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The objective of the present work was to evaluate the effect of minor glycosides on the QUICKI index as a marker of insulin resistance, triglycerides (TG), and antioxidant capacity in Wistar rats induced with diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2). DM2 was induced in male Wistar rats (n = 35) through streptozotocin-nicotinamide. Hyperglycaemia was confirmed two weeks later, the subjects were divided into seven experimental groups, and each group was treated as follows: (1-5) dulcoside A, steviolbioside, rebaudioside B, C, and D (20 mg/kg, respectively); (6) metformin (180 mg/kg); and (7) standard diet, orally for four weeks. Blood sample was obtained from the tail before and after the treatment. The serum was separated after clotting by centrifugation. The included parameters namely serum triglycerides (TG) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were measured before and after the treatments, then the changes were determined; and at the end of the treatment, the QUICKI index was determined. The analysis of one-way variance (ANOVA) was performed considering p < 0.05. No statistically significant differences were found in any of the three variables (p > 0.05); however, the rebaudioside group B had the highest QUICKI index, while the reduction of triglycerides was greater in rebaudioside D. SOD activity increased in all groups, but was higher in rebaudioside D and steviolbioside. Minor glycosides at the dose and time evaluated had no significant effects on QUICKI index, antioxidant capacity, and triglycerides concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peptide fractions from marine animal hydrolysates can have biological activity. Red lionfish (Pterois volitans L.) is an invasive fish species in the tropical Atlantic, and harvest is a proposed control mechanism. With the aim of identifying possible bioactivity in peptides from red lionfish, an evaluation was done for the antioxidant, Cu2+ and Fe2+chelating, and angiotensin- converting enzyme inhibitory (ACE-I) activities of ultra-filtered peptide fractions derived from lionfish muscle enzymatically hydrolysed with the commercial enzyme Alcalase®. Hydrolysates were generated at 0, 30, 60, and 90 min, and the degree of hydrolysis (DH) were determined. The 30-min hydrolysate yielded the highest DH (30.78 ± 1.57%). This hydrolysate was ultra-filtered using four cut-offs (10, 5, 3, and 1 kDa), and the resulting polypeptides were analysed to generate their amino acids profile and estimated molecular weight (EMW). The F 5-3, F 3-1, and F < 1 kDa peptide fractions yielded the highest copper-chelating activity with values of approximately 88%. Fractions F > 10 and F 10-5 kDa yielded the highest iron-chelating activity with values of approximately 18.8%. The β-carotene bleaching test showed that the F 10-5, F 5-3, F 3-1, and F < 1 kDa fractions to have high antioxidant capacity, inhibiting more than 80% of β-carotene discoloration versus the control. The F 5-3 kDa fraction exhibited the highest ACE inhibition (34.57%), possibly due to the presence of amino acids such as Gly, Leu, Phe, Tyr, and Pro. Polypeptides with an EMW of 6.51 to 3.49 kDa were identified in F > 10, and 2.17 kDa in F 5-3. Peptide fractions from hydrolysed red lionfish muscle exhibit in vitro activities, and could serve as potential source of functional ingredients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La creciente epidemia de obesidad ha sido uno de los retos más importantes de salud pública en México durante los últimos años. Con apoyo de la Federación Mundial de Obesidad, en 2021 formamos un grupo de profesionales para identificar y resumir las acciones prioritarias en las que puede enfocarse nuestro país para hacer frente a esta epidemia. Al proceso de desarrollo y discusión de este grupo se sumaron más de 1 000 profesionales de la salud para retomar recomendaciones de documentos y guías de alto nivel previamente publicados. En conmemoración del Día Mundial de la Obesidad, en este 2022 se presenta esta postura como insumo para el desarrollo de acciones en el ámbito profesional y de los diferentes sectores, en la que se incluyen 10 recomendaciones de acción, desde la perspectiva poblacional hasta la atención individualizada, y se enfatiza en la importancia de la participación social, de las intervenciones integrales con visión centrada en la persona y de la sostenibilidad planetaria, además de mejorar la educación y las campañas de difusión, propiciar un ambiente promotor de entornos activos y blindar de conflictos de interés los esfuerzos de prevención y control. La postura hace un llamado para abordar la obesidad de manera seria, con base en la evidencia científica, oportuna e integral, con enfoque de curso de vida, de forma ética y sensible, y sin perpetuar las barreras del estigma de peso en la sociedad.

