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Waterlogging stress (WS) hinders kernel development and directly reduces peanut yield; however, the mechanism of kernel filling in response to WS remains unknown. The waterlogging‐sensitive variety Huayu 39 was subjected to WS for 3 days at 7 days after the gynophores touched the ground (DAG). We found that WS affected kernel filling at 14, 21, and 28 DAG. WS decreased the average filling rate and kernel dry weight, while transcriptome sequencing and widely targeted metabolomic analysis revealed that WS inhibited the gene expression in starch and sucrose metabolism, which reduced sucrose input and transformation ability. Additionally, genes related to ethylene and melatonin synthesis and the accumulation of tryptophan and methionine were upregulated in response to WS. WS upregulated the expression of the gene encoding tryptophan decarboxylase (AhTDC), and overexpression of AhTDC in Arabidopsis significantly reduced the seed length, width, and weight. Therefore, WS reduced the kernel‐filling rate, leading to a reduction in the 100‐kernel weight. This survey informs the development of measures that alleviate the negative impact of WS on peanut yield and quality and provides a basis for exploring high‐yield and high‐quality cultivation, molecular‐assisted breeding, and waterlogging prevention in peanut farming. Summary statement: Waterlogging stress upregulated the expression of the gene encoding tryptophan decarboxylase (AhTDC), inhibited the sucrose input and transformation ability in kernel, which reduced the 100‐kernel weight. These results reveal the mechanism of the reduction of peanut kernel weight under WS, provide a basis for molecular‐assisted breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work aim was to analyze the agronomic performance of peanut genotypes and cultivars in the northwest region of Parana. The study was carried out in the field, in the experimental area of the Technical Center for Irrigation (CTI), at the State University of Maringá (UEM), located in the municipality of Maringá-PR. The design used was in randomized blocks, with six genotypes (cultivars: BRS 421 OL, BRS 423 OL and BRS 425 OL, lines: 1253 OL, 2101 OL and 2010 OL) and four repetitions. The experimental units were composed of plots with 4 lines of 3.0 m, spaced at 0.9 m. The characterization of the phenological stages was carried out, and the time to start the harvest, the incidence of early leaf spot during development, grain mass and productivity were analyzed. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and the means compared by the Tukey test at 5%. The peanut yield in the northwest region of Parana varied between 5.435,8 and 7.354,2 kg ha-1. The most productive materials were the 2010 OL line and the BRS 425 OL cultivar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The depressive effects caused by salt stress are responsible for the decrease in crop productivity in arid and semi-arid regions. However, these effects can be minimized with different management strategies, such as the use of genotypes and forms of fertilization. In this context, the objective was to evaluate the productivity of two peanut genotypes, submitted to increasing levels of salinity and two forms of fertilization. A completely randomized design (DIC) was used, making use of the factorial scheme 3 x 2 x 2, with 4 repetitions. The first factor corresponded to the salinity levels of the irrigation water (1.0; 3.0; and 5.0 dS m-1). The second factor comprised two genotypes (Access 26 and Access 8) and the third factor corresponded to two types of fertilization (mineral, with NPK; organic, with bovine biofertilizer). The following variables were evaluated: pod length, pod diameter, pod number, dry peel mass, dry pod mass and productivity. Irrigation with 1.0 dS m-1 electrical conductivity water did not inhibit the production components of the peanut genotypes regardless of the type of fertilization. Access 26 when fertilized with bovine biofertilizer and irrigated with high salinity water was more efficient than access 8, showing a higher number of pods, dry pod mass and productivity. The use of mineral fertilizer was not able to mitigate the harmful effects of high salinity water, affecting the number of pods, pod dry matter and the productivity of both genotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Modern peanut varieties show a maintaining photosynthesis (MPh) trait under drought. • Knowledge about this MPh trait on peanut yields under climate change is limited. • A modified CROPRGO-Peanut model was designed to simulate this desirable MPh trait. • This MPh trait benefits yields in future climates with enhanced yield related traits. • The extent of yield benefits depends on subregions and climate scenarios in SEUS. Rising temperatures and varying precipitation patterns in future climates pose huge challenges to the peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) production in Southeastern U.S. (SEUS), which was characterized by hot summers and mild winters. This will require genetic improvement of peanut varieties for adapting to future climates for higher yields. Recently, several novel peanut varieties were found to exhibit higher yield and maintain photosynthesis during drought. