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This paper focuses on flow structures and thermal fields of the Carreau–Yasuda (CY) nanofluid model through a two-dimensional, wavy, complicated vertical asymmetrical conduit filled with porous elements. Formulations of the viscous dissipation in the case of CY nanofluids are derived and nonlinear radiation flux as well as joule heating are examined. Buongiorno’s nanofluid approach, which involves Brownian motion and thermophoresis aspects is considered. The electrical conductivity of the suspension is considered as a variable where it depends upon the ambient temperature and concentration distributions and the Joule heating impacts are not neglected. The approach of solving the problem is contingent upon converting the system to dimensionless form then the lubrication approach with low magnetic Reynold numbers is applied. Numerical solutions are found for the resultant system, and wide ranges are considered for Weissenberg number We, non-Newtonian parameter n and Darcy number Da, namely, 0≤We≤2, −0.5≤n≤1.5 and 0≤Da≤1.6, respectively. The major results indicated that gradients of the pressure are higher in case of shear thickening (n>1) comparing to in the instance of shear thinning (n<1). Also, the velocity is enhanced, close to the channel’s lowest portion, as the Weissenberg number is growing. The variable electrical conductivity gives a higher mass transfer rate compared to the constant property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents computational analyses of the effects of the nanoparticle's shapes, heat, and mass transmission on the radiative nanofluid flow over a stretching Riga plate. Various nanoparticles shapes are considered, namely bricks- shaped, cylinder- shaped, platelets- shaped, and disk- shaped; those are governed using values of constants A and B in the correlations of the nanofluid dynamic viscosity. Besides, several significant influences are assumed such as constant Lorentz force, non-linear thermal radiation, viscous dissipation, heat generation, and convective boundary conditions. The solution methodology is based on similarity analyses and the obtained system is solved numerically. The entropy generation in all the aforementioned cases is examined. The given outcomes are represented in terms of the profiles of velocity, temperature, system entropy, and heat transfer rate together with the contours of the streamlines and isotherms. The findings disclosed that the sphere-shaped nanoparticles give higher values of the skin friction coefficient - C f Re 1 / 2 while the platelets-shaped cause lower values of - C f Re 1 / 2 . Additionally, the system irreversibility is enhanced as the thermal radiation coefficient R d , solid volume fraction φ , Brinkman number Br , or space-dependent heat source coefficient Q E is enhanced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In real-life applications, nonlinear differential equations play an essential role in representing many phenomena. One well-known nonlinear differential equation that helps describe and explain many chemicals, physical, and biological processes is the Caudrey Dodd Gibbon equation (CDGE). In this paper, we propose the Laplace residual power series method to solve fractional CDGE. The use of terms that involve fractional derivatives leads to a higher degree of freedom, making them more realistic than those equations that involve the derivation of an integer order. The proposed method gives an easy and faster solution in the form of fast convergence. Using the limit theorem of evaluation, the experimental part presents the results and graphs obtained at several values of the fractional derivative order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the heat and mass transfer by hybrid nanofluids flow over a spinning disk in the presence of oxytactic microorganisms. During this study, the Soret and Dufour together with Lorentz force impacts are considered. The worked nano-mixture is assumed to be having time-dependent dynamic viscosity and thermal conductivity and its components are methanol-based hybrid nanofluid comprising CuO and MgO nanoparticles. The disk surface is permeable and various aspects such as thermal radiation, heat generation and Arrhenius activation energy are taken into account. The governing equations are treated numerically and suitable similar transformations are introduced. The obtained results revealed that both of the velocity and temperature gradients are enhanced as the absolute values of unsteadiness parameter and nanoparticles concentrations are rising. However, the flow is slowdown as the temperature-dependent variable viscosity parameter is growing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe novel characteristics of nanofluids made them potentially important in the heat transfer mechanisms happening in industrial and medical processes, such as electronic devices, pharmacological techniques, hybrid combustion engines, thermal management of cars, refrigerator, chiller, temperature of gases reduction, and so on. In comparison to base