Objective: To determine the risk of cardiovascular diseases and differences by sex in adolescents in a highly-marginalized locality in Yucatan., Methods: The study was carried out with high school students (n = 170). Weight, height, age, waist circumference, and blood pressure were recorded; the indicators height/age, body mass index (BMI)/age, waist circumference/height, and systolic blood pressure/height were calculated. Descriptive statistics and chi-square tests were calculated., Results: Concerning height/age, only 44.1% of the adolescents had normal height, while 55.2% had low or severely low height. Concerning waist circumference/height, 26% presented a cardiovascular risk, more frequently in women (p&lt;.05) than in men; of the adolescents, 8.8% registered prehypertension/hypertension., Conclusions: Risk factors found in the population, confer susceptibility to health risks due to age, poverty, and social marginalization. It is necessary to carry out intervention programs for adolescents from highly-marginalized communities.

Many studies describe different pharmacological effects of flavonoids on experimental animals and humans. Nevertheless, few ones are confirming the safety of these compounds for therapeutic purposes. This study aimed to investigate the preclinical safety of naringenin, naringin, hesperidin, and quercetin by in vivo, in vitro, and in silico approaches. For this, an MTT-based cytotoxicity assay in VERO and MDCK cell lines was performed. In addition, acute toxicity was evaluated on Wistar rats by OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals (Test No. 423: Acute Oral Toxicity-Class Method). Furthermore, we used the ACD/Tox Suite to predict toxicological parameters such as hERG channel blockade, CYP450 inhibition, and acute toxicity in animals. The results showed that quercetin was slightly more cytotoxic on cell lines (IC 50 of 219.44 ± 7.22 mM and 465.41 ± 7.44 mM, respectively) than the other citroflavonoids. All flavonoids exhibited an LD 50 value > 2000 mg/kg, which classifies them as low-risk substances as OECD guidelines established. Similarly, predicted LD 50 was LD 50 > 300 to 2000 mg/kg for all flavonoids as acute toxicity assay estimated. Data suggests that all these flavonoids did not show significant toxicological effects, and they were classified as low-risk, useful substances for drug development.

The scope of this paper was to identify what kind and which type of modern industrialized foods that overweight and obese adolescents consume and the perception they have of them. The study was of the qualitative-quantitative, descriptive and interpretative type and was conducted with adolescent students from four high schools in the municipality of Abalá, Yucatán, Mexico. It consisted of three stages, the first of which involved recording anthropometric measurements of 292 high school students to obtain their Body Mass Index. In the second stage, 58 students who were overweight and obese were randomly selected and a food consumption frequency questionnaire was applied. In the third stage, four focus groups were held to ascertain the perception with respect to food consumption. A high intake of modern industrialized foods was observed at breakfast, school break and dinner, though traditional dishes are still consumed at mealtimes. The conclusion drawn is that there is a transculturation of food among adolescents.

Steviol glycosides are a family of compounds found in Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni that are responsible for sweetness capacity. The antihyperglycemic effect of the two major steviol glycosides, Rebaudioside A and Stevioside, has been studied and it has been found that despite having the same common structure, only Stevioside exerts an antihyperglycemic effect. Although other steviol derivatives are found in smaller amounts (minor steviol glycosides) in S. rebaudiana, whether or not they possess antihyperglycemic activity has not been evaluated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antihyperglycemic effect of minor steviol glycosides in normoglycemic and diabetic (streptozotocin/nicotinamide) Wistar rats. Rats were subjected to an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) both before and after chronic treatment (28 days). After 6 h of fasting, IPGTT was conducted in pentobarbital-anesthetized rats using 1 g/kg of glucose plus 20 mg/kg of the minor glycoside (Dulcoside A, Rebaudioside B, C, D, or Steviolbioside) or control treatment (distilled water, glibenclamide, or metformin); the blood of the tip of the tail was collected at time 0, 15, 30, 60, and 120 min.; and blood glucose was measured, and its net area under the curve (AUCnet) was calculated. After 28-day chronic oral administration, IPGTT was again performed. Differences were considered significant at P < .05 by one-way ANOVA. Acute intraperitoneal or chronic oral administration of 20 mg/kg of minor steviol glycosides had no antihyperglycemic effect in normoglycemic or induced-diabetic Wistar rats. Considering the dose tested, it is unlikely that these glycosides have an effect on glucose in diabetic or normoglycemic humans.