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the spatial and temporal patterns of peanut yield response to future climate changes for peanut varieties with and without the drought tolerant trait of maintaining photosynthesis (MPh) under drought in the SEUS and evaluate the relative importance of yield related traits for enhancing yield advantage of peanut under future climate conditions. A modified version of the CROPGRO-Peanut model incorporating the drought tolerant factor was developed and validated using field trail data collected from distinct experimental sites under both rainfed and irrigated conditions. Yield was then simulated for the historical baseline period (1990–2021) and future (mid-century/2050s, late-century/2080s) climate scenarios across the SEUS. The results showed that peanut yield in the Northern SEUS was expected to benefit from climate change in the 2050s (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5), but Middle SEUS and Southern SEUS would experience high probability of yield loss in the future. Comparing to the reference variety (C4), the drought tolerant peanut varieties (C1, C2 and C3) with the trait of MPh under drought could enhance the yield gains due to future climates in the 2050s (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) in Northern SEUS (yield increases from 5% to 10% for C1-C3, and 2% to 3% for C4) and mitigate the negative impacts of climate change in the 2080s (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) in the Middle (yield changes from −26% to −1% for C1-C3, and −37% to −11% for C4) and Southern SEUS (yield changes from −24% to 1% for C1-C3, and −35% to −7% for C4). The yield advantage of the drought tolerant peanut varieties in future climates was strongly associated with the higher water use efficiency (WUE), harvest index (HI), seed size, seed number, and biomass with significant P values (p < 0.001). These findings are important for local breeding and management programs to mitigate the potential impacts of climate change on peanut yield in SEUS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Plant products, including seeds are an important source of vitamins, minerals, proteins, and energy. This study aimed to assess parasitic contaminations in roasted groundnuts, nabag, and tasali (watermelon seeds) sold by street vendors in Khartoum State, Sudan. Methods: The frequency of parasitic contaminations among all crop products was detected by washing the plants with saline, and then conducting an examination using a formal ether concentration technique (FECT), followed by a saturated sugar floatation technique. Results: The detected parasites belonged to two species: Entamoeba histolytica (33.3%) and Giardia lamblia (15.6%). No helminthic parasites were detected. Mixed contamination of the mentioned parasites was also observed (11.1%). The most contaminated crop was nabag, followed by groundnut, and finally tasali. Conclusion: No relation was established between the positivity of samples for parasites and crop type, Khartoum State city, or seller sex. FECT was more sensitive than the saturated sugar floatation technique as a detection method.

Background: Plant products, including seeds are an important source of vitamins, minerals, proteins, and energy. This study aimed to assess parasitic contaminations in roasted groundnuts, nabag, and tasali (watermelon seeds) sold by street vendors in Khartoum State, Sudan. Methods: The frequency of parasitic contaminations among all crop products was detected by washing the plants with saline, and then conducting an examination using a formal ether concentration technique (FECT), followed by a saturated sugar floatation technique. Results: The detected parasites belonged to two species: Entamoeba histolytica (33.3%) and Giardia lamblia (15.6%). No helminthic parasites were detected. Mixed contamination of the mentioned parasites was also observed (11.1%). The most contaminated crop was nabag, followed by groundnut, and finally tasali. Conclusion: No relation was established between the positivity of samples for parasites and crop type, Khartoum State city, or seller sex. FECT was more sensitive than the saturated sugar floatation technique as a detection method.

Background: Plant products, including seeds are an important source of vitamins, minerals, proteins, and energy. This study aimed to assess parasitic contaminations in roasted groundnuts, nabag, and tasali (watermelon seeds) sold by street vendors in Khartoum State, Sudan. Methods: The frequency of parasitic contaminations among all crop products was detected by washing the plants with saline, and then conducting an examination using a formal ether concentration technique (FECT), followed by a saturated sugar floatation technique. Results: The detected parasites belonged to two species: Entamoeba histolytica (33.3%) and Giardia lamblia (15.6%). No helminthic parasites were detected. Mixed contamination of the mentioned parasites was also observed (11.1%). The most contaminated crop was nabag, followed by groundnut, and finally tasali. Conclusion: No relation was established between the positivity of samples for parasites and crop type, Khartoum State city, or seller sex. FECT was more sensitive than the saturated sugar floatation technique as a detection method.