fluid, these procedures have a propensity to improve thermal conductivity and convective transference of heat. This distinctive aspect has recently generated interest in nanofluids through various fluid flow models. The issue at hand involves the peristaltic flow of magnetohydrodynamics Eyring–Powell nanofluids through a microchannel containing oxytactic bacteria and nanoparticles. For a thorough analysis of irreversibility optimization, the analysis of entropy is additionally taken into consideration. To comprehend the flow physics associated with bolus formation and the effect of reflux on the micro vessel, a 3-D computational fluid dynamic analysis is performed. The effects of bilateral chemical interaction with nonlinear mixed convection and Arrhenius activation energy are considered in the present analysis. The complexity of the system was achieved through a numerical approach based on the concepts of small Reynolds number and large wavelength. The resulting nonlinear coupled differential equation system is solved numerically using the built-in command in MATHEMATICA (Parametric ND Solve Function). To perform a thorough comparative examination for various values of the considered sections of the channel, graphs have been used. Some of the investigation’s findings are the entropy profile has been improved for incremental values of Hartmann number and Brinkmann number whereas the axial velocity shows a downward trend for the highest values of the Hartmann number and the material fluid parameter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In this study, forced convective squeezing flow between two rotating parallel plates has been examined. The thermal conductivity depends on the distributions of the temperature and the flow, electric and magnetic fields are considered as time dependent. The worked suspension is ternary hybrid nanofluids which consist of water as a base fluid and graphene, Al2O3 and MWCNT as nanoparticles. The energy equation consists of viscous dissipation, radiation, and Joule heating terms. Suitable transformations are introduced as a first step of the solution methodology and fourth order differential equations are obtained. The resulting system is solved, numerically, and various validation tests are performed. The main outcomes revealed that profiles of the stream function are lower when the squeezing parameter, electric field parameter, or magnetic parameter increases. Also, there is an enhancement in values of the temperature gradients up to 16.78% at the lower plate when the Joule heating parameter is varied from 0 to 6. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to examine the impacts of the variable nanofluid properties on the compressible flow over an inclined irregular surface. The density, dynamic viscosity and thermal conductivity of the nano liquid are assumed to be dependent on the temperature, and the viscous dissipation in this case is introduced. Sinusoidal formulations for the unsmoothed surface together with the governing system in case of G r L → ∞ are presented. The temperature on the edge is, also, variable and depending on the discerption function of the surface. The nonlinear radiation is taken into account, and the two-phase model for the nanofluid is applied. A fully implicit finite difference method (FDM) is used to solve the governing system. The major outcomes revealed that the skin friction coefficient and Nusselt number are rising as the compressibility parameter δ is altered. Also, the maximization of the thermal conductivity-variation β 1 is better for the velocity and temperature behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel mathematical technique for an unsteady bioconvective flow of Williamson nanofluids over a vertical wavy cone in the presence of non-linear radiation and viscous dissipation impacts is investigated. The cone surface is described by a sinusoidal function while the components of the extra stress tensor are presented in terms of the dynamic viscosity. The irregular wavy surface is referred to the convective boundary conditions and nanoparticle passively controls conditions. The governing equations are presented in general forms then the condition G r L → ∞ and suitable transformations are used to map the wavy cone to regular domain. A fully implicit finite differences method (FDM) is applied to solve the converted system and wide ranges of independent variables are assumed. 