Leaves of Stevia rebaudiana contain glycosides with sweetness and biological activity. However besides the major glycosides, there are other glycosides within extracts that may contribute to its activity, and therefore it is important to quantify them. In this work, an isocratic HPLC method was validated for determination of dulcoside A, steviolbioside, rebaudioside C and rebaudioside B. An HPLC method was performed using a C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, particle size 5 µm) and a UV detector set at 210 nm. The mobile phase consisted of a 32:68 (v/v) mixture of acetonitrile and sodium phosphate buffer (10 mmol/L, pH 2.6), set to a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The calculated parameters were: sensitivity, linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), accuracy and precision. The calibration curves were linear over the working range 25-150 µg/mL, with coefficient of correlation of ≥0.99 and coefficient of determination of ≥0.98. The LOD was 5.68-8.81 µg/mL, while the LOQ was 17.21-26.69 µg/mL. The percentage recoveries of fortified samples were 100 ± 10% and precision, relative standard deviation, was <10%. The method validation showed accuracy, linearity and precision; therefore this method can be applied for quantitative analysis of minor steviol glycosides in S. rebaudiana leaves., (Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)

The consumption of gummy candy is widespread among people of different ages but mainly by children. The formulation of this product requires sugar that contributes to their flavor and consistency, but with the undesirable effect of increase its glycemic index and its calories from simple sugars; it is known that consumption of products with these last two characteristics are related to childhood obesity, which is a worldwide growing disease. Stevia rebaudiana is a plant that naturally contains glycosides with high sweetening power and it is considered safe for consumption. Therefore the aim of this work was to develop a gummy candy reduced in calories by replacing sugar with Stevia rebaudiana B., and analyzes its texture and acceptability. Gummy candy were prepared with different percentage of sugar reduction (-20, -40, -60, -80 and -100%) and a product control (100% sugar); gummy elasticity was assess by displacement and maximum deformation, whereas resistance was evaluated by breaking strength; those gummies with better elasticity and resistance parameters underwent proximate analysis and sensory evaluations with a unstructured scale applied to 90 school children aged between 6 and 10 years old. A gummy candy reduced in calories with 60% sugar substitution with S. rebaudiana was developed; the level of satisfaction in school children was statistically the same respect to the gummy made of 100% sugar (p <0.05)., (Copyright AULA MEDICA EDICIONES 2014. Published by AULA MEDICA. All rights reserved.)

Stevia rebaudiana leaves and their glycosides have been recently and significantly used so important as sweeteners. However, it has been reported an antihyperglycemic effect of the extract and a glycoside. The aim of this study was to quantify S. rebaudiana glycosides, assess cytotoxicity of the extract and its acute and chronic effect on blood glucose in animal models and in human. The glycosides of the Morita II and Criolla extract were quantified by HPLC, using a C18 column (250 mm x 4.6 mm and particle size of 5 uM) with UV detection at 210 nm, mobile phase of acetonitrile/sodium phosphate buffer 10 mmol/L, pH 2.6 (32:68 v/v). Cytotoxicity study was performed in Vero cells, whereas an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) and a chronic consumption assay (4 weeks) were executed in an animal model of diabetes; finally the glycemic index (G.I.) was determined in healthy individuals. The glycoside content is higher in the Morita variety II although both had a CC50 >300 g/mL. The areas under the curve of the IPGTT and fasting glucose of the animals were not significantly different (p> 0.05) and the I.G. extract was 11.11 %, which classifies the extract as low I.G. The extract of S. rebaudiana Morita II has a low glycemic index and, in the doses tested, is not cytotoxic nor has acute or chronic effect on blood sugar, which makes it a safe sweetener., (Copyright AULA MEDICA EDICIONES 2014. Published by AULA MEDICA. All rights reserved.)