Background: Plant products, including seeds are an important source of vitamins, minerals, proteins, and energy. This study aimed to assess parasitic contaminations in roasted groundnuts, nabag, and tasali (watermelon seeds) sold by street vendors in Khartoum State, Sudan. Methods: The frequency of parasitic contaminations among all crop products was detected by washing the plants with saline, and then conducting an examination using a formal ether concentration technique (FECT), followed by a saturated sugar floatation technique. Results: The detected parasites belonged to two species: Entamoeba histolytica (33.3%) and Giardia lamblia (15.6%). No helminthic parasites were detected. Mixed contamination of the mentioned parasites was also observed (11.1%). The most contaminated crop was nabag, followed by groundnut, and finally tasali. Conclusion: No relation was established between the positivity of samples for parasites and crop type, Khartoum State city, or seller sex. FECT was more sensitive than the saturated sugar floatation technique as a detection method.

Background: Plant products, including seeds are an important source of vitamins, minerals, proteins, and energy. This study aimed to assess parasitic contaminations in roasted groundnuts, nabag, and tasali (watermelon seeds) sold by street vendors in Khartoum State, Sudan. Methods: The frequency of parasitic contaminations among all crop products was detected by washing the plants with saline, and then conducting an examination using a formal ether concentration technique (FECT), followed by a saturated sugar floatation technique. Results: The detected parasites belonged to two species: Entamoeba histolytica (33.3%) and Giardia lamblia (15.6%). No helminthic parasites were detected. Mixed contamination of the mentioned parasites was also observed (11.1%). The most contaminated crop was nabag, followed by groundnut, and finally tasali. Conclusion: No relation was established between the positivity of samples for parasites and crop type, Khartoum State city, or seller sex. FECT was more sensitive than the saturated sugar floatation technique as a detection method.

ABSTRACT Proper management of brackish water can increase plant production in the Brazilian semi-arid region. The objective of this study was to evaluate the production performance and water use efficiency of two peanut genotypes irrigated with brackish water during the reproductive stage, in soil with and without soil cover. The study was conducted in a greenhouse. The experimental design used was randomized blocks, with four replicates, in a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial scheme (two electrical conductivities of irrigation water - ECw 0.9 and 5.0 dS m-1, two peanut genotypes - AC 130 and cv. BR1, and the presence or absence of soil cover). At 72 days after sowing, harvest was performed and the following variables were evaluated: number of marketable pods, number of non-marketable pods, pod mass, diameter and length, production and water use efficiency. Salinity impacted production more than the water use efficiency in the two peanut genotypes, with the relative reduction in production being higher in cv. BR-1. Soil cover with dead plant material mitigated the effects of salinity on production and increased water use efficiency, only in genotype AC 130.

Silicon (Si), depending on the application method, can benefit the growth of peanuts by stoichiometric modification of carbon (C); however, this is not yet well known in this culture. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate whether different application forms of Si increases the growth of peanut plants due to stoichiometric changes C/Si and consequently stomatal conductance and photosynthesis. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse in pots with nutrient solution using peanut plants cultivating granoleic. The treatments were: control, without Si application (-Si); Si via root (Si R) (2.0 mmol L−1) Si via leaf (Si F) (4.0 mmol L−1) and Si via root associated with leaf (Si R + F), arranged in randomized blocks with five repetitions. The variables analyzed were: Si content and accumulation, carbon percentage, C/Si ratio, efficiency of C use, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration, dry matter and productivity. The application of root Si plus leaf spray is efficient to increase the accumulation of the element in the aerial part of the peanut. The benefit of Si in the growth of peanut plants is due to its effect of modifying the stoichiometric C/Si ratio in the plant, which resulted in an increase in the photosynthetic rate and, consequently, in the efficiency of the use of C and the production of dry matter and productivity of the plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entre os fatores ambientais, a deficiência hídrica tem efeito em diversos processos morfológicos e fisiológicos das plantas, podendo afetar o crescimento e o desenvolvimento das culturas, refletindo na produtividade. Diante disso, objetivou-se avaliar as características fisiológicas de genótipos de amendoim submetidos à deficiência hídrica. Realizou-se um experimento em blocos inteiramente casualizados, com os tratamentos dispostos em esquema fatorial 12 × 2, tendo como tratamentos 12 genótipos e duas condições hídricas, em cinco repetições. Para avaliar o efeito do estresse, aos 25 dias após a emergência (DAE), as plantas de amendoim permaneceram sob deficiência hídrica por quatro dias, enquanto as testemunhas foram mantidas a 70% da capacidade de campo. Aos 29 DAE, foram realizadas as avaliações de fotossíntese, transpiração, teor relativo de água, teor de cera epicuticular e massa seca das plantas. A taxa fotossintética foi menor para todos os genótipos sob deficiência hídrica, exceto para a linhagem 870, que demonstrou maior tolerância à seca. Para a transpiração, as cultivares Runner IAC 886, IAC OL3, IAC OL4 e as linhagens 573, 599, 870 não foram afetados pela deficiência hídrica. Entre os genótipos, há variação na quantidade de ceras epicuticulares sob condições hídricas. Com relação ao comportamento anatomofisiológico dos genótipos, concluiu-se que as linhagens 573 e 870 são altamente tolerantes à deficiência hídrica, as cultivares IAC OL3, IAC OL4, Runner IAC 886 e as linhagens 599 e 967 são moderadamente tolerantes e IAC 503, IAC 505 e IAC Tatu-ST e as linhagens 322 e 506 são mais sensíveis ao estresse hídrico durante a fase de florescimento.