0 ≤ X ≤ 7 , 0 ≤ Y ≤ 25 . The major outcomes disclosed that the increase in the Williamson number W e causes a reduction the nanofluid flow while the skin friction coefficient is rising. Further, there is an enhancement in the values of the Nusselt number up to 75% is obtained as Biot number B i is altered from 0.1 to 0.4. Also, the convective boundary conditions in presence of the non-linear radiations are recommended to enhance the velocity, temperature and rate of the heat transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to describe the new fractional Temimi‐Ansari method (FTAM) for the KdV‐Burgers equation and the Benjamin‐Bona‐Mahoney‐Burger equation (BBMB) with time fractional order. Convergence of the presented method has been successfully achieved. This method does not need any assumptions for nonlinear terms. FTAM with time fractional order is demonstrated to be a very simple and effective approach to solving nonlinear fractional problems. The accuracy and efficiency of FTAM has been demonstrated by studying the convergence of this technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An unsteady convection-radiation interaction flow of power-law non-Newtonian nanofluids using the time-fractional derivative is examined. The flow domain is an enclosure that has a free surface located at the top boundaries. Also, the geometry is filled by aluminum foam as a porous medium and the overall thermal conductivity as well as the heat capacity are approximated using a linear combination of the properties of the fluid and porous phases. Additionally, the dynamic viscosity and thermal conductivity of the mixture are expressed as a function of velocity gradients with a fractional power. Marangoni influences are imposed to the top free surface while the bottom boundaries are partially heated. Steps of the solution methodology are consisting of approximation of the time fractional derivatives using the conformable definition, using the finite differences method to discretize the governing system and implementation the resulting algebraic system. The main outcomes reveled that as the fractional order approaches to one, the maximum values of the stream function, the bulk-averaged temperature and cup-mixing temperature are reduces, regardless values of the time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mathematical simulation of biological fluids is of upmost significance due to its numerous medical uses. Interpreting various biological flows necessitates a thorough knowledge of the peristaltic mechanism. This paper presents a computational study for the peristaltic pumping within vertical asymmetric channels filled with BN‐EG nanofluid under the influence of temperature‐dependent electrical conductivity and thermal radiation. Experimental study showed that the nanofluid created by suspending Boron Nitride particles in a combination of Ethylene Glycol exhibited non‐Newtonian characteristics. Further, the Carreau's fluid model provides accurate predictions about the rheological properties of BN‐EG nanofluid. Various configurations of the outer boundaries are considered, namely, square wave, multi‐sinusoidal wave, trapezoidal wave, and triangular wave. A uniform magnetic field together with nanoparticles and mass concentrations, joule heating, first‐order chemical reaction as well as viscous dissipation are considered. Influences of the Dufour and Soret numbers are examined, and the cases of biological scientific assumptions which is known as low Reynolds number and long wavelength are applied. All the computations are obtained numerically using Mathematica symbolical software (ND‐Solve), and the obtained results are presented in terms of the axial velocity u, heat transfer rate Z, concentration profile Ω, temperature profile θ, extra stress tensor Sxy${S}_{xy}$, pressure gradient dpdx$\frac{{dp}}{{dx}}$, pressure rise Δpλ${\mathrm{\Delta p}}_{{\lambda}}$ and stream function ψ. The major outcomes revealed that the maximizing in electrical conductivity coefficient, variable viscosity coefficient and magnetic field parameter is better to obtain a higher rate of the heat transfer while the increase in thermo‐diffusion effects as well as linear thermal radiation coefficient causes a reduction in the rate of heat transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a computational study for the peristaltic pumping within vertical irregular divergence channels filled with magnetic six-constant Jeffrey nanofluids. Various configurations of the outer boundaries are considered, namely, square wave, trapezoidal wave, multisinusoidal wave, and triangular wave. An induced magnetic field together with nanoparticles and mass concentration are considered. Influences of the Dufour and Soret numbers are examined, and the cases of long wavelength and low Reynolds number are applied. All the computations are obtained numerically via MATHEMATICA symbolical software (built-in command ND-Solve), and the obtained results are presented in terms of the axial velocity u , current density J z , the function of magnetic force Φ , axially induced magnetic field h x , nanoparticle fraction profile Ω , concentration profile γ , temperature profile θ , extra stress tensor S x y , pressure gradient d p d x , pressure rise Δ p λ , and stream function ψ. The major outcomes revealed that the square wave shape gives higher pressure gradients near the inlet and outlet parts while the multisinusoidal wave gives periodic behaviors of d p d x. Also, higher axial-induced magnetic fields are given at the higher values of the magnetic Reynolds number. