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Copyright of Bylye Gody is the property of Cherkas Global University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As the digital and physical worlds connect, machine-learning tools are increasingly being used by businesses and institutions, including archaeological research institutes and museums. The article presents research that, based on the evolution of human scripts, provides a tool for identifying script variants used in old manuscripts and stone inscriptions. This makes the work of paleography institutes and individual researchers more efficient. Using this research, it is possible to provide some information about millions of hitherto unidentified inscriptions using machine learning. The developed and tested method applies the biological phylogenetics tool to script evolution, an area that has yet to be investigated with machine learning tools. The final aim of the research is to use these tools to clarify the connections between many Arabic, Aramaic and Central Iranian script variants. The described procedure gives a new solution to one of the fundamental issues of phylogenetic analysis, feature selection, the effectiveness of which is verified with test runs. The paper presents a new feature selection method to identify the strength or effect of features before phylogenetic processing. This type of dimensionality reduction removes unnecessary features from the dataset for these analyses and interpretations. The method was applied to some versions of Arabic, Aramaic and Middle Iranian scripts, but the procedure is not script-specific. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses upon the arrangement of written words in geometric shapes or patterns—specifically in Arabic script. It takes the case of the Kitāb al-diryāq (Book of Antidotes, 595 AH/1199 CE, BnF arabe 2964), an illuminated and illustrated manuscript that features a series of geometric compositions created using Arabic script. The script is employed in conjunction with or independent of geometric lines and curves, with its ligatures compressed and elongated, and words repeated, ornamented, or oriented multidirectionally to augment the geometric shape. The aesthetic manipulation of the script in this manner severely compromises the legibility of the words—the pages invite a viewing of the script rather than a reading of the text. By closely examining a set of four such compositions—articulated as diagrams—the article demonstrates the semantic value of the visual script patterns when read in concert with the verbal content. Furthermore, by focusing on the extralinguistic components of the diagrams, I argue that the arrangement of text in geometric patterns is a vital medium of transmitting knowledge—the form not only shapes the reception of verbal messages but also augments an aesthetic image; operates as a cognitive device; and transforms the text into a scientific representation. The diagrams visually and semantically shape knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some Quranic scholars, especially at the present time, have conducted statistical research on the Holy Quran, and their main goal is to prove the miraculous aspects of Quran through numerical and statistical analysis. However, the degree to which one can trust the results of such studies has been a great concern. In order to evaluate the correctness of the results of such investigations, we have reviewed the Arabic script in general and the script of Muṣḥaf (a written copy of the Quran) in particular. The results show that numerical and statistical researchers, due to their unfamiliarity with the calligraphy, script and date of writing of the Muṣḥafs, have considered the script of the famous Muṣḥafs as a fixed and unchangeable fact, while in writing many words and letters in Arabic, especially in Muṣḥafs, there is not one identical instruction that is agreed upon by all. Therefore, different possible ways for writing one single letter, word or sentence may bring about different results in the statistical analyses. This clearly shows that the results of many -not all- of these studies are not assured and need to be considered with more caution and thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the research problem of Offline Arabic Handwriting Text Recognition (HTR). One of the most important approaches to HTR systems is deep learning. A large amount of annotated data is needed to train deep learning-based HTR systems. The Arabic language is spoken by hundreds of millions of people in North Africa and the Middle East. Writing styles and common words differ significantly between those regions. Due to the great diversity possible, designing a statistically represented and balanced database of Arabic handwritten texts by gathering and labeling the texts is an arduous task to achieve. One of the ways to enrich the training databases is by augmenting the existing data. We have developed a new data augmentation technique for Arabic handwritten texts using Moving Least Squares (MLS) to deform the images. This technique results in realistic images that look like manipulating real-world images, and the deformations are done using linear functions that produce deformations in real time. We aim to deform the training data images randomly in a way that the text present in the images is still recognizable by a human. This augmentation technique can be used directly on images to augment them unlike other techniques such as Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN) where they must be trained beforehand. At the same time, it produces new complex augmented images compared to simple traditional augmentation techniques such as rotations and translations. In addition to this augmentation technique, we used a deep learning system called Convolutional Recurrent Neural Networks (CRNN) to test the new technique, and we have experimented with a CRNN model that accepts small input-size images to boost the time needed for both training and image augmentations. All the experimentations are carried out