Water deficit is considered the most critical environmental factor for peanut production in Brazil, as it constitutes one of the major constraints to the expansion of its cultivation in the suitable crop zones of the country. Determining crop water demand is fundamental to increasing yield with lower water consumption. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of full and deficit irrigation levels (L1 = 8%, L2 = 27%, L3 = 63%, L4 = 94% and L5 = 100% replenishment of crop evapotranspiration) on the development, growth and yield of peanut crop sown in two times, February and March. Treatments were distributed in a split-plot randomized complete block design, with four replicates, using a line-source sprinkler system. Irrigation depths from 65 to 314 mm were applied with the levels L1 to L5 during the first and second cropping cycles. Full irrigation with sowing in March was more advantageous due to yield increase of up to 30% compared to sowing in February, but crop cycle was 25 days longer. Water stress caused by deficit irrigation reduced plant height, seed mass and pod yield, while full irrigation (L5) led to yields from 4,141 to 5,102 kg ha-1 for February and March, approximately three times higher than those obtained with the lowest irrigation level (L1). Highlights Peanut has great importance in the food and industry of several countries. The results of this research apply to regions that require irrigation, which is of about 70% of the areas of the globe with this legume. This paper contributes with information that emphasizes the possibility of cultivation in the drought season, aiming at the expansion of the crop and the production of quality seeds using irrigation.

Copyright of Revista Caatinga is the property of Revista Caatinga and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Ciência Agronômica is the property of Revista Ciencia Agronomica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in protein has been envisaged to play a crucial role in the regulation of a variety of cellular processes, including the signal transduction and development in higher plants. The protein phosphorylation is around regulated by both protein kinases and specific protein phosphatases. The activity of Kinases and phosphatases can be modulated by the oxidation or reduction. The oxidative stress-mediated oxidation of PTP by hydrogen peroxide, superoxide or by hydroxyl radical could regulate the transduction of signals from the membrane to the nucleus via the modulation of cellular enzymatic activity. The present studies carried out that the peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seedling grown in dark on moistened whatman filter paper at 28±2°C, localized tissue specific multi-cellular forms of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPases). The level of PTPases was increased by several-fold during the 6 to 10 days of germination period. The oxidative stress is carried out by treating seedlings with 1% H2O2 for 2-3 hours, resulted in 2.0 fold increases in the level of PTPase activity, which was followed by slowly decline in the PTPase activity and 4 hours treatment, the level of PTPase activity was decreased as compared to the untreated seedlings. The specific activity (unit/mg-protein) of PTPase was increased in the order Cotyledon, Epicotyls, Roots and highest in Hypocotyls when different part of seedlings were treated with 1% H2O2 for 3 hours. The specific activity was decreased as compared to untreated seedling. These results suggest that the most of signaling pathways may be influenced by oxidative stress of protein tyrosine phosphatases, consequently leading to an aberrant phosphorylation state of cellular proteins and role of protein tyrosine phosphatases in stress-related cellular processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arachis hypogaea L. (Leguminosae) is distributed in tropical and subtropical areas. Peanut has high nutritional and commercial value. Scientific research showed that peanut has biological properties such as anticancer, antioxidant, antiinflammatory. However, it is necessary to know if consumption of peanut, either as food or as a phytopharmaceutical implies a health risk. The aim was to evaluate cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of ethanolic extracts from A. hypogaea. Also, chemical characterization of these extracts was performed. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by MTT and Neutral Red Uptake (NRU) assays on Vero cells. Genotoxicity was studied by Micronuclei and comet assays on Balb/C mice. Qualitative and quantitative chemical analysis of extracts were performed. Results showed that extracts have low cytotoxicity. Tegument ethanolic extract (TEE) and Seed ethanolic extract (SEE) were not genotoxic. The treatments with TEE at 250 mg/kg and SEE at 2000 mg/kg revealed (highest concentrations evaluated) some toxicity on blood marrow cells of mice. Chemical characterization indicated that TEE had 74.33 ± 1.10 mg GAE/g of dried extract and SEE had 15.05 ± 0.06 mg GAE/g of dried extract of total phenolic content. Also, proanthocyanidins (O.D. at 550 nm 1.39 ± 0.15) and caffeic acid (2.46%) were identified in TEE. While, linoleic acid (58.84%) oleic acid (11.31%) and palmitic acid (8.37%) were major compounds of SEE. In conclusion, peanut consumption is safe at concentrations recommended for healthy uses, such as nutrition, and phytomedicine.

