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2. Second-hand tobacco smoke exposure in different micro-environments

Author

Apsley, Andrew

Subjects
610, Passive smoking
Abstract

Background: Data on the typical daily exposure of non-smokers to second-hand smoke (SHS) are limited. The aim of this study was to estimate the SHS exposure encountered by adults and children in Scotland and to examine the proportion of total exposure received within different microenvironments. Methods: Primary research was carried out to gather information on SHS concentrations within cars in both simulated and real-life settings. Observational work was also carried out to determine the prevalence of exposure to SHS in cars. Further work was carried out to gather information on occupational SHS exposure. Data from all of these components were combined with data from previously published sources to produce estimates of how much SHS-derived PM2.5 exposure is typically received by adults and children within different micro-environments. Results: The contribution to total SHS exposure from each micro-environment was calculated. This was carried out for a child living in: a non-smoking home; a home where only the father smokes; a home where only the mother smokes; and a home where both parents smoke. In addition to this the equivalent dose of SHS inhaled (expressed as a mass) were also calculated for each of the micro-environments. This method was also used to determine the SHS contribution of different micro-environments for adult non-smokers. Exposure calculations were carried out assuming that exposure in the home was reduced to the levels found in non-smoking homes and the contribution from the remaining micro-environments unchanged. Observations identified that 2.4% of cars carrying children exposed children to SHS and exposure intensities during smoking car journeys can be particularly high with peak exposures ranging from 55 to 886 μgm-3. Conclusion: This is the first study to estimate the SHS exposure contributions from different microenvironments encountered by children and adults in Scotland. This study indicates that encouraging behavioural change in terms of smoking in home and car micro-environments has the greatest potential to reduce non-smokers’ daily exposure to tobacco derived fine particulate matter.

Published
2013

13. Urban air quality citizen science. Phase 1: review of methods and projects

Author

Reis, Stefan, Cowie, Hilary, Riddell, Kerry, Semple, Sean, Steinle, Susanne, Apsley, Andrew, Roy, Helen, Reis, Stefan, Cowie, Hilary, Riddell, Kerry, Semple, Sean, Steinle, Susanne, Apsley, Andrew, and Roy, Helen

Abstract

This report will comprise suggestions of links with other work and possible approaches for taking the work forward, providing a map of current and recent air quality related Citizen Science activities in the UK, Europe and beyond. In this deliverable, we map out the technologies and approaches currently available for air quality monitoring and provide an overview on how they could be applied in a citizen science context. In addition, we provide an overview of existing citizen science activities with relevance to air pollution. The focus of this report will be on the specific aspects of air pollution monitoring in a citizen science context; we refer to Roy et al. (2012) for a more general discourse on citizen science projects. As far as possible, we will closely link to another SEPA funded project with a focus on citizen science for environmental monitoring (by direct personal contact with colleagues at CEH), as well as other ongoing and emerging projects (e.g. EU FP7 project CitiSense, Transport Scotland, etc.). The objective of this report is not to draw final conclusions, but to provide the material and information resources for the following phases 2 and 3 of the pilot project.

Published
2013

18. Research paper. Using a new, low-cost air quality sensor to quantify second-hand smoke (SHS) levels in homes.

Author

Semple, Sean, Ibrahim, Azmina Engku, Apsley, Andrew, Steiner, Markus, and Turner, Stephen

Subjects
PASSIVE smoking
Abstract

Objective To determine if a low-cost particle counter, the Dylos DC 1700, can be used in homes to quantify second-hand smoke (SHS) concentrations. Methods Participants were recruited from a hospitalbased study of attitudes on smoking. Two photometric devices (Dylos DC1700 and Sidepak AM510 Personal Aerosol Monitor) capable of measuring and logging concentrations of particulate matter were placed in smoking and non-smoking homes for approximately 24h. Acquired data were randomly allocated to one of two groups: one was used to generate a calibration equation using regression techniques; the second was used for validation of the generated model. The mean difference and limits of agreement between the two instruments were calculated using the validation dataset. Summary air-quality results were also compared across the entire dataset. Results Over 500 001 minute concentration measurements were collected from 34 homes. 25 301 randomly selected paired-measurements were used to generate a calibration equation (R2 0.86) converting the particle number concentration from the Dylos to a mass concentration of PM2.5 as measured by the Sidepak. The mean difference (limits of agreement) between the remaining 25 102 paired measurements was −0.09 (−49.7 to 49.5) with 3.2% of values outside the limits of agreement. Differences in the air quality information generated by the two instruments were generally small and unlikely to impact on user interpretation. Conclusions The Dylos appears to be a valid instrument for measuring PM2.5 in household settings. The Dylos may be useful in air quality-based interventions designed to change smokers' behaviours with the possibility of encouraging cessation and/or smoke-free homes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2015
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