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a fractional-order model which describes the human immunodeficiency type-1 virus (HIV-1) infection is presented. Numerical solutions are obtained using a generalized Euler method (GEM) to handle the fractional derivatives. The fractional derivatives are described in the Caputo sense. We show that the model established in this paper possesses non-negative solutions. Comparisons between the results of the fractional-order model, the results of the integer model and the measured real data obtained from 10 patients during primary HIV-1 infection are presented. These comparisons show that the results of the fractional-order model give predictions to the plasma virus load of the patients better than those of the integer model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to present a comprehensive study of the non‐linear peristaltic transport within a vertical uniform/non‐uniform channel filled with a Jeffery non‐Newtonian nanofluids in the presence of oxytactic microorganisms. The thermal conductivity of the used physiological fluids is varied linearly with the temperature while Arrhenius function is applied for the activation energy. The significance of electrical and magnetic fields together with a linear radiation and viscous dissipation are analyzed. The flow and heat transfer analysis has been performed under wall slip and compliant conditions. Additionally, optimization of the system entropy under the impacts of these aspects is examined. Numerical solutions for the governing system are introduced and profiles of the velocity u, temperature θ, nanoparticle distributions φ, heat transfer coefficient z and extra stress tensor distribution Sxy${S_{xy}}$ for the variations of the considered parameters are discussed. The main outcomes revealed that the maximizing of the Brinkman number Br$Br$ is better to get higher features of the extra stress tensor Sxy${S_{xy}}$. Also, the velocity u, density of the microorganisms ξ and the NP distributions in the interval −0.5

In this paper, we introduce fractional-order into a model of HIV-1 infection of CD4+ T cells. We study the effect of the changing the average number of viral particles N with different sets of initial conditions on the dynamics of the presented model. Generalized Euler method (GEM) will be used to find a numerical solution of the HIV-1 infection fractional order model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We develop a new application of the Mittag-Leffler Function method that will extend the application of the method to linear differential equations with fractional order. A new solution is constructed in power series. The fractional derivatives are described in the Caputo sense. To illustrate the reliability of the method, some examples are provided. The results reveal that the technique introduced here is very effective and convenient for solving linear differential equations of fractional order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Benzo[α]pyrene (BaP) is one of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which has shown carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic potentials. The reproductive toxicity of BaP in male was not well investigated. Thereby, we have addressed in the current study the testicular toxicity of BaP and the postulate whether or not the citrus flavonoid, hesperidin (HDN), could ameliorate such toxicity in male Swiss albino rats. In this sense, animals were challenged with BaP (50 mg/kg/day, orally) for 10 consecutive days. HDN (200 mg/kg/day, orally) was administered ahead of BaP challenge for 10 consecutive days. BaP induced testicular toxicity that was well characterized histologically and biochemically. It decreased the relative testis weight and induced pyknosis and necrobiotic changes as well as chromatolysis in the nuclei of the spermatocytes in the seminiferous tubules. It also markedly deteriorated epididymal function as shown by decreased sperm count, motility, and daily sperm production. The polyaromatic hydrocarbon also reduced the testicular activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH-X), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST). Besides, it decreased the testicular reduced glutathione (GSH) but increased malondialdehyde (MDA) contents. Prior administration of HDN ahead of BaP challenge ameliorated all the histological and biochemical alterations induced by BaP. It improved the epididymal function and mitigated the injurious effects of BaP on the seminiferous tubules. In conclusion, HDN has proven protective effects in BaP-induced testicular toxicity paradigm, and this protection resides, at least in part, on its antioxidant properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, we have addressed the possible protective role of acetyl-l-carnitine in caerulein-induced acute pancreatitis in male Swiss albino rats. Acute pancreatitis paradigm was developed by challenging animals with a supramaximal dose of caerulein (20 µg/kg, SC) four times at hourly intervals. Caerulein induced acute pancreatitis that was well-characterized morphologically and biochemically. Severe oedema with marked increased relative pancreatic weight, marked atrophy of acini with increased