on the Arabic IFN/ENIT database. The results show that the small input size CRNN model outperforms the large input size CRNN model by a big margin. The results also show that the integration of images augmented by the MLS technique can help the recognition system to generalize better on the test data, therefore, it can slightly improve the performance of the recognition system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to explore the forms and characteristics of Arabic written symbols used in traditional medicine. Traditional medicine is in demand by the public, because of the perceived high cure rate and the failure of modern treatment that patients have undergone after undergoing medical treatment. Traditional medicine is more convincing than medical treatment. There has not been much research regarding the characteristics and methods of traditional medicine using Arabic symbols/writing. Arabic symbols or writing have been researched more in terms of meaning and ritual. Hence, this research utilized data source triangulation and technical triangulation. This qualitative research adopted a phenomenological approach. The research subjects were traditional medicine practitioners who used Arabic symbols/writing in their treatments and patients who had used traditional medicine. Determining the subjects of this research was carried out using a purposive sampling technique. The research results showed that prayers originating from the Qur'an and rajah with Arabic letter symbols were the therapist's mainstay medicine for treating patients. The use of prayers and rajahs with Arabic letter symbols varied from one therapist to another. Rajah in traditional medicine was used to treat various kinds of patient complaints. The rajah writing came from the books of Shams al Ma'arif al Kubra and Al Mujarrabat. Rajah came from verses from the Qur'an which were rewritten in the book of medicine. Proper interpretation and use of the Qur'an could provide effective improvements to a person's weak mental and psychological condition.

In Turkey, the Tevhid-i Tedrisat Law (March 3, 1924), which came into force with the establishment of the Republic and aimed at bringing education completely under the control of the state within the framework of a common curriculum, and the process of transition from the Arabic to the Latin script, the so-called 'Letter Revolution" in 1928, led to radical changes in book printing and literacy. This paper analyzes the basic characteristics and changes in the practice of selling books in Arabic script from peddlers to booksellers. The study is limited to Diyarbakır. For the study, in-depth interviews were conducted with three booksellers in Diyarbakır, with people who worked in bookselling at different times, and with madrasa teachers who visited the bookstores. As places of religious and, to some extent, literary education, madrasas were one of the most important institutions that contributed to the formation of an literate community. Bookstores were one of the places where this community socialized. They served as a place where madrasa teachers could exchange ideas about books and, in case of disagreement, take the relevant books from the shelves and discuss them. For this reason, changes in the book trade will also make important contributions to the analysis of changes in the literacy tradition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study discusses a Palaeo‐Arabic inscription found in the Ḥismā desert and engraved by a man named ʿAbd Šams, son of al‐Muġīrah, who likely belonged to the Qurayš tribe. This inscription is particularly important as it is an addition to the Palaeo‐Arabic corpus, as well as the first one in which an attested Palaeo‐Arabic opening invocation with the deity's name Allāhumma is mentioned. It is also the second Palaeo‐Arabic inscription that refers to the Lord by the Arabic term Rabb and the first inscription in which the personal name ʿAbd Šams is written in Arabic script. The inscription was documented by its finder, Muhammed Abdul Nayeem, and it was recently redocumented by the Saudi citizen Saleh al‐Hwaiti. This essay discusses the text in terms of meaning, authorship and religious implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article aims to highlight the process of creating the development of keyboards for typewriters in the Tatar language and in other Turkic languages using the Arabic script and the Latin alphabet, undertaken at the turn of the 19th –20th centuries. Through the involvement of archival documents, the role of the inventors of such machines, M. Idrisov, G. Madyarov, T. Tuganov, A. Sheikh-Ali, is presented. It was revealed that G. Madyarov, together with T. Tuganov and A. Sheikh-Ali, made serious changes to the mechanism of the typewriter. According to the engineering inventions of A. Sheikh-Ali, starting from 1925, the production of typewriters at Tatyazmash was being established in the workshop of the Tatar Republic. In 1926, at a conference on the reform of the Tatar alphabet, the project of initial letters proposed by M. Idrisov was approved. The inventor creates a typewriter in which the Tatar fonts were adapted to the finished Underwood machine. It became a breakthrough solution. After the introduction of the Latin alphabet among the Turkic peoples of the USSR, the issue of creating appropriate keyboards for typewriters becomes acute. M. Idrisov on a scientific basis, using the works of B.A. Goltsev for the Russian keyboard, develops standard unified typewriter keyboards for the Tatar, Bashkir, Kazakh, Azerbaijani, Crimean Tatar, Tajik and other Turkic languages. He took into account the digital data on the study of the frequency of using letters and their combinations with each other in national literary works of agricultural, political, artistic and technical profile. M. Idrisov was engaged in the creation of type-setting cash registers for linotype machines, font sets for 10 Turkic-Tatar languages (1933) and font sets for twenty languages, which were approved and introduced into Soviet production in 1935–1938.