The aim of the study was to use a 3D scanner to develop numerical models of walnuts, hazelnuts and peanuts, to define geometric features of nuts based on these models, and to compare them against findings from digital image analysis, and measurements taken with a calliper and a pycnometer. The mean weight of a walnut is about 84% greater than the mean weight of a peanut, and about 83% greater than the mean weight of a hazelnut. Results from 3D scanning indicated that the mean surface area of a walnut is 61% larger than that of a peanut and 72% larger than that of a hazelnut. The mean volume of a walnut is 78% greater than that of a peanut and 84% greater than that of a hazelnut. 3D models of walnuts obtained by scanning can be used for the analysis of geometric properties. Measurements of nuts’ length, width and thickness taken with a calliper and 3D scanner provide similar results, and the differences are not statistically significant at α = 0.05. The use of a calliper is the simplest and fastest method of measurement. Findings from measurements and calculations of geometric properties obtained based on the image analysis of examined nuts are significantly different in most cases from findings obtained using a calliper or 3D scanner. The developed numerical models of nuts can be archived and used at any time for further analysis of shape by suitable computer software.

The quality of peanuts as a function of factors linked to the production chain and the edaphoclimatic conditions of cultivation may be preserved or decreased in harvest and post-harvest stages. Current analysis evaluated the quality of peanuts produced under different postharvest techniques in four regions in the state of Paraná, Brazil, and discusses the interaction of environmental factors and fruit harvesting and postharvest practices in quality management. So that factors directly or indirectly involved in quality conditioning could be identified, peanuts were submitted to two forms of postharvest processing (rational and traditional) with two treatments for each cultivation environment in a completely randomized design, in a factorial scheme with five replications. Grain from peanuts lots were evaluated for the physical and sanitary quality of fruits before and during storage in permeable and impermeable packages. The qualitative potential of peanuts was lower in the traditional process. The climatic conditions at harvest favored fungi Aspergillus flavus and Rhizopus, whilst contamination by aflatoxin was higher in the traditional process. The use of appropriate techniques in the post-harvest (rational process) favored quality preservation, with positive results in the management of the chain. The above proved to be effective to mitigate the climatic vulnerability of peanut producers in the state of Paraná, Brazil. The practice of the rational process was more favorable to the conservation of the quality of stored peanuts. Permeable and waterproof packaging did not maintain the quality of peanut grains in storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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ABSTRACT The digging of peanut, which has the pod production in the subsurface, is directly affected by soil conditions, physical or environmental characteristics, at the time of operation and may be the cause of unwanted losses. Therefore, the quality of the operation is very important for minimizing these losses. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the quality of mechanized digging operation of peanut according to three soil textural classes (Sandy, Medium and Loamy) and their water content conditions at operation through statistical process control. The experiment was conducted at three locations in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, under sampling scheme arranged in tracks and 40 sampling points for each textural class of soil, using the mechanical digging variables as indicators of quality. We found that the mechanized digging operation in Sandy soil was the most critical, just meeting the specifications of quality indicators, reflecting higher losses and lower quality of the operation. Medium soil showed at the digging good and homogeneous conditions in relation to water content in soil and pods, and because it has favorable characteristics it obtained the lower total losses and higher quality of operation. Loamy soil showed satisfactory quality, meeting the specifications as well, but with poorer quality than the Medium Soil.

