboratory measurements to streamline data collection., Competing Interests: The authors confirm that there are no conflicts of interest., (© 2020 The Authors.)

Published
2020
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