In the article, the author draws parallels between the content of the union treaty on the formation of the USSR and the Soviet language policy of the 1920-1930s. In particular, the “commonly used” Turkic language mentioned in the treaty is considered. The author examines it in the context of the social movement proclaimed by I. Gasprinsky in the late 19th - early 20th centuries for the unity of the Turkic Muslim peoples in their movement towards progress. The pioneers in the development and introduction of the Latin alphabet were representatives of the Azerbaijan SSR, who were among the first to propose such projects of the alphabet reform. Its important element was the unification of the alphabet. In this regard, the author considers the projects for creating a single unified alphabet for the Turkic peoples of the USSR; it was the Azerbaijani version of the Latinized alphabet that was supposed to be the basis for it. This situation gave the leaders of Soviet Azerbaijan the opportunity to lead the process of cultural transformation among the Turkic peoples of the USSR. The article also considers the organizational efforts of the initiators of the idea of latinization to create a unified structure for managing the process of latinization in the USSR, as well as some aspects of their struggle with supporters of a different direction of cultural reforms among the Turks who proposed simplifying the Arabic alphabet.

Copyright of Turkish Studies - Comparative Religious Studies is the property of Electronic Turkish Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The issue of kitābat al-hadīth, which is shaped around the narrations conveyed from the Prophet Muhammad regarding whether the hadiths were written or not, has been one of the most debated issues in the field of hadith studies. Although it has been a subject of debate since the early periods of the history of hadith, the issues related to the historical background of the opposition to kitabat, which continued until the end of the second century of Hijri, have mostly failed to go beyond repetition. There are many philological, psychological, cultural and sociological reasons for this opposition beyond the narrations attributed to the Prophet. So, this study aims to address these reasons based on the narrations related to the subject. As far as we could observe, the reasons behind the opposition to kitabat, which continued until the end of the second century of Hijri, include the predominance of oral culture, the fact that the Arabic script was unable to transfer information from written documents and therefore oral culture was considered more reliable, the concern that unqualified people might be more engaged in the narration of hadith and might transmit hadiths in a way that was not in accordance with the original, and the concern that personal opinions would be narrated in writing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Arabic letter has various and unique aesthetic and visual concepts that go beyond the linguistic connotation of the letters to more spacious horizons of creativity and visual innovation, the Arabic letter has reached its formative climax in union with the elements of creative beauty that appeared in all the vocabulary of daily life, so the Arabic letter has become a great position in many fields in Life like fashion, architecture, and furniture, so the Arabic letter no longer expresses the meaning to be shown through the language only, but has become a prominent sign of communication between formative forms in different design structures, the Arabic letter was and still means for artists and designers the Islamic Arab identity, with its connotations. plastic patterns that have philosophical and spiritual values of an original aesthetic character. In the midst of the theatrical designer's research for various visual and aesthetic concepts that draw inspiration from the permanence and renewal of art. After that, the researcher reached the most important results, which is to consider the Arabic letter "The square Kufic" as a form of aesthetic and geometric abstraction that enriches the visual image in the design of the scenic design. the researcher presents some of the designs of the proposed theatrical scenes to express the idea of the research, and then the researcher reached the most important results, which is to consider the Arabic letter "the square kufic" as a form of aesthetic and abstract formation that enriches the image and enhances the visual design for theatrical scenic design.