Antibiotics from various sources such as livestock waste are being accumulated in the soil. The excessive uptake of antimicrobial agents by plants has been a major concern as it is currently unknown how plants respond to the presence of antibiotics in agricultural lands. The objectives were to analyze the alteration of trigonelline (TRG) biosynthesized by plants in response to various antibiotic stresses and to evaluate the ability of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) plants to resist the deleterious impacts of antibiotic uptake. Three veterinary antibiotics used in this study were tetracycline, streptomycin sulfate, and chloramphenicol in the concentrations of 2.5 and 5 mg L−1. Mean TRG amounts were 53.4 ± 1.6 and 59.9 ± 1.1 μg·g−1 dry weight (DW) in Spanish as treated with growth chloramphenicol and streptomycin at 2.5 mg·L−1, respectively, and were significantly (p ≤ .05) different compared to the control (40.4 ± 1.6 μg·g−1 DW) of Spanish. Spanish genotype treated with chloramphenicol at 5 mg·L−1 had a mean TRG amount of 41.0 ± 1.0 μg·g−1 DW and improved yield, with the average pod number of 29.6 ± 7.6 and pod weight of 20.1 ± 6.1 g. TRG was continuously biosynthesized and increased under antibiotic stress up to 12.7% at full pod (R4 growth stage) and 139.1% at beginning maturity (R7), but declined 20.2% at the harvest stage (R8) in all combined genotypes when compared with TRG amounts (21.7 ± 0.6 μg·g−1 DW) at the flowering R1 stage.

É observado um aumento na incidência e severidade de espécies de Orthotospovirus na cultura do amendoim. Os sintomas típicos da virose genericamente conhecida por “vira-cabeça” em outras culturas e “mancha anelar em amendoim”, incluem mosaico, manchas cloróticas em forma de anéis, necrose e nanismo das plantas. Diante disso, os objetivos deste trabalho foram realizar um levantamento da ocorrência dessa virose em áreas produtoras de amendoim em São Paulo, identificar a espécie viral predominante e determinar as perdas decorrentes da presença desse vírus. Para isto, levantamentos foram realizados em quatro áreas comerciais de amendoim, semeadas nos municípios de Santa Adélia e Cândido Rodrigues, na safra 2014/2015, utilizando a cultivar Granoleico. Determinou-se o estande de plantas, o número de plantas com sintomas e a intensidade destes sintomas através de uma escala de notas de sintomas visuais. Pelos resultados obtidos, constatou-se que a espécie de vírus predominante é Groundnut ringspot tospovirus (GRSV). Conclui-se que quanto menor o estande maior a percentagem de plantas com sintomas da virose. A incidência do GRSV nas áreas comerciais de amendoim é em média de 40% sendo as perdas médias estimadas em 38% quando há a presença do GRSV e em 64%, quando há a presença do vírus e a redução na densidade de plantas.

Resveratrol is a phenolic compound which naturally presents in peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) but with low amount. Resveratrol and phenolic compounds are induced in plants by UVB exposure. This study aimed to investigate the accumulation of phenolics and resveratrol and antioxidants in sprouts of three peanut cultivars, Lac sen, L14 and L27. Peanut seeds were germinated under control and UVB exposure (one hour every day at 9 am). Sprouts were harvested at three stages: 1, 3 and 5 days (D1, D3 and D5). Total phenolic (TP) and resveratrol contents and antioxidant activity were measured using Folin-Ciocalteu, HLPC coupled with UV detector and DPPH methods, respectively. The study found both germination time and UVB exposure induced the accumulation of phenolics and resveratrol and increased the antioxidant activity. Compared to D1 sprouts, D5 sprouts had significant increases in TP and resveratrol contents and the antioxidant activity by 42.31%, 508.75% and 77.91%, respectively, while UVB exposure enhanced TP and resveratrol contents and the antioxidant activity by 11.11%, 62.81% and 26.17%. Resveratrol content ranged from 5.57 µg/g DW in L27 sprouts at D1 under control conditions to 110.16 µg/g DW in Lac sen sprouts at D5 under UVB exposure. UVB exposure induced the accumulation of phenolics, particularly resveratrol in peanut sprouts, suggesting this is a potential approach to produce functional foods from peanut sprouts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was conducted to observe the diversity, activity analysis and effectivity of rhizobacteria in plant rhizosphere on the growth of Arachis hypogaea L plants. The soil samples were collected from rhizosphere soil from different plants at Suro Muncang village and Bukit Peninjauan village. The rhizobacteria was isolated in YEMA media to test the qualitative activity including nitrogen, indole acetic acid (IAA) fixation, and siderophores. An isolate used in this research were 1 RB, 2 RB, 8 RB, 9 RB, 10 RB, 