interacinar spaces, vacuolization, and extensive leucocytic infiltration were diagnostic fingerprints of the pancreatitis phenotype. A biochemical test battery that confirmed the model comprised increased plasma amylase and lipase activities, calcium levels as well as increased pancreatic enzymatic myeloperoxidase and glutathione- S-transferase activities, beside increased pancreatic contents of nitric oxide and malondialdehyde and reduced pancreatic glutathione level. Prior administration of acetyl-l-carnitine (200 mg/kg, IP) for seven consecutive days ahead of caerulein challenge alleviated all the histological and biochemical manifestations of acute pancreatitis. These results suggest a possible protective role of the carnitine ester in such a murine acute pancreatitis model probably via regulation of the oxidant/antioxidant balance, beside modulation of the myeloperoxidase and nitric oxide systems, which are involved in the inflammatory cascade that most often associate the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The possible uroprotective effects of curcumin have been addressed in the current study. Haemorrhagic cystitis was induced by challenging male Swiss albino rats with a single dose of cyclophosphamide (150 mg/kg, i.p.). Curcumin (200 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered for 10 consecutive days followed by a single dose of cyclophosphamide. Haemorrhagic cystitis was well characterized morphologically and biochemically. The hallmark of this toxicity was marked congestion, oedema and extravasation in rat urinary bladder, as well as a marked desquamative damage to the urothelium and severe inflammation in the lamina propria. Leucocytic infiltration was also observed and determined by histopathological examination. Serum level of tumour necrosis factor-alpha was notably elevated associated with apparent hypokalaemia and hyponatraemia. Bladder contents of adenosine triphosphate, reduced glutathione and glutathione- S-transferase activity were markedly reduced. Malondialdehyde level, myeloperoxidase activity and urinary nitrite-nitrate levels, expressed as nitric oxide, were dramatically increased. Prior administration of curcumin ahead of cyclophosphamide challenge improved all the biochemical and histologic alterations induced by the cytotoxic drug. Based on these broad findings, it could be concluded that curcumin has proven uroprotective efficacy in this cyclophosphamide haemorrhagic cystitis model, possibly through modulating the release of inflammatory endocoids, namely tumour necrosis factor-alpha and nitric oxide, improving the energy status and restoring the oxidant/antioxidant balance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have addressed in the current study the postulate whether or not carnitine deficiency would represent a risk factor in hepatotoxicity. Carnitine-deficient male Swiss albino rats were obtained following administration of d-carnitine (500 mg/kg, IP) for 10 consecutive days. Serum and liver carnitine levels, both total and free, were assessed to confirm carnitine depletion. Hepatotoxicity was induced by challenging animals with a single dose of paracetamol (1 g/kg, IP). Serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) concentration, and serum activities of aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were undertaken as biomarkers for toxicity. Liver contents of reduced glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), total nitric oxide (NO) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activities were also investigated. Histopathological examination of liver sections was achieved to confirm the biochemical alterations. d-carnitine altered all biochemical markers and also induced mild tissue inflammation with dilatation and congestion of central and portal veins. Paracetamol produced an obvious hepatotoxicity model that was well characterized biochemically and morphologically. Combined administration of d-carnitine and paracetamol synergistically provoked marked toxicity that was more profound than either agent given alone. The present work was further extended to elucidate any hepatoprotective effect of carnitine supplementation in such toxicity paradigm. It was apparent that l-carnitine notably ameliorated all biochemical markers and also mitigated the gross histologic alterations induced by paracetamol. Data obtained so far would suggest that carnitine deficiency could possibly be a sequela as well as a causative clue for paracetamol hepatotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose a fractional SIRS model with homogenous networks. The disease-free equilibrium point E 0 is locally and globally asymptotically stable for R 0 < 1 (the disease always disappears), and endemic equilibrium point E 1 is uniquely locally and globally asymptotically stable, but E 0 is unstable for R 0 > 1 (the disease is uniformly persistent). The main results are demonstrated by numerical simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the influence of chemical reaction and heat source/sink on an unsteady magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) nanofluid flow that squeezed between two radiating parallel plates embedded in porous media is investigated analytically. We consider water as base fluid and aluminum oxide (Al2O3) as its nanoparticle. We reduced the basic partial differential equations to ordinary differential equations which are solved by the homotopy analysis method (HAM). The effects of the squeeze number, permeability parameter of porous media, Hartmann number, thermal radiation parameter, Prandtl number, heat source/sink parameter, Eckert number, Schmidt number, and scaled parameter of chemical reaction on the flow, heat, and mass transfer are considered and assigned to graphs. The physical quantities such as Sherwood number, Nusselt number, and skin friction coefficient are computed for Al2O3-water, TiO2-water, Ag-water, and Cu-water nanofluids and assigned through graphs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the viscoelastic nanofluid external flow using the model that considers the Brownian motion and thermophores is examined. A non-Newtonian liquid has variable properties, namely dynamic viscosity and thermal conductivity, and these depended on temperature distributions. Third order mathematical formulations include some important impacts such as Lorentz force, non-linear radiation, exponential heat generation, viscous dissipation, and Arrhenius activation energy. Also, the flow on the outer edge has slip conditions, variable nanoparticle distributions, and convective boundary conditions. The solution technique is based on reducing the fourth order derivatives of ODEs (Ordinary Differential Equations) and shooting method. From the major results, it is noted that the variable property case gives a higher rate of heat transfer compared to the constant case. The slip-velocity condition in the case of the viscoelastic nanofluids causes higher velocity features for the non-Newtonian suspension compared to the case of Newtonian nanofluids. Minimization of the viscoelastic parameter, viscosity parameter, and mixed convection parameter is the best to obtain the higher values of skin friction coefficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, numerical solutions of a reaction-diffusion chemotactic model of fractional orders for bacterial growth will be present. A new solution is constructed in power series. The fractional derivatives are described in the Caputo sense. We compare the experimental result obtained with those obtained by simulation of the chemotactic model without fractional derivatives. The results show that the solution continuously depends on the time-fractional derivative. The resulting solutions spread faster than the classical solutions and may exhibit asymmetry, depending on the fractional derivative used. We present results of numerical simulations to illustrate the method, and investigate properties of numerical solutions. The Adomian’s decomposition method (ADM) is used to find the approximate solution of fractional ‘reaction-diffusion chemotactic model. Numerical results show that the approach is easy to implement and accurate when applied to partial differential equations of fractional order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic lung disease characterized by progressive lung damage. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors are approved to treat people with IPF while bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cell therapy was previously suggested to inhibit pulmonary fibrosis through the alveolar epithelial cell repair. The present study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effect of the bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cell (BM-MSC) therapy in comparison with nintedanib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, on improving survival in bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in rats. Moreover, the combined therapy of BM-MSCs and nintedanib will be evaluated. In the present study, IPF was induced through intra-tracheal instillation of bleomycin (5 mg/kg) in rats then treatments were administered 14 days thereafter. Nintedanib (100 mg/kg, I.P.) was administered daily for 28 days, while BM-MSCs were injected once intravenously in tail vein in the dose 1 × 106 cells/ml/rat. In the present study, both treatment regimens effectively inhibited lung fibrosis through several pathways, suppressing tumor growth factor-β (TGF-β)/SMAD3 expression which is considered the master signaling pathway. Nintedanib and BLM-MSCs exerted their anti-inflammatory effect through minimizing the expression of TNF-α and IL-6. In addition, the histopathological examination of the lung tissue showed a significant decrease in the alveolar wall thickening, in the inflammatory infiltrate, and in the collagen fiber deposition in response to either nintedanib or BM-MSC and their combination. In conclusion, the therapeutic pulmonary anti-fibrotic activity of nintedanib or BM-MSC is mediated through their anti-inflammatory properties and inhibition of SMAD-3/TGF-β expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]