This study aims to discover the mistakes in understanding and using Arabic grammatical rules, especially in the syntactic review of the as-shîfah wa al-maushûf category in the Arabic education student thesis (PBA). The research object is only limited to the discussion chapter, which results from the author's ideas and expressions as outlined in Arabic writing. This type of research is descriptive qualitative research with content analysis, which aims to examine, describe and evaluate the language errors of S1 PBA students at Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University for 2020-2021. The results show that the most errors at the as-shîfah wa al-maushûf occur in the mudzakkar wa mu'annats rule than the rule nakirah wa ma'rifah. Factors that cause errors occur due to a lack of mastery of language and writing rules and the absence of intensive writing practice. The solution offered is to train to write intensively and explore the knowledge needed to support the writing skills (mahârah al-kitâbah).

Jawi is the orthography in which Malay has been written since the Middle Ages, when it was adapted from the Arabic script. Introduced by Muslim traders, it was adapted to Malay phonology using diacritics that modified six letters. It was used until the Roman script (Rumi) brought in by European traders and colonisers began to supplant it in the nineteenth century. In spite of that, Jawi still appears in the linguistic landscape of Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia and Pattani (Thailand). For this article snapshots have been taken of different shop signs using Jawi in Kuala Lumpur, Malacca and Kota Bharu (Malaysia). After an introduction to the structure and use of Jawi and the multilingual and 'multiscriptal' linguistic landscape in Malaysia, the significance of Jawi in the Malay Archipelago and its mainly symbolic use in the linguistic landscape are discussed. To complement the analysis, a quantitative survey carried out among a sample of Malaysian undergraduate students and a qualitative one among a small sample of teachers and lecturers in one Malaysian university on their attitudes towards the use of Jawi are also discussed. The article closes with some considerations and suggestions for the possible revival of Jawi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent times, many research projects and experiments target machines that automatically recognize handwritten characters, but most of them are done in Latin. Recognizing handwritten Arabic characters is a complicated process compared to English and other languages as a nature of Arabic words. In the past few years, deep learning approaches have been increasingly used in the field of Arabic recognition. This paper aims to categorize, analyze and presents a comprehensive survey in Arabic handwritten recognition literature, focusing on state-of-the-art methods for deep learning in feature extraction. The paper focuses on offline text recognition, with a detailed discussion of the systematic analysis of the literature. Additionally, the paper is critically analyzing the current literature and identifying the problem areas and challenges faced by the previous studies. After investigating the studies, a new classification of the literature is proposed. Besides, an analysis is performed based on the findings, and several issues and challenges related to the recognition of Arabic scripts are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dans cette revue de littérature, nous proposons une synthèse des principales recherches menées dans le cadre du traitement orthographique du mot écrit en arabe (traitement de l'identité des lettres à la bonne position lors d'une fixation oculaire). À la lumière des résultats issus des études menées chez le lecteur expert et l'apprenti-lecteur, cette revue donne une vision sur les universaux des mécanismes cognitifs impliqués dans la lecture et les aspects spécifiques sous-tendus par le système d'écriture arabe. La synthèse permet également de souligner les contraintes linguistiques et sociolinguistiques liées à l'apprentissage de la lecture chez l'arabophone. In this literature review, we propose a synthesis of the main research carried out in the context of orthographic processing in Arabic (processing of individual letters at their correct positions during a visual fixation). In the light of the results from studies conducted in skilled and beginning readers, the synthesis provides an overview on the universal aspects of the cognitive mechanisms involved in reading, and on the specific aspects underlying the Arabic writing system. It allows to underline the linguistic and sociolinguistic constraints related to learning to read in Arabic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to discover the mistakes in understanding and using Arabic grammatical rules, especially in the syntactic review of the as-shîfah wa al-maushûf category in the Arabic education student thesis (PBA). The research object is only limited to the discussion chapter, which results from the author's ideas and expressions as outlined in Arabic writing. This type of research is descriptive qualitative research with content analysis, which aims to examine, describe and evaluate the language errors of S1 PBA students at Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University for 2020-2021. The results show that the most errors at the as-shîfah wa al-maushûf occur in the mudzakkar wa mu'annats rule than the rule nakirah wa ma'rifah. Factors that cause errors occur due to a lack of mastery of language and writing rules and the absence of intensive writing practice. The solution offered is to train to write intensively and explore the knowledge needed to support the writing skills (mahârah al-kitâbah). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extraction of text information from traffic panels is one of the challenging problems in computer vision. Although the past decade has seen a promising shift and important progress in object detection, few works and a limited number of datasets focus specifically on extracting text from traffic signs. To address the lack of data for text detection in traffic panels, especially those with Arabic scripts, this paper introduces a new multilingual and multipurpose dataset named ASAYAR. It consists of three sub-datasets: Arabic-Latin scene text localization, traffic sign detection, and directional symbol detection. The dataset contains 1763 images collected on different Moroccan highways, and annotated manually, using 16 object categories. The fully annotated ASAYAR images contains more than 20000 bounding box objects. The paper also investigates the usability of the dataset, by evaluating the performance of the state-of-the-art algorithms for object and text detection. Experimental results show good detection scores, demonstrating the potential contribution of ASAYAR in the development of methods for text extraction from traffic panels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the development of the classical judgeship (qadiship) in Arab-Muslim culture from the perspective of the literacy theory. The premise of the article states that qadiship developed owing to the presence of writing. Judgeship is not a consequence of writing sensu stricto, but a consequence of the interaction of writing with the social structures and practices. The methodology of the present research takes two orders into consideration: the anthropological order (of the anthropology of cultural media) and the historical order. The considerations which are conducted in a diachronic sequence stop at about the middle of the third century AH/the middle of the ninth century, when the qadiship reached its maturity structurally and functionally. The article indicates the specific transformations which occurred in the context of the office under the influence of writing, at the same time presenting “the logic of writing”. Despite the co-occurring orality in Arab-Muslim culture, the identity of qadiship was constructed on the basis of a perception of the world formed by the oral-literary communicative order. In other words, the extent of the contribution of the medium of writing in specific practices of the qadi varied, although the institutional dimension of the office itself was attained as a result of the gradual textualisation of culture, including the legal culture and the law itself.

Writing is a central theme of intercultural literature. Above all, the Arabic script in its various forms, which are incomparable to the Latin script, is of interest to authors of German-language narrative works around the turn of the millennium, such as Rafik Schami, Zafer Şenocak, Barbara Frischmuth and Emine Sevgi Özdamar. This article shows that in their works, some of the aims of the visual and content-related theming of writing serves, are: to stimulate ref lections on language and automated language use; to insert political and historical aspects of (language) politics into narratives, such as Ataturk's language reform in Turkey and its cultural effects; to include aesthetic aspects of writing as an ornamental work of art, which of ten escapes conscious attention when reading, and thus also to emphasize the material side of writing and printed works; to stage the activity of the laborious and sometimes impossible deciphering of a foreign script as a confrontation with family histories and larger historical contexts and thereby also to demonstrate the failure of cultural exchange. In this context, the work of Yoko Tawada is also of interest, who has dealt intensively with the history of the Latin alphabet and how it differs from Japanese writing [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This bibliography lists and describes forty-one volumes of old and rare books in Arabic script held in the Library of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kyrgyzstan located in Bishkek. This small but unique collection has been neglected, untouched, and uncatalogued due to lack of linguistic expertise. The publication dates of the books in the collection generally range from the mid-nineteenth to early twentieth centuries. Each bibliographic entry consists of the original Arabic title of the work, full imprint information, and a brief annotation. Most items described in this bibliography are not found in modern catalogs, including the WorldCat database. This bibliography is a first step in providing access to one of the many hidden and rare collections in Central Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protecting sensitive information transmitted via public channels is a significant issue faced by governments, militaries, organizations, and individuals. Steganography protects the secret information by concealing it in a transferred object such as video, audio, image, text, network, or DNA. As text uses low bandwidth, it is commonly used by Internet users in their daily activities, resulting a vast amount of text messages sent daily as social media posts and documents. Accordingly, text