11 RB, 16 RB, 17 RB, 19 RB, 20 RB, 21 RB. Experimental plants were harvested after 45 days. The parameters used were the dry weight of shoots, roots, nodules root, total plants, number of nodules, and symbiotic capacity. The research design was conducted by Completely Randomized Design with three replications per treatment. The results showed that the population of rhizobacteria ranged between 13-51 x 105 CFU/g soil. Rhizobacterial isolates showed different level of plant growth promotion, which is the isolate 19 RB (isolate from Leucaena leucacephala plant) has a higher influence to the growth of A. hypogaea L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Durante las épocas secas de 2010 y 2011, en la finca experimental La María de la Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo, Ecuador, localizada en el km. 7.5 vía Quevedo-El Empalme, a 79° 30' 08" O y 01° 00' 35" S, se evaluaron las características agronómicas y las condiciones sanitarias de líneas y variedades de maní (Arachis hypogaea L.). Se utilizaron las líneas promisorias de maní CB-02, CB-05, CB-12, CB-13, CB-15, CB-16 y CB-23 de la Universidad y como testigos las variedades comerciales Diamante, Polachi, INIAP-380 e INIAP-381. Se midieron la emergencia de plántulas, días a floración, altura de planta, algunos componentes productivos (número de granos, frutos llenos y estériles, peso de frutos y granos) y la presencia de cercosporiosis (Cercospora arachidicola y Cercosporidium personatum) y roya (Puccinia arachidis). Se utilizó un diseño de bloques completos al azar (DBCA) con 11 tratamientos y tres repeticiones en 2010 y cuatro repeticiones en 2011. Para las comparaciones entre las medias de los tratamientos se empleó la prueba de rangos múltiples de Duncan (P < 0.05). La línea CB-23 se destacó entre el germoplasma promisorio por su mayor productividad; esta misma línea junto con la variedad comercial INIAP-380, presentaron los menores ataques de cercosporiosis. La línea CB-15 y la variedad Polachi no presentaron lesiones de la roya.

Understanding the effects of different sowing patterns and densities on plant growth characters and yield of peanut is essential for the design and adjustment of management practices that allow improvement and stabilization of peanut production. In the present study, Arachis hypogaea L. cv. Luhua 11 was used to determine the effects of planting density on pod development and yield of peanuts under the mode of single seeded precision sowing through field experiments. The results showed that an appropriate precision sowing density of 195,000-225,000 per hectare leads to an optimal pod number to produce pods, with dry matter accumulation resulting in significantly increased pod yield and harvest index(HI). When the same area sowing seed number of 255,000 per hectare, the kernel yield, pod yield, and HI per plant of the single seeded precision sowing method were higher than those of the double seeded precision sowing method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advancement in materials synthesis largely depends up on their diverse applications and commercialisation. Antifungal effects of phytogenic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were evident, but the reports on the effects of the same on agricultural crops are scant. Herein, we report for the first time, size dependent effects of phytogenic AgNPs (synthesised using Stevia rebaudiana leaf extract) on the germination, growth and biochemical parameters of three important agricultural crops viz., rice (Oryza sativa L), maize (Zea mays L) and peanut (Arachis hypogaea L). AgNPs with varied sizes were prepared by changing the concentration and quantity of the Stevia rebaudiana leaf extract. As prepared AgNPs were characterized using the techniques, such as high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy, particle size and zeta potential analyser. The measured (dynamic light scattering technique) average sizes of particles are ranging from 68.5 to 116 nm. Fourier transform infrared studies confirmed the participation of alcohols, aldehydes and amides in the reduction and stabilisation of the AgNPs. Application of these AgNPs to three agricultural crop seeds (rice, maize and peanut) resulted in size dependent effects on their germination, growth and biochemical parameters such as, chlorophyll content, carotenoid and protein content. Further, antifungal activity of AgNPs also evaluated against fungi, Aspergillus niger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibiotics from various sources such as livestock waste are being accumulated in the soil. The excessive uptake of antimicrobial agents by plants has been a major concern as it is currently unknown how plants respond to the presence of antibiotics in agricultural lands. The objectives were to analyze the