is the ideal object to be used in steganography, since hiding a secret message in a text makes it difficult for the attacker to detect the hidden message among the massive text content on the Internet. Language's characteristics are utilized in text steganography. Despite the richness of the Arabic language in linguistic characteristics, only a few studies have been conducted in Arabic text steganography. To draw further attention to Arabic text steganography prospects, this paper reviews the classifications of these methods from its inception. For analysis, this paper presents a comprehensive study based on the key evaluation criteria (i.e., capacity, invisibility, robustness, and security). It opens new areas for further research based on the trends in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With advances in machine learning techniques, handwriting recognition systems have gained a great deal of importance. Lately, the increasing popularity of handheld computers, digital notebooks, and smartphones give the field of online handwriting recognition more interest. In this paper, we propose an enhanced method for the recognition of Arabic handwriting words using a directions-based segmentation technique and discrete cosine transform (DCT) coefficients as structural features. The main contribution of this research was combining a total of 18 structural features which were extracted by DCT coefficients and using the k-nearest neighbors (KNN) classifier to classify the segmented characters based on the extracted features. A dataset is used to validate the proposed method consisting of 2500 words in total. The obtained average 99.10% accuracy in recognition of handwritten characters shows that the proposed approach, through its multiple phases, is efficient in separating, distinguishing, and classifying Arabic handwritten characters using the KNN classifier. The availability of an online dataset of Arabic handwriting words is the main issue in this field. However, the dataset used will be available for research via the website. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A survey of modern descendants of Brahmi shows that the letter forms and various other features of the scripts vary, but the use of an inherent vowel and of dependent, satellite signs for other vowels is remarkably stable. Comparison is made to other scripts invented in the same geographic region, Thaana and Sorang Sompeng, and to the Arabic script as used in Arabic, Persian, Sorani Kurdish, Uyghur, and Kashmiri. Arabic scripts maintain uniform letter forms but vary considerably in their treatment of vowels. Cultural factors may explain the visual diversity of Brahmic scripts as compared to Arabic scripts. The stable combination of inherent vowel and satellite vowels derives from the decodability of simple aksharas into pronounceable syllabic units in the acquisition of reading. This akshara advantage is related to the psychological grain size theory of reading, with the additional claim that the syllable has special status because it is pronounceable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Persian is an Indo-Iranian language that features a derivation of Arabic cursive script, where most letters within words are connectable to adjacent letters with ligatures. Two experiments are reported where the properties of Persian script were utilized to investigate the effects of reducing interword spacing and increasing the interletter distance (ligature) within a word. Experiment 1 revealed that decreasing interword spacing while extending interletter ligature by the same amount was detrimental to reading speed. Experiment 2 largely replicated these findings. The experiments show that providing the readers with inaccurate word boundary information is detrimental to reading rate. This was achieved by reducing the interword space that follows letters that do not connect to the next letter in Experiment 1, and replacing the interword space with ligature that connected the words in Experiment 2. In both experiments, readers were able to comprehend the text read, despite the considerable costs to reading rates in the experimental conditions.

Borrowing script happens throughout history of languages. Long before we know Latin script, Javanese has already adopted Arabic script. However, Java language deals with problematic adaptation due to distinctive sound system among those two languages, Arabic and Java. For that matter, this research aims to uncover 1) how Arabic-Java orthography represents Javanese’s consonants and vowel, and 2) how Arabic-Java orthography represents Javanese’s cluster. This research uses qualitative descriptive method. Data contain with the Javanese words which is written in Arabic script. Data are gained from eight different books which are inscribed by Arabic-Java orthography. After data are collected, the orthography method and grapheme-phoneme correspondence are used to analyze them. Grapheme-phoneme correspondence used to know how Arabic-Java orthography represents consonants and vocal phonemes. Finally, this research found that Arabic-Java orthography has 28 graphemes which are used to represent 23 consonants. Modification letters and digraph are used to represent missing sound in Arabic. Six Javanese vocals are represented with 9 graphemes. In another hand, cluster is written in two ways, first by adding Anaptyxis schwa [ə] in between sonorant-sonorant or obstruent-sonorant and vowel [a] in initial cluster nasal consonant and plosive consonant.

Relationships among visual signs, society and memory reveal the dominant cultural order in a given context as well as the causes that maintain it (influence and imposition) and the effects on the population where it occurs (alienation and cultural resilience). Therefore, it is possible to identify deeper social processes with a purely visual and symbolic reading. Visual signs (two-dimensional), in addition to configuring the way space is understood (three-dimensional), reflect social and political dynamics (the time factor). To have a more complete vision of the moment and context, it is necessary to interrelate art with sociology and history. In the specific case of al-Andalus, there is a turning point at which there are changes in visuality that are mainly reflected in writing (Arabic and Latin), the use of symbols (the Mudejar, the cross) and the organization of the spaces designated for art (temples, museums, exhibition halls); hence, these changes function as visual indexes of social dynamics that reach to the present day. The visual supports the social and vice versa, configuring and maintaining a certain worldview. If there is visual continuity, there is continuity in the social sphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Persian is an Indo-Iranian language that features a derivation of Arabic cursive script, where most letters within words are connectable to adjacent letters with ligatures. Two experiments are reported where the properties of Persian script were utilized to investigate the effects of reducing interword spacing and increasing the interletter distance (ligature) within a word. Experiment 1 revealed that decreasing interword spacing while extending interletter ligature by the same amount was detrimental to reading speed. Experiment 2 largely replicated these findings. The experiments show that providing the readers with inaccurate word boundary information is detrimental to reading rate. This was achieved by reducing the interword space that follows letters that do not connect to the next letter in Experiment 1, and replacing the interword space with ligature that connected the words in Experiment 2. In both experiments, readers were able to comprehend the text read, despite the considerable costs to reading rates in the experimental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turkbilig/Turkoloji Arastirmalari Dergisi is the property of Turkbilig/Turkoloji Arastirmalari Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Persian script has presented some difficulties, ever since printing presses were introduced in Iran in the 1600s. The appearance of typewriters more than a century ago created additional problems and the introduction of digital computers in the late 1960s added to the design challenges. These difficulties persisted, until high-resolution dot-matrix printers and display devices offered greater flexibility to font designers and the expansion of the computer market in the Middle East attracted investments on improving the Persian script for computers. Nevertheless, certain peculiarities of the Persian script have led to legibility and aesthetic quality issues that persist in many cases. In this paper, I enumerate some of the features of the Persian script that made it a poor match to implementation on modern technologies and review the challenges presented by, and some of the solutions proposed for, each new generation of printing and display devices. Before delving into the technical challenges and solutions, however, I discuss the sociocultural significance of the interplay between centuries-old Persian culture/language/script and modern technology, along with associated research problems. Interestingly, the same features that make legible and aesthetically pleasing Persian printing/displaying difficult also lead to challenges in automatic text recognition. I conclude with an overview of current state of the art and areas that still need further work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protecting sensitive information transmitted via public channels is a significant issue faced by governments, militaries, organizations, and individuals. Steganography protects the secret information by concealing it in a transferred object such as video, audio, image, text, network, or DNA. As text uses low bandwidth, it is commonly used by Internet users in their daily activities, resulting a vast amount of text messages sent daily as social media posts and documents. Accordingly, text is the ideal object to be used in steganography, since hiding a secret message in a text makes it difficult for the attacker to detect the hidden message among the massive text content on the Internet. Language’s characteristics are utilized in text steganography. Despite the richness of the Arabic language in linguistic characteristics, only a few studies have been conducted in Arabic text steganography. To draw further attention to Arabic text steganography prospects, this paper reviews the classifications of these methods from its inception. For analysis, this paper presents a comprehensive study based on the key evaluation criteria (i.e., capacity, invisibility, robustness, and security). It opens new areas for further research based on the trends in this field.