alteration of trigonelline (TRG) biosynthesized by plants in response to various antibiotic stresses and to evaluate the ability of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) plants to resist the deleterious impacts of antibiotic uptake. Three veterinary antibiotics used in this study were tetracycline, streptomycin sulfate, and chloramphenicol in the concentrations of 2.5 and 5 mg L−1. Mean TRG amounts were 53.4 ± 1.6 and 59.9 ± 1.1 μg·g−1dry weight (DW) in Spanish as treated with growth chloramphenicol and streptomycin at 2.5 mg·L−1, respectively, and were significantly (p ≤ .05) different compared to the control (40.4 ± 1.6 μg·g−1DW) of Spanish. Spanish genotype treated with chloramphenicol at 5 mg·L−1had a mean TRG amount of 41.0 ± 1.0 μg·g−1DW and improved yield, with the average pod number of 29.6 ± 7.6 and pod weight of 20.1 ± 6.1 g. TRG was continuously biosynthesized and increased under antibiotic stress up to 12.7% at full pod (R4 growth stage) and 139.1% at beginning maturity (R7), but declined 20.2% at the harvest stage (R8) in all combined genotypes when compared with TRG amounts (21.7 ± 0.6 μg·g−1DW) at the flowering R1 stage. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The most widespread method for obtaining Peanut Maturity Index (PMI), the Hull-Scrape, is time-consuming and highly subjective, which makes its application on a large scale difficult and does not represent the variability of the production area. Seeking more accurate PMI estimates, this research uses a combination of weather and spectral data. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the performance of the Simple Algorithm for Evapotranspiration Retrieving (SAFER) model to calculate evapotranspiration and estimate PMI, indicating the optimal timing for crop digging. The experiment was conducted in three commercial peanut fields (A, B, and C) in Georgia, USA, in the 2020 and 2021 growing seasons. Pods were collected on different dates and classified according to maturity using the Hull-Scrape method. Weather data and PlanetScope images were used to calculate actual evapotranspiration from the SAFER model, which was correlated with the PMI collected in situ and used to generate linear regression models. Maturity in Fields A and B showed a stronger correlation with evapotranspiration estimated by SAFER (0.757 and 0.796, respectively), which led to the development of a model using data from these two fields. This model presented a relative error of 13.16% and proved to be the most suitable for estimating peanut maturity by integrating different field conditions. The SAFER model proved to be promising for estimating PMI, as it reduces the subjectivity of the traditional method by eliminating the need for a person to identify the color of pod mesocarp. Additionally, the model does not require images from the given day PMI is estimated, allowing for the estimation even in regions highly affected by the presence of clouds and shadows. • Is it possible to make the PMI estimate more accurate and less labor intensive? • SAFER combines climatic and vegetation reflectance data, important indicators of crop maturation. • The SAFER model works as an indicator of the most suitable moment for peanut uprooting. • The model allows estimation even in regions highly affected by the presence of clouds and shadows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En el control de Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc., se evaluó el efecto antagónico de aislados nativos de Trichoderma spp., bajo condiciones in vitro y de invernadero, en la zona Norte del estado de Guerrero. Se obtuvieron doce aislados nativos de Trichoderma spp. (dos de Santa Teresa y diez de Tlaxmalac, Gro.), de los cuales se seleccionaron seis (Tcn-4, Tcn-5, Tcn-6, Tcn-7, Tcn-8 y Tcn-11) mediante el método del papel celofán. En condiciones in vitro, el porcentaje de inhibición varió desde 10 a 94.40%; registrándose mediante la técnica de cultivos apareados el antagonismo clase dos en el aislado Tcn-11; en estas condiciones, inhibió el crecimiento del fitopatógeno y evitó su desarrollo en el 80% de la superficie del medio en la caja de Petri. En condiciones de invernadero se evaluó la cepa nativa Tcn-11 identificada morfológica y genéticamente como T. harzianum Rifai y se comparó con una cepa de la colección (Thzcf-12) y un fungicida comercial en tres tiempos de inoculación. El fitopatógeno S. rolfsii no fue suficientemente agresivo para ocasionar la muerte de la planta de cacahuate; sin embargo, se observaron efectos negativos en su desarrollo y producción de semillas. Las cepas Tcn-11 y Thzcf-12 fueron capaces de contribuir al desarrollo de la planta de cacahuate y ayudar a protegerla de la infección de S. rolfsii de manera más eficiente que el fungicida pentacloro nitrobenceno (PCNB).